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Information Documents SG/Inf(2016)15 rev 11 April 2016 ———————————— Please find appended the Report presented to me by Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann on his human rights visit to Crimea (25-31 January 2016) ———————————— In a decision taken during their 1225th meeting on 15 April 2015 (Item 1.8, paragraph 5) the Ministers' Deputies expressed their "serious concern regarding the continued deterioration of the human rights situation in Eastern Ukraine and Crimea; underlined once again the need to secure respect for all human rights, including for persons belonging to national minorities, in particular the Crimean Tatars, and to ensure that the relevant human rights bodies of the Council of Europe can carry out their monitoring activities unimpeded; to this end". In this respect, they invited the Secretary General to "hold political consultations with the Russian Federation and Ukraine in order to propose viable solutions". The Secretary General, after consultations with the two Governments, managed to send the first human rights delegation to Crimea following a period of 18 months during which no international organisations were present on the Peninsula. The delegation was headed by Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann, a prominent Swiss diplomat. The delegation, after having stayed for 7 days in Crimea and having had more than 50 meetings with representatives of civil society, minorities, religious communities and media, prepared a report. This report does not deal with any issue related to the status of Crimea. The Council of Europe fully respects the territorial integrity of Ukraine as repeatedly expressed by its Committee of Ministers. Report to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe by Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann on his human rights visit to Crimea (25-31 January 2016) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Following consultations with the governments of Ukraine, as well as the Russian Federation, Secretary General Thorbjørn Jagland announced on 20 January 2016 to the Ministers' Deputies that he was sending a Human Rights delegation to Crimea, having taken into account the various calls from the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly and from individual member States for the Council of Europe to review the human rights situation in Crimea. The delegation's objective was to assess the Human Rights and Rule of Law situation of the 2.5 million people who live on the Peninsula and are covered by the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as to make relevant recommendations. The delegation was bound by the relevant decisions of the Committee of Ministers of the CoE relating to Crimea, and was not to deal with any issue related to the status of Crimea. The delegation was led by a Swiss diplomat, Ambassador Gerard Stoudmann, accompanied by three members of the Secretariat of the Council of Europe. It left for Kyiv on 23 January and arrived in Simferopol on 25 January after having visited Moscow. It left Crimea for Moscow on 31 January. The Head of Delegation visited Kyiv again on 8 February. During its stay in Crimea, it met without obstacles with numerous representatives of civil society, NGOs, religious communities, national minorities (in particular the Crimean Tatars), media, as well as local authorities in Simferopol, Yalta, Bakhchisaray and Sebastopol. In particular, there were meetings with the Crimean Tatar community expressing critical and dissenting views. They were held privately, in locations chosen by the interlocutors or the delegation. It also visited Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian classes in two schools. The Head of the delegation was allowed, at his specific request, to visit Mr Akhtem Chiygoz, Vice Chairman of the "Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People" at his place of detention. The following report contains the main points that were raised, notably the issues related to standards and commitments enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights ("the ECHR" or "the Convention"), as well as recommendations and proposals for possible rapid action, for the attention of the Secretary General. Among the issues that required rapid action, the transfer of 16 Ukrainian citizens in prison in Crimea, requesting their transfer to another prison in Ukraine-controlled territory was raised by the delegation at the request of Ukrainian authorities, with a view to facilitating this transfer on humanitarian grounds. Moreover, also at the request of the Ukrainian side, the issue of persons currently in pre-trial detention elsewhere in Ukraine but whose criminal files remained in Crimea in 2014 was raised with a view to ensuring the transfer of those files. Issues that have been raised regularly and which are directly relevant to certain ECHR provisions, such as Article 2 (right to life), Article 3 (prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), Article 5 (right to liberty and security) and Article 6 (right to fair trial) relate in particular to alleged abuses by law enforcement officers, such as when conducting searches. The disappearance of Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar opponents was also raised. The searches (at times without warrant) and the behaviour of some law enforcement officers, (in some cases with clear indications of disproportionate use of force), as well as intimidation and threats of abduction, combined with the fact that many interlocutors indicated that any complaint against such behaviour was "useless", are indicative of the existing tensions. It appears that the law on extremism is applied and extensively interpreted as a basis for such operations. They seem to target mostly Crimean Tatars, often with links to family members or friends in exile, as they are considered by the local authorities as the biggest threat of extremism and dissent towards the present order. In this context, the creation in the Kherson region (to the North of the Peninsula) of a paramilitary unit known as the "Tatar battalion" (which is however allegedly not only recruiting Crimean Tatars, but is open to all Muslim volunteers), is regularly mentioned: on the one hand, the threat of violent action by this group is referred to as a reason for the application of the law on extremism, for searches and other operations; on the other hand, some of the Crimean Tatar interlocutors of the delegation expressed the fear that the use of violence by this group would turn part of the population against the Crimean Tatars and lead to a deterioration of the interethnic relations on the Peninsula. Regarding the disappearances, the delegation asked for information on cases concerning a total of 21 persons. It noted that there are no major divergences between the sources on the number of particularly problematic cases – which vary from 10 to 15 individuals, both Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians, 5 of them found dead. Many of the suspect cases mentioned date back to 2014. According to the prosecutor, there is one case of murder under investigation, one person has been found alive and all other cases are still under investigation. To be noted, 2 most recent cases (2016) were solved at the time of the departure of the delegation and had apparently no political connotation. It is important that independent, diligent and transparent investigations are carried out and that ongoing developments and conclusions are presented publicly to instil confidence and to avoid further rumours; families and the public in general should be informed regularly on the state of the investigations, including through the reactivation of the Contact Group created to this effect. Today, the perception of the delegation is that the cases of repression, as severe as they may be, seem more targeted against individual opponents, whether they are Crimean Tatars, Ukrainians or others, rather than reflecting a collective repression policy against the Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group. However, in this sensitive context, the procedure aiming at declaring "the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people" an "extremist organisation", should it lead to a court decision on a ban, would indicate a new level of repression targeting the Crimean Tatar community as a whole. It should be noted in this context that the Court in Simferopol has already postponed the procedure several times. Today some members of the Mejlis are sitting in senior local positions, while others are in exile or in prison – a clear indication of a split within the Crimean Tatar leadership. The Mejlis is an important traditional and social structure of the Tatar community. Its qualification as an extremist organisation would considerably increase the risk of further alienation of the Crimean Tatar community and of isolating it from the rest of the population living in the Peninsula. Additionally, the ban of the Mejlis would appear to contradict some of the policy measures adopted up to now, such as the recognition of the Crimean Tatar as an official language, the rehabilitation of deported Crimean Tatars, the building of a mosque in Simferopol and the continuation of the Crimean Tatar curricula in schools. Finally, many of the recurring issues that came out of the meetings with civil society representatives did not always have a direct link with relevant articles of the ECHR. They are related to complaints 4 about inefficient bureaucracy, widespread corruption, the effect of the blockade (in particular on water and energy supplies), the effect of sanctions on prices, trade, travel and communications. They reflected at times an emotionally loaded atmosphere and frustration. Conclusions The present situation significantly affects the population of Crimea in many ways. This report is an attempt at presenting some of the issues related to the application of the European Convention on Human Rights, as requested under the delegation's mandate. It is only through the establishment of a regular access to the Peninsula, under the authority of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, that some issues could be addressed in a more comprehensive manner. Therefore, the main overriding conclusion of this report is the need to re-open the Peninsula for the Council of Europe monitoring structures and other relevant international mechanisms, and to identify viable solutions, allowing for their effective functioning under the present circumstances. It is also important to allow for contacts with and access to civil society and their representatives in Crimea, in particular through facilitation of travel procedures. It is indeed neither normal, nor acceptable, that a population of 2.5 million people should be kept beyond the reach of the human rights mechanisms established to protect all Europeans. In this context, many interlocutors, in particular from the Crimean Tatar community, expressed the hope that the visit of this delegation would not be a one-off visit and that the Council of Europe monitoring structures would soon be allowed back. I. Introductory remarks 1. In accordance with the mandate given by the Secretary General, the present report does not deal with any issue related to the status of Crimea. In addition, the present report does not interfere with the pending applications before the European Court of Human Rights against the Russian Federation and Ukraine (including inter-State cases) 1 , the supervision of the Court's judgments related to Crimea by the Committee of Ministers in the framework of its functions under Article 46 of the Convention, nor the Council of Europe programmes and projects in Ukraine, or the work of the International Advisory Panel 2 . 2. The delegation spent seven days in Crimea, carrying out more than 50 meetings. It operated in full independence, including with respect to the possibility of holding meetings originally not included in the preliminary negotiated programme. It met representatives from all sectors in Crimea and held meetings in several cities, including Simferopol, Yalta, Sebastopol and Bakhchisaray. Ambassador Stoudmann was also able to visit Mr Akhtem Chiygoz, Vice Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, who is detained in Simferopol pending his trial. Before the visit to Crimea, Ambassador Stoudmann visited both Kyiv and Moscow. In Kyiv on 23 January, he had meetings with Mr Pavlo Klimkin, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Ms Valeriya Lutkovska, the Ombudsperson of Ukraine, as well as with representatives of the Crimean Tatar minority Refat Chubarov and Mustafa Dzhemilev and with NGOs. On 25 January, Ambassador Stoudmann had meetings in Moscow with Deputy Foreign Minister and Secretary of State Grigory Karasin and Ombudsperson Ella Pamfilova. Upon the delegation's return, Ambassador Stoudmann had meetings in Kyiv and Moscow. II. Law Enforcement 3. An issue regularly brought to the attention of the Council of Europe's team concerns the conduct of some law enforcement officers. It would appear that searches, arrests and identity controls would be in many cases carried out without respecting the necessary legal safeguards and in some cases with clear indication of disproportionate use of force (including in the presence of children), based on the provisions regarding the fight against extremism and terrorism. Although in some cases discussed by the delegation, law enforcement authorities carried out their duties correctly, concurring elements seem to indicate the existence of misconduct by law enforcement officers in the exercise of their functions, leading to a consequent degree of mistrust of part of the population towards the law enforcement authorities. This can also explain the fact that complaints about such alleged violations are often not formally submitted to the competent authorities. 1 There are currently three inter-State applications lodged by Ukraine against Russia: For more information see the press release: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press?i=003-5187816-6420666. 2 The International Advisory Panel was constituted by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe to oversee that the investigations into the violent incidents which took place in Ukraine from 30 November 2013 onwards met all the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. 4. The delegation can confirm the 2011 findings and recommendations of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 3 about the need to intensify efforts to put a stop to racist or racially discriminatory misconduct by the police and to investigate any allegations of misconduct by law enforcement officials towards persons coming within ECRI's mandate. 5. Concerning allegations of ill-treatment and torture, there is at least one pending case before the North Caucasus District Military Court concerning allegations against members of the FSB during the detention and interrogations of a Ukrainian citizen, Mr Oleksandr Kostenko. It would be important to ensure effective investigations of this and of other reported cases of illtreatment 4 and, where appropriate, impartial judicial proceedings. "Self-defence forces" 6. A separate aspect of the issue concerns the so-called "self-defence forces". The delegation was informed by the regional leadership that they had been disbanded and transformed into two separate security companies, one armed and the other without weapons. However it has not been possible to fully clarify their current legal status and functions nor the allegations about their involvement in enforced disappearances and other violations, and the state of investigations on such cases. Legislative initiatives proposing immunity from prosecution ("amnesty law") for actions committed by the "self-defence forces" after February 2014 have not been pursued; an issue raised by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights during his visit in 2014. 5 However, the delegation noted that members of the unarmed security company created after the "self-defence forces" were disbanded still use militarytype uniforms and insignia, which can create confusion as to their actual status and powers. Recommendations: - To ensure that effective investigations are carried out in alleged cases of ill-treatment and other human rights violations by law enforcement forces and by former "self-defence forces". - To ensure that law enforcement authorities always carry out their functions in accordance with applicable law and that appropriate safeguards protecting the rights of individuals involved in law enforcement operations are fully respected. - It is important that initiatives are taken to provide training to law enforcement authorities about applicable internal and international human rights standards, and to recommend 3 ECRI 4 th report on Ukraine, adopted on 9 December 2011, paragraphs 164, 166 and 168. See also ECRI Conclusions on the Implementation of the Recommendations in respect of Ukraine subject to interim follow-up, paragraph 3. 5 See the report of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, document CommDH(2014)19, paras. 36-40. 4 Such as, for instance: Andriy Shekun and Anatoly Kovalsky, allegedly abducted by "self-defence forces" and brought first to a police station and then to a secret place, where they would have been detained (and one of them tortured) for 11 days; Gennadiy Afanasiev, involved in the case of Oleg Sentsov and Alexander Kolchenko, who withdrew his testimony declaring he had testified under torture. particular attention in the exercise of their functions when dealing with minorities, in order to avoid any perception of discrimination based on ethnic, religious or other grounds. - To avoid that members of security companies wear uniforms that could lead to confusing them with law enforcement or military personnel. III. Disappearances 7. Suspicious cases of disappearances brought to the attention of the delegation concern a relatively limited number of persons (between 10 and 15, both Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians), a large part of which occurred in 2014, although this remains a highly sensitive issue as already stressed in the report of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights 6 . The delegation's interlocutors were convinced that, in certain cases, the disappeared had been killed. 8. In light of the seriousness of the allegations, it is essential to ensure effective investigations – especially in cases where persons had been abducted or subsequently found dead – and to inform their families and the general public. A Contact Group for the families of disappeared persons was set up in October 2014, but it has not met since April 2015, while disappearances have continued to occur. The prosecutor has been cooperative in providing information to the delegation on a number of cases 7 , and recognised the need to increase transparency about the state of investigations. The prosecutor declared a readiness to take steps in this respect, for instance through regular press briefings. Recommendations: - Investigations in cases of alleged abductions and disappearances must be effective and in accordance with the relevant standards of the European Convention on Human Rights ("the Convention"), with particular regard to the requisites of adequacy, thoroughness, impartiality, independence, promptness and public scrutiny. - It is vital to provide appropriate information to the families of alleged victims and to the general public. 6 See the report of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, document CommDH(2014)19, pp. 5-7. 7 Information was provided upon request regarding: Reshat Ametov, found dead on 15 March 2014, with signs of ill-treatment; Mark Ivanyuk, found dead on 21 April 2014 as a result of a road accident; Timur Shaymardanov and Seyran Zinedinov, disappeared on 26 and 30 May 2014; Leonid Korzh (whose disappearance was announced on 28 May 2014 in connection with those of Mr Shaymardanov and Mr Zinedinov ) still living in Crimea today and – according to information provided by the prosecutor – denying having been victim of unlawful acts; Izlyam Dzhepparov and Dzhavdet Islyamov, allegedly abducted on 27 September 2014; Edem Asanov, disappeared and subsequently found hanged on 5 October 2014. Other cases where further information is expected include: Ivan Bondarets and Vladislav Vashchuk, disappeared on 7 March 2014; Vasyl Chernish, disappeared on 15 March 2014; Eskender Apselyamov, disappeared on 3 October 2014; Fyodor Kostenko, father of Oleksandr, disappeared on 3 March 2015 on his way from Kyiv to Crimea; Kachok Mukhiddin, killed on 26 July 2015; Mukhtar Arislanov, 45, allegedly abducted in a minibus on 27 August 2015; Memet Selimov and Osman Ibragimov, disappeared and then found dead on 29 August 2015; Arlen Terikhov and Ruslan Ganiev, disappeared on 15 December 2015 in Kerch. The cases of two minor Crimean Tatar girls disappeared in early 2016 was also solved by the time of departure of the delegation. - It is important to re-activate the Contact Group for the families of disappeared persons as a confidence-building measure. IV. The Judiciary 9. In the short time available, the delegation was not able to make a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the current functioning of the judiciary in Crimea. It was mentioned during the meetings that information on the Convention case-law is offered via trainings, and that the European Court of Human Rights ("the Court") case-law is published and disseminated. Further, the modernisation of court rooms was noted. 10. However, the delegation received information on allegations of important shortcomings in the functioning of the local criminal justice, including of persisting corruption. In this context, the delegation received reports on alleged discrepancies with respect to arrest or pre-trial detention and noted in particular the allegations of applicants' representatives that arrest and/or pre-trial detention lacked legal basis and that pre-trial detention was often prolonged without justification. Those matters fall under the Convention (Article 5-right to liberty and security). It is worth recalling in this respect that in older judgments concerning Crimea the Court had found violations of that provision of the Convention. 11. The prosecutor noted that these Convention requirements are taken into account by law enforcement officials. However, from discussions in various meetings, the delegation observed that the pertinent Convention standards as interpreted by the Court are not, in some instances, well understood by all sides. 12. This wide range of information led the delegation to observe a strong feeling of mistrust in the application of justice, and not only amongst members of the opposition. This lack of confidence hampers the possibility to lodge complaints and seek reparation for alleged human rights violations. Despite some positive measures, such as those mentioned above, the delegation believes that much more needs to be done to ensure that the Convention requirements regarding the right to a fair trial are enshrined among the judiciary but also in the society in general. 13. It should be noted that during the meeting between the Head of the delegation and Mr Akthem Chiygoz, Vice Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (meeting referred to in detail below under "the penitentiary establishments"), Mr Chiygoz requested that his trial be public and monitored by the Council of Europe. 14. At the request of the Ombudsperson of Ukraine, the issue of persons currently in pre-trial detention elsewhere in Ukraine but whose criminal files remained in Crimea in 2014 was raised with a view to ensuring the transfer of those files, thus allowing access to the criminal files. 15. In addition, the delegation noted two specific issues with implications on the effective functioning of the Judiciary: - The adaptation of legislation after March 2014 and its impact on rights and freedoms 16. According to information given by the prosecutor, 1557 legal acts have been enacted since March 2014. The prosecutor indicated that the public is informed of the enactment of new acts via a weekly television programme. Given however the proliferation of new laws, it is not clear for the delegation whether those information measures are adequate. 17. The delegation noted the general perception in the society that legislation became more restrictive and had an impact on fundamental rights and freedoms (see below notably under Freedom of expression, Freedom of association and assembly). 18. The delegation heard several accounts that the re-registration process imposed in many sectors (e.g. business, associations, property, media, identity documents, license plates, etc.) had an impact on the related rights and freedoms, and also created new opportunities for corruption. The latter is more generally seen as a longstanding problem. The delegation was informed about positive measures adopted to tackle corruption, including the creation of anticorruption committees. The delegation was also informed of specific cases of corruption that led to dismissals and/or charges against officials. Despite the efforts deployed, which were acknowledged by several interlocutors, results would still be below the public's expectations. Whilst the delegation perceives the importance of the matter, it is not within its mandate to further explore the issue. The same goes for questions of citizenship and the related issue concerning residence permits; also outside the scope of the mandate. - The legal basis for criminal proceedings 19. The delegation noted that, in certain instances, persons have been convicted or indicted on the basis of legislation introduced after March 2014 for facts which occurred before that date. Two cases in particular were brought to the delegation's attention. The case of Mr Oleksandr Kostenko - sentenced in May 2015 to 4 years and 2 months for "intentional infliction of bodily harm" for having hit a Ukrainian policeman in Kyiv with a stone on 18 February 2014, and for "illegal possession of firearms", and the case currently pending involving six people, among others Mr Akthem Chiygoz, in connection with the events which occurred in Simferopol on 26 February 2014. 20. The issue of indictments and convictions on the basis of laws which did not exist in Crimea at the time of the events (which amounts to retroactively applying a new legislation) or applied to facts occurred in Kyiv, was addressed at the meeting with the prosecutor. The prosecutor underlined the absolute need not to leave the crimes unpunished and further noted that the indictments were subsequent to the lodging of applications by the families of the victims. Subject to further analysis and verification of the specific legal provisions, the delegation observes that these indictments or convictions might raise concerns as to their compatibility with the principle of legality, also in the sense of Article 7 (No punishment without law) of the Convention, as interpreted by the Court. It appears that a review of these cases needs to be considered. 21. The prosecutor informed the delegation that 118 offences were decriminalised after March 2014 in line with the applicable legislation, and that a review of sanctions was carried out, which led to the reduction of sanctions and to the release of 2783 inmates out of 3142 between March 2014 and January 2016. The prosecutor indicated that this measure could also prevent overcrowding in prisons. Recommendations: - Cases where the legal basis for indictment/conviction appears based on a retroactive application of the legislation should be reviewed. V. Penitentiary Establishments 22. The situation regarding the conditions of detention in penitentiary establishments in Crimea had in the past been examined by the Court 8 and the CPT 9 . In its last visit to the Peninsula (2013), the CPT underlined a number of areas of concern regarding the material conditions in the Simferopol pre-trial establishment-SIZO. 23. Although short-term measures focusing on the improvement of food and health care were reported to the delegation, the local authorities acknowledged that there is still a need for substantive work in this area in order to bring the material conditions of detention in the local penitentiary establishments up to international standards. To this end, the construction of two new detention centres was noted. 24. A number of technical and specific questions fall within the CPT's expertise and mandate, and require more time for their consideration. 25. During the visit, Mr Stoudmann was also allowed to visit Mr Akthem Chiygoz, who is detained in Simferopol pending his trial. During that meeting, in addition to his other requests (see under Judiciary, p.7), Mr Chiygoz challenged the lawfulness of his arrest. Mr Chiygoz did not make complaints about his treatment by the penitentiary administration or ill-treatment in prison, but mentioned health problems having led him to request to be examined by a civil doctor in order to get appropriate medication and treatment. However, no civil doctor had accepted to examine him despite the agreement of prison authorities. In addition, while acknowledging that he received regular visits by family members, he expressed the wish that it be made possible to receive a visit by his elderly mother who suffers from mobility problems. 8 For instance in Dvoynykh (App. No. 72277/01) of 12 October 2006 (regarding conditions of detention the Simferopol pre-trial establishment-SIZO); Yakovenko (App. No. 15825/06) of 25 October 2007 regarding the Sevastopol Temporary Detention Isolator- ITT. 9 Report to the Ukrainian Government on the visit to Ukraine from 9 to 21 October 2013, doc. CPT/Inf (2014)15; see in particular Appendix I List of CPT Recommendations, comments and requests for information. Both requests have been transmitted to the prosecutor who noted that she would personally follow up on the matter. This attitude of refusal by "ordinary civilians" (in this instance, civil doctors) to intervene in politically delicate cases is, however, an element that contributes to corroborate the allegations about a climate of intimidation and of isolation of those who are perceived as opponents. Additionally, the issue of Mr Chiygoz's health should also be examined from a humanitarian perspective. 26. The case of 16 Ukrainian citizens 10 convicted before March 2014 and serving their sentence in Crimea was raised, as they formally requested their transfer to another prison in Ukraine. This issue was raised originally in December 2015 by the Ukrainian Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin with Secretary General Jagland, requesting him to help in securing this transfer. The issue was thus discussed by the delegation with interlocutors at all levels, in particular with the Ombudsperson in Kyiv, with a view to the identification of a suitable solution on a humanitarian basis. Recommendations: - All interested parties should find a viable solution to guarantee CoE monitoring bodies' access to the places of detention in the Peninsula. - To encourage the training of law enforcement officials (judges and prosecutors) as well as of lawyers regarding the ECHR requirements pertaining to arrest and pre-trial detention. VI. Crimean Tatars and other minorities 27. General difficulties and concerns affecting the rights of minorities – and notably Crimean Tatars – had already been largely identified in previous reports of Council of Europe monitoring structures 11 , and have been confirmed by many interlocutors of the delegation, including Crimean Tatars in Kyiv. 28. In the context of the current crisis, the allegations of abuses by law enforcement authorities on the one side and the accusations of religious-based radicalisation on the other contributed to create a situation in which Crimean Tatars are particularly exposed to violations and restrictions of their rights and freedoms. Today, the repression seems more targeted towards those perceived as opponents and/or those close to them, rather than reflecting a systematic policy against the Crimean Tatars as a minority, which does not exclude cases of discriminations as reported below. 10 Originally, 22 convicts reportedly filed petitions requesting their transfer. However, it was explained to the delegation that the situation now concerns only 16 of them. 11 See, in particular: the report of the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities following its ad hoc visit to Ukraine (21-26 March 2014); the Committee of Ministers' resolution CM/ResCMN(2013)8 on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by Ukraine (adopted on 18 December 2013); the Third Opinion on Ukraine by the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities adopted on 22 March 2012; the 4th ECRI report on Ukraine, adopted on 9 December 2011. 29. Indeed, a number of measures adopted after March 2014 are perceived by the interested persons as having a discriminatory effect - directly or indirectly – on Crimean Tatars. This is the case, for instance, of procedures for re-registration of business – which would have according to some interlocutors disproportionally affected small business owned by Crimean Tatars - and for the recognition of land property rights. With respect to the latter, a procedure of regularisation of property rights for land occupied by Crimean Tatars after their return in Crimea had been set up prior to March 2014, and the delegation had been informed that those who had not completed such procedures by then are now experiencing difficulties. Clarifications were obtained from the local authorities on these two particular issues, which nevertheless need to be further examined (see recommendation below). 30. Note was taken of a number of measures recently adopted aiming to address some concerns of the Crimean Tatar community, combining "symbolic" recognition with more concrete action, such as the rehabilitation of Crimean Tatars (which also implies an increase in pensions of ex-deported people), the recognition of Crimean Tatar as an official language, the building of a mosque in Simferopol, the continuation of the Crimean Tatar curricula in schools. The adoption of these measures is positively perceived by the concerned population. 31. At the same time, another part of the Crimean Tatar minority sees itself as the deliberate target of discrimination and human rights violations and consider such measures ineffective or irrelevant. Most allegations of disappearances and of violations committed by law enforcement authorities indeed concern Crimean Tatars (see above). - Representation of Crimean Tatars / freedom of assembly issues 32. Several interlocutors also reported difficulty for the Crimean Tatar community in obtaining authorisations to hold rallies. These allegations were however nuanced by other representatives of the Crimean Tatar community who argued that past restrictions in 2014 were linked to the specific political context at the time. 33. It should be noted that, due to the boycott of the September 2014 local elections by part of the community, the number of Crimean Tatars elected drastically diminished, from around 1290 before the elections to only 138. 34. In addition, the delegation learned after its visit that the prosecutor requested, on the basis of the law on countering extremist activity, that the "Mejlis" (the permanent executive body of the "Kurultay" – the traditional Crimean Tatar assembly) be declared as an extremist organisation and be banned, which would undoubtedly have consequences for all Mejlis members, should this decision be taken by the Court (it should be noted that the Court has already postponed the procedure several times). Such a decision would indicate a new level of repression targeting this time the Crimean Tatar community as a whole. 35. One should bear in mind the importance of the "Mejlis" for the Crimean Tatar people, as underlined by many different sources; and therefore the risk that such a negative decision would further alienate the Crimean Tatar community, as well as the importance of maintaining traditional organs to ensure their representation. 36. Moreover, in the context of the current crisis, some of the most prominent members of the "Mejlis" left Crimea and have been charged and others such as Mr Chiygoz are detained, while others occupy important official positions in Crimea. Against this background, the growing tensions and divisions within the Crimean Tatar community are obvious. 37. The delegation also took note of the information (confirmed by both sides), on the creation and training of a paramilitary group in the Kherson region to the North of the Peninsula – "the Tatar battalion", open both to Crimean Tatars and other Muslim volunteers. There is increasing fear within the Crimean Tatar community living in Crimea that, should this group be in the future involved in violent action against Crimea, this would fuel anti-Tatar sentiments, deepen the divisions within the community, and lead to the adoption of even more severe measures, in particular based on the law against extremism, limiting the exercise by Crimean Tatars of their rights. The situation is in any event very tense and could lead to serious security implications. - Freedom of expression / media 38. The delegation noted that Crimean Tatars are generally free to display flags and Crimean Tatar symbols in public. Public buildings visited by the delegation continue to carry inscriptions in Tatar alongside other official languages. 39. However, regarding the Crimean Tatar media, the delegation also took note of concerns about a reduction in media diversity, as illustrated by the case of "ATR TV." An online daily newspaper (previously printed), continued to operate at the time of the visit. 12 40. On 1 April 2015, private Crimean Tatar ATR TV was taken off the air along with the children's TV channel "Lale" and radio station "Meydan", all belonging to the same group. 13 Whatever was the administrative process leading to the shutting down of ATR (the re-registration process seems to have played a role in this case), the delegation took in any event note of the attachment towards ATR TV and of the sense of loss and frustration caused by its shutting down – which can therefore be considered as having significantly reduced media diversity in Crimea. This sentiment of frustration was probably one the main reasons which led to the establishment of the new public Crimean Tatar TV "Millet TV" – re-hiring part of former ATR staff and which had just started operating at the time of the visit. It remains therefore to be seen whether "Millet" will be considered as a representative media outlet by the Crimean Tatar community. 12 The Crimean Tatar newspaper "Advet" reportedly turned into an online newspaper only after it faced difficulties in the re-registration process. Reportedly, it also received warnings on the basis of the legislation against extremism. 13 Headed by Lenur Islamov, one of the main Crimean Tatar leaders now outside Crimea. - Other minorities 41. The delegation had the opportunity to meet with representatives of most of other minorities living in Crimea (Armenians, Germans, Greeks, Italians, Jewish, Karaites, Krimchak) on various occasions – but it did not have the opportunity to meet with Roma representatives. They reported no deterioration in access to their rights but rather expectations that their situation may in fact improve (e.g. restitution of religious property to the Karaites, rehabilitation decree regarding the Crimean Italians). They deplored the effect of their current isolation on the possibility of travel and exchanges with countries of origin, including with respect to family reunion when part of a family lives abroad and/or with respect to possible financial support. Recommendations: - To find a viable solution for access to the territory of Crimea to the competent Council of Europe structures, and other international institutions dealing with minority issues. - The newly created public Crimean Tatar TV "Millet" programmes and approach should respond to the needs and expectations of the whole Crimean Tatar community, so as to be perceived as a representative channel, truly contributing to media diversity. - To refrain from taking measures that may have a detrimental effect on the representation of the Crimean Tatar community, or have a directly or indirectly discriminatory effect. - The procedure for regularisation of land of Crimean Tatars should be completed smoothly and all legal and practical obstacles should be overcome. - To identify viable ways to facilitate contact between members of a minority and their country of origin. VII. Freedom of Religion 42. After the 2014 referendum, legal organisations of religious communities (as other legal entities) were required to re-register in order to continue exercising their organisational activities. Most representatives of religious communities, including those sitting in the Council of inter-ethnic and inter-confessional relations, indicated that re-registration did not cause major difficulties. However a sharp reduction in the number of registered religious organisations was noted – from over 1400 to a number variable between 250 and 400 according to the sources. Reportedly, many of them were not active. 43. Two Muslim holidays have now been recognised as public holidays in Crimea, and the construction of a central mosque in Simferopol has been announced. Representatives of smaller religious communities, such as the Karaites, welcomed recent efforts for the restitution of religious property and attention paid to the particular significance of religious buildings and monuments for their cultural and religious identity. 44. This notwithstanding, the delegation noted the particular attention of law enforcement authorities as regards Islam, particularly in connection with the application of the legislation against extremism. Reportedly, many of the religious organisations that have ceased to exist were Muslim organisations allegedly funded from abroad. The search for prohibited extremist literature (as well as for weapons and proof of connections with extremist and terrorist groups) has been one of the main reasons given for repeated interventions of law enforcement authorities in mosques, madrassas and private homes of Muslims, in most cases Crimean Tatars. According to the Chief Mufti of Crimea and the Mufti of Sebastopol, this has led religious authorities to replace their religious literature with religious publications from Russia. 45. This issue should be considered also in light of the requirements under Article 9 of the Convention (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) as interpreted by the Court. 46. Ambassador Stoudmann met Archbishop Clement in Kyiv, representing the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate, who declared that there are 250 believers remaining in Crimea and complained about difficulties with regard to the full use and access to their administrative buildings in Simferopol. Recommendations: - Favourable and secure conditions for the practice of all religions must be guaranteed. VIII. Freedom of expression and media freedom 47. During its visit, many interlocutors confirmed to the delegation the restrictive effect of the application of the new legislation (since March 2014) to media outlets and journalists in Crimea. There are also concerns that stricter requirements, interpretation of the legislative framework or administrative bias led to a reduction of media diversity. This impression of limited media diversity emerged clearly from a meeting of the delegation with local media representatives. - Freedom of expression 48. The delegation took note of allegations of restrictions to freedom of expression under the argument of "extremist contents", including through the monitoring of social media. Several interlocutors underlined the risk faced under the applicable law (e.g. the legislation against extremist and/or separatists statements) by activists and/or bloggers who express their objection to the March 2014 referendum and to its outcome. The same interlocutors insisted on the climate of intimidation by law enforcement officials, threats to individual journalists, and the practice of addressing warnings to individuals over the content they publish online, based on the legislation against extremism. These concerns were raised with the prosecutor. This issue should be looked at in light of the level of protection afforded by the Court to a pluralistic public debate, journalistic freedom and the protection of journalistic sources 14 . Any interference with freedom of expression under Article 10 of the Convention should comply with the requirements set in Article 10 §2 as interpreted by the Court. 14 See judgments Castells (App. No. 11798/85, 23 April 1992), Roemen and Schmit (App. No. 51772/99, 25 February 2003) and Ernst & Others (App. No. 33400/96, 15 July 2003). - Media freedom 49. The delegation received information that, apart from ATR TV and its affiliated outlets (see under the "Crimean Tatars and other minorities"), most media outlets completed the reregistration process after March 2014. 15 However, beside the Crimean Tatar media, it was also confirmed that several Ukrainian newspapers ceased their activities after March 2014, reportedly for financial and/or other reasons. There are indications however that a limited access to dedicated Ukrainian media is possible in some regions or through satellite TV. The situation regarding both Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian media confirms a reduction in media diversity after March 2014. In this context, the launch of a new Crimean Tatar media – "Millet TV" – should be considered as recognition of the needs and expectations of the Crimean Tatar community. Still, an in-depth analysis of the media situation would require more time and expertise on a case-by-case basis, looking in particular at the re-registration process. 50. Based on discussions with representatives of media and civil society, the delegation had an overall impression that local Crimean media are rather hesitant to dig into sensitive issues – political or not. Some civil society representatives shared the view that it is easier to attract the attention of media in Moscow than that of local media on issues of high sensitivity. In the same vein, some civil society representatives expressed concerns that access to air time with the local public TV/Radio company (e.g. for advocacy purposes) is rather limited in Crimea. Increased exchanges and contact of local journalists with international journalists could help in strengthening the role of local media as a "public watchdog" 16 . Recommendations: - An easier access for foreign journalists to Crimea would be very important. - Programmes and approach of the newly created public Crimean Tatar TV "Millet" should respond to the needs and expectations of the whole Crimean Tatar community, so as to be perceived as a representative channel, truly contributing to media diversity. IX. Freedom of association and assembly 51. Like other entities, Crimean NGOs had to re-register after March 2014. According to figures provided during the visit there would be 2,833 registered non-profit organisations in Crimea. Many are still in the process of re-registration, and 331 NGOs were denied registration in 2015. It was explained that the decrease in the numbers was partly due to the fact that the applicable legislation is particularly complicated and administratively demanding (as confirmed by NGOs met by the delegation, especially in order to comply with the "Foreign Agents" provisions), and partly to the fact that a large number of previously registered NGOs 15 According to local authorities, 207 medias that were already registered in Crimea prior to March 2014 successfully managed to re-register after March 2014. 16 According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the press performs a vital role of "public watchdog" in a democratic society. The Court has emphasised that "freedom of the press and other news media affords the public one of the best means of discovering and forming an opinion of the ideas and attitudes of political leaders." were reportedly not active. NGO representatives complained about the difficulty to maintain and/or develop contacts with their counterparts abroad due to communication and travel restrictions. 52. Based on preliminary information, the delegation is under the impression that the re-registration process had a shrinking effect on the Crimean civil society sector, and that the Crimean NGOs seem to be rather weak and still uncertain about how to operate under the current conditions. One of the meetings organised with NGOs – at the office of the Crimean ombudsman - left the delegation with serious doubts about the independence of many of them. At the same time, the delegation was told by re-registered associations and NGOs active in the social field (for instance supporting elderly people, people with disabilities, etc.) that they now have access to greater opportunities for public financial support for their activities. 53. The delegation also raised the issue of restrictions on freedom of assembly targeting opposition activists and/or Crimean Tatar groups 17 . It was reported that in the second half of 2015 alone around 1000 mass rallies took place, that 4 public areas in Simferopol are allocated for the holding of rallies, and that authorisations are granted in accordance with the applicable legislation. However, these figures do not allow for concerns to be eluded about arbitrary or politically-oriented decisions in the treatment of requests to hold rallies, and possibly in the related sanctions. The delegation notes in this context that it is essential that any interference with the right to association be in conformity with Article 11 para. 2 of the Convention (freedom of assembly and association) as interpreted by the Court. Recommendations: - Registration of associations should be granted in a non-discriminatory manner and without unjustified obstacles. - Authorisation of rallies and other public gatherings should be granted in a non-discriminatory manner and without unjustified obstacles. - It would be important to identify viable ways of facilitating contacts between Crimean civil society actors and civil society actors from outside Crimea. 17 For instance, the delegation heard allegations that rallies organised and/or attended by pro-Ukraine protesters usually lead to administrative sanctions. Law enforcement authorities are reportedly particularly zealous, notably when Ukrainian symbols are displayed. X. Education 54. The question of the right to receive education in and of minority languages in Crimea had already been addressed by Council of Europe monitoring structures in the past 18 . As regards schooling in Crimean Tatar language, the delegation did not identify evident signs of a deterioration of the situation. Although some uncertainty on the provided figures persists, 19 the delegation found that the number of classes providing teaching in Crimean Tatar may have diminished, but not to a significantly worrying extent, at least for the current academic year. The same is true as regards, for instance, newly trained teachers and the availability of textbooks which have been adapted and re-edited in Tatar language in 2015. 55. For schooling in Ukrainian language, the delegation can, on the contrary, confirm that the number of schools and classes providing teaching in Ukrainian language has sensibly diminished compared to 2013. This is, according to local authorities, the result of a free choice of parents who now prefer to pursue the education of children in Russian. It was not in a position to verify allegations about the inadequacy of information of parents, pressures not to choose Ukrainian or Crimean Tatar as schooling languages and unjustified refusals. 56. An important change in the legal framework is that Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, adopted on 11 April 2014, recognises Crimean Tatar, Russian and Ukrainian as official languages. The delegation visited "model" schools where renovation had been recently carried out, and received concurrent information that investments are being carried out throughout Crimea to renovate and build new schools. Recommendations: - To facilitate the full information of parents about possible choices for main languages of schooling. XI. Humanitarian issues 57. During the visit the humanitarian situation in Crimea was addressed by many interlocutors, in particular as a result of the blockade of the Peninsula. Several civil society interlocutors in Crimea indicated to the delegation that the situation had worsened for citizens as a result of the successive blockades (water, food and electricity). Based on preliminary findings, there are reasons to believe that these blockades had and/or still have a non-negligible impact on living 18 See in particular the concerns expressed in the Committee of Ministers Resolution CM/ResCMN(2013)8 on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by Ukraine, adopted on 18 December 2013, which recommended inter alia to "provide clear legal guarantees for the right to receive education in and of minority languages and regularly monitor their effective implementation; increase and diversify opportunities to study in minority languages at university level; increase efforts to provide minority language institutions with adequate supplies of quality textbooks and strengthen opportunities for the training of minority language teachers; adopt clear law provisions in order to ensure the use of minority languages for access to higher education". 19 The delegation received information by local authorities that demand of classes providing teaching in Crimean Tatar is further decreasing, but the same local authorities also confirmed that this would not lead to the suppression of further schools or classes. conditions in Crimea. The main concern in that regard is related to the "water blockade" (see below). The blockades notably had a negative impact on prices, and were depicted as a form of collective punishment. While the electricity blockade still has a negative impact, notably on hospitals (e.g. for new born babies or intensive care patients), allegations of victims directly linked to electricity shortages were not confirmed. The delegation also took note of concerns expressed by several interlocutors with regard to restrictions to freedom of movement along the crossing points, notably resulting from excessively tight crossing regulations imposed by both sides, and by the lack of adequate documentation. - Water blockade 58. The Peninsula has experienced water shortages after the Ukrainian authorities decided, in May 2014, to shut off the supply of water from the Dnieper River via the North Crimean Canal. It was mentioned to the delegation that the water blockade had important negative effects on agricultural activities due to the lack of irrigation, in particular for rice culture. According to different sources, residents were also directly affected in their daily life by the reduction of water supply – which would still affect some areas. Moreover, it was reported to the delegation that alternative solutions – relying on artesian wells – may have contributed to a salinization of underground reserves, and ecological concerns were raised. The delegation is not in a position to draw any conclusion on the matter, which should be examined by experts. Recommendations: - A technical assessment visit from international experts would clarify the impact of the water blockade.	<urn:uuid:8060cc8a-2ecf-4c46-acca-66946b9e8c90>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	https://rm.coe.int/168064211f	2017-10-24T09:33:20Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828356.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024090757-20171024110757-00079.warc.gz	825,928,975	10,957	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.964479	eng_Latn	0.997376	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 220, 1660, 1806, 5322, 9308, 10966, 14287, 17496, 20995, 23778, 26956, 29929, 33061, 36069, 39307, 42400, 45282, 48581, 51037, 54439, 56141 ]
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY MESSAGES 5 Now Boarding: Dr. Fang Liu, ICAO Secretary General 4 Demonstrating Leadership: Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of the ICAO Council ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAMME 8 The Trienium in Review: Towards Environmental Sustainability: Mr Boubacar Djibo, ICAO Director Air Transport Bureau REPORT OVERVIEW 9 Our Flight Plan: Ms. Jane Hupe, ICAO Deputy Director, Environment INTRODUCTION TO ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES 10 Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) CHAPTER 1 - AVIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK 16 Environmental Trends in Aviation to 2050 15 Overview 23 European Models Strengthen Interoperability in Support of CAEP CHAPTER 2 - AIRCRAFT NOISE 27 Reducing Aircraft Noise - Overview 30 Aviation Noise Impacts: State of the Science 38 Overview of Aviation Noise Research Effort Supported by the European Union 42 Helicopter Noise Reduction Technology Advancements 46 Reducing Sonic Boom - A Collective Effort Status Report 50 Aircraft Noise Models for Assessment of Noise Around Airports – Improvements and Limitations 56 Using Ecoflight Building Software Suite for Predictive Assessment and Development of Compensation Measures to Mitigate Impacts of Aircraft Noise in Areas Near Airports 60 Airport Planning Manual Part 2 – Land Use and Environmental Management 63 Community Engagement 65 10 years Mediation Contract – 10 years of "Dialogue Forum" 68 Moving Towards a 4th Generation in Aircraft Noise Management CHAPTER 3 - LOCAL AIR QUALITY 75 Aviation Impacts on Air Quality: State of the Science 73 Local Air Quality - Overview 82 New and Improved LAQ Models for Assessment of Aircraft Engine Emissions and Air Pollution in and Around Airports 89 From Smoke to Nanoparticles: International Measurement Campaigns for the Establishment of a New nvPM Regulation 85 New Particulate Matter Standard for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 93 Measures to Reduce Particulate Matters at an Airport: The Case of Copenhagen Airport CHAPTER 4 - GLOBAL EMISSIONS 99 Aviation Impacts on Climate: State of the Science 97 Introduction to the ICAO Basket of Measures 108 ICAO Cargo and Passenger Calculator 112 The CAEP/10 recommendation on a new ICAO Aeroplane CO2 Emissions Standard 1. AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY 115 Pushing the Aircraft and Engine Technology Envelope to Reduce CO2 Emissions 2. OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENT 119 Speeding Development of Technologies to Make Aircraft Cleaner, Quieter and More Fuel Efficient 120 Environmental Benefits Assessment of Aviation System Block Upgrades 129 Study on the Variation in the Fuel Consumed and Emissions Produced by Aircraft in the Airspace Managed by ASECNA 125 Sharing Experience and Learning to Improve Environmental Assessments of Proposed Air Traffic Management Operational Changes 132 SESAR - Achieving Environmental Benefits Through Operational Efficiency 136 Engaging Airlines and Airports on Continuous Descent Operations ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT CHAPTER 1 AVIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL - OUTLOOK CHAPTER 5 - STATE ACTION PLANS 182 The Development of Burkina Faso's State Action Plan 179 Overview 184 Environmental Project: ICAO-European Union 189 The Development of Spain's Action Plan: Benefits and Lessons Learned 187 The Central American Action Plan for the Reduction of Emissions from International Civil Aviation and its Update 191 ICAO, UNDP and GEF – progressing the global climate agenda together CHAPTER 6 - AIRCRAFT END-OF-LIFE AND RECYCLING 196 AFRA – Leading the Way in Safe and Sustainable Aircraft End-of-Life Management 194 The Aircraft Life-Cycle: "Reduce, Re-use, Recycle" 199 The Future of Sustainable, End-of-Life Aircraft Management CHAPTER 7 - CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE Climate Adaptation and Resilience in International Aviation 202 208 Adapting Aviation to a Changing Climate 205 The Impacts of Climate Change on Aviation: Scientific Challenges and Adaptation Pathways 211 Adapting Airports to a New Climate 214 Brisbane Airport's New Parallel Runway Project - Climate Change Adaptation Measures CHAPTER 8 - PARTNERSHIPS 219 Creating Opportunities for the Aviation Sector through Sustainable Development by Erik Solheim, Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 218 Message from Ban-Ki Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations 220 Message from Christina Figueres, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 222 Message from Tony Tyler, Director General and CEO of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) 221 International Aviation and Carbon Markets: From Agreement to Action by John Roome, Senior Director Climate Change, The World Bank Group 224 Message from Angela Gittens, Director General of Airport Council International (ACI) 226 Message from Jeff Poole, Director General, CANSO 225 Message from David F. Melcher, President and CEO, Aerospace Industries Association and Chair of the International Coordinating Council for Aerospace Industries Associations (ICCAIA) 227 Message from Tim Johnson, Director of Aviation Environment Federation, on behalf of the International Coalition for Sustainable Aviation 228 BIOGRAPHIES 246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 247 ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT	<urn:uuid:3707072a-c470-4477-850f-8ff602fde744>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/EnvironmentalReports/2016/ENVReport2016_pg6-7.pdf	2021-04-17T15:16:35+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-17/subset=warc/part-00136-74237c22-0523-49c6-9e5a-6b4aa471a042.c000.gz.parquet	918,278,420	1,132	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.546246	eng_Latn	0.548952	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2976, 5277 ]
Time- and Space-efficient Eye Tracker Calibration Heiko Drewes LMU Munich firstname.lastname@example.org Ken Pfeuffer Bundeswehr University Munich email@example.com Florian Alt Bundeswehr University Munich firstname.lastname@example.org ABSTRACT One of the obstacles to bring eye tracking technology to everyday human computer interactions is the time consuming calibration procedure. In this paper we investigate a novel calibration method based on smooth pursuit eye movement. The method uses linear regression to calculate the calibration mapping. The advantage is that users can perform the calibration quickly in a few seconds and only use a small calibration area to cover a large tracking area. We first describe the theoretical background on establishing a calibration mapping and discuss differences of calibration methods used. We then present a user study comparing the new regression-based method with a classical nine-point and with other pursuit-based calibrations. The results show the proposed method is fully functional, quick, and enables accurate tracking of a large area. The method has the potential to be integrated into current eye tracking systems to make them more usable in various use cases. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Graphical user interfaces; KEYWORDS Eye tracker calibration; Smooth pursuits; Linear regression. ACM Reference Format: Heiko Drewes, Ken Pfeuffer, and Florian Alt. 2019. Time- and Space-efficient Eye Tracker Calibration. In 2019 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA ’19), June 25–28, 2019, Denver , CO, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314111.3319818 1 INTRODUCTION Since the early eighties there is a vision of controlling computers with the eyes [Bolt 1981]. Interfaces based on gaze are promising but at the same time challenging [Jacob and Stellmach 2016; Jacob and Karn 2003]. One such challenge is the need of a time-consuming calibration. The calibration data reflects the geometry of the setup, typically eye tracker and screen position, and individual attributes from the user’s eyes. On a personal system this has to be done only once as the geometry and personal attributes do not change. On a public system designed for more users and everyday interaction, however, calibration is necessary for any new user. This is particularly challenging [Khamis et al. 2016a] for short interaction times. Examples include an ATM where the user can securely enter the PIN with gaze [Cymek et al. 2014; Pfeuffer et al. 2013], public displays where users browse through the content [Zhang et al. 2013, 2014b], and generally any computing device, graphical user interface, or user study that utilises eye-tracking. The design of a calibration procedure is characterized by a balance between time, i.e. the duration of the procedure, and space, i.e. where the calibration points are located. The standard procedure shows static targets and the user fixates each target for a few seconds. Usually 5 to 16 targets are presented in distinct locations. In sum, increasing time and space leads to better accuracy, but longer duration is reported as tedious and affects the system’s usability [Flatla et al. 2011; Pfeuffer et al. 2013; Villanueva et al. 2004]. Researchers explored methods to address calibration issues with more dynamic methods that exploit smooth pursuit eye movements [Blignaut 2017; Celebi et al. 2014; Khamis et al. 2016b; Pfeuffer et al. 2013]. These methods correlate eye and stimulus movements to infer whether the user attends to the target. Whereas the standard calibration procedure needs guidance of the user through instructions, pursuit calibration can happen unconsciously without assistance. Furthermore, a calibration based on smooth pursuits is generally quicker than a standard calibration [Pfeuffer et al. 2013]. In this paper, we investigate a regression-based method to extract calibration parameters from smooth pursuit movements and present a study comparing the method with the standard point-based and other pursuit-based calibration methods. In comparison to other pursuit-based calibration methods, this method uses regression to analyze the scaling and translation parameters of the calibration mapping. The method has been introduced in [Drewes et al. 2018]. In this work we focus on the method for the purpose of gaze calibration from a theoretical and empirical perspective. The method comes with two main benefits that we investigated in the study. First, the method is time-efficient, as it allows for calibrating within a few seconds. This is useful for public and mobile systems, where users interact frequently but in brief sessions. Second, the method is space-efficient as only a small area is required to calibrate. Yet, it enables gaze-tracking of a large area around it. This can be useful, for instance, when calibrating on a small screen of a mobile device but using eye-tracking outside the display and/or other screens around the user. Accurate calibration for the surroundings of the display is valuable for a new generation of mobile devices which use inside-out tracking for an awareness of the space around it. This means that the gaze coordinates outside the display can be mapped to objects in the surroundings. The result of the study is that quick pursuit calibration is possible in 2 seconds in a small area, but with careful consideration of a trade-off between calibration speed and accuracy. In addition, the study helps to understand the strength and limitations of the regression, offset, and homography-based calibration mappings. 2 RELATED WORK Researchers identified the calibration task as a significant problem for a greater adoption of eye gaze. Morimoto and Mimica’s survey identifies calibration as a task of poor usability [Morimoto and R.M. Mimica 2005]. Schnipke and Todd’s gaze and calibration tests report low accuracy of eye-tracking data [Schnipke and Todd 2000], and other researchers have emphasized the low usability of the ‘tedious’ calibration procedure that users need to conduct [Flatla et al. 2011; Pfeuffer et al. 2013; Villanueva et al. 2004]. It is possible to avoid the calibration by using calibration-free gaze interaction techniques. An early approach is are gaze gestures [Drewes et al. 2007; Drewes and Schmidt 2007]. Other approaches focus on directional scrolling [Zhang et al. 2014a,b] or use visual saliency to predict gaze [Sugano and Bulling 2015]. A recent approach utilizes smooth pursuit movements of the eyes [Vidal et al. 2013a]. If the gaze follows the pursuit target, the coordinates of the target and the coordinates reported from the eye tracker correlate. This method works without calibration, but requires targets in motion. To enable the default eye tracking without targets in motion, the calibration requirement remains. To tackle the calibration challenge, researchers aimed to improve the default point-based calibration. Geometric models were investigated that allow the number of points required to calibrate to be reduced and thus a shorter procedure duration to be achieved. For example, [Villanueva et al. 2004] and [Ohno and Mukawa 2004] developed calibration procedures that only require 2 points to estimate gaze. Other variants involve 1-point calibration [Guestrin and Eizenman 2008]. Nonetheless, to achieve a high accuracy in practice, gaze calibrations in research and industry use additional points [Tob 2018; Villanueva and Cabeza 2008], that at the same time increase the duration of the procedure. Alternatively, a moving target calibration based on smooth pursuit was investigated. By using the Pursuits approach [Vidal et al. 2013a] a system can infer gaze towards a moving target in uncalibrated environments. PursuitCalibration [Pfeuffer et al. 2013] extends the idea to calibration. It uses moving stimuli and collects sample data only when users follow the target. This allows to infer attention even during the procedure and improves its stability. The method has been extended to different environments and calibration variants. Celebi et al. extended the method with a spiral movement pattern and the Bayesian-Gaussian regression technique for lag correction and outlier rejection [Celebi et al. 2014], finding that it improves accuracy and stability of the gaze samples. The CalibMe [Santini et al. 2017] method uses a similar approach to explore gaze calibration in pervasive environments using fiducial markers on screens to using spiral and star movement patterns for wearable devices. Their evaluation shows a higher accuracy than a 9 point calibration. Researchers also have used the method to provide continuous calibration during the user interaction sessions [Gomez and Gellersen 2018; Murauer et al. 2018; Ramirez-Gomez and Gellersen 2017; Tripathi and Guenter 2017]. Of particular interest are three pursuit based calibrations. First, Pfeuffer et al. have used a homography to establish the mapping between gaze and screen [Pfeuffer et al. 2013]. Khamis et al. used a simple offset correction method to establish the mapping as it reached sufficient accuracy for the tested scenario [Khamis et al. 2016b]. Finally, Drewes et al., in their investigation of smooth pursuit detection, pointed to the potential of using a regression-based method for gaze calibration [Drewes et al. 2018], however, used it only for presenting images of gaze trails. Our research focuses on these three methods that we will elaborate on in detail next. 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 3.1 Calibration The calibration of a stationary eye tracker means to find a mapping from coordinates reported by the eye tracker to coordinates on a screen. For a mobile eye tracker, the coordinates are mapped to coordinates on the image from the world camera. The standard approach to calibrate an eye tracker is a linear transformation in homogeneous coordinates, called a homography. If calibrating to a flat screen, a linear transformation is not exact. An exact mapping needs trigonometric functions and is non-linear. For small displays the involved angles are small and as $\sin(x) \approx x$ and $\cos(x) \approx 1$ for small angles, a linear approximation is legitimate. Current eye tracking technologies need a calibration to the individual using the eye tracker. The position of a glint from an infrared LED on the cornea depends on the size of the eye ball, which is different from person to person. Additionally, the exact position of the fovea differs from person to person. 3.2 Correction of Calibration Errors The manufacturer of an eye tracker normally provides a calibration procedure which establishes the internal mapping from the eye tracker camera to the screen. After calibration, the calibrations errors should be minimal and there should be no need for correction. However, if another person wants to use the eye tracker, a new calibration is necessary. This is an obstacle for instant use as public interface. Therefore, many researchers think about implicit and quick calibration procedures. Such implicit calibration does not necessarily do a mapping from the eye tracker’s camera coordinates to the screen but can be a mapping on top of the existing calibration. A full calibration compensates for geometric aspects, such as the position and orientation of the eye tracker against the screen, and for individual aspects of the user, such as the size of the eyeball. Within a scenario of instant use by different people the geometric aspects do not change as screen and eye tracker are still in the same position. The interesting question for this research is: what are the implications for the calibration process if we only swap the user but leave the geometrical setup unchanged? The research presented here assumes an eye tracker calibrated to a person but used by another person. Consequently, we need a mapping from reported gaze coordinates to true gaze coordinates. [Pfeuffer et al. 2013] assume that this can be achieved by a linear transformation in homogeneous coordinates or so-called homography. The received coordinates $r$ are multiplied with matrix $H$ and the results are the true coordinates $p$ (see Equation 1). $$\begin{pmatrix} p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} h_{11} & h_{12} & h_{13} \\ h_{21} & h_{22} & h_{23} \\ h_{31} & h_{32} & h_{33} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} r_x \\ r_y \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) It needs at least four pairs of received and true screen coordinates to estimate the parameters of matrix $H$, as the matrix has eight degrees of freedom. The coordinate pairs are gathered in a calibration procedure and, as measurements always have some inaccuracies, it is better to have more than four coordinate pairs. This means there is an overestimated linear equation system to be solved. [Pfeuffer et al. 2013] used the RANSAC algorithm as it performs well on outliers and the estimation of homography parameters is a standard task in computer vision. The homography can be decomposed in scaling in x- and y-direction, rotation, shearing, translation in x- and y-direction and two trapezoidal transformations (Figure 1). ![Figure 1: Beside translations in x- and y-direction a homography can be decomposed in scaling in x- and y-direction, rotation, shearing, and two trapezoidal transformations](image) One question of this research is which parts of the homography contribute how much to the correction of the calibration error and whether a homography is sufficient. Khamis et al. did calibration with pursuits and only corrected the offset which means they only used the translation part [Khamis et al. 2016b], which worked quite well. This means that the translation part contributes substantially to the calibration correction. If an eye tracker was calibrated to a reference person and another person is using it, then there seems to be no reason why shearing and rotation should be necessary to correct calibration errors. Shearing occurs if x- and y-detection are not perpendicular. However, the grid on the photo sensor in the eye tracking camera is very precise and does not differ from $90^\circ$. Rotation is a question of the angle between the screen and the eye tracking device and this does not change with a different person in front of the system. The non-linear part of the homography is responsible for a perspective view which means it can transform a square to a trapezium. Such a transformation depends on the position of the eyes and, again, the situation does not change with a different person in front of the system. Consequently, a recalibration on another person only requires scaling and translation. ### 3.3 A New Calibration Approach Based on Linear Regression The idea of this work is to use linear regression to estimate two scaling and two translation parameters. With four parameters this approach is in between the suggestion of [Khamis et al. 2016b], who used only two translation parameters, and [Pfeuffer et al. 2013], who used a homography with eight parameters. Linear regression uses data pairs, plots them in a plane and estimates the best fitting line for the plotted data. The data pairs are one coordinate of the gaze signal and the corresponding coordinate of the target. If there is no calibration error, target and gaze are in the same position and, therefore, have the same values for their coordinates. This means the fitting line is the bisectrix of ordinate and abscissa (Figure 2). ![Figure 2: Regression analysis of a calibrated eye tracker signal. As gaze and target coordinates have the same values the slope of the fitting line is 1 and the intercept is 0.](image) In case of a calibration error the fitting line’s slope is the scaling factor $s$ and the intercept is the translation $t$ needed for correction (Figure 3). Let $t$ be the target coordinate and $g_x$ the reported gaze coordinate. We assume that the eye follows the target exactly and therefore the true gaze coordinate $g_t$ and the target coordinate are the same. As the true gaze coordinate can be calculated from slope $s$ and intercept $o$ we get the following relation: $$t = sg_r + o = g_t \quad (2)$$ The linear regression analysis provides the parameters $s$ and $o$. If using only translation and scaling as explained above the transformation matrix looks like this: $$\begin{pmatrix} s_x & 0 & t_x \\ 0 & s_y & t_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \quad (3)$$ If only the offset is considered, the matrix is even simpler: $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & t_x \\ 0 & 1 & t_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \quad (4)$$ ### 3.4 Calibration Quality Figure 4 illustrates the meaning of the terms precision and accuracy as given in Tobii’s white paper$^1$. In terms of mathematics, accuracy is the distance from the gaze positions’ mean or center of mass to the target center. If $t$ is the target position and $g_i$ are the gaze positions then the accuracy $A$ for a static target is: $$A_{statictarget} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} g_i - t \quad (5)$$ There are several definitions of precision. One possible definition is the standard deviation of $g_i$. Another possibility is the average distance of the gaze positions to the gaze positions’ mean. It is obvious that the correction of calibration errors improves accuracy but does not change precision. To be precise, the precision is influenced by the scaling, but the scaling factors here are close to 1 and do not basically change the situation. The situation for calibration with moving targets, i.e. with smooth pursuits, requires changes in the definition. As the target is moving there are corresponding target positions $t_i$ for the $g_i$ and the accuracy $A$ moving target is: $$A_{movingtarget} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (g_i - t_i) \quad (6)$$ A definition for the precision can be done in an analog way. Although the approach is similar there are subtle differences. Figure 5 shows two cases of target (black dots) and gaze (red crosses) positions for a circular pursuit task. Both cases show a perfect accuracy and both have the same precision. ![Figure 5: Illustration of accuracy and precision for smooth pursuit calibration. The black dots are the target position and the red crosses are the gaze positions.](image) However, for the left case it is possible to achieve a better calibration by scaling while this is not possible for the right case. This means we could need other definitions for accuracy and precision for pursuit tasks. This is not trivial as there are not only spatial but also time aspects. What should we state as accuracy and precision if the gaze is exactly on the target position but always one step behind? We leave this question for future work, as our main interest is on the calibration methods that we study next. There, we use the default definition given in Equation. 6. --- $^1$https://www.tobii.pro/siteassets/tobii-pro/accuracy-and-precision-tests/tobii-accuracy-and-precisiontest-method-version-2-1-1.pdf 4 USER STUDY We compare the three pursuit-based calibration methods: the offset, linear regression, and homography method. A nine-point standard calibration was used as the baseline as this is widely used. We decided to use circular trajectories as they have shown as promising for accurate pursuit detection [Celebi et al. 2014; Esteves et al. 2015]. 4.1 Pilot Study Our intention was to use a quick moving target on a small trajectory to achieve a fast calibration procedure. We implemented a first version of the system and asked 3 colleagues to complete a test run. The offset method and the linear regression method worked well, but the homography method did not provide reasonable results. Varying the RANSAC parameters in the homography function provided by OpenCV and also changing the calculation to least-median or least-square did not solve this problem. We found the homography method gives only good results for the area enclosed by the target trajectory. Or in other words, the homography method only works if the trajectory of the pursuit target is close to the edges of the display. This lead us to investigate multiple pursuit sizes. 4.2 User Study Design The study uses a within-subject design with repeated measures. The first goal of the user study was to show that a quick calibration with smooth pursuit eye movements is possible. For that, we use two different speed conditions to examine the influence of speed to the calibration accuracy. [Drewes et al. 2018] found that lower speeds achieve a better accuracy, while higher speeds enable a faster calibration. To cover both, we implemented one rotation in 2 seconds as an example for a ‘very quick calibration’, and the other in 4 seconds where the target moves slower on the circle. The results from the pilot study added a second goal, which was to understand when and why the homography method fails. Consequently, we used two different radii for the pursuit trajectory: a small trajectory for a fast calibration on a small area and a large trajectory which is close to the display edges. The radii were 200 pixels and 450 pixels or $4^\circ$ and $9^\circ$ respectively (Figure 6). The 200 pixels were a compromise between having a small area but still getting sufficient accuracy. The 450 pixels radius was chosen as it covers almost the whole screen area. Overall, this leads to the following design: - 3 Calibration methods: offset, regression, homography - 2 Sizes: 200 px ($4^\circ$), 450 px ($9^\circ$) - 2 Speeds: 2s, 4s = 12 Conditions. ![Figure 6: Design of the study calibration tasks.](image) 4.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Outliers Dependent variables are the accuracy and precision of the calibrations. The calculation of the homography uses the RANSAC algorithm for outlier removal. Accuracy and precision values are more exact if calculated without outliers. However, for comparison of these values with the pursuit calibration methods there should be outlier removal for the pursuit calibration, too. For the regression method it is possible to apply a RANSAC algorithm for outlier removal, but it is not clear whether the same threshold value or the same percentage of outliers is better for comparability. Also for the offset method it is possible to remove outliers but again the question arises which method should be applied. For the three pursuit calibrations (homography, offset, regression), we calculate precision and accuracy from the data without outlier removal. This makes sure that we can compare the methods against each other and that different values would be specific to the method and are not caused by outlier removal. 4.4 Implementation Our system consists of a laptop with built-in eye tracker (Tobii IS4 Base AC) which delivers gaze coordinates at 60 Hz. The display has a resolution of $1920 \times 1080$ px on $38.4 \text{ cm} \times 21.7 \text{ cm}$, which results in 0.2 mm for one pixel or 50 px per centimeter. The average distance of the participants’ eyes to the display was $50 \text{ cm} \pm 5 \text{ cm}$, corresponding to a visual angle of $0.02^\circ$ per pixel (50 px per degree). We wrote a program which offers a nine-point calibration and a pursuit target procedure. The nine-point calibration uses targets with a size of 50 px or $1^\circ$ visual angle which means the target center of the eight outer targets have 25 px (0.5$^\circ$) distance to the display edge. Each target is displayed for two seconds, resulting in 18 seconds for the nine-point calibration. The gaze data of the first 500 ms are excluded, to avoid the initial moving time to the target. This aligns with [Krassanakis et al. 2016] finding that initial target search and fixation on a simple UI takes $362 \pm 119$ ms. The pursuit calibration also added 500 ms to give the user time to catch up the target. The pursuit target is displayed for 2.5 seconds or 4.5 seconds but again the first 500 ms are not used for calculations. The program calculates a homography mapping for the 9-point-calibration data, and the accuracy and precision for the homography corrected gaze data. For the pursuit tasks the program applies three correction methods – offset, regression, homography – to the gaze data from the raw gaze samples collected in the 9-point-calibration, and calculates accuracy and precision. Notably, having more than 9 points may improve accuracy overall, but have little effect on relative differences between conditions which is our main interest. 4.5 Participants and Procedure We invited 16 participants to our user study, nine male and seven female, aged 23 to 54 years. Eight of them wore corrective glasses during the study. After filling a form with their demographic data, all users started with the 9-point calibration. To make sure that the participant looked at the targets, the program calculates the average distance of the gaze points to the gaze points’ mean. If this average distance was beyond 60 pixels (1.2$^\circ$) the participant was asked to repeat the 9-point calibration. This happened to one third of the participants. Then, users followed the pursuit targets in the four conditions. The order of conditions was randomized for each participant. Again, the gaze input was checked for plausibility by calculating the correlation. If the correlation in either x- or y-direction was below 0.9 the input was declared invalid and the participant had to repeat the pursuit task. However, this happened to none of the participants. 5 RESULTS Table 1 shows the accuracy and precision of the 9-point calibration. We calculated these values considering also outliers as we need these values for comparison with the pursuit calibration. Calculating the accuracy of a data set from which the calibration parameters were calculated should have resulted in a perfect accuracy of zero. However, the outlier removal of the RANSAC algorithm has contributed to a slight deviation. Notably, considering the 9-point calibration accuracy results with the same calibration samples, the results are less meaningful and should not be compared with the pursuit-based calibration. However, the precision data should be valid as we can assume the scattering of gaze data will not deviate much by the calibration. Therefore, the calculated precision has some meaning. We calculated the precision as the average distance of gaze points to the target positions. Figure 4 suggests that accuracy and precision are independent from each other, but only if the accuracy becomes zero by calibration. In this case, however, the accuracy is not equal zero and this means that the value for the accuracy adds to the precision value. Figure 7 shows accuracy and precision that are measured by using gaze data collected from the 9-point calibration. Overall, we found the offset and regression methods reached a better accuracy and precision than the homography-based approach. The homography is, under most conditions, substantially less accurate with values ranging from 84.8 px (1.7°) to 375.3 px (7.5°). The offset and regression show similar stable results ranging from 19 px (0.38°) to 48 px (0.96°). This shows that these methods are more flexible than the homography-based methods across conditions. Only in the condition of larger size (450 px/9°) and longer procedure (4 s), the homography resulted in an acceptable accuracy of 84.8 px (1.7°). To analyse the differences in more detail, we consider the homography as an outlier and focus our statistical analysis on the offset and regression conditions. We conducted an ANOVA test with Bonferroni and Greenhouse Geiser corrections on the accuracy and precision, respectively, with the following design: 2 sizes (200 px, 450 px) × 2 times (4 s, 2 s) × 2 methods (offset, regression). \| Size, Duration \| Offset \| Regression \| Homography \| \|----------------\|--------\|------------\|-----------\| \| 4°, 4s \| 0.53 \| 0.38 \| 5.25 \| \| 4°, 2s \| 0.58 \| 0.65 \| 6.39 \| \| 9°, 4s \| 0.70 \| 0.67 \| 1.70 \| \| 9°, 2s \| 0.81 \| 0.96 \| 7.51 \| Table 2: Accuracy results (in visual angle) across conditions and methods. The standard deviation is given in brackets. \| Size, Duration \| Offset \| Regression \| Homography \| \|----------------\|--------\|------------\|-----------\| \| 4°, 4s \| 2.09 \| 1.14 \| 7.28 \| \| 4°, 2s \| 2.11 \| 1.64 \| 11.092 \| \| 9°, 4s \| 2.062 \| 1.12 \| 3.14 \| \| 9°, 2s \| 2.198 \| 1.64 \| 12.52 \| Table 3: Precision results across conditions and methods. The standard deviation is given in brackets. 5.1 Accuracy The values for the accuracy are provided in Table 2. A graphical visualization is shown on the left side of Figure 7. The analysis revealed that both main effects size ($F_{1,5} = 7.3$, $p = .016$) and speed ($F_{1,5} = 9.76$, $p = .007$) reveal significant differences. This shows an expected result that with a larger path and longer time, the accuracy improves. Factor calibration method has not been found as significant ($F_{1,5} = 0.1$, $p = .9$), which aligns with the smaller differences between offset and regression method (Figure 7a). The interaction effect between speed × method has been reported as significant ($F_{1,5} = 6$, $p = .03$). Pairwise comparisons show that for the regression method, the accuracy was significantly better in the slow speed condition ($p = .004$), whereas no differences were found for the offset method ($p = .17$). 5.2 Precision The values for the accuracy are provided in Table 3. A graphical visualization is on the right side of Figure 7. Factor speed has been found as significant ($F_{1,5} = 11.75$, $p = .004$), i.e. as expected slower calibration speed leads to more precise gaze. Factor size has not been reported as significant ($F_{15}^1 = 0.013$, $p=0.91$), showing that it has less impact on precision. A significant effect was found for factor method ($F_{15}^2 = 13.72$, $p=0.002$), showing that the regression method resulted in a significantly better precision than the offset method. Lastly, the interaction effect between speed × method has been reported significant ($F_{15}^3 = 6.38$, $p=0.023$). Pairwise comparisons show that within both the offset ($p=0.044$) and regression method ($p=0.008$), the precision is better at the slower speed. ## 6 DISCUSSION We explored calibration methods from a theoretical and empirical perspective. Here we summarize and discuss our main findings: The regression and offset methods allow for time- and space-efficient calibration. The overall goal of the study was to show that it is feasible to calibrate in a short time in a small area. Our study shows that an accurate calibration has been established after 2 seconds of time using the regression or offset method. Both also allow to calibrate in a small area of calibration (radius: 4° visual angle). The regression line and offset calibration give better calibration accuracy. Accuracy values below 1° are good enough for practical use. However, also for these methods the standard deviation is high which means for practical use an accuracy of the mean plus the standard deviation should be assumed. From the data given in Figure 7 the accuracy is 1° to 2°. Across the tested conditions, we find the slow small pursuit condition works best. A lower pursuit speed improves both accuracy and precision. The homography calibration does not lead to a usable calibration quality. An accuracy in the range of 5° to 7° is not good for practical use. Additionally, the standard deviation is very high which means that the method is not very reliable. From the theory we expected that the homography calibration works better for the pursuit task with the big trajectory. This is true when the target moved slowly, but when faster the accuracy degraded substantially. Regression is slightly more precise than offset and substantially more precise than homography. The regression and offset methods work clearly better than homography. The precision values are two to four times bigger than the 21.4 pixels (0.43°) precision from the 9-point calibration. The reason for this is that the lower accuracy has an influence on the average precision distance. It seems that the regression method has better precision than the offset method. This may be a consequence from the inclusion of scaling factors. ## 7 CONCLUSION For the pursuit calibration methods we learned in this study that the newly introduced regression-based calibration method performs a bit better than the offset method, especially in the small slow pursuit condition. The homography method, however, only works well in the area of the pursuit trajectory. The reason why the homography does not work well in the outer areas lies in the nature of the homography that involves many parameters of which not all are useful. When collecting gaze data for calibration there will be always some noise in the data created by tremor and micro-saccades of the eye and from technical limitations of the eye tracker. This noise propagates to the parameter values. Especially the noise induced error in the rotation parameter causes a calibration error for coordinates far away from the pursuit trajectory. The homography is more useful to compensate the geometry of eye tracker and screen. This leads to two different calibration scenarios. One scenario is a factory setup calibration which compensates the geometry. This situation needs a homography-based calibration with targets in the edges of the tracking area. The other scenario is a calibration for another person, where the geometry does not change but the eyes of the user. To calibrate here with minimal time and space needs, the regression or offset method is well suited. The study suggests that the 9-point calibration produces a better result for accuracy and precision than the pursuit calibration methods. The price for the better accuracy is a longer time for the calibration process, in this study 18 seconds against 4 or 2 seconds, respectively. Additionally, the 9-point calibration requires the cooperation of the user and is perceived as a calibration process. A pursuit calibration, however, can happen without the user being aware of it. In these scenarios, the calibration target may not be tied to a circular stimulus and can be any path as well as any type of object to follow with the eyes (e.g., game objects [Vidal et al. 2013b] or text [Khamis et al. 2016b; Pfeuffer et al. 2013]), which needs to be evaluated in future work. A further future direction is to also consider different calibration aspects beyond the methods we investigated, such as polynomial transformation mappings of the gaze to the screen, and continuous calibration [Gomez and Gellersen 2018; Murauer et al. 2018; Tripathi and Guenter 2017]. Our findings are interesting for various applications, for example, for mobile devices such as smart watches or smart phones. Such devices could be calibrated at manufacturing time for a tracking area much larger than the size of the device. The buyer of this device could do a personal regression-based calibration with targets on this small device. Then, this device could track the gaze accurately, even for positions outside of the device’s display. For a public display which can be controlled by gaze, this means that the interaction elements have to be larger than on a personal display, which is calibrated on the person with a 9-point calibration. In the case of a public ATM, where the implicit calibration is hidden in an advertisement, larger interaction elements to enter a PIN by gaze are not a real obstacle. A time-consuming calibration, however, is a real obstacle on a public display, that can be alleviated using the methods we investigated in this paper. ## REFERENCES 2018. Tobii SDK Calibration. http://developer.tobiipro.com/commonconcepts/calibration.html. Accessed: 2018-12-14. Pieter Blignaut. 2017. Using smooth pursuit calibration for difficult-to-calibrate participants. 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J Biomed Transl Res2023;24(3):83-92 https://doi.org/10.12729/jbtr.2023.24.3.83 Assessment of single oral dose toxicity of collagen peptide from skate (Raja kenojei) skin, Heung-Sik Seo1,2, Myeong-Kyu Park1, Nak-Won Seong1, Geun-Hee Kang3, Sang-Ho Kim3, Joong-Sun Kim2, Sung-Ho Kim2 Jong-Choon Kim2, Changjong Moon2* 1Health Care Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Hwasun 58141, Korea 3 2 College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea Yeongsan Skate Co., Ltd., Naju 58266, Korea Abstract Collagen peptides have garnered significant attention as functional foods across multiple fields due to their capacity to regulate physiological and hormonal processes, offering numerous advantages. However, despite their broad range of applications, comprehensive research on the potential toxicity of these substances remains lacking. Therefore, this study sought to assess the acute oral toxicity of a collagen peptide derived from skate (Raja kenojei) skin (CPSS) in both rats and dogs. In the rat model, CPSS was orally administered at doses of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats. An escalating single-dose oral toxicity assessment at doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg was carried out in beagle dogs with 3-day intervals between doses. Throughout the 14-day post-administration assessment period, clinical signs, mortality rates, changes in body weight, and necropsy observations were closely monitored. After oral administration, no signs of toxicity associated with CPSS were observed in either rats or dogs. Therefore, the oral LD50 (approximate lethal dose for 50% mortality) for CPSS in rats was determined to exceed 5,000 mg/kg, and the maximum tolerated dose for dogs was estimated to be above 2,000 mg/kg. Consequently, this study offers safety data on the use of CPSS in functional foods and medicinal applications. Keywords: collagen; toxicity test; skate; lethal dose 50 (LD50); maximum tolerated dose INTRODUCTION Collagen serves as a fundamental component in connective tissues, tendons, bones, teeth, and the cornea, providing essential structural support to the bodies of all vertebrates [1]. Due to its exceptional biocompatibility, minimal antigenic reactivity, significant biodegradability, hemostatic properties, and cellular binding affinity, collagen has become a ubiquitous biomaterial across various fields including medicine, dentistry, pharmacology, cosmetology, and tissue engineering [2–5]. Notably, collagen-derived peptides have emerged as a key ingredient in functional foods, in addition to garnering widespread attention from numerous research fields due to their ability to regulate physiological and hormonal functions [6]. However, the existing knowledge regarding Received: Aug 28, 2023 Revised: Sep 17, 2023 Accepted: Sep 18, 2023 *Corresponding author Korea Changjong Moon College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Tel: +82-62-530-2838 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Copyright © 2023 Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ORCID Heung-Sik Seo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4418-1646 Myeong-Kyu Park https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3519-5867 Nak-Won Seong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5964-751X Geun-Hee Kang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-0949 Sang-Ho Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-3430 Joong-Sun Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2180-4860 Sung-Ho Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6237 Jong-Choon Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8265-9911 Changjong Moon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-0374 Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant from the Support for Development and Commercialization of Marine Bio-Strategic Materials Project (Project Number: 20200329), Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology Promotion, Korea. Ethics Approval The protocol for the animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea Testing and Research Institute (04 September 2020, KTR IACUC ID: IAC2020-2578; 06 October 2020, KTR IACUC ID: IAC2020-2911). the toxicity of these widely used functional food constituents remains insufficient. Collagen peptides can be obtained from various origins including animals, plants, and marine organisms. Among these, marine-derived collagen peptides, valued for their economic viability and efficient absorption due to their reduced molecular weight, hold particular significance [7]. The exploration of biological applications and effectiveness of marine collagen peptides encompasses various sources such as salmon, tilapia, shark, and jellyfish [8]. Collagen peptides derived from marine fish have been acknowledged as dietary supplements with potential benefits for regulating blood pressure [9], managing glucose levels [10], enhancing skin hydration [11], and improving lipid profiles [12]. Particularly, collagen peptides sourced from skate (Raja kenojei) skin (CPSS) are highly valued for their potential contributions to anti-obesity strategies, reduction of oxidative stress, and mitigation of inflammation [13, 14]. Skate skin contains substantial levels of bioactive compounds such as taurine, which plays a key role in cellular growth and energy enhancement, as well as anserine, a muscle buffer [15]. However, previous studies have not comprehensively assessed the toxicity of specific CPSS-derived collagen peptides. Therefore, the extensive use of collagen peptides as components in functional foods highlights the need to establish comprehensive safety data for these substances. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the toxicity of collagen peptides derived from CPSS through single-dose oral administration in both rats and dogs. The design and execution of the rat and dog studies strictly followed the guidelines set forth by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KFDA), operating within the framework of modern Good Laboratory Practice regulations. Our findings thus provide a theoretical basis for the selection of CPSS doses for an upcoming 90-day repeat-dose toxicity investigation [16], as well as for future clinical trials to explore the potential of CPSS as a promising dietary supplement for human consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of collagen peptides sourced from skate (Raja kenojei) skin (CPSS) The methodologies for preparing CPSS and subsequent HPLC analysis closely followed the established procedures outlined in our previous publication [16]. The initial material was obtained from frozen skate (R. kenojei) skin samples. High-pressure extraction was conducted by subjecting the samples to a 121℃ temperature for 1.5 h. Following this extraction step, the skin samples were rapidly frozen at −50℃ for 2 h. Next, the samples underwent a 2-h hydrolysis process using a combination of 0.1% alcalase (Novozymes, Bagsværd, Denmark) and flavorzyme (Novozymes). Deodorization was carried out for 30 min at 75℃ using activated carbon. The resulting mixture was then filtered and concentrated at 60℃ under reduced pressure. The final product (CPSS) was obtained in a freeze-dried format, serving as the primary raw material. Chromatographic separations were conducted using an HPLC-20A system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a photodiode array detector. The separation was achieved using a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) at an operational temperature of 30℃, with a detection wavelength of 250 nm, an injection volume of 10 μL, and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The mobile phase, composed of a 20:80 v/v ratio of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (aq.) to methanol, was effectively filtered using a 0.45 μm polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filter. The chromatographic resolution of H-glycine-proline-hydroxyproline (GPH)-OH was achieved within 5 min. The concentration of H-GPH-OH in the samples was quantified by comparing calibration curves. To ensure precision, HPLC measurements were performed in triplicate to confirm and adjust the concentration of H-GPHOH, maintaining a consistent content of 8 mg per gram of sample. Animals A single oral toxicity study was conducted using female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 9 to 10 weeks. The rats were obtained from Orient Bio (Gapyeong, Korea) and were allowed to acclimate to their new environment for 1 to 2 weeks before being included in the study. Throughout our study, these animals were housed in stainless steel wire cages (dimensions: W270 × L500 × H200 mm) within a controlled environment. This controlled environment featured regulated light-dark cycles (12–12 h), a controlled air exchange rate (10–20 changes/h), consistent temperature levels (20℃–23℃), and constant relative humidity (48%–59%). During the study, the rats were given ad libitum access to radiation-treated commercial rat chow (Purina Korea, Gunsan, Korea) and ultraviolet-sterilized tap water. All experimental protocols involving animal tests were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR IACUC ID: IAC2020-2578). A single oral dose escalating toxicity study was conducted using beagle dogs of both sexes, all aged 6 months. The dogs were sourced from Jiansu Johnsen BioResource (Jiangsu, China). A thorough acclimatization period of 21 days was employed within a controlled environment prior to conducting the experiments. This environment was meticulously maintained with a temperature range of 21.5℃–23.0℃, a relative humidity range of 47.0%–51.6%, air circulation occurring at a frequency of 10–20 changes per hour, and artificial lighting maintained at 150–300 lux from 8 am to 8 pm. Throughout this acclimatization phase and the study itself, the dogs were accommodated within stainless-steel wire cages measuring 900 (W) × 850 (L) × 800 (H) mm. Throughout the experiment, the dogs were granted ad libitum access to laboratory animal feed pellets (5LL9, Gapyeong, Korea) and filtered water. All experimental procedures involving these animals were scrutinized and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR IACUC ID: IAC20202911). Single dose oral toxicity study in rats After a week of acclimation and a one-week quarantine period, six healthy female rats selected for this study were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: one receiving 300 mg CPSS/kg body weight in the Step 1 (n = 3) and another receiving 300 mg CPSS/kg body weight in the Step 2 (n = 3). Additionally, following an extended period of acclimation and quarantine lasting two weeks, six healthy female rats were randomly assigned to two separate experimental groups: one receiving 2,000 mg CPSS/kg body weight in the Step 3 (n = 3) and another receiving 2,000 mg CPSS/kg body weight in the Step 4 (n = 3) of CPSS. The selected dosage levels were in line with the recommendations outlined in the OECD test guidelines [17]. CPSS was administered via gavage in a volume of 10 mL/kg body weight after overnight fasting (approximately 18 h; water was not restricted). The interval between CPSS administrations was carefully selected based on observed clinical signs and their severity. Following the initial administration of CPSS to three animals at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight, subsequent dosing steps were conducted according to established guidelines. Single oral dose escalating toxicity study in dogs Healthy adult male and female dogs (n = 1 in the control group, n = 2 in the treatment group) were randomly assigned to two distinct experimental groups: a treatment group (with dose escalation cohorts of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg of CPSS with 3-day intervals) and a control group. The selection of these dosage levels was in accordance with the recommendations outlined in the KFDA guidelines (2017-71, 2020-63). CPSS was administered via gavage in a volume equivalent to 5 mL/kg body weight after overnight fasting (approximately 18 h; water was not restricted). Observation of clinical signs Throughout the study, all animals underwent daily observations to monitor potential clinical signs of toxicity and mortality. This monitoring was conducted for 14 days after CPSS administration. Additionally, all experimental animals were observed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h post-administration. Body weight changes In the single oral toxicity study, the body weights of each rat were measured immediately prior to the initiation of CPSS administration and on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-administration. For the single oral dose escalating toxicity studies, the body weights of each dog were measured immediately before the start of each CPSS administration, on the day after each administration, as well as on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 following the final administration. Gross pathological findings On the scheduled necropsy day, both rats and dogs were subjected to an overnight fasting period followed by anesthesia administration. Rats were anesthetized using inhaled isoflurane (Hana Pharm, Seoul, Korea), while dogs received anesthesia through intravascular injections of ketamine (Yuhan, Seoul, Korea) and were subsequently euthanized with intravascular injections of T61 (Intervet, Seoul, Korea). During the anesthesia, necropsy procedures were conducted on each animal. All major organs and tissues within the abdominal and thoracic cavities were then examined to identify any evident gross lesions or abnormalities. Following the necropsy and the documentation of any macroscopic abnormalities, all animals were appropriately disposed of. Statistical analyses The data are presented as means ± S.D. The body weight data were analyzed via Student's t-test using the SPSS program (version 19.0). For all analyses, a significance level of p<0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. RESULTS Single-dose toxicity assessment in rats The rats consistently demonstrated good health and activity throughout the study, without any instances of morbidity or mortality, as indicated in Table 1. Particularly, the estimated LD50 (lethal dose for 50% lethality) resulting from CPSS administration exceeded 5,000 mg/ kg for rats. Additionally, the animals exhibited no noticeable abnormalities in terms of fur condition or behavior. Moreover, there were no indications of urinary or gastrointestinal disturbances, such as hematuria, hematochezia, or diarrhea. Over the course of the 14-day period, there were no significant differences in body weight changes observed across each dose step, and all treated animals exhibited consistent and healthy weight gains over time (Table 2). Escalating-dose toxicity evaluation in dogs The dogs consistently maintained robust health and sustained a high level of activity throughout the duration of the study. Importantly, no instances of morbidity or mortality were observed among the canine subjects, as indicated in Table 3. Significantly, the values of the Table 1. Mortality and clinical signs of female rats in single oral toxicity study for CPSS 1) No. of dead animals/No. of tested animals. CPSS, collagen peptide derived from skate (R. kenojei) skin; B.W., body weight; LD50, lethal dose for 50% kill. Table 2. Body weight of female rats following oral administration of CPSS All data are presented as mean ± S.D. (g). Table 3. Mortality and clinical signs in dogs in the CPSS single oral dose escalating toxicity study 1) No. of dead animals/No. of tested animals. CPSS, collagen peptide derived from skate (R. kenojei) skin; B.W., body weight; MTD, maximum tolerated dose. maximum tolerated dose (MTD) resulting from CPSS administration to dogs greatly exceeded the threshold of 2,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, there were no observable abnormalities concerning their fur condition or behavior. Additionally, there were no indications of disruptions in urinary or gastrointestinal functions, including occurrences of hematuria, hematochezia, vomiting, or diarrhea. Over the span of the 21-day treatment period, there were no statistically significant differences in the body weights of both male and female subjects treated with the test substance when compared to the control group (Fig. 1). Gross pathological examination Upon concluding the clinical observation period, all animals were euthanized and underwent autopsy. A thorough examination was conducted on all major organs and tissues, including those within the abdominal and thoracic cavities, such as the lung, heart, thymus, liver, stomach, spleen, intestine, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, and reproductive organs. Remarkably, in both rats and dogs, no pathological irregularities or lesions were detected regardless of the administered CPSS dosage. A comprehensive overview of these findings is provided in Table 4. DISCUSSION Collagen peptides have garnered significant attention due to their potential range of benefits, including anti-aging properties [5, 18], antioxidant effects [19, 20], potential contributions to anti-obesity strategies [21], mitigation of alcohol intoxication [22], promotion of wound healing [23, 24], cosmetic applications [25], and even medicinal uses [26]. Despite these promising aspects, uncertainties remain concerning the potential adverse impacts of collagen peptides on human health. Therefore, our study comprehensively investigated the acute toxicity of CPSS in both rat and dog subjects, utilizing single oral dosing to elucidate the broader toxicological landscape. The key aspects explored in this study included gross toxicity, mortality rates, LD50, and MTD. Our findings revealed no instances of mortality in rats or dogs treated with CPSS. Throughout the study period, no discernible clinical signs indicative of abnormalities were noted in either rats or dogs, regardless of the administered dosage levels. Furthermore, no significant fluctuations in body weight, a critical physiological parameter, were observed between the treatment and control groups in both rat and dog subjects. Notably, these body weight dynamics align well with established patterns of body weight changes observed in normal rat and Table 4. Gross pathological findings seen in rats and dogs after single oral and dose escalating toxicity study for CPSS CPSS, collagen peptide derived from skate (R. kenojei) skin; B.W., body weight; -, no abnormalities detected. dog populations, as evidenced by previous research [27, 28]. In contrast with a previous study where gelatin-containing collagen led to adverse effects such as taste issues, heartburn, and belching [29], the present investigation revealed no negative impacts on appetite, weight gain, or gastrointestinal functions due to oral CPSS administration in rats and dogs. Furthermore, the examination of major organs and tissues, including those within the abdominal and thoracic cavities, consistently indicated the absence of abnormal lesions in both rat and dog subjects, regardless of the administered CPSS dosage. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that acute oral exposure to CPSS is not associated with significant adverse effects in rats and dogs. The estimated LD and MTD values for CPSS administration were notably higher than 5,000 mg/kg (LD50) for rats and over 2,000 mg/kg (MTD) for dogs, respectively. The findings provide insights into the acute toxicity, LD50, and MTD of orally administered CPSS, thus enhancing risk assessment. Additionally, our findings provide a valuable basis for the use of CPSS in functional foods and medicinal applications. References 1. Patino MG, Neiders ME, Andreana S, Noble B, Cohen RE. Collagen as an implantable material in medicine and dentistry. J Oral Implantol 2002;28:220-225. 2. Cheng X, Shao Z, Li C, Yu L, Raja MA, Liu C. Isolation, characterization and evaluation of collagen from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum kishinouye for use in hemostatic applications. PLOS ONE 2017;12:e0169731. 3. Davidson VL, Sittman DB. Biochemistry. 4th ed. Wroclaw: Urban and Partner; 2002. p. 49-55. 4. Vigneswari S, Gurusamy TP, Khalil HPSA, Ramakrishna S, Amirul AAA. Elucidation of antimicrobial silver sulfadiazine (SSD) blend/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) immobilised with collagen peptide as potential biomaterial. Polymers 2020;12:2979. 5. Cao C, Xiao Z, Tong H, Liu Y, Wu Y, Ge C. Oral intake of chicken bone collagen peptides anti-skin aging in mice by regulating collagen degradation and synthesis, inhibiting inflammation and activating lysosomes. Nutrients 2022;14:1622. 6. Hartmann R, Meisel H. Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007;18:163-169. 7. Yang H, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zhang H. Effect of heat treatment on the enzymatic stability of grass carp skin collagen and its ability to form fibrils in vitro. J Sci Food Agric 2015;95:329-336. 8. Kuzan A, Smulczyńska-Demel A, Chwiłkowska A, Saczko J, Frydrychowski A, Dominiak M. An estimation of the biological properties of fish collagen in an experimental in vitro study. Adv Clin Exp Med 2015;24:385-392. 9. Fahmi A, Morimura S, Guo HC, Shigematsu T, Kida K, Uemura Y. Production of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from sea bream scales. Process Biochem 2004;39:11951200. 10. Zhu CF, Li GZ, Peng HB, Zhang F, Chen Y, Li Y. Treatment with marine collagen peptides modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010;35:797-804. 11. Tanaka M, Koyama Y, Nomura Y. Effects of collagen peptide ingestion on UV-B-induced skin damage. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009;73:930-932. 12. Wang J, Xie Y, Pei X, Yang R, Zhang Z, Li Y. The lipid-lowering and antioxidative effects of marine collagen peptides. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008;42:226-230. 13. Tak YJ, Kim YJ, Lee JG, Yi YH, Cho YH, Kang GH, Lee SY. Effect of oral ingestion of low-molecular collagen peptides derived from skate (Raja kenojei) skin on body fat in overweight adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mar Drugs 2019;17:157. 14. Woo M, Seol BG, Kang KH, Choi YH, Cho EJ, Noh JS. Effects of collagen peptides from skate (Raja kenojei) skin on improvements of the insulin signaling pathway via attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Food Funct 2020;11:2017-2025. 15. Baek JM, Kang KH, Kim SH, Noh JS, Jeong KS. Development of high functional collagen peptide materials using skate skins. J Environ Sci Int 2016;25:579-588. 16. Seo HS, Kim JH, Kim SH, Park MK, Seong NW, Kang GH, Kim JS, Kim SH, Kim JC, Moon C. Toxicity of a 90-day repeated oral dose of a collagen peptide derived from skate (Raja kenojei) skin: a rat model study. Toxicol Res 2023;39:383-398. 17. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Test No. 423: acute oral toxicity - acute toxic class method [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 Dec 17]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264071001-en 18. Lee YI, Lee SG, Jung I, Suk J, Lee MH, Kim DU, Lee JH. Effect of a topical collagen tripeptide on antiaging and inhibition of glycation of the skin: a pilot study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1101. 19. Wu R, Wu C, Liu D, Yang X, Huang J, Zhang J, Liao B, He H. Antioxidant and anti-freezing peptides from salmon collagen hydrolysate prepared by bacterial extracellular protease. Food Chem 2018;248:346-352. 20. Vijayan DK, Sreerekha PR, Dara PK, Ganesan B, Mathew S, Anandan R, Ravisankar CN. Antioxidant defense of fish collagen peptides attenuates oxidative stress in gastric mucosa of experimentally ulcer-induced rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022;27:45-54. 21. Watanabe R, Yamaguchi M, Watanabe K, Shimizu M, Azusa T, Sone H, Kamiyama S. Effects of collagen peptide administration on visceral fat content in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2021;67:57-62. 22. Liang J, Li Q, Lin B, Yu Y, Ding Y, Dai X, Li Y. Comparative studies of oral administration of marine collagen peptides from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) pre- and post-acute ethanol intoxication in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Funct 2014;5:2078-2085. 23. Felician FF, Yu RH, Li MZ, Li CJ, Chen HQ, Jiang Y, Tang T, Qi WY, Xu HM. The wound healing potential of collagen peptides derived from the jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum. Chin J Traumatol 2019;22:12-20. 24. Lin H, Zheng Z, Yuan J, Zhang C, Cao W, Qin X. Collagen peptides derived from Sipunculus nudus accelerate wound healing. Molecules 2021;26:1385. 25. Sionkowska A, Adamiak K, Musiał K, Gadomska M. Collagen based materials in cosmetic applications: a review. Materials 2020;13:4217. 26. Felician FF, Xia C, Qi W, Xu H. Collagen from marine biological sources and medical applications. Chem Biodivers 2018;15:e1700557. 27. Yu YB, Sung HJ, Yoon YS. Acute oral toxicity study of standardized Gami-Honghwa-Tang (KH-19) in rats and beagle dogs. Toxicol Res 2005;21:63-70. 28. Kim ES, Chang BY, Lee AS, Kang DG, Lee HS, Kim BD, Kim SY. Acute oral toxicity study on BDR-29 in rats. Korean J Pharmacogn 2007;38:71-75. 29. Moskowitz RW. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;30:87-99.	<urn:uuid:30182b0e-6b89-40e8-bbe8-4ad7ff49e099>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.jbtr.or.kr/download/download_pdf?pid=jbtr-24-3-83	2023-12-10T14:26:20+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-50/subset=warc/part-00054-e565b809-b335-4c1d-90fd-54a9a2b7113d.c000.gz.parquet	915,997,417	6,144	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.833968	eng_Latn	0.95001	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4032, 7751, 11972, 14169, 15914, 18259, 18952, 22028, 25200, 25739 ]
THREE PARKS INDEPENDENT DEMOCRATS Cathedral Station ♦ P.O. Box 1316 ♦ New York, NY 10025 ♦ (212) 866-6378 Website: ThreeParksDems.org♦Email: firstname.lastname@example.org President Editor District Leaders Theresa Canter Judy Wood Bob Botfeld Cynthia Doty email@example.com City Council Phil Reed – 8th District Newsletter Production State Committee Gale Brewer – 6th District Barbara Lee Lynn Thomas JANUARY 2005 MEETING DATE: Wednesday, January 12, 2005 TIME: 8:00PM PLACE: Hostelling International New York (HINY) 891 Amsterdam Avenue at 103rd Street ROOM: Chapel Room AGENDA CALENDAR 7:45PM Sign-in 8PM Call to Order 1. President's Report 2. District Leaders' Reports 3. Speaker: Hon. Robert Morgenthau, District Attorney 4. Albany Update: reforms and election results Speakers * Hon. Eric Schneiderman * Hon. Andrea Stewart-Cousins (invited) * Larry Norden, Brennan Center for Justice, Democracy Program 5. Social Security update 6. New business 7. Adjournment THREE PARKS CLUB MEETING DATE: Wednesday, January 12, 2005 TIME: Hospitality 7:30PM, Meeting 8PM PLACE: HINY Martin Luther King Day March for Peace DATE: January 17th 2005 at 2PM THREE PARKS BOARD MEETING DATE: Wednesday, January 26, 2005 TIME: 8PM PLACE: HINY THREE PARKS SOCIAL SECURITY CAMPAIGN WORKSHOP DATE: Wednesday, February 2, 2005 TIME: 7PM PLACE: HINY: Room 115 THREE PARKS CLUB MEETING DATE: Wednesday, February 9, 2005 TIME: Hospitality 7:30PM, Meeting 8PM PLACE: HINY Hon. Tom Suozzi and Public Advocate Candidates to be invited TPID Elections President's Column Theresa Canter Hope you all had a good holiday season and are rested and ready to work on the upcoming political events of the New Year. If you thought we had a busy political year in 2004, just wait till you see what is on the agenda for this year! In addition to continuing our fight against the Bush agenda in the upcoming months, we will be hearing from all the candidates running for public office who represent our district, this includes Borough President, City Council (8 th and 9 th district), Comptroller, Public Advocate, and District Attorney. One of our most important duties as a club is to endorse candidates who demonstrate ability, integrity and progressive convictions for each office. In June we carry petitions for our endorsed slate. Each candidate is required to have a certain amount of signatures to qualify for the primary ballot. This is where we as a club come in and where we have the greatest impact on the political landscape. Our endorsements can indeed make a difference in the selection of the eventual candidate. In order to vote for an endorsement, you must be a member in good standing. New members are eligible thirty days after application and the payment of dues. All members must be current with their dues and have attended at least one club meeting within the previous six months. Three Parks will also be having its annual membership meeting in February. At that time, all officers and members of the Board of Directors for 2005 will be elected. Eligibility to vote is the same as for endorsements. Please take a look at the proposed slate printed elsewhere in the newsletter. Nominations can also be taken from the floor. While our focus in the upcoming months will be on our local elections, we will also continue to address key issues of interest to the membership. This month we will have a speaker from the Brennan Center for Justice, Democracy Program, speaking on reform in Albany. District Leader Bob Botfeld will also be reporting on the results of the survey sheets we filled out in December. These surveys will help us to determine the formation of action committees. Our first committee workshop will be on Social Security, February 2 nd . Well, Three Parks did it again! We had another wonderful holiday party! The Chapel looked very festive, the food was plentiful, there was more than enough to drink, the turnout was great and the DJ, Denise was terrific! Many thanks to all of those who worked hard to pull it together, and thanks to all of you who brought canned goods for the food pantry. Board member George Voorhis lugged four full cartloads to West End Presbyterian's food pantry the next day! Please remember to look at our website…ThreeParksDems.org. Member Barbara Lee has graciously volunteered to maintain it and update the information. It will be a handy source for club information and events. If you want to be on my (almost) weekly email updates on current happenings, please send me your email to firstname.lastname@example.org. District Leader Report Cynthia Doty Watching the incredible news footage of the Tsunami that hit last week, one is reminded just how fragile our lives are and how sometimes without warning our world can be completely shattered and changed forever. Our thoughts of care and concern go out to all the victims of this tragedy, including the many New Yorkers who have family and friends caught in the disaster. Even though this horrific event happened on the opposite side of the world, we can all help in the recovery efforts by making a donation to a reputable relief organization. Fortunately, our government is finally doing its part. George Bush, however, showed an unforgivable lack of moral leadership by taking so long to publicly react, seeming to be more concerned with his holiday vacation than the suffering of our international neighbors. Finally, after tremendous pressure and outcry, the US is at last helping with the relief efforts. Hopefully, this will be the start of a new American spirit of international humanitarianism, global cooperation, and UN support: a far superior foreign policy than our most recent one of war and imperialism. May this next year bring a renewed commitment by us all to work for peace and justice, both here and around the world. May we all resolve to join together to fight for decent shelter, food, safety, health care, economic security, and civil liberties for all, from Manhattan to Iraq to Sumatra. Let us all do our part in relieving the suffering and restoring communities. A Peaceful 2005 to all! District Leader Report Bob Botfeld THREE PARKS ISSUES SURVEY RECAP Following the November election, Three Parks distributed an issues survey at the December club meeting and the holiday party. The purpose of the survey was to determine the national and local issues that club members considered the most important to address and which they want to work on. Over fifty surveys were returned so far and the top national issues identified listed in order of preference are: * Preventing the privatization of Social Security. * Enacting election protection: Investigating the results of November 2. Insuring paper verification for electronic ballots. * Stopping unilateral United States military action in Iraq, Iran, etc. * Preventing the confirmation of right wing Supreme Court nominees. * Control of the media: Preventing monopolies and restoring diversity in national and local media. * Protecting the environment. Other national issues mentioned many times included restoring the separation of church and state; protecting abortion rights; reducing healthcare costs; tax reform; protecting judicial independence; protecting free speech; and providing affordable housing. The two critical local issues that Three Parkers are interested in pursuing are: * Preventing the construction of a publicly financed West Side stadium. * Electing progressive, Democratic Congressmembers in neighboring districts, i.e. Staten Island, Westchester…. Other local issues mentioned more than once were the dysfunctional state legislature and the Brennan reforms; public funding of mass transit; reform of the public schools and school funding; and tenants' rights. Last month, we began working on the key national issues. Steve Max and David Weiman provided an excellent and informative presentation on the false claims of the Bush administration about the need for privatization of Social Security. Our plan is to establish working groups on this and the other areas of major interest. We are circulating a petition to Senators Schumer and Clinton, asking for their outspoken and unequivocal support of our key national issues, which include protecting Social Security and opposing the confirmation of right wing Supreme Court nominees. On the timely local issue, the West Side stadium, last month we put Three Parks on record with a resolution opposing the stadium, placed the resolution on record at the Javits hearing, and shared it with other organizations. In response to requests from other clubs and organizations, we have shared that resolution with them. Three Parkers attended the hearings in city hall and at the Javits center and spoke out against the stadium. This month, the City Council will be voting on a rezoning bill for the Hudson Yards/stadium area. As soon as the date has been set, we will email members. Happy New Year, and I look forward to seeing everyone at the January meeting. Notes from the Ohio Campaign By Dan Berger (Club member Dan Berger organized a multiple van trip to Ohio for the pre-election weekend and Election Day effort. This article was originally scheduled for the December 2004 newsletter.) Election Day in Cleveland, Ohio was a nasty day. My threeperson team was out by 6:30 in the morning getting out the vote. We were just a tiny part of a 12,000-strong volunteer army storming Ohio that day. It was gross out. Heavy rain was falling and the streets were flooding. Our feet were getting soaked with each step we took as we walked from door to door on muddy grass hanging up voting reminders. By ten that morning we were finishing up our run and there was only one area left, a trailer park. We drove up and down the streets looking for it but to no avail. We asked the locals but no one knew. We were about to give up but then one of us spotted it. We quickly drove up to it, parked and got out. We were just about to meet America face to face. Tucked away in the back of a parking lot, the trailer park had about two dozen trailers. To one side, no more than 50 feet, was what looked like a slaughterhouse. Cages and crates were stacked up all around the factory that created towers 40 feet high. Toward the back of the park, there were train tracks with only a modest fence separating them from the park. Above the tracks was a web of power lines going in all directions. Behind the tracks, a plume of smoke was hovering above an industrial factory. Stickers with slogans like "Proud to be an American" and "I support the troops" were stuck on to doors. American flags draped some trailers' windows. It was a level of patriotism I have never seen before. The people we spoke to were all in their 50s and 60s, most of them were overweight. The majority of them were home when we came so I suspect they were unemployed, perhaps on disability from the government. One woman opened the door with an oxygen tube attached to her nose, another man had extremely swollen legs, and another man greeted us with such anger that he was clearly suffering from emotional problems. When we reminded them to vote, most of them told us they had already done so. I asked one woman if anyone has ever stopped by before, to campaign, or to make sure she votes. She said I was the first one. Surely someone who is so neglected by society would vote for a glimpse of hope and for a party that fights on his or her behalf. Unfortunately, in this trailer park, this was not the case. Those who had voted told us they cast their vote in favor of George W. Bush. Social Security Workshop and Meeting Support the campaign to save Social Security from Bush privatization schemes by inviting friends and neighbors to your home to see the Social Security Is Not Broke slide show, and by getting signatures on the Club's petition to our US Senators urging them to avoid compromise and take leadership in opposing the Bush Agenda. The Three Parks Social Security Campaign workshop and meeting will take place on Wednesday February 2nd at 7PM at the Youth Hostel (103rd &102nd Sts. on Amsterdam) Room 115. Get additional information and presentation tips on narrating the Social Security slide show when hosting a discussion in your own home. All you need is a computer. View the slides at http://www.midwestacademy.com/Social/index.htm The second purpose of the meeting is to schedule street tables and any other opportunities to get signatures on the club's petition asking our US Senators to stand firm and be outspoken in opposing the Bush legislative program including Social Security "reform". We fear that even on the West Side there are many people with misconceptions about the health of the Social Security system. The slide show, presented at the last club meeting, can be downloaded as a PowerPoint presentation from the above URL. If you don't have PowerPoint we can get it to you in another format such as a PDF file, or you can easily show it directly from the web. For large groups we can provide a speaker with a projector. Please call Lynn Max (212) 666-3129 to say that you are coming to the workshop. (email@example.com). Political Data Geek By Steve Strauss This month I inaugurate an occasional piece for Three Parks political data geeks to highlight useful statistical information about New York or national politics. With the certified election results for November released by the NYC Board of Elections (available on the web) I took a look at the total number of votes cast for President in each Assembly District in New York County (Manhattan). While our 69th Assembly District tends to rank very high in raw number votes for Democratic Primaries, something to remember for the 2005 municipal elections, we did rather poorly in General Election voting. Keep in mind these are raw votes and don't speak to the issue of turnout (how many registered voters actually voted). Each Assembly District has a population of about 120,000 people. The number of eligible voters is influenced by things like the ratio of children to adults in the AD, the number of foreign citizens residing in the AD and the number of eligible adults in the AD who are actually registered to vote. The highest voting Assembly District in Manhattan was Scott Stringer's 67th AD just to our south. Number 2 was Deborah Glick's Greenwich Village based 66th AD. No. 3 was Jonathan Bing's silk stocking 73rd AD which just barely beat out the Dick Gottfried's Chelsea-based 75th AD. Speaker Silver's 64 AD was 10th out of 12 ADs and Adam Powell's 68th AD was 11th. In fairness, most of the ADs with lower raw vote numbers are associated with communities with a high number of immigrants. The 69th AD ranked 7th in total number of votes cast, 58,724. 67th AD 69,422 66th AD 67,517 73rd AD 64,939 75th AD 64,849 65th AD 61,879 74th AD 59,841 69th AD 58,724 71st AD 43,278 70th AD 41,933 64th AD 41,526 68th AD 41,296 72nd AD32,226 2005 Surrogate Race By Alan Flacks In my last column, I mentioned that one of the two Manhattan Surrogate judges, Eve Preminger, retires at the end of this year because she reaches the constitutional mandatory retirement age of 70. Initially, a number of people expressed interest in running for that slot, but, surprisingly, today, only a few candidates' names are heard despite the fact that the Surrogate is one of the more important and powerful judges. Jacqueline Silbermann, thought to be interested, is not running. Having just been re-elected to State Supreme court, she is happy to remain where she is. Helene Blank, an attorney who is active with the N.Y. State Trial Lawyers, is exploring running. Eve Markewich, who just resigned as district leader at Park River Independent Democrats, announced last month that she is a candidate. Her major practice is as an estates lawyer at Blank, Rome. And John Reddy, a private attorney to the other Surrogate, Renee Roth, is considering running. (A surrogate judge may appoint a private attorney to handle certain estates; e.g., where a decedent dies intestate or there are no relatives.) One would have expected a greater field of candidates at this time, so stay tuned. Fund The Violence Against Women Act By Cynthia Doty Please call Clinton, Schumer, and Rangel today and urge them to support full funding for The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in the FY 2005 budget. Congressional leaders are meeting to plan out the final Fiscal Year 2005 Congressional budget numbers, and VAWA funding is once again being cut. In 2000, Congress authorized $729 million for VAWA for the year 2005, yet the current House and Senate are wrangling over $562 million versus $593 million in funding. This means that whichever budget number prevails, services and programs for victims of violence are being short-changed by over $130 million that they desperately need. We must demand that they keep their bipartisan promises and campaign pledges to fully fund the Violence Against Women Act. Violence in the form of sexual abuse, assault, incest and rape is an urgent issue with devastating consequences for women and men - and their children and families. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was passed in 1994 and reauthorized in 2000 and funds for its programs and services are administered by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice. Every year Congress has to appropriate money to these cabinet agencies to fund VAWA, and for the last several years they have cut away tens of millions of dollars in vital anti-violence funding. Even though domestic violence is the number one cause of death for pregnant women and crimes of rape have increased. VAWA provides funding for safety programs on campuses and in communities, as well as critical services and programs for survivors of sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence. In the ten years since we won passage, VAWA has funded an effective safety net for millions of women and their children. In order for these programs to be fully effective they need to be fully funded. Take Action Now! Help stop violence against women! Call Congress today! THREE PARKS CLUB MEMBERS News and Announcements Our hard work has paid off Columbia has promised that a new supermarket (probably Gristedes) will be going in to the ground floor of the new building at 103rd Street and Broadway. The other retail unit will be a bank. Opening should be in April. Save These Dates: Upcoming Hearings Thursday, Jan. 13 City Council will hold a hearing on Class Size/School Size in the implementation of the CFE court rulings from 2-7PM at the Council Chambers in City Hall. Friday, Jan.21 New York City hearing on a new death penalty law for NY State will be held at 10 AM at the NYC Bar Association, 42 West 44th St (5th and 6th Aves). 3rd Annual Martin Luther King Day March for Peace January 17 th 2005 at 2PM Westsiders for Peace and the faith communities of the Upper West Side (Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Catholic) and all people dedicated to peace and justice. March will depart from Holy Name Church and continue to West End Presbyterian (105/Amsterdam), then to Anche Chesed Synogogue (100/WEA), then to Advent Lutheran/UCC (93/Bway), then back to Holy Name for short presentations and a prayer -includes Dan Berrigan or Simon Harak, Grandmothers for Peace, youth choirs, and the various clergy members. People will gather at numerous other locations to feed into the main march. Women's City Club of New York To register, call WCCNY at 212 353-8070. Education Committee's 90th Anniversary Program Civics in the Schools: An insider's view from Carmen Fariña, Deputy Chancellor for Teaching and Learning, NYC Department of Education Thursday, January 20th • 12:30pm The College Board 45 Columbus Avenue, between 61st and 62nd Street NO CHARGE Co-Sponsored by the Educational Priorities Panel As the first civic committee event of WCC's 90th anniversary series, the Education Committee presents Carmen Fariña, Deputy Chancellor for Teaching and Learning for the NYC Department of Education. Co-sponsored by the Educational Priorities Panel, a coalition of 25 member organizations, Ms. Fariña will discuss changes that have taken place in the public school system in the last year and her initiatives for the future. She will also discuss how civics is currently taught, an issue that the Education Committee has focused on for the last few years. Before her appointment as Deputy Chancellor, Ms. Fariña served as the regional superintendent for four Brooklyn districts that include 140 schools in Brooklyn Heights, Park Slope, Fort Greene, Bedford Stuyvesant and Sunset Park. She has been a public school educator for more than thirty years, and has won numerous awards for her service in the field, including the OTTY Award - "Our Town" Newspaper Outstanding Contributor to Education on the Upper East Side, and Outstanding New York City Public Servant Award - Fund for the City of New York. The Manhattan Borough President, C. Virginia Fields Friday, January 21st • 12:30pm Women's City Club Offices 33 West 60th Street, 5th Floor $10; No charge for WCC members Borough President since 1998, C. Virginia Fields will describe the role of her office as defined in part by the City Charter. About to end an eight-year tenure due to term limits, the Borough President will explore the relationship between her office and that of the Mayor and City Council. Has she been able to accomplish her priorities? What has helped or hindered in doing so? How would she wish her term of office to be defined in the future? Three Parks Elections Meeting February 9, 2005 Eligibility Rules for Voting In order to be eligible to vote a member new to the association during the calendar year must have attended at least one other meeting of the association within the previous six months. Members during the prior calendar year must have attended at least one meeting of the association within the previous six months and have their dues current by the day of the vote. The next newsletter will contain names of eligible voters and those whose dues are due. Board of Directors Nominations for 2005 Nominations for Club Officers Nominations for Club Board of Directors Dan Berger Rosalyn Cherry Ellen Flax Ernestine Gallagher Arlene Geiger David Kogelman Barbara Lee Lynn Bender Max Milivoy Samurovich Lorraine Springer-Scott Odessa Steward Clara Taylor George Voorhis Disaster Aid Please make a donation to help those devastated by the Tsunami. It would be a good way to start the New Year. The New York Times: Agencies Accepting Aid Dollars Published: December 28, 2004 http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/28/international/28aidbox.html ACTION AGAINST HUNGER 247 West 37th Street, Suite 1201 New York, N.Y. 10018 212-967-7800 x108http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/ AMERICAN JEWISH WORLD SERVICE 45 West 36th Street, 10th Floor New York, N.Y. 10018 800-889-7146 http://www.ajws.org/ AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE South Asia Tsunami Relief Box 321 847A Second Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 212-687-6200 ext. 851 http://www.jdc.org/ AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE AFSC Crisis Fund 1501 Cherry Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19102 215-241-7000 http://www.afsc.org/ AMERICAN RED CROSS International Response Fund P.O. Box 37243 Washington, D.C. 20013 800-HELP NOW http://www.redcross.org/ CARE 151 Ellis Street Atlanta, GA 30303 800-521-CARE http://www.care.org/ CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES Tsunami Emergency P.O. Box 17090 Baltimore, Md. 21203-7090 800-736-3467 http://www.catholicrelief.org/ DIRECT RELIEF INTERNATIONAL 27 South La Patera Lane Santa Barbara, Calif. 93117 805-964-4767 http://www.directrelief.org/ DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS P.O. Box 1856 Merrifield, Va. 22116-8056 888-392-0392 http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/ EPISCOPAL RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT Emergency Fund P. O. Box 12043 Newark, NJ 07101 800-334-7626 http://www.er-d.org/ INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT http://www.ifrc.org/ INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS Earthquake/Tsunami Relief 1919 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 300 Santa Monica, Calif. 90404 800-481-4462 http://www.imcworldwide.org/ INTERNATIONAL ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHARITIES Asia Disaster Response P.O. Box 630225 Baltimore, MD 21263-0225 877-803-4622 http://www.iocc.org/ ISLAMIC RELIEF USA Southeast Asia Earthquake Emergency P.O. Box 6098 Burbank, Calif. 91510 888-479-4968 www.irw.org/asiaquake MERCY CORPS Southeast Asia Earthquake Response Dept. W P.O. Box 2669 Portland, Ore. 97208 800-852-2100 http://www.mercycorps.org/ OPERATION USA 8320 Melrose Avenue, Suite 200 Los Angles, Calif. 90069 800-678-7255 http://www.opusa.org/ OXFAM AMERICA Donor Services Department 26 West Street Boston, MA 12111-1206 800-77-OXFAM http://www.oxfamamerica.org/ SAVE THE CHILDREN Asia Earthquake/Tidal Wave Relief Fund 54 Wilton Road Westport, Conn. 06880 800-728-3843 http://www.savethechildren.org/ UNICEF General Emergency Fund 333 E. 38th Street New York, NY 10016 800-4-UNICEF http://www.unicef.org/ THREE PARKS INDEPENDENT DEMOCRATS Cathedral Station P.O. Box 1316 New York, NY 10025 (212) 866-6378 Please pay your 2005 dues by filling out the form below and bringing it to the next meeting or by mailing it with your check to: JASON MORGAN Treasurer Cathedral Station P.O. Box 1316 New York, N.Y. 10025 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2005 MEMBERSHIP FORM New Member___ Renewal___ Membership Category -- Check One Individual ($15)____ Family -- two adults in the same household ($20)____ Student/Senior Citizen/Low Income ($8)____ Sponsor ($30)____ Patron ($100) ____ Name_______________________ Date___________________ Address________________________________ Apt. #_______ City_________________________ State_____ Zip__________ Phone (H)___________________ (W)____________________ Email______________________________________________ Please make out all checks to “Three Parks Independent Democrats - Dues 2005" Three Parks Independent Democrat Holiday Party 2004 Line Dancing with the DJ Lynn Max and Arlene Geiger cut a rug Emily Jane Goodman, Ralph Andrew and Paul Feinman A Feast Mary Ann Marks and family	<urn:uuid:acb1db71-cfbf-40f5-9e36-4ed65e7d87f9>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.threeparksdems.org/publications/TPID_newsletter_jan05.pdf	2017-06-29T00:25:08Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00105.warc.gz	674,089,380	6,082	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.815663	eng_Latn	0.997284	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1488, 1567, 6172, 10583, 15088, 19575, 22563, 24962, 25240, 26240, 26465 ]
The World Phenomenology Institute's Forty-First Annual Cambridge Conference "Phenomenology of Polyrelationality: The Question of Consciousness Revisited" June 7 – 9, 2017. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA The Primordial Insight into "Mediality" and the Contours of a "Medial" Philosophical Anthropology Abstract My planned presentation is to introduce a specific and, to the best of my knowledge, original interdisciplinary approach to addressing certain basic features of the human condition. It is designed to articulate the contours of a non-Cartesian, non-dualist, but fundamentally relational, indeed, "medial" philosophical anthropology. (The notion of "mediality" here is entirely distinct from the problem of "material mediation" widely discussed in literary theory and cultural studies). 1) The novelty of this approach lies in its methodology: it rests on an exploration of the philosophical significance of some extant linguistic research, which in turn is able to inform the phenomenological method of describing phenomena. The guiding idea here leans on Gadamer's notion of "die Mitte der Sprache:" language is a first and all-encompassing medium "where I and world … manifest their original belonging together," it is "the record (Spur) of finitude" (Gadamer TM, 469, 453, respectively). As such, it embodies an immense stock of knowledge regarding the ways humans proved to be able to come to terms with their historical existence. If so, then primarily certain basic structural features of languages, especially in their historical development, must be interrogated―I maintain―as basic records of the deep tendencies within the historical self-understanding of humans. 2) As I plan to point out, linguistic research pertaining to the history of verbal systems of the Indo-European languages has shown that the primordial voice systems consisted of two voices, namely, middle and active (Benveniste). 1 The middle voice is primarily known to us from ancient Greek (as mesotes), because in most of the major occidental languages it does not have a morphologically distinct form (yet, it does in Hungarian, e.g.!). In fact, our occidental linguistic development attests to a loss of the original meaning of the middle voice, as thinking in terms of activity and passivity has become predominant. According to Benveniste's analysis, however, the middle is in fact the original voice (the active being its modification), and the primordial voices bring to language an action of a "subject" who stands in (middle), or externally relates to (active), an event taking place. Both voices express three aspects: i) a (temporal) event; ii) a "sub-ject" related to that event; and iii) the locality ("existential spatiality") of the "sub-ject" with respect to the event. As opposed to the occidental voice systems which reflect the predominance of thinking in terms of subject and object, agent and patient―where the subject stands in the center, either as agent or the one being acted upon―, the primordial voice systems represent a kind of thinking in terms of verb and subject, event and agent―where the subject is displaced, it gets out of the focus in favor of the event expressed by the verb. Thus, the notion of "pure event" (as opposed to some "action" exerted by someone / something) is central to such thinking: there, it is the first term of 1 Benveniste, Emile [1966] Problèmes de linguistique générale 1, Paris, Gallimard. = Problems in general linguistics; transl. by M. E. Meek. Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1971, pp. 145-151. human (self-) understanding, the very "medium" in relation to which everything else becomes conceivable. 3) In the next section of my presentation I plan to show how such primordial insight into the "mediality" of the human condition is able to inform a phenomenological account of certain basic elements of a philosophical anthropology. Sketchily: the "subject" is understood on such view neither as a Cartesian-reflexive cogito, nor as some constituting transcendental subjectivity (Husserl), but rather, as a full-fledged agent who is always already sub-jected to self-revealing, pure events―events to which it belongs, and in relation to which it acts. Yet, the "agency" of the subject on this level is to be understood in a medial sense, namely, as a series of acts that "achieve something which is being achieved in it" (Benveniste, 149). The "subject" is originally not a spontaneous source of action, but rather, one who acts in relation to an event taking place in or around her. ― In turn, "objects" as such appear on this linguistic account when the middle is converted into an active, whereby the latter becomes a transitive: the process expressed by the verb is "transferred to another term that will become the object of it" (ibid.). As opposed to that, the middle as such is in principle intransitive. ― Accordingly, "consciousness" is primarily neither reflexive (in a strict sense), nor an intentional consciousness of objects, but rather, it is pre-eminently an awareness of events to which it belongs and along which it acts. Even an explicit object-consciousness is pre-determined by some sort of event-consciousness: noema and noesis are equally determined by such ground of their correlation. Thus, "intentionality" (taken as "consciousness of something") proves to be derivative when compared to the more fundamental structure of consciousness, the latter being constituted by modes of mediality, the basic characteristic of which is "embeddedness" in, "belonging" (Zugehörigkeit) to, and co-acting with, self-revealing pure events. (Insofar as it makes good sense to talk about a "vocabulary" of such medial events, furthermore, this approach exceeds the usual distinction between causal and intentional vocabularies made in analytic philosophies of language, too.) ― In addition, the sketched account also suggests a tripartite typology of agency: i) pure agency in the (occidental) sense of being the spontaneous source of action without involving any notion of event; ii) agency in the (primordial active) sense of being the source of action externally related to some event taking place; iii) agency in the (primordial medial) sense of being an agent internally related to some event taking place. As I maintain, this typology is a pregnant one: it implies more than what is captured in the Greek distinction between poiesis and praxis, and it is able to contribute to a phenomenology of eminently medial events (such as e.g. dreaming, mimesis, playing, processes of Bildung, true praxis, acts of artistic creativity, etc.).	<urn:uuid:937c9102-cd2d-4a9a-80f3-97ec22535c13>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://filozofia.uni-miskolc.hu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1-Abstract-Harvard-Nyiro.pdf	2018-01-22T14:32:54Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891377.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122133636-20180122153636-00307.warc.gz	125,519,603	1,452	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.993935	eng_Latn	0.994457	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3586, 6642 ]
Uralla Shire Business Chamber Inc. ABN 29 464 281 139 APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP OF ASSOCIATION Membership of Uralla Shire Business Chamber Inc. is open to natural persons, businesses and organisations who: * is an individual or representative of a club or charity organisation of Uralla Shire who would like to interact with the Uralla Shire Business Chamber (Community Member) * have an ABN (not necessarily registered for GST), are currently trading and conduct or be involved with business operations in the Uralla Shire, NSW, Australia (Business Member), or and also share the vision and values of the Uralla Shire Business Chamber and agree to be bound by the Constitution of the Uralla Shire Business Chamber Inc. Membership is on a two-tiered system, as detailed above, with an annual fee to be paid prior to the Annual General Meeting, as voting rights will only be granted to paid-up members per the tiered system of membership. Business Members $100 per year, Community Member $10 per year, no GST applicable. (Fee will be reviewed at each AGM). Please make yourself familiar with the Constitution, Vision and Mission Statement of Uralla Shire Business Chamber Inc.) (www.urallabusinesschamber.org.au). This form should be completed and forwarded to the Secretary of Uralla Shire Business Chamber, either electronically by E-mail to: email@example.com, or by paper copy to Sonia at Melrose Uralla or Teresa at Thunder Graphics, both in Bridge St, Uralla. You can make payment to our bank account directly at the Regional Australia Bank in Uralla, BSB 932-000 account number 754099 (S3 for transfer from another RAB account), or post a cheque to Uralla Shire Business Chamber (51 Bridge St, Uralla 2358) or cash to Sonia or Teresa. Your Name: ABN (If applicable): Business Name: Business Address: Telephone (Landline) Mobile: Email Address (BLOCK CAPITALS PLEASE) Member Type & Amount: Your Social media and/or website links for adding to our website Any Project Ideas for the Uralla Shire Business Chamber? (eg Online Business Directory, Awards night for Shire Businesses, etc) How can we benefit your business in your part of the Shire? In what way can you contribute to the benefit of the collective whole of the group? Signature: Date: Applications will be submitted to the Committee and you will be advised of the acceptance of your application as soon as possible.	<urn:uuid:6b4b9d52-c4ca-4ae7-8cab-ca3bcf3fda12>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://urallabusinesschamber.org.au/wp-content/uploads/resources/MemberApp.pdf	2020-03-28T20:20:54+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-16/subset=warc/part-00004-5e0433ee-fa15-4837-b2dc-d6f38301af97.c000.gz.parquet	789,735,950	525	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.97665	eng_Latn	0.97665	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2422 ]
CHAIR/TRUSTEE RECRUITMENT PACK Application Deadline: Thursday 31 March 2022 Tours and Interviews: April and May 2022 The Claim by Tim Cowbury Credit: John Hunter Front cover image: Wayward Productions The Language of Kindness Credit: Ali Wright Who We Are Seeking What would I gain from being a Trustee? What is expected of a Trustee? What is expected of a Chair? The Essential Trustee Jigsaw About Shoreditch Town Hall Key Statistics Driving Values How to Apply As we emerge from the pandemic into a changed arts landscape, and embark on the next stage of our ambitious capital project to make our building more welcoming, we’re seeking to refresh our board with new experience and wider perspectives. We are seeking a new Chair to lead the Board of Trustees plus at least one additional Trustee to expand the breadth of skills and representation of our local cultural communities. DESIRED AREAS OF REPRESENTATION AND EXPERTISE We are interested in meeting candidates who are keen to champion Shoreditch Town Hall’s values, have a passion for live performance and who want to help us safeguard this beautiful building and develop it for future generations. We look forward to hearing about you and we will welcome applications from candidates with any experience relevant to our cultural, community, heritage or commercial activity. Particularly those with experience and skills in the following areas: - Government, Public sector knowledge and advocacy - Capital Project delivery or oversight - Funding, sponsorship and donating - Creative Learning and/or Participation Shoreditch Town Hall seeks to break down barriers of entry for people from marginalised communities in the arts: it is a core part of our values but there is plenty more to do to engage with staff, artists, community members and trustees, to embed it deeply across the organisation. Our board of trustees aims to reflect the diversity of our community and, therefore, we are particularly interested in candidates living locally representing one of Hackney’s cultural communities who have, historically, been under-represented within arts and cultural organisations due to the barriers of race, disability, low socio-economic background or gender. WHAT WOULD I GAIN FROM BEING A TRUSTEE? Being a trustee is not just about what you can give to a charity, but also what you can gain from the experience. Our current trustees say that being a trustee of Shoreditch Town Hall has offered them: - An opportunity to gain experience beyond what your job or life currently offer - Insight into the third sector - Personal and professional growth - Being part of an innovative leadership team that is collaborative and shares responsibility - Being able to use your skills and experience to impact social change “I’ve found being a trustee at Shoreditch Town Hall hugely satisfying: being part of the team which helped shift the building from being a little-known space-for-hire, to becoming a successful, inclusive arts centre. For all I’ve contributed, I’ve taken away far more in terms of professional development. My understanding of strategic planning, HR, maintaining a heritage building and the broader arts agenda is greatly boosted, and I’ve also met some great people.” Penny Wrout, Chair “I love being a Trustee of Shoreditch Town Hall. It’s incredibly fulfilling to be a part of such a dynamic cultural hub, and to have the opportunity to learn from the incredible team there and my fellow trustees.” Heather Clark Charrington, Trustee Credit: Puds&Co WHAT IS EXPECTED OF A TRUSTEE? • Shoreditch Town Hall’s Board meets for four formal meetings per year. There is also a bi-annual Away Day planned outside the venue for Trustees and Senior Leadership Team. • Meetings are normally held in person, in the venue, on weekday evenings lasting no more than 2 hours. • When in person attendance is not possible, joining by video-conferencing is permitted. • Appointments to the Board are voluntary and unremunerated, but reasonable travel expenses will be reimbursed where appropriate. • Attendance at Shoreditch Town Hall events is expected at least twice a year across a range of events. • The Board currently consists of ten Trustees including the CEO. • Trustees are appointed for an initial three-year term, with a review within the first year to determine that the role is mutually suited to the candidate and the company. Trustees may be re-elected for a second term, subject to a review consultation with the Chair at the end of the first term to a maximum of six years. • The Board of Trustees delegates certain responsibilities to sub-committees. Trustees may be expected to serve on one of these committees during their period of service. MAIN PURPOSE OF THE ROLE • To ensure that Shoreditch Town Hall is carrying out its purposes for the public benefit by ensuring that the organisation’s Strategic Business Plan and day-to-day running meets the charitable objectives of the organisation. • To ensure that Shoreditch Town Hall complies with its governing document, meets with charity law requirements, and is held appropriately accountable. • To ensure Shoreditch Town Hall’s resources are managed effectively and responsibly, ensuring that financial planning, risk management and other management controls and procedures are sufficient and appropriate. • To always act in the best interests of the charity and make balanced and informed decisions relating to short and long-term planning. • In accordance with the Trustee Act 2000, to exercise such care and skill as is reasonable in the circumstances. WHAT IS EXPECTED OF A CHAIR? Fulfilling the same functions as a Trustee of Shoreditch Town Hall referred to on page 10, PLUS: • Chairing all meetings of the Board of Trustees, ensuring they are properly run and recorded; • Taking the lead on ensuring that Trustees comply with their duties and the charity is well-versed; • Leading on the succession planning, and supporting the CEO on the recruitment and induction process of new Trustees, ensuring inclusive representation across the Board; • Having the casting vote if a vote on a Trustees’ decision is tied; • Attending regular Shoreditch Town Hall events especially those related to fundraising activities and acting as spokesperson when requested; • Mentoring and supporting the CEO on behalf of the Trustees, offering input, advice and guidance on the work of Shoreditch Town Hall, maintaining a consistent and open flow of communication, in order to enable them to fulfil their role most effectively. Such additional responsibilities should amount to no more than 4-6 hours per month. THE ESSENTIAL TRUSTEE JIGSAW Ensure your charity is carrying out its purposes for the public benefit Comply with your charity’s governing document and the law Act in your charity’s best interests Ensure your charity is accountable Manage your charity’s resources responsibly Act with reasonable care and skill THE ESSENTIAL TRUSTEE JIGSAW It’s about knowing: - what your charity can and can’t do within its purposes - how your charity is fulfilling its purposes and benefiting the public - what difference your charity is really making It’s not about being: - an expert - but you do need to take reasonable steps to find out - preserving the charity for its own sake - serving personal interests It’s about: - making balanced, informed decisions - recognising & dealing with conflicts of interest - ensuring trustee benefits are allowed - being prepared to question and challenge - accepting majority decisions It’s not about: - meeting legal accounting and reporting requirements - being able to show that your charity complies with the law and is effective - being accountable to members and others with an interest in the charity - ensuring that staff and volunteers are accountable to the board - welcoming accountability as an opportunity, not a burden It’s about: - using your skills and experience - deciding when you need advice - preparing for meetings - getting the information you need (financial management) - being prepared in case something does go wrong It’s about: - managing risks, protecting assets (reputation) and people - getting the resources your charity needs - having and following appropriate control and procedures - dealing with land and buildings - responsibility for, and to, staff and volunteers It’s about: - complying with your charity’s governing documents and the law - Act in your charity’s best interests - Manage your charity’s resources responsibly - Act with reasonable care and skill - Ensure your charity is accountable Ockham's Razor This Time Credit: James Berry Photography One of the grandest former civic buildings in London with a rich and varied history, Shoreditch Town Hall has established itself in the last decade as a leading cultural venue, live events space and community destination. We are seeking two new roles: a new Chair of Trustees, and at least one additional trustee, who can work with the CEO and Board to help guide the leadership team through the post-pandemic landscape to fulfil the building’s potential, as one of the leading independent cultural organisations in one of the capital’s busiest and most vibrant areas. Our landmark Grade II listed building houses spaces which range from a cosy capacity of 40 to an expansive and versatile 750 seat auditorium. Our business tenants are drawn from the digital and creative industries and prestige hospitality, and our public spaces are brought to life with an eclectic and forward-thinking programme of activities targeted at the wider public and our local audiences. Inspired by the Town Hall’s history as a centre for discussion, dialogue and debate, we now aim to deliver on our vision to: • Continue preserving and developing our listed building whilst enhancing our accessibility, openness, and use as a public space. • Maintain and strengthen an inventive, popular and eclectic programme of cultural, community and live event activity. • Build on the Town Hall’s existing brand and identity to enhance our profile and reputation. • Nurture new and existing relationships with our local communities, and develop diverse and loyal audiences, building users, and collaborators. • Ensure the Town Hall provides transformative opportunities as an inspirational learning and talent development hub. • Build on the organisation’s non-regularly funded business model and previous core turnover of £1.2m per annum, strengthening our independency and long-term resilience. Shoreditch Town Hall is a fully independent charitable trust (no. 1069617) and does not receive any regular or revenue funding. Welcome 70,000 people through our doors every year Present and produce a year-round cultural programme of up to 40 productions across theatre, dance, music, comedy, circus, cinema and talks Deliver an artist development programme that supports and commissions from a wide and inclusive pool of over 50 artists Host 200 live events per annum, with recent high profile clients including Alexander McQueen, Amazon, Black Girl Fest, Cartier, Channel 4, Evening Standard and Fred Perry Provide a leading location for film and television shoots, including Mangrove, The Death of Stalin, Florence Foster Jenkins and The Lady in the Van Collaborate with over 20 local partners to deliver our community, learning and engagement programmes, providing nearly 5,000 hours of in-kind space to community groups and artists every year House 6 businesses including the Michelin starred The Clove Club and Time Based Arts Invested £4.2m in the preservation and development of our Grade II listed building since 2000 PROGRESS Just like our founders, we are a flexible, forward-thinking, progressive organisation that explores new ideas, relishes experimentation, and challenges assumptions. We embrace an adventurous spirit, relishing in the unexpected and the new whether that be artistically or entrepreneurially. We want to effect positive social change with, and for, the people we encounter. RESILIENCE We will develop our business model, income streams, environmental sustainability and good governance in order to strengthen our independence, agility and long-term resilience, ensuring the organisation is enjoyed for generations to come. COLLABORATION We believe that collaborating with people from all backgrounds is the key to success. We value open, transparent and robust relationships, expecting all collaborators to share our driving values. We aim to champion local life, nurturing new and existing relationships with residents, businesses, schools and community groups. We collaborate creatively: enabling a rich learning and development environment to artists that celebrates the journey as much as the end result. WELCOME We will champion an open and inclusive approach, aiming to reduce physical and psychological barriers people face when accessing our building and the work we do, in order that people feel safe and welcome to work or visit with us. Acknowledging the building’s physical attributes (and sometime limitations), we will embrace its heritage and past stories to inform and inspire the work we produce. We believe that our programmes, workforce and organisational culture should genuinely reflect the range of backgrounds that make up the communities we serve. SUSTAINABILITY We exist because of the landmark Grade II listed building we inhabit, and which we have a duty to preserve. However, to best protect its future, we must continue to evolve and develop it whilst finding ways to reduce the negative impact we have on the environment. We will both measure and improve our ecological performance, working with our staff, associates, and external partners to ensure that we remain environmentally responsible and embed sustainable practices throughout our work. Black Girl Fest Credit: Krystal Neuville & Keturah Cummings HOW TO APPLY Please prepare the following three documents as separate PDF attachments and e-mail them to firstname.lastname@example.org. Postal applications will not be accepted. 1. A CV 2. A covering letter expressing your interest in, and suitability for, the role of Trustee and/or Chair 3. A completed version of the attached Equal Opportunities Form. Shoreditch Town Hall is an equal opportunities employer, committed to access, diversity and representation. We believe that our programmes, workforce and organisational culture should genuinely reflect the range of backgrounds, perspectives and cultures that make up the communities we serve. The information provided is entirely confidential and will be used for monitoring purposes only. All questions are optional and the form will be separated from your application before the selection process. Applications must be submitted by end of day 31st March 2022. You will be notified by email if you have been invited to meet the Board in early April and you will be offered the opportunity for a tour of the building, and to meet Beth Byrne, current CEO of Shoreditch Town Hall. ACCESSIBILITY Should you have any access requirements or need any reasonable adjustments to be made in order to apply and/or attend an interview for this role, please let us know. DATA PROTECTION Shoreditch Town Hall reserves the right to collect personal data for the purposes of recruitment. The personal data supplied in your application will be handled, processed and stored securely within Shoreditch Town Hall and on Shoreditch Town Hall’s servers for legitimate human resources and business management interests. We store all applicants’ data until we have successfully filled the role in question. At this point, we will either delete the data (both hard and electronic copies) or keep it on our electronic database for future roles, subject to written permission from the applicant. We will not share your data with any third party or recruitment agency. 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## Procedure file ### Basic information \| NLE - Non-legislative enactments \| 2020/0908(NLE) \| \|----------------------------------\|----------------\| \| CCP Supervisory Committee: appointment of an Independent Member \| Awaiting final decision \| Subject 8.40.08 Agencies and bodies of the EU ### Key events \| Date \| Event \| Document Reference \| \|------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------\| \| 26/08/2020 \| Legislative proposal published \| N9-0042/2020 \| \| 10/09/2020 \| Vote in committee \| \| \| 11/09/2020 \| Committee report tabled for plenary, 1st reading/single reading \| A9-0153/2020 \| \| 14/09/2020 \| Results of vote in Parliament \| \| \| 14/09/2020 \| Committee referral announced in Parliament \| \| \| 15/09/2020 \| Decision by Parliament \| T9-0209/2020 \|	<urn:uuid:01a89c43-ca04-43c2-8884-192a3bb84660>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/printficheevents.pdf?id=717301&lang=en	2023-02-02T12:14:11+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-06/subset=warc/part-00104-b5ddf469-bf28-43c4-9c36-5b5ccc3b2bf1.c000.gz.parquet	445,672,209	222	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.866096	eng_Latn	0.866096	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 1167 ]
PARISH OF URNEY AND ANNAGELLIFF 1 September 2019 22 nd SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME Parish Office, Presbytery, Farnham Street,Cavan Telephone 049-4331404Mobile085 8887484 New email: email@example.com www.cavantownparish.com Welcome Changes to CONFESSIONS in Cathedral This weekend we welcome Fr Martin Gilcreest to our parish. We wish him every blessing in his ministry here and we hope that his time among us will be a happy and enjoyable experience. ADORATION St. Clare's Adoration Chapel Daily 11am to 10pm Day of private prayer for vocations to priesthood and religious life Adoration Chapel St Clare's Sunday 1 September 11am to 10pm. Benediction - St Clare's Chapel Sunday 1 September 7.30pm. St. Aidan's, Butlersbridge Tuesdays 7pm– 9pm. ROSARY St. Brigid's, Killygarry Thursdays 8.30pm ************************************* SACRAMENT OF PENANCE CATHEDRAL Thursdayafter 10am Mass Saturday3pm – 3.30pm; 7pm-7.15pm KILLYGARRY Fridayafter 7.30pm Mass Baptisms in our Parish Cathedral 1 st , 3 rd & 5 th weekend of month Killygarry 2 nd weekend of month Butlersbridge 4 th weekend of month Baptism Times Saturdays at 5pm & Sundays at 12.30pm Obligatory preparation. Please note: Baptism Meeting will be held in the Cathedral Conference Room (access at back of Cathedral) on the last Wednesday of the month at 8pm. Booking essential at 049 4331404 Please give 4-6weeks notice. RECENT BAPTISMS We welcome into the Christian Community Andrew McConnell, Mealla Walsh Kelly & all who were baptised recently. Next Sunday's Readings st 1 Reading: Wis 9:13-18 2 nd Reading: Phm 9-10,12-17 Psalm 89 Gospel: Luke 14:25-33 Lectio Divina Lectio Divina – a prayerful reading of the Gospel - resumes on September 10th at 10.30am in the Cathedral. All welcome. Killygarry Apostolic Society is seeking sponsorship for Sacred vessels for use on the Missions. Please contact Anne at 086 3162828 or Kathleen at 087 2474855. Please note change of times of Confession in the Cathedral with effect from 1 st September 2019. First Thursday: after 10am Mass Saturday3pm – 3.30pm 7pm – 7.15pm St Peregrine Mass for the sick will take place on Wednesday 4th September in St Aidan's Church, Butlersbridge at 7.30pm. St Peregrine is the patron saint of cancer patients. Anointing with St Peregrine oil will be offered at the Mass. MINISTRIES FOR SEPTEMBER ALTAR SOCIETY ``` Anne Carroll, Una Carolan, Patsy Murray, Kathleen Rabitte Offertory Collectors Cathedral 7.30pm – Kevin McGowan, Liam de Paor, Anselm Lovett 11.30am – Greg Sheridan, Maximo de la Cruz, Ann Lee, Gerry Mulligan, Mel Doherty, Owen Mc Inerney Butlersbridge 8.30am – Bernie McGowan, Sean O'Reilly 10.30am – Michael Leddy, Carol Browne Cathedral Ushers 7.30pm – Anselm Lovett, Malachy Byrne 11.30am – Terry Argue, Peter Mc Ginnity Eucharistic Ministers 7.30pm Ann Marie Carroll, Sheila McNulty, John McDermott, Teresa Barr, Una McGlone, Noelene Sharkey 9.30am – Breege Flynn, Michael Reilly, Joanne Gannon, Gretta Grey, Irene Boby 11.30am – Angela Flynn, Mary McCabe, Linda Byrne, Paul Surlis, Ger Finn, Oj Uronice St. Clare's Jenny Harte Res Centre Marie Mc Govern Readers Cathedral 7.30pm – Nigel Beresford 9.30am – Teresa McCarren Killygarry – Liorah Smith St. Clare's – Martina Sexton Butlersbridge – Martina Owens ``` A WhatsApp group has been established to promote Eucharistic Adoration in St Clare's chapel . We invite all those doing Eucharistic Adoration to join. To join please text you name & mobile no. to 086 2557643. You can download the WhatsApp from the App store on your smartphone free of charge. If you need any help just ask any younger person and this takes less than one minute to do so. Diocesan Youth Day Annual Diocesan Youth day will take place in The Diocesan Pastoral Centre on Saturday 28th September from 3pm -7pm. The theme is Environment. If interested please contact Jenny at 049 4331404. Mass Rock, Araghan Mass will be celebrated at Araghan Mass Rock on Sunday 8th September at 12noon. Celebrant Fr Benny Fitzpatrick. All welcome	<urn:uuid:ce7c6974-6f39-46c0-933c-644261792583>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://cavantownparish.files.wordpress.com/2019/08/01-sept-2019-page-1.pdf	2020-10-31T10:48:52+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-45/subset=warc/part-00001-6409130e-6e9b-44d1-90ec-9f9d0ade2504.c000.gz.parquet	255,475,608	1,200	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.961998	eng_Latn	0.961998	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4108 ]
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Homeopathic treatment of elderly patients - a prospective observational study with follow-up over a two year period Michael Teut 1* , Rainer Lüdtke 2 , Katharina Schnabel 1 , Stefan N Willich 1 , Claudia M Witt 1 Abstract Background: Very little is known about the range of diagnoses, course of treatment and long-term outcome in elderly patients who choose to receive homeopathic medical treatment. We investigated homeopathic practice in an industrialised country under everyday conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the spectrum of diagnoses and treatments, as well as to describe the course of illness over time among older patients who chose to receive homeopathic treatment. Methods: In this subgroup analysis of a prospective, multicentre cohort study totally including 3981 patients treated by homeopathic physicians in primary care practices in Germany and Switzerland, data was analysed from all patients > 70 years consulting the physician for the first time. The main outcome measures were: assessment by patient of the severity of complaints (numeric rating scales) and quality of life (SF-36) and by the physician of the severity of diagnoses (numeric rating scales) at baseline, and after 3, 12, and 24 months. Results: A total of 83 patients were included in the subgroup analysis (41% men, mean age 73.2 ± (SD) 3.1 years; 59% women, 74.3 ± 3.8 years). 98.6 percent of all diagnoses were chronic with an average duration of 11.5 ± 11.5 years. 82 percent of the patients were taking medication at baseline. The most frequent diagnoses were hypertension (20.5%, 11.1 ± 7.5 years) and sleep disturbances (15.7%, 22.1 ± 25.8 years). The severity of complaints decreased significantly between baseline and 24 months in both patients (from 6.3 (95% CI: 5.7-6.8) to 4.6 (4.0-5.1), p < 0.001) and physicians' assessments (from 6.6 (6.0-7.1) to 3.7 (3.2-4.3), p < 0.001); quality of life (SF 36) and the number of medicines taken did not significantly change. Conclusion: The severity of disease showed marked and sustained improvements under homeopathic treatment, but this did not lead to an improvement of quality of life. Our findings might indicate that homeopathic medical therapy may play a beneficial role in the long-term care of older adults with chronic diseases and studies on comparative effectiveness are needed to evaluate this hypothesis. Background Homeopathy is one of the most frequently used but controversial forms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It is based on the ancient 'principle of similars'. Highly diluted preparations of substances that cause symptoms in healthy individuals are used to stimulate healing reactions in patients who display similar * Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.org Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité 1 University Medical Center, Luisenstr. 57, D-10017 Berlin, Germany symptoms when ill [1]. In classical homeopathy a single homeopathic remedy is selected, based on a patient ' s total spectrum of symptoms [2]. The proportion of patients obtaining homeopathic care has quadrupled in the last seven years according to a US survey [3]. For Germany a recent survey demonstrated that approximately 10% of men and 20% of women in the general population used homeopathic medicines during the previous year [4]. To date, few studies have evaluated the use of complementary therapies in geriatric patients [5]. In Germany, 73% of adults over 60 years of age use naturopathic drugs [6,7]. There is little information about the safety and efficacy of these interventions, especially if they are combined with conventional therapies [8]. This project was designed with the goal of systematically collecting data in this area of homeopathic health care for the first time in Germany. The aim of the present study was to determine the spectrum of diagnoses and treatments, as well as to describe the course of illness over time among older patients who chose to receive homeopathic treatment. To collect data on the use and effects of homoeopathy under conditions of usual care, we investigated 3981 patients in a prospective observational study [9-11]. This paper presents the results of our evaluation, focusing on a subgroup of 83 adults over 70 years of age, who consulted a homeopathic physician. Methods Study design In a prospective, multicentre cohort study involving 38 primary care practices with additional specialisation in homeopathy in Germany and Switzerland, in this subgroup analysis data was analysed from all patients being 70 years or older consulting the physician for the first time. Patients were included consecutively at their first consultation with a participating physician and were followed up for a total of 24 months. In order to provide as representative a picture of homeopathic health care as possible, patients were included in the study regardless of their diagnosis. Sixty-eight percent of all approached patients agreed to participate in the study. For description of the selection process see [10]. In order to participate in the study, physicians were required to have certified training in classical homeopathy and at least three years practical experience, they all followed the principles of classical homeopathy. All homeopathic physicians worked in their own doctor's offices, hospital services were not included. A total of 187 physicians belonging to four different working groups were contacted either by post or telephone and informed about the study. Of these, 103 physicians chose to participate. All study participants provided written, informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the appropriate ethics review boards [10]. Treatments To reflect usual care, all homeopathic physicians were completely free to choose a treatment. This usually included the prescription of homeopathic medicines according to homeopathic principles, but could also include the prescription, change or withdrawal of a conventional medicine, referrals to specialists, or admission to a hospital. Outcome measures All questionnaires were designed to document sociodemographic data, as well as information on prior medical history, patient symptoms and complaints, quality of life, and the use of any treatment other than homeopathy. At baseline, patients recorded the complaints that led them to consider homeopathic treatment. Independently of their physicians, patients rated the severity of their complaints as they experienced them on a numeric rating scale (NRS, 0 = no complaints, 10 = maximum severity of complaints the patient could imagine for this disease) [12]. All complaints listed by patients in their baseline questionnaire were transferred to their followup questionnaires by the study office personnel, which ensured that each baseline complaint was assessed at each subsequent follow-up. General health-related quality of life was assessed using the MOS SF-36 questionnaire [13]. The results of the SF-36 are presented in normalised scores, the results being scaled in such a way that the normal German population, in the age group considered, has a mean score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. (As quality of life is considerably lower in this age group than in the whole population this normalisation should not be confused with a normalisation of the whole German population). The first questionnaire was distributed to the patients by the homeopathic physician treating the patient and completed prior to the start of therapy (baseline). The ensure this physicians and their nurses were trained in the in the process and a monitor visited the practice to check the process during the study. Patients sent their completed questionnaires to the study office in sealed envelopes. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to all patients by the study office at 3, 12, and 24 months. For physicians, we developed a standardised questionnaire that allowed for continuous documentation during the treatment/follow-up period (24 months), as well as standardised points of assessment at 0, 3, 12 and 24 months. At each of these time points the physician saw the patient and estimated the severity of a maximum of four diagnoses from their perspective after they did the case taking with the patient using a numeric rating scale (NRS, 0 = no complaints, 10 = maximum severity of the occurrence of this diagnosis) [13]. This information was then forwarded to the study office. The type of homeopathic treatment, the use of any conventional therapy, as well as any referrals to other physicians were recorded on a continuous basis. Statistics We calculated the severity of complaints (patients' assessments) and diagnoses (physicians' assessments), by averaging those four complaints/diagnoses named first for each patient during the baseline examination. At each follow-up (i.e. at 3, 12, and 24 months) the respective severity ratings were ascertained. All results reported here are based on the intention-totreat approach, i.e. each patient included in the study entered the final analyses. If patients dropped out or withdrew from the study we replaced the respective missing values: baseline complaints that had been cured were given a severity rating of 0 in all following examinations. For patients who died during the study, we inserted the maximum severity rating of 10. Consequently, any improvements are possibly underestimated, but certainly not overestimated. Other missing values were multiply imputed following the suggestions of Rubin [14]. Instead of filling in a single value as a substitute for a missing value, multiple imputation is a strategy by which each missing value is replaced simultaneously by a set of plausible values that represents the uncertainty about the right value to impute. Thus, each missing values is filled in several times generating several distinct data tables, each with a complete set of data relating to all patients without any missing values. These complete data tables are analysed separately using appropriate statistical models. Afterwards, the results from all statistical analyses are pooled to generate treatment effects and p-values. In our study we used the MCMC (Marcov chain Monte Carlo) replacement method and created 5 multiple imputed data tables. For each imputed data set, treatment effects were estimated on the basis of generalised linear regression models. Generalised linear regression models are flexible and powerful tools to describe data from cohort studies [15]. They are generalisations of the well known and often applied multiple regression models which often appear to be too simple to describe longitudinal data adequately. A generalised linear model is best described by two components. First, the mean course of the outcome, and second, the correlation structure for measurements taken on the same individual at different times. In our study we divided the 2-year follow-up period into two parts. During the first part (0-3 month) we assumed that mean outcome increased (or decreased) linearly. For the second part (3-24 months) we assumed that the mean outcome increased (or decreased) according to a quadratic term. Moreover, we assumed that the correlation between two measurements could be described by a simple exponential function. This essentially means that the correlation only depended on the time span between the two measurements, and it decreased the larger this time span was. This approach is completely analogous to the recommendations given by Diggle, Liang, and Zeeger in their standard text book on the analysis of longitudinal data [15]. Usually, patients for clinical studies are not selected randomly from a target population but according to some selection criteria by which patients are sampled according to extreme measurements (high blood pressure, severe pain, low quality of life, ...). This inevitably leads to regression-to-the-mean, a statistical phenomenon that makes natural variation look like real changes [16]. Separating regression-to-the-mean effects from true treatment effects can be difficult but is at least feasible when the mean and the standard deviation of the target population are known [17]. In our study we made a rather conservative assumption on the target population (chronically ill patients seeking homeopathic care): to have the same quality of life as the general German population (i.e. a mean SF-36 score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10). From this we calculated the expected regression-to-the mean effect and compared it to the total change in quality of life, hereby applying Mee and Chua ' s modified t-test [17]. Although this study is explanatory by nature confidence intervals and p-values for change scores might be misinterpreted as statistical proof of hypotheses. We thus adjusted the results for all 12 outcomes (4 outcome measures times 4 time points) by applying Holm's procedure [18]. Standardized mean changes (effect sizes) were calculated by mean changes divided by standard deviation at baseline. Results Patients were recruited between September 1997 and December 1999. Thirty-eight primary care physicians (33% of all participating doctors) reported treatment of adults over 70 years of age. We have included 83 adults in this study, 59% (n = 49) women, age 70 - 87 years (mean 74.3 ± 3.1 SD) - and 41% men (n = 34), age 70 - 84 years (mean 73.2 ± 3.1) in the present analysis. For baseline characteristics of the study population see Table 1. 98.6 percent of all diagnoses were chronic with an average duration of 11.5 ± 11.5 years. At baseline on average 3.0 ± 1.1 initial diagnoses (2.9 ± 1.1 of them chronic) were made. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had five or more complaints at Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study sample of older adults (> 70 years) under homeopathic treatment (n = 83) baseline. The most frequent diagnoses were hypertension (21%) and sleep disturbances (16%). The most common diagnosis in women was sleep disturbance (22.4%) and in men hypertension (26.5%). For the most frequent diagnoses, their severity and duration is shown in Table 2. All patients underwent an initial homeopathic consultation, lasting an average of 110 ± 36 minutes. During the 24-month observation period following the initial interview, patients consulted their physicians an average of 6.3 ± 6.3 times. The average period of treatment lasted 10 ± 9.1 months. Nine patients died during follow-up, the mean survival time was 376 days (range 6 to 725 days). Twenty patients stopped the homeopathic treatment. The reasons given were aggravation (n = 13), amelioration (n = 3), outcome unrelated reasons (n = 2) and no report (n = 2). During the study period eight patients (9.6%) were referred to non-study physicians (excluding dentists). Each patient received on average 6.1 ± 5.3 (not necessarily different) homeopathic remedies. Prescriptions were given consecutively following the principles of classical homeopathy. More than half of all prescriptions were covered by 9 homeopathic remedies (Figure 1). The most frequently prescribed homeopathic potencies were C200 (31.3%), C1000 (13.5%), C30 (12.7%) and Q1 (9.9%). Eighty-two percent of the patients were taking medication at baseline (38% cardiovascular, 16% for central nervous system, 16% gastrointestinal and metabolic, 30% others), the number of prescribed drugs remained stable across 24 months (baseline: mean 2.6 ± 2.2 (SD); 3 months: 2.3 ± 2.0; 12 months: 2.0 ± 2.2; 24 months 2.3 ± 2.1). The strongest clinical improvements of complaints were described by patients in the first three months, after which no further improvement was observed (Table 3, Figure 2). Complaint severity decreased significantly (p < 0.001) from 6.3 (95%CI: 5.7-6.8) to Table 2 Most frequent diagnoses, disease severity and disease-duration in the study population of older adults (> 70 years) under homeopathic treatment Table 3 Outcome: Complaints, effect size, quality of life (estimated means and confidence intervals from the statistical model) in the study sample of older adults (> 70 years) under homeopathic treatment a Complaints = Patients' Assessment; b Diagnoses = Physicians' Assessment c p-values and confidence intervals were multiply adjusted to maintain an overall level of significance of 5%. However, due to the nature of this study they should only be interpreted as exploratory. NRS = Numerical Rating Scale: 10 = maximum, 0 = no complaints. Negative change in NRS indicates improvement. Positive quality of life change indicates improvement. Absolute effect size > 0.8, large; > 0.5, medium; > 0.2, small. 4.6 (4.0-5.1) at 24 months. The physicians' assessments of diagnoses showed a more optimistic course for the long term, decreasing from 6.6 (6.0-7.1) to 3.7 (3.2-4.3; p < 0.001) (Table 3, Figure 2). Small but significant improvements in quality of life were observed on the SF-36 mental component scale during the first three months of treatment (p = 0.036). This significance however vanished if regression-to-the-mean was accounted for (p = 0.062, Mee-Chua-test). Overall the quality of life remained stable within the 24 months observation period. (Table 3). Again, no treatment effects could be confirmed that exceeded regression-to-the-mean effects (all p > 0.1). Discussion In a prospective multicentre observational study with qualified homeopathic physicians in daily practice, we documented the homeopathic and conventional treatment with its outcome in 83 elderly patients over 24 months. The study provided information on the course of disease in elderly patients receiving homeopathic treatment, as assessed by both patients and physicians. Patient and physician assessments of the severity of the complaints consistently demonstrated substantial improvements following homeopathic treatment, which were maintained through 24 months of follow up. Overall . the quality of life and the number of medicines taken remained stable within the 24 months observation period. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to systematically evaluate the range of diagnoses and therapies in classical homeopathic medical practices in Germany and Switzerland in patients over 70 years old. A strength of this study is that patients with all diagnoses were included. Therefore, no disease-specific measurement instruments could be used. To assess the severity of different medical complaints, there is no other generally accepted measuring instrument available. Instead numerical rating scales [12] were applied, which would allow for the determination of the severity of the complaint in a diagnosis-independent manner. However, our data may be helpful in the planning of further research on homeopathy including randomized clinical trials on the effectiveness of individually chosen homeopathic remedies. These trials however should include tailored instruments which measure treatment effects more specifically than the rather global measures we employed in this study. Our study was not designed to assess the effectiveness of the homeopathic remedies, therefore the chosen methodology did not include a control group, randomization or blinding and patients could use additional conventional therapies. Thus, the observed improvement can be attributed to a wide range of possible reasons as it is known for complex interventions. Our findings might indicate that homeopathic medical therapy may play a beneficial role in the long-term care of older adults with chronic diseases and studies on comparative effectiveness are needed to evaluate this hypothesis. There might be some selection bias because the homeopaths belong to a group using only classical homeopathy. Other forms of homeopathy, for example, clinical homeopathy are more focused on the primary disease symptoms, treat more often acute diseases and have shorter case taking and use a smaller range of homeopathic drugs. In addition information bias might be possible because we follow the assumption that missing values are per random, this might result in a underestimation or overestimation of effect. A further limitation of our study might be that 65.1% of our elderly patients had a strong belief in homoeopathy. This might have triggered the therapeutic outcome due to high therapeutic expectations. It is of special note that in this study the average severity of the chronic diseases was reduced by approximately 30% after only three months of homeopathic treatment, and remained at about this level during the follow-up period. Physician assessments tended to be more positive than patient assessments. This is supported by the fact that patients did not visit the study physicians when they were feeling their worst, but rather after a long waiting period. The interpretation of our quality of life results is difficult. The SF-36 baseline values of our homeopathic patients were lower than in the German normal population of the same age group (physical component score - difference: 1.5 and mental component score: 6.2) [13]. In the German population SF-36 values for physical and mental component score decrease with increasing age [13]. Based on this the absence of a decrease in quality of life in our elderly patients might be interpreted in a positive way. We were unable to confirm the common notion that homeopathy is frequently used for trivial complaints or diseases. The duration of disease in our study patients was very long and their symptoms were, on average, of moderate severity. The spectrum of complaints is clearly age-related and differs from the total sample of all adult patients: in women (n = 2017) the most frequent diagnoses were migraine (9.7%), headache (9.1%), sleep disturbances (7.5%) and eczema (7.3%); in men (n = 834) allergic rhinitis (10.3%), eczema (7.8%), hypertension (7.7%) and sleep disturbances (6.5%) [10]. If we compare our results for elderly patients with other homeopathic outcome studies [9-11,19-21] there is a common and clinically relevant improvement of the severity of complaints for most patients over all agegroups within the first few months of homeopathic treatment. For all 3981 patients in our cohort severity of disease decreased significantly from 6.2 (SD ± 1.7) to 3.0 (± 2.2), the initial improvement being stable during the 24 month follow-up. Major improvements in quality of life could only be observed in children, but not in adults. In our elderly subgroup we can confirm these results. Conclusion The findings of our study demonstrate that elderly patients who seek homeopathic treatment are primarily those suffering from long-standing, chronic disease. The severity of complaints decreased markedly in the first 3 months of treatment. However, the quality of life remained stable. Our findings might indicate that homeopathic medical therapy may play a beneficial role in the long-term care of older adults with chronic diseases and studies on comparative effectiveness are needed to evaluate this hypothesis. Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant from the Karl and Veronica Carstens Foundation, Essen, Germany. We thank all participating physicians and patients. Author details 1 Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Luisenstr. 57, D-10017 Berlin, Germany. 2 Karl und Veronica Carstens Foundation, Am Deimelsberg 36, D-45276 Essen, Germany. Authors' contributions MT participated in the interpretation of the results and drafted the manuscript. RL participated in its design and performed the statistical analysis. KS participated in the interpretation of the results. SW conceived the study, participated in its design and statistical analysis and had the overall scientific responsibility. CW participated in the design of the study, coordination and statistical analysis. All authors helped to draft the manuscript, read and approved the final version. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 26 June 2009 Accepted: 22 February 2010 Published: 22 February 2010 References 1. Jonas W, Jacobs J: Healing With Homeopathy New York: Warner Books 1996. 2. Linde K, Clausius N, Ramirez G, Melchart D, Eitel F, Hedges LV, Jonas WB: Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 1997, 350:834-843. 3. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC: Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 19901997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998, 280:1569-1575. 4. Härtel U, Volger E: Inanspruchnahme und Akzeptanz von klassischen Naturheilverfahren und alternativen Heilmethoden in Deutschland. Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstudie. Das Gesundheitswesen 2003, 65:A35. 5. Ness J, Cirillo DJ, Weir DR, Nisly NL, Wallace RB: Use of complementary medicine in older americans: results from the health and retirement study. Gerontologist 2005, 45(4):516-524. 6. Marstedt G, Moebus S: Gesundheitsberichtserstattung des Bundes Inanspruchnahme alternativer Methoden in der Medizin. Heft 9 Berlin: Robert Koch Institut 2002. 7. Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach: Naturheilmittel 2002, wichtige Erkenntnisse aus Allenspacher Trendstudien. IFD-Umfrage 7016, Allensbacher Archiv Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach 2002http://www.ifd-allensbach.de. 8. Cheung CK, Wyman JF, Halcon LL: Use of complementary and alternative therapies in community-dwelling older adults. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2007, 13(9):997-1006. 9. Becker-Witt C, Lüdtke R, Weißhuhn TER, Willich SN: Diagnoses and treatment in homeopathic medical practice. Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd 2004, 11(2):98-103. 10. Witt CM, Lüdtke R, Baur R, Willich S: Homeopathic medical practice: longterm results of a cohort study with 3981 patients. BMC Public Health 2005, 3(5):115. 11. Witt C, Lüdtke R, Willich SN: Effect size in patients treated by homeopathy differs according to diagnosis - results of an observational study. Perfusion 2005, 18:356-360. 12. Huskisson EC, Scott J: VAS Visuelle Analog-Skalen; auch VAPS Visual Analogue Pain Scales, NRS Numerische Rating-Skalen; Mod. Kategorialskalen. Handbuch psychosozialer Meßinstrumente - ein Kompendium für epidemiologische und klinische Forschung zu chronischer Krankheit Göttingen: HogrefeWesthoff G 1993, 881-885. 13. Bullinger M, Kirchberger I: SF-36 Fragebogen zum Gesundheitszustand. Handbuch für die deutschsprachige Fragebogenversion Göttingen: Hogrefe 1998. 14. Rubin DB: Multiple Imputation for Nonresponsense in Surveys John Wiley & Sons: New York 1987. 15. Diggle PJ, Liang KY, Zeger SL: Analysis of Longitudinal Data Clarendon Press: Oxford 1994. 16. Barnett AG, Pols van der JC, Dobson AJ: Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it. Int J Epidemiol 2005, 34:215-220. 17. Mee R, Chua T: Regression Toward the Mean and the Paired Sample t test. Am Statistician 1991, 45:39-42. 18. Holm S: A simple sequentially rejective Bonferroni test procedure. Scand J Stat 1979, 6:65-70. 19. Spence DS, Thompson EA, Barron SJ: Homeopathic treatment for chronic disease: A 6-year, university-hospital outpatient observational study. J Altern Complement Med 2005, 11(5):793-798. 20. Mathie RT, Robinson TW: Outcomes from homeopathic prescribing in medical practice: A prospective, research targeted, pilot study. Homeopathy 2006, 95:199-205. 21. Thompson EA, Mathie RT, Baitson ES, Barron SJ, Berkovitz SR, Brands M, Fisher P, Kirby TM, Leckridge RW, Mercer SW, Nielsen HJ, Ratsey DH, Reilly D, Roniger H, Whitmarsh TE: Towards standard setting for patientreported outcomes in the NHS homeopathic hospitals. Homeopathy 2008, 97(3):114-121. Pre-publication history The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www. biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/10/10/prepub doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-10 Cite this article as: Teut et al.: Homeopathic treatment of elderly patients - a prospective observational study with follow-up over a two year period. BMC Geriatrics 2010 10:10. 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Used Sail Agency Sellers Form www.cjmarine.co.uk Sellers Form If you wish to see our extensive sail list or wish to receive more information regarding the selling of used sails, please fully complete and return the relevant attached forms. Accurate completion of all information will speed up our response time. Name: ____________________________ Address: ____________________________ Post Code: _________________________ Tel: _______________________________ Mobile: _____________________________ E-Mail: _____________________________ Fax: _______________________________ Yacht Type: _________________________ Yacht Name: ________________________ Yacht Location: _____________________ Pontoon / Berth No.: ________________ Please give the details of sail(s) Total number of sails to sell: _______ ☐ Mainsail ☐ Genoa ☐ Jib ☐ Cruising Chute ☐ Spinnaker Other _________________________________________________________ Please return this form to: Used Sail Agency - C&J Marine Ltd, Clay Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 3IG or save as an attachment and email to email@example.com Registered in England No. 4666055 VAT No. GB 543 817631 www.cjmarine.co.uk	<urn:uuid:ab271200-f1b5-45e7-a1dd-efdc5dc8ab98>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	http://cjmarine.co.uk/content/InfoSheets/usa_sellers_pack.pdf	2018-08-17T17:04:22Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212639.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817163057-20180817183057-00704.warc.gz	87,749,446	261	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.951537	eng_Latn	0.955405	[ "unknown", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 50, 1170 ]
Statement of reasons for delay in laying the Annual Report and Audited Accounts of National Centre for Cold-chain Development (NCCD) during the year 2012-13 NCCD was registered under Societies Registration Act 1860 on 27-1-2011 and structured to operate in Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) mode with stakeholders as members of the society. After approval by Cabinet on 09-2-2012, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation provided a one-time grant of Rs. 25 crore for establishing a Corpus of same amount, so that interest income accruing there from, and other income generated by NCCD from fees and charges for services rendered will be used to meet its administrative, personnel and other costs, as decided by its General Council. NCCD was so structured such that there is no further cost on account of its operation and maintenance on Government. As per provision of GFR the Annual Report and Audited Accounts of Societies registered under the Registration of Societies Act, 1860, receiving one time assistance /non-recurring grant of Rs. 50.00 lakhs and above should be laid on the Table of the House within nine months of the close of succeeding financial year of the grantee organization. Thus the Annual Report and Audited Accounts of NCCD were required to be laid on the Table of both the Houses of Parliament by December, 2013. However, the Annual Report for the year 2012-13 were submitted to the Department on 13.12.2017 by NCCD. The Annual Report and Audited Accounts required the approval of Governing Council of NCCD as per the Memorandum of Association of NCCD. The GC approved the Annual Report and Audited Account in its third meeting held on 21.12.2018. Thereafter the annual report and audited accounts were got translated and printed which took some time. Hence, there has been delay in laying the Annual report and Audited Accounts on the Table of the House. The delay may please be condoned. GOVERNMENT’S REVIEW OF THE PROGRAMMES OF NATIONAL CENTRE FOR COLD-CHAIN DEVELOPMENT (NCCD) DURING THE YEAR 2012-13. NCCD was registered under Societies Registration Act 1860 on 27-1-2011 and structured to operate in Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) mode with stakeholders as members of the society. After approval by Cabinet on 09-2-2012, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation provided a one-time grant of Rs. 25 crore for establishing a Corpus of same amount, so that interest income accruing there from, and other income generated by NCCD from fees and charges for services rendered will be used to meet its administrative, personnel and other costs, as decided by its General Council. NCCD was so structured such that there is no further cost on account of its operation and maintenance on Government. The accounts for financial year 2012-13 were audited in 2014 by chartered accountants empanelled for the purpose with office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, M/s Umesh Babu Agarwal. Summary of Income and Expenditure account for financial year 2012-13 is as follows: \| Item \| Rs in lakh \| \|-------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Income from interest and others \| 186.98 \| \| Less: Administrative expenses \| 12.00 \| \| Excess of income over expenditure \| 174.98 \| \| Less: Income tax provision \| 46.07 \| \| Balance transferred to General Reserve \| 128.91 \| \| Total \| 174.98 \| Shri Shailendra Kumar, Director (DAC) was appointed as Director NCCD, in March 2012 and held the post up to January 2013. Shri Sanjeev Chopra, Joint Secretary (NHM) took additional charge as Director, NCCD from February 2013. In April 2012, Shri P. Kohli, a cold-chain professional from industry, was invited to provide pro bono support to incubate the centre. In September-2012 he was officially associated as Chief Advisor to assist in operationalising NCCD. Thereafter, two support assistants and one Accounts Officer were hired in October/November 2012. NCCD was allotted room 645, A-Wing, Nirman Bhawan in November 2012 to establish a functional office. The staffing levels are minimal with dedicated staff strength of three, on contractual terms and conditions. Review of activities and achievements - A Roadmap document was prepared in consultation with multiple stakeholders from government and private sector in 2012. - A dedicated cell was set up initially, housed under Ministry of Agriculture, at Nirman Bhawan with a small team of a professional consultant(s) and two support staff. The professional consultant(s) and support staff were sourced through advertising and due selection process. - The membership criteria of NCCD was revised and made open-ended in January 2013 to broaden the scope of private industry & stakeholder participation. - NCCD has been involved in various stakeholder meetings including the organising a conclave on refrigerated transport with stakeholders from the logistics sector. NCCD has been providing regular inputs on policy and existing intervention on cold-chain development to Department of Agriculture & Cooperation. - Cemafroid of France invited NCCD to enter into an MoU for collaboration in the field of cold-chain. This MoU was signed on 02-04-2013, when NCCD was invited to make the inaugural address as guest of honour to the International Cold-chain and Sustainability conference in Paris. Subsequently the French Ministry of Agriculture has propositioned a subsidy for the training initiatives with NCCD, as framework to advance Indo-France collaboration. - In this period NCCD was invited to take part in five investment roundtables by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industries.	<urn:uuid:0d301a06-fe8f-4991-a58c-594934f3fd30>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	http://nccd.gov.in/PDF/Delay%20Report%202012-13%20Eng.pdf	2023-12-10T19:29:47+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-50/subset=warc/part-00039-e565b809-b335-4c1d-90fd-54a9a2b7113d.c000.gz.parquet	27,335,242	1,251	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.994762	eng_Latn	0.995327	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 1915, 4040, 5772 ]
Dualities, Intersections and Convergences: Contemporary Art and (POP)ular Cultures 1 Carlos Augusto Ribeiro Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição (FCSH-NOVA) In modernity, folk art is seen as a timeless art, traditional, of local slant and associated with obsolete oral forms, crafts and handmade. Unlike mass culture, imposed from above, folk art flourishes from below. Beyond a popular culture (pre‐modern "relic" to be safeguarded of the erosion caused by modernisation) in opposition to kitsch, there is still a vanguard established in the criticism and in the expansion of its own frontiers, through the appropriation of elements of non‐western cultures, incorporating elements from folklore (local) or the urban and global culture. The logic of intersections or of convergences overcomes oppositions. In the historical context of economic and cultural globalisation and the intensification of mobility of people, making two‐sided the process of appropriation of the cultural difference, there is a deep connection between the folk art (intertwined with the current culture of the masses) and the contemporary art. Keywords:Popular Culture; Kitsch;Camp; Avant‐Garde; Modernism. The traditional folk art was a living presence in the European villages and cities until the end of the 18th century. However, the first decades of the 19th century came to mark its progressive decline, or, at least, a covert and anonymous existence. The technological revolution in general – associated with the phenomena of rural immigration to cities, the rise of the middle class – dealt the fatal blow. century concept of folklore theorized within a specific historical, political and aesthetic context: the development of nationalism and Romanticism. In this period, it appears inseparable from the concept of people (folk) as an outsider entity (beyond class divisions) and the nerve centre of a creative collective soul. There is a tendency to see folk art as a timeless art, traditional, of local slant, associated with obsolete oral forms, crafts and handmade, limited to a rural style of life and environment. Expression of a cultural identity, by conveying the aesthetics and values of a community, the folk art arises – in contrast to the classical art – associated with the rough, handmade and household. This design derives from an 18th In the late 18th century, the contestation to the rationalism of the Enlightenment entailed assigning the source of artistic and literary creativity to irresistible emotional forces, to nature, to the inner need of the artist, rather than to the skill and knowledge acquired through education and imitation. Qualifying of futile the conventional artistic education, Philipp Otto Runge wrote in a letter of 1802: "We must become children again if we want to attain the best" 1 This text refers to the lecture given at the International Colloquium «We Are The Folk: Rethinking Folklore in the Twenty‐First Century», IELT – Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto Franco‐Português, 22nd October 2014. (Eitner, 1990: 53). In the 20th century Picasso (but not him alone) has fulfilled this goal. Along with the child, the uneducated peasant is often seen as the depositary of an authentic expression of feeling (guardian of a vigorous natural creativity) sealed to academics or to individuals too immersed on the crippled artifices of modern culture. In contrast with other types of art, folk art would be a natural phenomenon as opposed to the manufactured; its (alleged) anonymity would be the proof of a spontaneous creation that emanated from a mysterious community devoid of individuality or consciousness. Folk art would be the product of a collective need in time that there was not a ruling class, yet, and there were not folk people as its antithesis; nor a society whose power and resources were distributed on a non‐equitable way and structured around lines of conflicting interests. The art would be the expression of a relatively homogenous group. The Romantic protest against the capitalist alienation would be based on the search of a lost unity and a synthesis of the personality and the collective (Fisher, 2010: 74‐75). Discontent fed the dissent manifested throughout the 19th century, bound by the same trend: opposition towards the dominant erudite art and the existing social order. It advocated the need of returning to healthier origins: to the primitive past of mankind (primitive ethnicity and folklore tradition), to the innocence of childhood, or to the incorruptibility of the common people. An identical aversion characterized the modernism/avant‐garde movements (20th century), which resulted in tolerance or inclination towards ingenuity in the expression, awkwardness in the execution, originality of the form valued as signs of authenticity (Eitner, 1990). The development of modern art is associated with a pronounced "preference for the primitive" (Gombrich, 2002: 214‐225) 2 , which manifested itself through the appropriation of elements of non‐western cultures, incorporating elements of folklore (local) and elements of the popular culture of the urban masses. A legacy reinforced by artists that, drawing on their specific cultural heritage, renewed traditional expressions. Examples: Kandinsky'sBlue Ridercover of the homonymous almanac in 1912, inspired by folk images of S. Jorge; Expressionism; Russian art, incorporating manifestations of folk art in modern movements, Byzantine icons and infantile drawings (Goncharova) and popular brochures (Larionov); Paul Klee interest for folklore led him to build 55 hand puppets for his child, 1916‐25;Art Brut, valued by Dubuffet because it exemplifies an artistic operation, pure and faithful to the innermost impulses of the artist; CoBRa, interested in the folk traditions of Northern Europe, either existing or missing; the decorative claimed by the group Pattern & Decoration – traditionally relegated by western culture to a mere handicraft, feminine and domestic – through the use of decorative patterns of different cultures of the globe, materials and techniques (fabric and sewing). But also: the interest by Gauguin of Britain's folk culture and the admiration for the naïve Rousseau. Preference for the primitive has worked also as an antidote to the kitsch in the field of art. In a famous essay, "Avant‐Garde and Kitsch", Clement Greenberg focuses his attention on the material and social crisis caused by an industry producing shams of art that threat with extinction the traditional forms of culture (Greenberg, 1939: 21‐33). Greenberg distinguishes rural popular culture (folk), a kind of pre‐modern relic, from mass‐culture – a kitsch phenomenon: kingdom of rough‐made, artefacts of lower quality. Sharing some connotations of the 18 th century folklore (namely: rurality, illiteracy, authenticity, handmade, simplicity 2The translation of the titles of publications and citations present in this paper are responsibility of the author. of life), Greenberg considers that folklore – decayed cultural heritage – is doomed to languish on vulgarity and pretence, until it disappears entirely, inevitably replaced by kitsch. I.e.: for a culture that is destined for consumption of the masses, imposed from above, that does not respect geographical and cultural borders and which does not presume, just like folk art and traditional erudite art (the traditional humanistic culture), the existence of an integrated culture. In order to not be sacrificed the continuity and stability of high culture and art (his real concern) would be by responding to two dangers brought about by industrialisation: kitsch (the society of consumption, mass culture, dependent on the technological revolution) and the renewed Academy (specialized in the incorporation of official innovation, in to article of luxury or in means of state or business shows). What is required is to save "culture" and "art". From his perspective, the quality is safeguarded, exclusively, by the modernist remains of the traditional high culture. The defence of the tradition of high art presupposes, according to Greenberg, the defence of elitism, the defence of the aesthetic taste, and also, the separation between art and praxis, and between the aesthetic and the quotidian. Precisely: an opposition to popular art, integrated in the praxis (such as it happens, after all, with the mass‐media popular arts, even though he does not admit it). In relation to Greenberg's dualism, set between mass culture and the modernist avant‐garde, the modernist artist discovers himself (and shows it) in the role of an uncompromising guardian of the boundaries of the two spheres. Mass culture is experienced as a constant pressure intended to restrict the creative freedom. Modernism reveals itself as an effect of mass culture. The role of the avant‐garde becomes in this way redefined as a radical art, as opposed (implicitly or explicitly) to the dominant class of society, foreign to popular taste, and whose audience belongs to a small (distinctive) elite of the dominant class, deeply connected by a golden umbilical cord. Valuing originality and difficulty, modernism appeals to a minority, whilst governments (for practical and ideological reasons) are populists. Popular culture is accused of being a socio‐cultural and political of pernicious influence (illusory satisfaction) at the service of mere mercantile and manipulative interests; of being emotional, intellectual and culturally destructive (sublimed substitute); to be the cause of impoverishment and cultural degradation by means of homogeneous products, stereotyped and aesthetically inferior, moulded to the amusement of a large audience of passive consumers (the masses), unskilled and apathetic. Since it is dependent on modern technologies and by consequence devoid of individualized or distinctive expressiveness, the art of the masses could not express (such as folk art) the vision and the distinct modes of being of a people. The description of popular culture made by its antagonist's sins, however, by the exaggeration in the caricature. Instead of forming a homogeneous mass of social automata, mass mediaforms a mobile constellation of multiple groups whose programs' assessment corresponds to their social experience. In reality, popular culture is deeply contradictory in societies whose power are unequally distributed (as it does in the industrial society) depending on class, gender, ethnicity, and other categories that contribute to the sense of social differences. The public is structured in groups of different tastes, reflecting the ideologies and assorted socio‐cultural styles, employing multiple interpretive strategies in reading the texts of popular art in order to adjust them to become more relevant and satisfactory to their particular social situation. According to John Fiske, since an authentic folk art does not exist as an alternative in an industrial society, popular culture is necessarily the art by which the subordinate makes their own culture from the resources and commodities provided by the dominant system that subdues them. In a capitalist society, popular culture is contradictory, allows the joint expression of domination and subordination, power and resistance. Against the strategy of the powerful, the art of the weak develops a tactic of guerrilla warfare before the dominant ideology (Fiske, 1989: 19). The thesis of the supposed extinction of folk culture in industrial societies should be disproved: some of the forms of folklore have vanished and were subsequently re‐created (revival), others survived or were invented (fakelore). They are not confined to the rural areas, to the illiteracy in the literate society or a low stratum of society (Dundes, 1989: 1‐35). They exist on numerous and multiple ways, transversal to all strata of society, provided the sharing of a common identity factor (for example: the subculture of Star Trek fans, the Trekkies). Since the beginnings of the avant‐garde art, founded in the critique and in the expansion of its own borders, there is a continuous involvement in avant‐garde / modernism with the materials of the low culture or mass culture through the discovery, renewal and reinvention of forms of non‐artistic expressivity and display (Thomas and Crow, 1983: 233‐265). Before the emergence of Pop Art, the appropriation of waste materials, devalued or marginal, by modernist art was intended to be merely tactical, extrinsic and imminently disposable. It was under these circumstances that the culture of the masses was introduced into the high art (avant‐garde); for example: the Gauloises packet of certain collages from R. Motherwell and the elements of advertising in the paintings of Stuart Davis or E. Hopper. On the contrary, Pop art is unconcerned by the toxic domain of kitsch, betraying to a certain extent a sensitivecamp(a renovated dandy style, connoisseur of vulgarity in the age of mass culture). Pop art is founded in the commercial art and in the uplifting of their products (illustrations, labels, package design, posters). At the same period, Lawrence Alloway enhanced popular arts (pop culture industrially produced and internationalized) and not exclusively works that used popular culture as serious arts. He commended to their democratic element, the resourceful adaptation to the technological and economic changes in society and the stylistic, technologic and iconographic anti‐academicism (Alloway, 1958: 702). He suppressed the anathema that confronted popular culture: of being seen as not 4 serious, merely fun and evasion. To a questionnaire, Mike Kelly stated that one definition of contemporary "folk art" necessarily implies the loss of certain historical past associations (such as the "handmade") that had sustained its nostalgic investment. The nostalgia demonstrates that the mass culture of today is the folk art of the future. Hence, discounting the idea of nostalgia, the current culture of the masses would be already a folk art (Kelly, 2001: 148). Pop Art is defined by the transfiguration of the emblems of popular culture in high art (Danto, 2000: 1997). The popularity of Pop art is due to the celebration and transfiguration of a type of items that matter to most people – the most ordinary objects of more trivial lives – elevated to the status of subjects of high art. In this sense, we are witnessing the blurring of the oppositions: high culture / low culture; avant‐ garde / kitsch; folk art (popular and traditional culture) / mass culture (pop culture). The avant‐garde strategy of redemption of old forms of kitsch (camp) can accommodate a process of kitschification of avant‐garde (an alliance of commercialism, with an appearance of avant‐ gardism). To conclude, we have selected three contemporary artists whose works exemplify the deep connection with folk art, intertwined and crossed with mass culture. Pursuing the line developed by Marcel Duchamp and Andy Warhol, Jeff Koons (post‐artist) operates the convergence of taste of (neo‐) avant‐garde and kitsch, upon the completion of works in which the handmade (though delegated) and craft are revalued and the demoralised models from a popular art (sold in airport shops) are reconstituted and broaden. The barrier between Pop culture and high art that transfigures it does not disappear with Jeff Koons, despite the desire to counterbalance the identification of art with the refined aesthetic taste of single socio‐cultural elite. It recognizes the legitimacy of the aesthetics of cultural products, produced by the arts of mass‐media, as they are appreciated by all classes. Result: a kitsch for the rich and a kitsch for the poor? The paintings of Beatriz Milhazes boast a vast repertoire of images, motifs and compositions. Elements of Brazilian culture (forms inspired by the Baroque; vernacular decorative shapes – carnival, folk art) are combined with geometric abstract art from Mondrian or from Op Art (Bridget Riley). Past and present, abstraction and figuration (geometric patterns with motifs of fauna and flora) live together in a painting made of dense and layered juxtapositions. It is featured by the visual exuberance and exultation of the senses – due to the density, concentration and the dynamic balance of the various elements, pictorial methods and disciplines (lace, embroidery, fabrics and jewellery). Jeremy Deller and Alan Kane created theFolk Archive (1999‐2005), a collection of examples (objects and photos) of contemporary popular art (folkloric) in the United Kingdom. Each piece was created to convey a particular message, convey an emotion, or to meet a specific purpose. The mentioned file includes: old and modern relics of festivities and celebrations; ignored achievements by Cafe owners and prisoners; vans for mobile sales; painted eggs; painted or embroidered banners by Ed Hall, ubiquitous in trade union marches and in political demonstrations throughout the country; the attire used by men in wrestling games, richly embroidered by hand with floral motifs (Cumberland and Westmoreland) in the context of a festival (that dates back to 1387), held in a small community and which has a series of parades and contests. Nevertheless, beyond long standing traditions (rural), the culture of folk/pop is present (memorial to princess Diana, a painting of "The Simpsons"; customized motorcycle helmets and birthday messages; pin cushion in the shape of an ambulance of St. John, and flower arrangements). The logic of intersections, or convergence, overcomes antagonisms. The historical context of economic and cultural globalisation (matching culture and economy), as well as the intensification of mobility of people (tourists, travellers, expatriates, emigrants, people whose geographical mobility and professional culture allows them to travel – with relative resourcefulness – by/in diverse cultures, locations, intellectual, cosmopolitan and cultural mediators), makes two‐sided the process of appropriation of cultural difference. There is a deep connection between folk art (re‐created by and crossed with the current mass culture) and the contemporary art. References - ALLOWAY, Lawrence (1958). "The Arts and the Mass Media" in HARRISON, C. & WOOD, P. (ed.),Art in Theory 1900‐1990 – An Anthology of Changing Ideas. Oxford / Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. pp. 700‐703 - CROW, Thomas (1983). "Modernism and Mass Culture in the Visual Arts" in FRASCINA F.,Pollock and After – The Critical Debate. London: Harper & Row, 1985. pp. 233‐266 - DANTO, Arthur (2000). "Le Pop Art et les Futurs Passés" inL'Art Contemporain et la cloture de l'Histoire. Paris: Seuil. pp. 177‐ 198 - DUNDES, Alan (1989). "Defining Identity Through Folklore" inFolklore Matters. Knoxville: Tennessee Press. - EITNER, Lorenz (1990). "Subjects from Common Life in the Real Language of Men: Popular Art and Modern Tradition in Nineteenth‐Century French Painting" in VARNEDOE, K. & GOPNIK, A.,Modern Art and Popular Culture – Readings in High & Low. New York: Museum of Modern Art. pp. 52‐81 - FISKE, John (1989).Understanding Popular Culture. London & New York: Routledge. - FISHER, Ernst (2010). "Art and Capitalism" inThe Necessity of Art. London & New York: Verso. pp. 60‐132 - GOMBRICH, E.H. (2002).The Preference for the Primitive – Episodes in the History of Western Taste and Art. London & New York: Phaidon. - GREENBERG , Clement (1939). "Avant‐Garde and Kitsch" in FRASCINA F. (ed),Pollock and After – The Critical Debate. London: Harper & Row. pp. 21‐33 - KELLY, Mike (2001). "On Folk Art" in WELCHMAN, John C. (ed) (2004):Mike Kelly: Minor Histories – Statements, Conversations, Proposals. Cambridge / Massachusetts: MIT Press. 5	<urn:uuid:ffac5ee7-3fd9-4881-aae4-e509c3892b21>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://memoriamedia.net/pdfarticles/EN_MEMORIAMEDIA_REVIEW_Dualities.pdf	2018-01-18T21:14:58Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887621.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118210638-20180118230638-00733.warc.gz	216,583,648	7,013	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.986327	eng_Latn	0.993451	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3195, 7291, 11981, 16492, 20686 ]
No. RITES/CO/VIG/VAW/2020/G-46/ Dated: 27.10.2020 Subject: Vigilance Awareness Week-2020. At the outset of the Vigilance Awareness Week, the Central Vigilance Commission has launched a new initiative for citizens to suggest systemic improvement in Central Government Organisation. These suggestions may be sent directly to the Central Vigilance Commission from 27.10.2020 to 14.11.2020 by email (email@example.com) or telephone (011-24651632). Citizens may also give suggestions to CVO/RITES directly. The copy of the press note released by the Commission on the Vigilance Awareness Week 2020 is attached. ALL SBU Heads are requested to bring the above to the notice of employees working under them. (रजनीश आहूजा) समूह महाप्रबंधक/सतर्कता Encl: As above Copy to: 1. Secy. To CMD, DP, DF & DT 2. All Divisional Heads 3. All SBU-Heads 4. GM/IT – for up-loading on RITES Website under Vigilance corner The Central Vigilance Commission observes the Vigilance Awareness Week from 27th October to 2nd November, 2020. This is observed every year during the week in which the birthday of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31st October) falls. This awareness week campaign affirms our commitment to promotion of integrity and probity in public life through citizen participation. 2. In 2020, the Vigilance Awareness Week is being observed from 27th October to 2nd November, 2020 with the theme “सतर्कभारत ,समुद्रभारत - Satark Bharat, Samriddh Bharat (Vigilant India, Prosperous India)”. This theme was finalized after putting the suggestive themes on the website and obtaining the opinion of Chief Vigilance Officers on the proposed theme for the year. 3. Central Bureau of Investigation is hosting a National Conference on Vigilance and Anti-Corruption (27th - 29th October, 2020) which will be addressed by Shri Narendra Modi, Hon’ble Prime Minister on 27.10.2020 at 5 p.m. during the Vigilance Awareness Week which will be webcast live and all organizations / departments of Central Government may watch the live webcast. 4. All Organizations have been advised to strictly adhere to extant Covid-19 prevention guidelines such as wearing masks, ‘Do GajkiDoor’ and washing one’s hands at all locations and events. In addition, all Organizations have been directed to strictly adhere to the economy measures issued by the Ministry of Finance vide the Department of Expenditure OM No. 7(2)E. Coord/2020 dated 4.9.2020. 5. The Commission believes that corruption is a major hindrance to the progress of the nation. All sections of society need to be vigilant in order to uphold integrity in all aspects of our national life. 6. The Commission desires that all organisations focus on internal (housekeeping) activities which are to be taken up in campaign mode as part of the Vigilance Awareness Week this year. This includes improvement of internal processes, time bound disposal of work and systemic improvements leveraging technology. Commission emphasises making all processes transparent including payment to outsourced workers, house allotments, updation and digitization of assets including land records, condemnation of old furniture and weeding out old records following prescribed procedures/extant rules. 7. Organisations have been advised to identify and implement systemic improvements within their organisations. They may then upload them on their organisation’s website in the public domain. This may be sent to the CVC in order to ensure wider dissemination of the systemic improvements and good governance measures. 8. Preventive Vigilance module has been included in the training curriculum for foundation training course of probationary officers of Banks and some other cadres such as scientists. The Mid-Career Training Programme for middle level officers of the organised Group A services under various Ministries of the Government of India also includes a module on Preventive Vigilance. Visit to Institutes of Excellence, village visit etc. have been added to modulate the behaviour of government officials towards integrity and transparency and to bring about attitudinal change. 9. All employees are requested to take the Integrity Pledge circulated by the Commission. All persons with whom the organization deals with such as vendors, suppliers, contractors, etc. are also requested to take the pledge. 10. The Commission has requested all Central Government Ministries / Organizations to conduct activities relevant to the theme both within their organization, and outreach activities for public/citizens: a) Use organizational website for dissemination of employees/ customer oriented information and to make available avenues for redressal of grievances. b) Organisations to conduct various outreach activities for dissemination of anti corruption message and stressing the necessity of vigilant India as essential for a prosperous India. Online modes to be extensively used. c) Extensive use of social media platforms, bulk SMS/E-mail, Whatsapp, electronic and print media etc. for spreading awareness. केन्द्रीय सतर्कता आयोग प्रेस नोट सतर्कता जागरूकता सप्ताह 2020 केन्द्रीय सतर्कता आयोग 27 अक्टूबर से 2 नवंबर, 2020 तक सतर्कता जागरूकता सप्ताह का अनुपालन कर रहा है। सतर्कता जागरूकता सप्ताह प्रत्येक वर्ष उस सप्ताह के दौरान मनाया जाता है जिसमें सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल (31 अक्टूबर) का जन्मदिन आता है। नागरिक भागीदारी के माध्यम से सार्वजनिक जीवन में ईमानदारी तथा सत्यनिष्ठा को बढ़ावा देने के लिए, यह जागरूकता सप्ताह हमारी प्रतिबद्धता की पुष्टि करता है। 2. वर्ष 2020 में, सतर्कता जागरूकता सप्ताह 27 अक्टूबर से 2 नवंबर, 2020 तक "सतर्क भारत, समृद्ध भारत - Satark Bharat, Samriddh Bharat" विषय के साथ मनाया जा रहा है। वेबसाइट पर अर्थग्रंथित विषयों को डालने तथा प्रस्तावित विषय पर मुख्य सतर्कता अधिकारियों की राय प्राप्त करने के बाद इस वर्ष इस विषय को चुना गया है। 3. केन्द्रीय अन्वेषण व्यूरो, सतर्कता और भ्रष्टाचार-विरोध पर एक राष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन (27-29 अक्टूबर, 2020) का आयोजन कर रहा है, जिसे माननीय प्रधानमंत्री, श्री नरेंद्र मोदी सतर्कता जागरूकता सप्ताह के दौरान दिनांक 27.10.2020 को सायं 5 बजे संबोधित करेंगे, जो लाइव वेबकास्ट होगा और इसे केंद्र सरकार के सभी संगठन / विभाग लाइव वेबकास्ट देख सकेंगे। 4. सभी संगठनों को सलाह दी गई है कि वे कोविड -19 निवारण दिशा-निर्देशों का सख्ती से पालन करें जैसे कि सभी स्थानों और कार्यक्रमों में मास्क पहनना, 'दो गज की दूरी' रखना और अपने हाथों को धोना। इसके अतिरिक्त, सभी संगठनों को निर्देश दिया गया है कि व्यय विभाग के दिनांक 04.09.2020 के कार्यालय ज्ञापन संख्या 7[2]ई कॉर्ड/2020 द्वारा वित्त मंत्रालय के माध्यम से जारी अर्थोपाय का सख्ती से अनुपालन करें। 5. आयोग का मानना है कि राष्ट्र की प्रगति में भ्रष्टाचार एक मुख्य बाधा है। समाज के सभी वर्गों को हमारे राष्ट्रीय जीवन में ईमानदारी बनाए रखने के लिए सतर्क रहने की आवश्यकता है। 6. आयोग चाहता है कि सभी संगठन आंतरिक (हाउसकीपिंग) कार्यकलापों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करें, जिन्हें इस वर्ष सतर्कता जागरूकता सप्ताह के भाग के रूप में अभियान विधि में लिया जाना है। इसमें, आंतरिक प्रक्रियाओं में सुधार, कार्यों का समयबद्ध निपटान और प्रौद्योगिकी सशक्तिकरण तथा सर्वांगी सुधार शामिल हैं। आयोग सभी प्रक्रियाओं को पारदर्शी बनाने पर बल देता है जिसमें आउटसोर्स कर्मचारियों का भुगतान, मकान आबंटन, भू-अभिलेख सहित संपत्तियों का अद्यतन और डिजिटलीकरण, पुराने फर्नीचर का निराकरण और निर्धारित प्रक्रियाओं/ वर्तमान नियमों का पालन करते हुए पुराने रिकॉर्ड को नष्ट करना शामिल है। 7. संगठनों को सलाह दी गई हैं कि वे अपने संगठनों के भीतर सर्वांगी सुधारों की पहचान करें और उन्हें कार्यान्वित करें। इसके पश्चात अपने संगठन की वेबसाइट पर लोक क्षेत्र में इसे अपलोड करें। सर्वांगी सुधारों और सुशासन के उपायों के व्यापक प्रसार को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए इसे केन्द्रीय सतर्कता आयोग को भेज सकते हैं। 8. निवारक सतर्कता को बैंकों के परिवेशाधीन अधिकारियों और वैज्ञानिक जैसे कुछ अन्य संर्गों के बुनियादी प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रम के लिए प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यचर्चा में शामिल किया गया है। भारत सरकार के विभिन्न मंत्रालयों के अंतर्गत संगठित समूह "क" सेवा के मध्यम स्तर के अधिकारियों के लिए मिड-कैरियर प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम में निवारक सतर्कता पर एक भाग भी शामिल है। ईमानदारी तथा पारदर्शिता के प्रति सरकारी कर्मचारियों के व्यवहार और उनकी सोच में परिवर्तन लाने के लिए उल्कृष्ट संस्थानों और ग्राम भ्रमण आदि को जोड़ा गया है। 9. सभी कर्मचारियों से अनुरोध है कि वे आयोग द्वारा परिचालित सत्यनिष्ठा प्रतिज्ञा लें। सभी व्यक्ति, जिनके साथ संगठन का संबंध है जैसे विक्रेता, आपूर्तिकर्ता, ठेकेदार, आदि से भी प्रतिज्ञा लेने का अनुरोध किया जाता है। 10. आयोग ने केंद्र सरकार के सभी मंत्रालयों / संगठनों से अनुरोध किया है कि वे अपने संगठन में विषय से संबंधित कार्यकलापों के संचालन के साथ-साथ जनता / नागरिकों के लिए भी विशिष्ट कार्यकलापों का संचालन करें: क) कर्मचारियों / उपभोक्ता अनुकूल जानकारी के प्रसार के लिए संगठनात्मक वेबसाइट का उपयोग करें और शिकायतों के निवारण के लिए उपलब्ध उपायों को सुलभ कराएँ। ख) संगठन, भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी संदेश के प्रसार के लिए विभिन्न विशिष्ट कार्यकलाप आयोजित करें और समृद्ध भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण, सतर्क भारत की आवश्यकता पर बल दें। ऑनलाइन विधि का व्यापक रूप से प्रयोग करें। ग) जागरूकता का प्रसार करने के लिए सोशल मीडिया प्लेटफॉर्म, अधिक संख्या में एसएमएस / ई-मेल, व्हाट्सएप, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और प्रिंट मीडिया आदि का व्यापक उपयोग करें।	<urn:uuid:52c11f38-3632-4dd7-82dc-307254689908>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://ritesinsp.com/rbs/Suggestions-Systemic-Improvements.PDF	2020-12-04T05:17:37+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-50/subset=warc/part-00226-8431e8c9-c763-4c27-b286-ba1dd7e2631e.c000.gz.parquet	459,639,628	3,077	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.496058	hin_Deva	0.804696	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "hin_Deva", "hin_Deva", "hin_Deva" ]	false	docling	[ 904, 3207, 5040, 6525, 8293, 9005 ]
Seize thy chance, for it will come to thee no more! Bahá’u’lláh Seize Thy Chance Destiny is a Choice Have You Made Yours? www.TheKnowledgeOfGod.com Global Perspective www.GlobalPerspective.org A publication of Unity in Diversity, a nonprofit foundation The purpose of this book is to show that: - We are the captain of our soul. We have absolute freedom to choose our eternal spiritual destiny. - We came to this world to learn what God has planned for us and to pursue that plan. - The consequences of either ignoring or pursuing that plan are enormous. - It is of supreme significance to “seize the moment” to learn about God’s plan and to choose our eternal spiritual destiny before our moments are all gone. - What we think and talk about has the potential to turn into reality and transform our life. Seize Thy Chance inspires you to ponder questions that matter most in your life, and yet you may have set them aside for the future, for a time that may never come. It offers new insights to help you make informed decisions about setting priorities in your life. Seize, O friends, the chance which this Day offereth you, and deprive not yourselves of the liberal effusions of His grace. Bahá’u’lláh Seize Thy Chance Copyright © 2011 by Hushidar Hugh Motlagh All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 0937661368 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006924980 The New English Bible (NEB). Copyright © the Delegates of the Oxford University Press and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1961, 1970. Reprinted by permission. Holy Bible, New International Version (NIV). Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984. International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. The Holy Bible, New King James Version (NKJ). Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Cover design by Lori Block. Contents Preface...5 Part I A Sacred and Urgent Invitation to the Peoples of the World 1. The Puzzle...8 2. Freedom of Choice, What Does It Mean?...10 3. The Compatible Software...17 4. A Divine Conductor for a Global Symphony...20 Part II The Walls of Separation and Prejudice Who built them and why? 5. Destiny is a choice...25 6. Breaking Down the Walls of Separation and Prejudice...38 Eternity Lives in This Moment Seize thy chance, for it will come to thee no more.¹ Bahá’u’lláh In the context of eternity, our life span counts for less than a second, and yet we can make that second count more than the eternity that follows it—by the choices we make. All of us have hidden spiritual talents that can create miracles and magic in our lives, yet seldom do we cultivate them. Our negative thoughts about our lack of capacity and unworthiness make us prisoners of our lower selves. We cannot produce honey out of vinegar, no matter how hard we try. If we start with doubt and despair, we end up with doubt and despair. If we begin with hope and faith, we end up with hope and faith. The difference between rain and a rainbow is a little sunlight. Seize Thy Chance can help you discover and blend the sunlight in your soul with the rain in your surroundings to create a beautiful and everlasting rainbow that will encircle your life. The universe is overflowing with the knowledge of the Glory of God. All we need to do is to tune in to that source and experience the ecstasy and exhilaration of bathing in its celestial Splendor. The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Psalms 19:19 Thoughts create decisions, decisions create choices, and choices create the future. This book presents new threads of thoughts with which you can create new patterns of purpose and eventually weave the magic carpet of your destiny. It invites you to take a break from the fast track of your busy schedule and come for a short walk through the rose garden to enjoy the enchanting flowers. Life is brief. The spring does not last forever, the roses do not always stay in bloom; fall and winter are fast approaching. Man is like a breath; his days are like a fleeting shadow. Psalms 144:4 Teach us to count how few days we have and so gain wisdom of heart. Psalms 90:12 Seize thy chance, for it will come to thee no more.² Bahá’u’lláh Seek ye the Lord while He may be found, call ye upon Him while He is near. Isaiah 55:6 While daylight lasts we must carry on the work of him who sent me; night is coming, when no one can work. Christ (John 9:4) Imperishable glory I have chosen for thee…While there is yet time, return, and lose not thy chance.³ Bahá’u’lláh The path to the Kingdom of Heaven is paved with desire, commitment, and determination. Apathy, inaction, doubt, and procrastination are obstacles and traps that prevent you from pursuing your destiny. God extends His hand only to a hand that extends to Him. Love was offered me and I shrank from its disillusionment; sorrow knocked at my door, but I was afraid; ambition called to me, but I dreaded the chances. Yet all the while I hungered for meaning in my life. And now I know that we must lift the sail and catch the winds of destiny… Edgar Masters Part I A Sacred and Urgent Invitation to the Peoples of the World The Puzzle Seize Thy Chance is an attempt to solve this puzzle: Why do so many people fail to choose their destiny? Why do they leave this most fundamental of all choices in their lives to chance, to convenience, or to an unknown ancestor who lived and died long ago? Why do so many ignore, repress, postpone, forget, or avoid this most critical of all decisions? This book shows that the failure to address this question has been extremely costly, not only to the individuals who have failed to take the responsibility, but to the collective destiny of humankind throughout all ages. It has diverted the human potential from peace to prejudice and war, from self-fulfillment to pain and suffering, and from kindness to cruelty and violence. Instead of seeing through their own eyes, instead of investigating the truth for themselves, instead of judging with critical minds, people have simply conformed to the thinking of those around them. They have adopted the prejudices, the illusions, and the distorted views of their ancient ancestors and cultures. They have acted as if hatred is in their genes, and ignorance is in their chromosomes. They have lived as if bigotry is in their blood, their sense of superiority is in their skin, and their desire for segregation is in their cells—not in their souls. Seize Thy Chance shows that we are not slaves to our past, that we hold our destiny in our hand, that we can and must break this destructive and enduring cycle of separation, superiority, and prejudice. Taking time for this most fundamental of all decisions—choosing our everlasting destiny—is not only our sacred duty but our most supreme glory and honor. If we fail to seek and find our destiny in the light of knowledge, we will get lost in the dark spheres of apathy and illusions. This book shows that practicing the principles of spiritual freedom and an independent search for truth are the ultimate remedy, not only for resolving global and political conflicts, but also for fostering self-fulfillment and harmony in the hearts of humankind. Yet despite their supreme significance, these principles are universally ignored. This book offers an insight and understanding into the forces that control us and prevent us from attaining our divine destiny, from manifesting our moral, spiritual, and social potential. It shows that the only way to be a finder is to be a seeker, that the foremost enemy of human happiness is a loss of desire to practice the principles of spiritual freedom and a continuous search for truth and knowledge. It invites the followers and leaders of all faiths to set aside their fears and prejudices, and to communicate with each other in a spirit of humility and understanding. It asks them to abandon their feelings of superiority and to treat one another with reverence and appreciation. It invites them to work together toward the goal of creating a global civilization ruled by justice and blessed with enduring peace and prosperity. Freedom of Choice What Does It Mean? If destiny is a choice, what does the word “choice” mean? To respond to this question, it is best to begin by deciphering the true meaning of its opposite: compulsion or coercion. Consider this example. How many times do you remember responding to a knock on the door from a couple of neatly dressed but uninvited visitors who interrupted your daily routine to “sell” you their special dogmas or brand of truth? And if you talked with them, did you find them open to new ideas? I have spoken with such friendly visitors many a time. Each time I hoped and tried to carry the friendly discussion beyond the primitive level of rote memory, and repetitive and simplistic statements, to a new territory: that of rational thinking and reasoning. But my hopes were always dashed by disappointment because they continued to give the same responses to my questions and challenges: a pre-recorded message that kept repeating itself! I found the friendly but zealous visitors completely closed to new ideas. I could not make even a small dent in their stone-like thinking. They listened to my questions and challenges only to play back their pre-recorded message. Each encounter made me remember the French expression that “the hardest thing to open is a closed mind.” I found the visitors acting like a piece of software with a fixed program. I could detect no compatibility between their pre-recorded version of truth and my questions and challenges. They acted as if a mysterious “virus” had totally scrambled their input and output. Most of them behaved like a finicky eater who has been fed only hot dog, chips, and coke all his life. My basket of fresh fruits could not pique their curiosity. It would not even draw a glance. The friendly visitors showed all the “symptoms” of being infected with raw zeal and instructed by rote learning. And they displayed all the passion of wanting to pass their “symptoms” to someone else! Nevertheless, I always treated them with respect and kindness and gave them credit for their “good will,” for their desire to spread faith, honesty, charity, and love. I found their motives commendable, but not their strategies for testing the truth and spreading knowledge. “Good will” by itself can be deceptive and often difficult to define. Virtually all wars have been waged for the sake of a “good cause.” Each side has edified and glorified his cause, and then justified the demise of his “enemy” for the triumph of truth. “Good will” is good only if it is rooted in reality; if it is sustained by fact rather than by fiction, by reason rather than by self-deception and self-righteousness. Every evil in the human heart grows out of self-deception. It starts with lying to one’s self, gradually falling in love with the lie, glorifying the lie, and finally spreading the lie—displaying it to others as a precious pearl of truth. If we overcome self-deception, we can overcome all evil. The root cause of all the sins and all the sufferings that we inflict on ourselves and on each other can be traced to lying—first to ourselves and then infecting others with that lie. If you ask a hundred parents why they abuse their children, you will hear the same answers: At first they will deny being abusers. (Denying is rooted in lying.) And if you press them, they will say, “It is for the good of the child!” Self-deception concealed by good will can be very destructive. Would you ride a plane that is designed and built by workers whose only credentials are sincerity and compassion? “Good will” and “sincerity” are like fire. They produce energy—heat and smoke. But to be useful, the energy must be controlled and directed. That is the reason for making and using a furnace. The source or substance of energy—gas or oil—must submit to the furnace, otherwise it may explode. Without the control of the furnace, the energy turns into a destructive force; with the control of the furnace, it turns into a useful force. To manifest their potentials, the virtues of the heart must be tested, judged, and guided by the forces of the mind. The critical mind is the furnace of the heart. Without it, we end up with an explosion and smoke. When we look at human history, we find a lot of fireworks and smoke, but little sign of a furnace. We see millions of believers killing each other because of their fiery zeal for their Lord. We see religion serving as a “salvation club” that separates people, that infects them with pride, prejudice, and a sense of superiority over non-members. We see Irish Catholics and Protestants greeting each other with grenades, bombs, and bullets. We see Jews and Muslims exchanging artillery in the Middle East. We see Eastern Orthodox Catholics attacking Kosovar and Bosnian Muslims, raping their young women, murdering their young men, and driving nearly a million innocent people out of their towns and villages in pursuit of a policy of “ethnic cleansing,” as if Muslims were pollutants in their land. We find thousands of Persian Bahá’ís—whose prime purpose is to promote peace and unity—persecuted by an Islamic government under the pretext of upholding the laws of the Qur’án. What went wrong? What happened to the furnace? Why was it removed? Where were the critical minds of rational people to prevent the abuses and the explosions? To answer these questions, we need to resolve this critical point: How do people adopt their beliefs? By investigating and doing research as scientists do? Are they guided by reason and evidence as true scholars are? Or do they simply inherit their beliefs from those who were born before them, who also inherited them from those who were born before them, and who also inherited them from those who were born before them? Virtually all children follow the family religion. This process is carried out through a strategy called conversion by subtle coercion. To see how this strategy works, let us compare it with its opposite: freedom. How do they differ? The prime difference between the two strategies is this: freedom results from an exposure to multiple choices; conversion by subtle coercion results from an exposure to a single choice. Let us start with a political example. The communist regime in the Soviet Union exposed its citizens only to communism. The political leaders ignited the peoples’ hearts and souls with a fiery zeal for Marxism—a specific system of government that prospered by false promises of equality and justice for all. The communist leaders were so successful that Marxism spread and dominated the lives of many millions for decades. It served as a substitute for religion. How did the communist leaders succeed? What strategies did they use? Their success lay mostly in this secret: they carefully kept the people ignorant of other systems, of other ideologies, of other ways of life. Two highly educated Russians told me that they really believed the big lie: that their standard of living was the highest in the world and that the Russians were lucky to live under the communist system. The Marxist system in the Soviet Union presents a classic example of political conversion by coercion. Its phenomenal success in controlling so many millions for so many decades was mainly due to this strategy: Exposing the masses to a single political belief system, while ignoring and downgrading all the others. What virtue, more than any other, nourishes the seed of freedom? The virtue of an impartial and independent investigation of truth. The seed of freedom can never germinate in the dark spheres of ignorance. It only grows in the light of reason and evidence, only in the land of true knowledge. Why do children virtually always adopt the religion of their parents? Because they are exposed to only one choice—to only one system of beliefs. Exposing children to different religions is like teaching them to eat different fruits. If children are given only oranges, they learn to eat only oranges; if they are given only grapes, they learn to eat only grapes. And if they never see other fruits, then they will never know what they are missing. This is how conversion by subtle coercion takes root and endures. Keeping people ignorant by practicing the principle of “exclusion” is by far the most effective, the most popular, and the most powerful of all control strategies. The success of the communist system, the endurance of their big lie among so many millions for so long, testifies to the awesome powers of “conversion by exclusion.” “The Iron Curtain” was only a visible symbol of a mightier curtain that dimmed the light of knowledge. In the darkness of that prison, people accepted and believed whatever they were told. A prime purpose of this book is to open a window to the controlled confines of religion, to let a little light into the popular and vast prison of control by exclusion—a dark dungeon in which the masses of humankind continue to live, even in this enlightened age, without ever knowing it. The process of conversion or control by exclusion is so gradual and so subtle that people seldom suspect it. Suppose a person grows up in a house without seeing the world beyond or experiencing freedom. Would he dream of a plan or a plot to escape? This book is written: - To show that there is nothing to fear from stepping out of one’s comfort zone for a short excursion, that there is no loss in beholding the beauty of new gardens. - To expose the controlled process by which virtually all people adopt their beliefs. - To show how everyone can “unconvert” or liberate his or her soul from the narrow confines of “control by exclusion” and visit the vast vistas of spiritual freedom. Regard Seize Thy Chance and its sequel—On Wings of Destiny—as a basket filled with fruits from a new vineyard. You are invited to taste them just for curiosity. If you do not like them, you can always go back to the one “fruit” you learned to like from childhood. What can you lose by entering a new vineyard and tasting new fruits? This book is a reminder that every human being has a God-given right to spiritual freedom, which requires making choices. Can a person make a choice if he or she is exposed to only one set of beliefs? Most people abhor the idea of parents selecting spouses for their children. Why then do they readily accept the set of beliefs their great, great, great…grand parents selected for them long ago? Is one’s everlasting destiny less significant than the choice of a spouse? Seize Thy Chance does not try to “convert” anyone. “Converting” a person implies taking the right of freedom away from him. This book is written for just the opposite purpose: to liberate all those who are led to believe that the one version of truth that they learned from their parents, religious leaders, and culture is the only version of the truth. This book shows that the right to spiritual freedom is the most splendid and sacred right that Heaven bestows on humans. No one—no parent, no pastor, no priest, no rabbi, no mulla—is authorized to take this right away from a soul who must forever live with the consequences. Violating this right is an injustice. It is like removing someone’s eyes or putting an innocent person in prison. Similarly, those who give up their spiritual freedom by allowing the dominant forces of culture to “compel” them into accepting a set of “inherited beliefs” passed from generation to generation, should recognize that they have abandoned the most glorious gift that God bestows on humans. Most people resent being “converted,” yet without knowing it, they have already been “converted through exclusion”—by being exposed to only one set of beliefs and the prevailing views of only one culture—the one in which they were born. What if they had been born to another family and another culture? A new age has dawned. We have broken the physical barriers of separation. The time has also come to break the spiritual barrier that has kept the hearts and souls of humankind separate. The time has come for all the peoples of the world, whatever their beliefs, to break away from the dark prison of “conversion by exclusion” by taking a step toward the light of knowledge. The Compatible Software Compare each of the world’s great religions to a piece of software with a special name and special features. Is it possible that, in spite of their differences, they are compatible? If this question intrigues you, you will enjoy this book and its sequel. All people hope for peace and prosperity. They wish for a world in which they can live with joy and happiness. Yet their hopes and wishes remain unfulfilled. Many people dream of a day when our chaotic planet will turn into a paradise of beauty and wonder. They wish for a celestial figure who will suddenly descend from heaven and invite all the residents of the earth to a great celebration—the dawning of a new day in human history. They pray for a Global Platform, where peoples of all cultures, races, and religions will gather together and learn to know and appreciate one another as equal members of one race—the human race. Many people are unaware that their dream has already come true, that their wish has already been fulfilled, that their prayer has already been answered. They do not know that such a figure has already come. They have not heard that such a day has already dawned, and that such a platform has already been created. It has been the center of a spiritual revolution for more than a century. This spiritual revolution of unity and oneness, this universal platform of peace, communication, and understanding has already attracted and gathered millions from every culture, race, and religion. It is called the Bahá’í Faith: the religion that breaks down the walls of separation between all religions; that demonstrates their common origin, and brings them together as a bouquet of beautiful flowers. This book refers to this Faith only briefly. It invites you to examine it for spiritual enlightenment and as a possible solution to the world’s conflicts and clashes. The next volume covers this question in greater depth. It shows how the Bahá’í teachings have opened a new door of understanding to all the peoples of the world, how its progressive principles have helped the followers of all faiths to overcome their feelings of separation and superiority. It explains how its message of oneness has inspired millions of people from diverse cultures and religions to communicate and live in peace and harmony despite their differences. But that is not the main topic of this volume. This volume primarily concerns freedom of choice. It shows that whatever the question, the answer is: Seek and ye shall find your divine destiny; knock, and new doors of knowledge shall open unto you. Seize Thy Chance does not try to “convert,” anyone to a set of beliefs but to convey understanding and to inspire openness. Its prime purpose is to initiate dialogue among the believers of the world’s great religions, and to encourage and promote the recognition and appreciation of the principle of Spiritual Freedom as a sacred right of every human being. Seize Thy Chance shows that there is no fear in learning about other faiths; that on the contrary, seeking knowledge and learning to know our global neighbors is not only our sacred duty but a supreme privilege and honor. It affirms these prime principles: - We have neither the right to “coerce” nor the power to “convert” anyone. Only God can transform or “convert” a soul. - What we can and must do is communicate. I hope and pray that this book will offer some insight into one of the most fundamental yet widely neglected questions—our sacred duty and supreme honor to choose our everlasting destiny. I hope it prepares the ground for planting the seed of a magnificent and sacred mission that is well within our reach: Diverting our energies away from self-interest, isolation, and animosity and directing them toward the creation of a new spiritual civilization ruled by justice and co-operation between all nations. I hope it will bring us closer to a world in which justice rules, peace prevails, hope celebrates, and love and harmony rejoice. I hope it will inspire us to listen to the harmonious music of heaven—the divine symphony. A Divine Conductor for a Global Symphony Once I heard about a famous singer who was asked to perform for the disabled. She was quite busy, but because of her love for the disadvantaged, she promised to participate, though for only a few minutes. The singer arrived as planned and sang a few songs. Her time was almost up. The audience expected her to leave at any moment. But to their utter delight and amazement, she continued to sing, with much excitement and exhilaration, far beyond the expected time. When asked why, she said, “Because of two men in the audience—one black, the other white—sitting side by side, and clapping cheerfully for me.” “What was unusual about that?” she was asked. “You see,” she explained, “each of the two men had only one arm, but shared that arm with the other. Their applause was the sweetest song and the most splendid scene from heaven. I wanted that song and that scene to continue.” In this world, we are the audience. We have a choice to sing or to remain silent, to fight with our fists, or clap with our hands. We have a choice to sleep through this celestial banquet, or to arise and march to the music of our divine destiny. We have a choice to turn our differences into bigotry and separation, or to cherish them and turn them into a bouquet of many beautiful flowers. We have a choice to clench our hands, or to join them to create a circle of oneness and peace. We have a choice to stay within our small comfort zones, or to attend the grand Symphony of Unity in Diversity. We have a choice to mourn and cry, or to laugh and dance to the songs of a Celestial Celebration. Just as our bodies are connected and attracted by the forces of gravity, so are our souls united by an even greater force. Unless we learn to sing and dance in harmony, we will continue to clash, to keep stepping on each others’ feet and fall. Compare our planet to a vast platform on which an orchestra is playing. The platform is magnificent. Its beauty is breath-taking, but the players are confused. They are not listening to one another. Instead of playing harmonious songs, they are producing many different noises at the same time. Their instruments are out of tune, their voices are hoarse, their ear drums are tired, their eyes are drunken! They are running in all directions. There is much pushing, shoving, and shouting. What this orchestra needs is a conductor who can inspire each player to become the best at playing his part and the best at keeping the harmony with the others. Bahá’ís believe that God has sent a new Conductor, called Bahá’u’lláh, the Glory of God, who has established the Bahá’í Faith. He has come to unite and harmonize the inhabitants of our beautiful planet. He offers a platform for peace and friendship for all nations. He invites all members of the human race to come together with their unique instruments to participate in this Global and Grand Symphony of Order, Oneness, and Harmony. Together we can create the most magnificent melodies, the most splendid songs. This celestial Symphony of Souls, called the Bahá’í Faith, has already attracted gifted players from every nation, race, religion, and culture. It presents a working model of unity, a perfect platform for peace and harmony. It invites music lovers from every land to come to this divine banquet to see for themselves this grand and glorious Symphony of Souls. Part II The Walls of Separation and Prejudice Who built them and why? A Fireside Chat To enhance communication, the rest of this book will be presented as a dialogue between two friends. Thank you for sharing the touching story of the two men sharing their arms to clap their hands. It has a timely message for our divided world. What are the forces that keep people separated? Why do so many follow the religion of their ancestors, sometimes for thousands of years, without showing any desire to learn about other belief systems? Why have so many wars been waged in the name of God? Most people follow the religion of their ancestors because they are expected from childhood to remain loyal to their roots and to believe, without questioning, whatever their parents, priests, pastors, or rabbis believe. They are led to think that taking “the road less traveled” toward an unknown land outside their comfort zone, is unwise. Why would anyone who has the truth, search for the truth? Why would anyone step out of his safe ancestral circle? Why would anyone question his faith? Looking beyond the borders of one’s parental beliefs, they are told, is a sign of disloyalty. Little by little these negative thoughts have etched permanent scars into the hearts and minds of the followers of all great religions. They have become permanent tattoos on the Soul of humankind. Over the course of many centuries, they have exerted a profound influence on the destiny of all nations. Unchallenged, they have set in motion a cycle of superiority, distrust, and avoidance among the followers of the world’s great religions. ♦ Why have these divisive thoughts and negative images grown so strong and endured so long? ♥ I can think of two main reasons: The first is that they ride on people’s natural inclinations, like a river flowing downhill. ♦ What are those natural inclinations? Why would so many people instinctively prefer separation? ♥ Consider these four reasons among others: • Instead of encouraging people to take action, negative thoughts allow them to stay within their comfort zones. Why would anyone leave a comfortable chair? • They support people’s desire for superiority. • They reinforce their need for safety. • They awaken their instinctive fear of the unknown. People feel more at ease with like-minded people. This instinct also belongs to the animal kingdom. Most animals feel safer amongst their own kind. In observing herds of wild horses, it has even been noted that they tend to graze in groups of similar color. ♦ What is the second reason for the prevalence of negative images? The second reason relates to the role of religious leaders. We are not talking about a specific religion or denomination. We are talking about all religions and all denominations, and their leaders. Exceptions are extremely rare. What role have these leaders played throughout the ages? They have constantly reinforced existing natural inclinations. They have reassured people that what their instincts tell them is right, that it is in harmony with what God wants them to believe and practice. Thus we have a perfectly tight and strong circle that is extremely resilient: people like to hear a respected or renowned authority tell them that they are “the saved souls,” that they are the ones who will be especially selected for heaven because they believe in a given name or belong to the right denomination. People like to be reassured again and again that their ticket to heaven is valid, permanent, and free. They know their sins may prove costly, but they are told that they can erase them simply by asking—for forgiveness. The leaders also need followers who will listen to them and provide them with a decent living. Thus we have a perfect match that fits like a hand in a glove. Note how clearly the prevalence of this “perfect match” has been predicted: For the time will come when men will not put up with sound doctrine. Instead, to suit their own desires, they will gather around them a great number of teachers to say what their itching ears want to hear. They will turn their ears away from the truth and turn aside to myths. ♦ What you are saying makes sense, and the prophecies support it. But this is not what I was taught. I have been taught all my life to let the leaders explain everything to me. Aren’t they the experts on the Scriptures? It is surprising to most believers to learn that the spiritual handicaps of religious leaders are far more severe than those of the lay people—the ones they lead. - First, the leaders must overcome their own natural and negative inclinations, their own desires to stay within their comfort zones, like everyone else. - Second, they must please their followers, who expect their leaders to be strictly loyal to their ancestral beliefs, and to tell them what they like to hear. - Third, religious leaders must please not only their followers but also their superiors, who watch over them to make sure that they obey the rules and do not deviate from the accepted norms. As you can see, the religious leaders are controlled both by the people they lead and by the people they follow: those who have more power than they do—their superiors. It is a paradox! On the surface the religious leaders lead, but, in practice, they follow their followers and their more powerful leaders! Let me cite an example. I know a liberal minister who had overcome, at least partially, his own natural inclinations for separation. As a gesture of good will, he once invited a non-Christian speaker to take his place on a Sunday morning. He knew this act was risky, yet he had the courage to take “the road less traveled.” The guest speaker was a good communicator and was well received by her audience—until she made a brief statement that revealed her religious affiliation. That brief statement suddenly changed the mood of most of her listeners. They could not believe that their pastor would engage in such an unseemly act: invite an “unsaved” soul to lead the congregation! Some members later protested and the pastor was censured by his superiors for allowing a non-Christian to occupy the pulpit! As you see, even if religious leaders partly overcome or control their own natural tendencies towards separation, which in itself is an incredible achievement, they must still face followers who control them on the one hand, and leaders with more power who threaten them with the loss of their job, on the other! What incentive do religious leaders have to open their hearts along with their churches, synagogues, and mosques to “unsaved” strangers? What can they gain except to attract criticism and to promote uncertainty and confusion among their followers? When people hear different or conflicting stories, they begin to doubt the one story that they have heard all their lives. Let me share with you another true story. Some years ago I met a university student named Ali, who had been brought to the United States by one of the churches. He was from a Muslim family, but he had converted to Christianity while attending a Christian elementary and secondary school in his homeland. (His parents considered his education more important than his religion.) A minister, who was Ali’s intimate friend, then moved to the United States and invited Ali to come to his town to study at a state university, and later to attend a missionary medical school in the U.S. While Ali was at the state university, I got to know him quite well. I listened to the story of his conversion and asked him a few critical questions that undermined “the theory of exclusive salvation,” questions such as: - If God is love, why would He select a specific date in history to send a Savior. Did He not love the people who lived before this Savior as much as those who lived after Him? • If God is love, why would He ignore nations who lived in places far away from Palestine—North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and many Asian countries such as China, India, and Japan? • Jesus said, “I have other sheep that are not of this sheep pen. I must bring them also. They too will listen to my voice, and there shall be one flock and one shepherd” (John 10:16). Does a loving shepherd discriminate against His other sheep? • Would God punish loving and honest people who worshiped Him under another name? …God does not show favoritism but accepts men from every nation who fear him and do what is right. Acts 10:35 • Is it not more reasonable to believe that God sent various Teachers at different times in history, each of them being the only authority for His time and His territory? Ali had never thought about these questions before and began to doubt his beliefs. Those who had invited him to this public university knew they were heading for trouble. By then it was too late. He had lost his faith in the only theory he had learned at school. He felt he was a hypocrite to go to a free medical school supported by that church without believing in their doctrines. He returned to his homeland and accepted a position as a biology professor. Let me share with you one more story to demonstrate the power and the prevalence of the strategy of “control by exclusion.” I was once interviewed on the Christian Broadcasting Radio Station for about 15 minutes. In my interview, I mentioned a couple of biblical references to show that God has sent to humankind other belief systems that are as valid as Christianity and invited the listeners to investigate. Then I waited several weeks to hear the interview on the radio, but nothing happened. When I called, the interviewer apologized and said he could not broadcast it. When I asked why, he said that the station manager had tried something like this, but got angry calls from some listeners. He did not want this to happen again. ♦ Your stories remind me of the way religious leaders treated Jesus. ♥ History repeats itself because people do not learn the lessons of history. Who were the ones most threatened by Jesus? Who were the ones who had the most to lose? The Bible repeatedly points to the spiritual handicaps of religious leaders. Consider these verses about the leaders who lived at the time of Jesus: No, we speak of God’s secret wisdom, a wisdom that has been hidden and that God destined for our glory before time began. None of the rulers of this age understood it, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. I Corinthians 2:7-8 I thank thee, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, for hiding these things from the learned and wise, and revealing them to the simple. Yes, Father, such was thy choice. Christ (Matt. 11:25-26) Is there a single one of our rulers who has believed in him…? John 7:48 Consider also these prophecies about the leaders of our time: In that day…O My people, your leaders shall cause you to err, and confuse the course of your path. Isaiah 3:7, 12 See also Jer. 25:33-36; Zech. 10:2-3 At that time…Hear the cry of the shepherds, the wailing of the leaders of the flock, for the Lord is destroying their pasture. Jeremiah 25:33, 36 Ponder also these prophecies about the spread of knowledge and learning in our time: …many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall increase. Daniel 12:4 People will be...always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth. II Timothy 2:7 ♦ Why does mere learning fail to help people acknowledge the truth? ♥ Because learning is the lamp, wisdom is the light. What is the value of a lamp without light? In this age, wisdom is extremely scarce, especially among our leaders. Prophecies also predict this missing link in our civilization: ...the wisdom of their wise men will vanish, and the discernment of the discerning will be lost. It is not mere book learning that leads the heart to the fountain of truth; it is wisdom. A grain of wisdom is worth more than mountains of learning. At that time...Those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the heavens... Daniel 12:1,3 ...those who are wise will understand. Daniel 12:10 ♦ These prophecies seem to indicate that it is unwise to be complacent about the most critical question in our lives and leave our everlasting destiny in the hands of those who have lost their wisdom. ♥ Yes, the sum total of all the negative energies generated by people’s natural inclinations toward separation, and the repeated reinforcements given to these tendencies by the religious leaders are awesome. They are emotionally more explosive and destructive than all the atomic arsenals on our planet. They are so powerful that they have kept hundreds of millions of souls separate and often at war for thousands of years! These negative energies have raised enduring and unshakable walls of separation and superiority in the hearts and minds of the followers of all past religions. The believers have spoken about loving their neighbors as themselves, but they have kept themselves distant from their so called “unsaved” neighbors as if they were occupants of another planet. Sometimes even members of the same family are divided and at war over religion. I know married couples of different faiths who live as if in different worlds. Centuries and even thousands of years have passed, and yet the followers of the world’s great religions have continued to keep their borders and their hearts closed to outsiders. ♦ Isn’t this the reason many people shy away from religion? ♥ Yes, the critics—those who dismiss any need for religion or God—keep asking: If love is the essence of their beliefs, why do the followers of these great faiths relate to one another as strangers? If peace is their purpose, why do they wage wars in the name of the one God they all worship? These critics wonder why the religious leaders discourage their followers from examining other faiths. Are the leaders afraid that their followers will discover many common bonds and beliefs? Will that discovery open the way for them to question their own beliefs? What will happen to the leaders’ positions of authority if people break through the walls and escape the prisons of prejudice and separation? The critics wonder why the religious leaders do not try to communicate and learn from each other as scientists do. What would be the state of civilization if scholars from various cultures had refused to interact and benefit from each other’s knowledge and experience? Would we not still be living in the Dark Ages? Isn’t lack of communication among religious leaders a reason why our spiritual advancement lags so far behind our scientific advancement? ♦ Are there some people who don’t fit the mold? ♥ Despite their strong grip over the hearts and minds of humankind, the forces of conformity, complacency, and desire for superiority do not suffocate everyone’s spiritual freedom. In spite of their overwhelming powers, appeals to fear and avoidance do not affect or intimidate everyone. There is always a small minority of adventurous and audacious seekers of truth who will cross any border, break through any wall, or climb any mountain in pursuit of truth and knowledge. They accept challenges not because they are easy, but because they are hard. These seekers go beyond what their parents and the leaders of their church, synagogue, or mosque tell them to accept as the sole vision of truth. They follow in the footsteps of scientists. They do not distort reality with preconceived expectations. They appreciate a rose by its beauty and fragrance, not by its name. They know a nightingale by its song, not by its nest. They judge with their own minds, walk on their own power, and see with their own eyes. O SON OF SPIRIT! The best beloved of all things in My sight is Justice; turn not away therefrom if thou desirest Me, and neglect it not that I may confide in thee. By its aid thou shalt see with thine own eyes and not through the eyes of others, and shalt know of thine own knowledge and not through the knowledge of thy neighbor. Ponder this in thy heart; how it behooveth thee to be. Verily justice is My gift to thee and the sign of My loving-kindness. Set it then before thine eyes. Bahá’í Scriptures ♦ The people you describe are the true champions. They are the spiritual heroes of every age. What makes them different? We hear so much about Olympians, seldom about spiritual champions. ♥ It would be wonderful to make a scientific study of their lives. These spiritual heroes, these independent and impartial seekers of truth put their trust in God, not in their fear of the unknown; in choice, not in chance; in truth, not in tradition; in their own mental and spiritual powers, not in other people’s perception or prejudice. They remember these wondrous words spoken long ago to conformers, who put tradition above the truth: You have a fine way of setting aside the commands of God in order to observe your own traditions! Christ (Mark 7:9) As your fathers did, so do you. Acts 7:51 They believe that growth requires courage. They know that always staying within their comfort zones will lull them to sleep. If you always do What you’ve always done, You’ll always be What you’ve always been. These champions of spiritual freedom recognize that a true choice requires inquiry. They want to test their ancestors, to know if they did their homework before choosing their destiny. They want to know if they looked at all the choices before marking their answers. Life is like a multiple choice test. Look at all choices before deciding on one. These independent and impartial seekers of truth consider their freedom to choose their destiny a glorious gift and a supreme blessing from God, not a burden to be shifted to others. They do not pass this gift to a pastor, a priest, a rabbi, or a mulla as if it were a handful of gravel. They do not throw it to the wind as if it were a worthless piece of paper. They know the gift is theirs, and no one else has the right to lay hands on it. They recognize its supreme significance. They know it is a Celestial Scroll on which they are entitled to choose and write their everlasting destiny. They cherish it as their lives. They accept it as their fundamental right and responsibility. They consider it the hallmark of their humanity. They know that the right to search and choose their destiny is an incomparable honor bestowed on them by their Creator. ...behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it... Christ (Rev. 3:8) Happy are they who obey his instructions, who set their hearts on finding him. Psalms 119:2 Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you: For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. Christ (Matt. 7:7-8) These adventurous seekers of truth believe that failing either to walk through the “open door” that God has set before them, or to knock on a “closed door” that He promises to open, shows a lack of faith, of courage, and of commitment. They know that this failure has far-reaching and grave consequences, not only for their souls but for the soul of the world. ♦ Failing to claim this glorious gift of freedom is far more serious than most people imagine. I did not give it much thought. ♥ Following chance and failing to make a choice has many consequences: • It implies abandoning our most awesome responsibility to our Creator. • It indicates a desire to live on “handouts,” to survive on other people’s spiritual earnings and savings. • It implies saying: “I have no wings of my own. I will ride on another flier, and let him decide my destination.” • It is having the right to choose to live in the most magnificent mansion, but to abandon that right. ♦ It is ironic that virtually all people leave the most critical choice in their lives—their everlasting destiny—to chance. Yes, they think and act like a gambler who invests all his wealth in lottery tickets and then hopes for the best. Instead of making a choice, he takes a chance. Most people follow their ancestors and assume that somehow they will be led to heaven! What else prevents people from exercising their spiritual freedom? Most people live with two critical misconceptions that have enduring consequences. First, they underestimate the supreme significance of their spiritual choices—choices that determine their ultimate and everlasting destiny. Second, they believe that they can only act in one of two ways: Either to follow the religion of their ancestors, or to drift away from that religion. You seem to be describing my life. I have never taken time to investigate the beliefs of other faiths. I have not even investigated my own faith. I simply consented to what my parents and pastors told me to believe. I didn’t think I had the wisdom and the knowledge to make a choice. I did not have confidence in my judgment and often wondered: “How can anyone be sure?” The way you felt and acted is the rule, not the exception. But it is an unreasonable rule. It is the opposite of what God asks us to follow. Consider this comparison. Seldom do people rent or buy the first house they see. Why then do they choose the everlasting house of their destiny so casually? They devote so much effort to their earthly house, why then do they devote so little effort to their everlasting house? What about the second group—those who drift away from their parental religion? They do not make a choice either. Instead of acting, they react. They walk through the house their parents chose for them, look around, step out, and stay out! They would rather be homeless than live in a house that is falling apart. This response is becoming quite popular. Today we have millions of spiritually homeless wanderers. How can people overcome the obstacles that keep them separate? How can they come to an agreement on fundamental issues? We need to start with this prime principle: True choice requires persistent investigation. The two alternatives that many people select from—following a faith they may not like, or putting their faith on hold—do not represent a true choice. But in this complex and chaotic world, how can they find the truth simply by persistent investigation? Success in any task depends on following certain rules. Some rules are specific, others work as broad principles. They apply to all tasks. Whether we want to graduate from college with honors, be excellent parents, or succeed in a business, we need to live by rules inspired by attributes and virtues such as: desire, commitment, persistence, positive expectations, honesty, fairness, sincerity, compassion, self-respect, the ability to communicate, a deep desire to learn and grow, and an open, critical, and curious mind. Can anyone in any profession succeed without living by the rules inspired by these virtues? Is it reasonable then to assume that success in every endeavor depends on following rules—except success in choosing our spiritual destiny? Is it reasonable to assume that success in every profession depends on living by virtues and following rules—except for being a rabbi, a priest, a pastor, or a mulla? The law of cause and effect knows no exception. Can we know without learning? Can we grow without effort? To attain our spiritual destiny, we must follow a set of fundamental rules. Without following those rules, success is absolutely impossible. ♦ What rules do you mean? ♥ The first and most fundamental rule is commitment to God’s command that we must seek: “Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you” (Matt. 7:7). But how do most people follow this rule? Many believers simply ignore it, while others distort it or even reverse its meaning and do the opposite of what it asks. They act as if they were told: Seek and ye shall be deceived! Knock and it shall be closed unto you! ♦ What is the next rule? ♥ The next rule is also found in the same verse. It is expressed in the word shall. The verse does not say: - Seek and ye shall lose! - Seek and ye shall get lost! - Seek and the devil shall get you! It says: “Seek and ye shall find.” Thus, the second rule is total trust in God’s promise that he who seeks shall find. ♦ Why would a person fail to practice the command enclosed in “Seek!” and hesitate to believe in the promise enclosed in “Shall!”? ♥ Two reasons stand out among many others: - Lack of faith - Negligence Lack of faith: Jesus said that at the time of His return, “many will turn away from the faith” (Matt. 24:10). Faith in what? Faith in God’s Word, in His instructions and commands. The problem is this: the loss of “faith” is invisible. Did the Jews, who lived at the time of Jesus, know that they had lost their “faith”? If they knew, they would have shown humility rather than pride and self-righteousness. Negligence: Just as people neglect their physical health, they neglect their spiritual health. Most people don’t pay attention to their spiritual destiny. No wonder Jesus repeatedly said: “Watch!” (Matt. 24:42). What does “Watch!” mean? It means “Pay attention!” “Don’t be negligent!” Anyone who has faith in God should recognize that “Seek” is a command and “Shall” is a promise. Would God issue an unnecessary command or make a false promise? ♦ Besides obeying and trusting God, what are the other rules that the truth seeker must follow? ♥ Let me give you a brief list of some of the most fundamental rules: - Obey God’s command: Seek and search with a sincere desire and a pure heart. - Trust in God’s promise that He is watching, that He knows you are obeying His command. - Pray that God will respond to your request. Plead with God for His response. - Be persistent; never give up praying. - Pray to God to help you discover and overcome the traps or obstacles hiding in your soul. - Listen to God’s response to your prayers and pleadings. Choose your everlasting spiritual destiny in the light of the guidance you receive. ♦ Could you explain how each of these rules helps us to find our destiny? How each of them helps us to learn what God has planned for us? ♥ Obedience to the command “Seek” awakens our souls and moves us to action. Trust in the word “Shall” instills hope and positive expectations. It sustains and supports the rule of obedience. Today many people lack faith in God’s commands. That is why apathy—rather than ecstasy and desire—controls their lives. The purpose of praying is to get God’s attention, to draw from His powers. Persisting (actively searching) and pleading (passionately yearning) are evidences of obedience, trust, commitment, and the sincerity of the prayer. The whole heart must be on fire. The whole soul must be in passionate love. The whole mind must be in persistent search. Blessed are those who...seek Him with the whole heart! Psalms 119:2 If you search with all your heart, I will let you find Me... Jeremiah 29:13-14 Praying without striving is like sleeping in a car and hoping that it will drive us to our destination. Striving without praying is like driving in the dark of the night without headlights. Consider Jesus’ promise. He said that He will come “like a thief.” Can a detective find a thief while sleeping in his car or driving in the dark of the night without lights? The ultimate purpose of praying, persisting, and pleading is to discover and overcome. Discover and overcome what? The hidden obstacles or traps deep in our souls. These obstacles prevent us from connecting our souls to God, from hearing His Voice, from finding our divine destiny. ♦ Are these traps or obstacles found in every soul? ♥ Virtually everyone holds or hides a few of them in his heart. ♦ Could you cite some examples of these obstacles or traps? ♥ Unfortunately, they are numerous. Among them are lack of faith in God or in one’s ability to know the truth, fear of the unknown, submission to tradition and to authority figures, concern about the judgment of loved ones and friends, self-righteousness, apathy, lack of humility, narrow-mindedness, worldliness, lack of a desire to devote time to one’s spiritual destiny, and many others. Some people act as if God has not given them the mind to tell the difference between good and evil and the power to avoid evil. They live with the constant fear of falling into someone else’s trap. They believe that the devil roams across the globe in search of victims, like a hungry hunter, with hidden schemes and snares. Human beings are well-known for their tendency to avoid responsibility and shift blame onto others. We should recognize that the most dangerous traps are the ones we devise and lay for ourselves—in our own hearts and souls. Be careful not to spend your time feasting, drinking, or worrying about worldly things. If you do, that day might come on you suddenly, like a trap on all people on earth. Christ (Luke 21:34-35) ♦ Is it hard to discover and overcome the hidden traps in our souls? ♥ Yes, it is perhaps the most awesome challenge anyone can ever face. ♦ Why is it so hard? Because the traps are evasive and invisible—hidden deep in our souls. Removing them is as hard as removing the roots of an old tree with one’s fingertips. No one can do this without God’s help. That is the purpose of praying. It requires a sense of supreme commitment to search for them, to find them, and to dig them out. The problem is this: We gradually get used to our traps. Without them, we feel exposed, insecure, and even threatened. They provide us with a comfort zone. As long as they serve a purpose, we try to keep them. These traps are extremely efficient and powerful. Even one of them can keep a soul in the darkness of ignorance and illusions for a lifetime. They gain their power not from reason but from emotions, not from faith but from fear. Each seeker of truth must first search for and remove the specific traps hidden in his or her soul as if they are cancerous cells. ♦ Could you explain how a trap suffocates our spiritual freedom? ♥ One of the hidden traps that suffocates our freedom is attachment. Consider this story. A little girl rushed to her older brother saying, “I put my hand inside this vase, but can’t take it out.” Her brother helped her try every trick he could think of, but nothing happened. Finally, their mother was called. She told her little daughter, “Try to relax, then open your hand, and gently pull it out.” “I can’t do that mom!” “Why can’t you?” “Because, if I open my hand, I will lose my candy!” It is hard to get used to a hand caught in a vase, but quite easy to get used to the comfort zone of being attached to outdated beliefs and traditions. The soul caught in this trap wants to stay in its home, even if its home is a prison. That one trap alone can suffocate our higher selves and deprive us of the honor of choosing our everlasting spiritual destiny. We may live and die in that trap without ever suspecting its presence. If one trap can muster and exert this much power, imagine the combined forces of multiple traps that most people unknowingly harbor in their hearts and souls. Let me mention one more trap: conformity to the majority. Suppose you were wandering aimlessly along a street, and you suddenly came upon a cross-road. Then you saw 99 percent of the people turn left and only 1 percent turn right. Which direction would be more attractive to you? Note this clear warning against simply following the crowd: Enter through the narrow gate. For wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it. Christ (Matt. 7:13-14) ♦ Thank you for clarifying the difficulties and the rules of searching for and finding the truth. ♥ It is amazing. People recognize that success in any endeavor is as dependent on following the rules as human life is dependent on breathing. And yet when it comes to religion, they make an exception. How can we be faithful believers without being faithful to God’s command, without following the rules, without being true seekers? ♦ Do all those who investigate and accept the Bahá’í Faith follow those rules? ♥ Let me give you a brief description of most of the Bahá’ís I know. Virtually all of them received some religious training during their early years. But they were not the type of people who believed everything they were told. They questioned their parents, teachers, pastors, priests, and rabbis. They were independent and critical thinkers who demanded answers. And if they did not receive answers, they would not give up. They practiced “Seek and ye shall find” with all their hearts and souls. They lived by these rules: ...thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul. Deuteronomy 4:29 Watch [Pay attention! Investigate!], pray always. Christ (Luke 21:36) They followed these instructions: [Be] ye yourselves like unto men that wait [look ASV] for their Lord... Christ (Luke 12:36) Keep your eyes open, keep on the alert... Christ (Mark 13:33) They knew that to find a treasure, they must keep searching, looking, and digging: The kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field. Christ (Matt. 13:44) ...if you call out for insight and cry aloud for understanding, and if you look for it as for silver and search for it as for hidden treasure, then you will...find the knowledge of God. Proverbs 2:3-5 These independent and adventurous seekers of truth, searched, persisted, prayed, and pleaded with God until they overcame the obstacles hidden in their souls. How much can you see while wearing dark glasses? What happens when you take them off? Suddenly a new world emerges before your eyes. Following the rules does for the soul what light does for watchful eyes. In the stories of the spiritual adventures of most Bahá’ís you will find an invisible hand that gently guided them to their divine destiny. This is how praying manifests its powers. It works in subtle, mysterious, and magical ways. These daring seekers knew that by their decisions they determined their destiny. Therefore, instead of reacting—abandoning their precious faith—they acted. They took charge. Like an eagle, they began to soar on their own wings. They crossed many borders. They searched and soared above many mountains and valleys, forests and meadows. They continued their flight on Wings of Destiny to their destination. They knew that they had been given wings not for resting but for reaching out, not for surrendering their spiritual destiny but for soaring and discovering the gifts of God—glorious gardens of grace, joy, and peace. ♦ As you said, we are taught from childhood to be “loyal” to our beliefs. Even the thought of investigating another religion instills guilt in many people. ♥ But what we are really taught is that we should be loyal to the authority figures. Loyalty means being faithful to God’s commandments that we must seek and have confidence that if we search with a pure heart, He will guide us. This is the true meaning of loyalty. Can we be loyal to God if we give away our right to choose our destiny to someone else, who may have vested interests in keeping us where we are? Are we wise if we exchange our single spiritual handicap for other people’s multiple handicaps? Leaving one’s comfort zone for an unknown journey takes a strong faith. It requires supreme courage and commitment to actively seeking answers to our questions by studying religions other than our own. ♦ I am willing to search and to follow the rules. The goal is so magnificent that it justifies every effort. I would like to think that I am a soaring eagle, not a scared chicken! I have lots of questions and will put you to the test. I will be delighted and honored to play a part in your spiritual journey. I would love to serve as your tour guide. I enjoy the company of adventurous travelers. I will take you across the border into a new and wonderful land. You can be certain of safe return to your home. How lofty is the station which man, if he but choose to fulfill his high destiny, can attain! To what depths of degradation he can sink, depths which the meanest of creatures have never reached! Bahá’u’lláh Seize the time, therefore, ere the glory of the divine springtime hath spent itself, and the Bird of Eternity ceased to warble its melody…This is My counsel unto thee and unto the beloved of God. Whosoever wisheth, let him turn thereunto; whosoever wisheth, let him turn away. God, verily, is independent of him and of that which he may see and witness. Bahá’u’lláh Seize ye, O loved ones of the All-Merciful, the chalice of eternal life proffered by the hand of the bountiful favors of your Lord, the Possessor of the entire creation, then drink ye deep therefrom. I swear by God, it will so enrapture you that ye shall arise to magnify His Name and proclaim His utterances amidst the peoples of the earth… Bahá’u’lláh Seize Thy Chance presents only the first part of the dialogue. You can read the rest of it in the next volume: On Wings of Destiny. This volume mainly presents the questions; the next volume provides the answers. This volume looks at the causes of the world’s moral, social, and spiritual decline; the next volume offers the solutions. Seize Thy Chance prepares the ground. On Wings of Destiny plants the seed. References 1. The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh (Persian), no. 40. 2. The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh (Persian), no. 40. 3. The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh (Persian), no. 21. 4. The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh, (Arabic), no. 2. 5. Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, p. 206. 6. The Kitáb-i-Íqán, p. 24. 7. 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Long Island Vegetable Pathology Program 2000 Annual Research Report Margaret Tuttle McGrath Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901 email@example.com POWDERY MILDEW OF PUMPKIN: EVALUATION OF CURRENTLY REGISTERED FUNGICIDES AND NEW FUNGICIDES Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Application of fungicides continues to be the principal practice for managing powdery mildew in pumpkin. There are very few resistant varieties. It is the most common disease occurring every year throughout Long Island. Two new products tested, Actigard and Milsana bioprotectant, are in a new group of compounds called plant activators which stimulate the natural defense mechanisms of plants so that they become more resistant to diseases. This response is called systemic acquired resistance or SAR. These compounds have no direct toxic effect on pathogens. Actigard has received federal registration; Milsana has not yet. 'Appalachian' pumpkin seeds were planted on 21 June. One Milsana treatment was started about 1 month after planting so that it could stimulate SAR before powdery mildew had started to develop. This treatment was to receive at least 1 more application of Milsana before other treatments were started; this was not possible because of frequent rains 26 July through 4 Aug. All other treatments were initiated on 4 Aug after the IPM threshold of one leaf with symptoms of 50 old leaves examined was reached in all but 1 plot. This threshold was shown previously to be as effective as using a preventive schedule. Fungicides were applied on 22 July; 4, 10, 17, and 25 Aug; and 1 and 9 Sept with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with D3-45 hollow cone nozzles spaced 11 in. apart that delivered 100 gpa at 200 psi. All treatments provided some control of powdery mildew on both leaf surfaces. Powdery mildew became severe as usual. Symptoms were found on 9 of 3600 leaves examined on 25 July, 3 days after the early Milsana treatment. Armicarb, Milsana, and Bravo were less effective for controlling powdery mildew on lower leaf surfaces than treatments that included systemic or translaminar fungicides (Nova, Procure, BAS 500, Quadris, and Flint). These differences were evident beginning on 16 Aug. On upper leaf surfaces, Bravo was as effective as some treatments that included systemic fungicides, it was more effective than Armicarb starting on 31 Aug, and it was note more effective than Milsana until the last assessment on 18 Sept. The early application of Milsana did not improve control as there were no significant differences between these two Milsana treatments. Additional research is needed to determine whether disease control could be improved with several applications on a 7-day interval before reaching the IPM threshold. When tank mixed with the DMI fungicide Nova and applied in alternation with the strobilurin (QoI) fungicide Quadris, the Bravo alternatives (Armicarb, Nutrol, Kocide, and Microthiol Sulfur) were as effective as Bravo. However, Bravo is expected to be more valuable for managing resistance to DMIs and strobilurins because it is more effective than the Bravo alternatives. The role of these fungicides with low risk of developing resistance is to reduce the overall size of the pathogen populations and thus the size of the selectable population. Milsana applied in alternation with Quadris and Nova was as effective as a similar treatment with Bravo. The fungicide sequence was: Quadris (week 1), Milsana (2), Nova (3), Milsana (4), Quadris (5), and Bravo (6). However, control of powdery mildew on both upper and lower (under) leaf surfaces was due to the highly effective fungicides Quadris and Nova because a similar treatment without Milsana was not significantly different. Powdery mildew on lower surfaces was controlled more effectively when Quadris and Nova were applied in alternation every 7 days; however, this did not result in significantly less defoliation on 28 Sept or in better fruit quality (percentage of fruit with solid handles) on 18 Oct. Nova + Bravo was more effective than Procure + Bravo for controlling powdery mildew on lower leaf surfaces. Although very effective, Nova + Bravo is not recommended alone because of the high potential for resistance to develop to Nova. Equally good control was obtained by applying Nova + Bravo in alternation with a strobilurin fungicide. The strobilurins Quadris and BAS 500 were equally effective. All isolates collected before treatment tolerated 20 ppm Nova a.i. After treatment with BAS 500 alternated with Nova + Bravo, the highest fungicide concentrations tolerated were 20 ppm Nova a.i., tolerated by 47% of the isolates, and 2 ppm BAS 500 a.i., tolerated by 83% of the isolates. Control was not improved by adding Actigard to an alternation program of Flint and Bravo. A12325, a pre-pack mix of Flint + Actigard, was more effective than a tank-mix of these products based on powdery mildew severity on lower leaf surfaces on 31 Aug; however, these treatments were not significantly different based on assessments made on 7 and 18 Sept or AUDPC values. As a consequence of differences in powdery mildew control, treatments without a systemic fungicide had more defoliation beginning on 18 Sept and fewer fruit with good solid handles beginning on 12 Oct than all treatments with a systemic fungicide. Yield was highest for treatments with good control of powdery mildew. Weight of mature fruit was 170 to 225 lb/plot for nontreated, Armicarb, Bravo, and Milsana treatments and 323 lb/plot for Quadris alterated with Nova + Bravo. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatments. Efficacy of Nova when challenged by powdery mildew isolates with moderate sensitivity Investigator: N. Shishkoff and M. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Control of cucurbit powdery mildew on LI with the new systemic fungicide Nova may be compromised because of the high level of strains resistant to Bayleton, which is in the same chemical class. The goal of this project was to determine whether strains of the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus tolerating 20 ppm of the active ingredient in Nova are controlled by Nova applied at 5 and 10 oz/A (300 and 600 ppm, respectively) under field conditions. Control was compared to that from Quadris, a fungicide in a different chemical class. Four week-old Summer squash ('Seneca Prolific') were transplanted on 31 May into a field in 8 70-ft rows and divided into 24 6x10-ft plots (10 plants/plot). Some plots were sprayed with Nova (5 oz/A), Nova (10 oz/A) or Quadris (15.4 oz/A) 5 days before inoculation (on 7 Jul), and others were treated with Nova (5 oz/A) or Nova (10 oz/A) 5 days after inoculation (on 17 Jul). Untreated plots served as the control. Plots were sprayed using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer (55 psi) with a single nozzle boom equipped with a TJ-60 11003 nozzle. On 12 Jul, 16 infected squash plants in 4-in. pots were placed between rows in the field for 6 hr to serve as a source of inoculum. Infected plants had been inoculated 3 wk earlier with an isolate of cucurbit powdery mildew able to tolerate 20 ppm of Nova (collected from the LIHREC grounds in the 1998 growing season). The inoculated plots were monitored for powdery mildew colonies and rated for disease on 1 Aug. For each plant, the oldest leaf in the NW quadrant was selected and a 16 cm 2 area on each side of the midvein was chosen; the number of colonies in each area was counted and the diameter of the largest single colony was measured. Analysis of variance indicated no significant difference among treatments for number of colonies. Colony diameter was statistically slightly larger on plants from control (untreated) plots. Isolates from each plot (24 total) were tested for sensitivity to Nova using a cotyledon disk growth assay (described below in "In vitro Tests to Determine Baseline Sensitivity of Sphaerotheca fusca on squash to the Fungicides BAS 490 02F and BAS 500"); 3 isolates collected at the same time from a field upwind (and presumably representing native inoculum) were used as controls. Of isolates from the experimental plot, 5 grew at < 2 ppm and 19 grew at < 20 ppm; all 3 controls grew at < 20 ppm. No isolates could grow at 40 ppm. For comparison, of 19 isolates collected later in the growing season from a different field on the LIHREC grounds, 10 grew at < 2 ppm and 9 grew at < 20 ppm. Of 14 isolates collected from a field of butternut squash in Freeville, NY, 7 grew at < 2 ppm, and 7 grew at < 20 ppm. These results are inconclusive, since no treatment controlled disease. In another experiment at the LIHREC where one of the treatments was Nova applied with Bravo (see previous report on "Evaluation of currently registered fungicides and new fungicides "), mildew was controlled. If subsequent experiments demonstrate that tolerant strains are not controlled well by Nova under field conditions, then this information will be used to support requests for Section 18 registration of alternative fungicides in the future. In vitro Tests to Determine Baseline Sensitivity of Sphaerotheca fusca on squash to Flint Fungicide Investigator: N. Shishkoff and M. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center A baseline sensitivity study of cucurbit powdery mildew isolates from around the US was done to test Flint, a fungicide in the B-methoxyacrylate class of pesticides derived from naturally-occurring strobilurins. Two-week old squash seedlings ('Seneca Prolific') were sprayed with active ingredient dissolved in water at 0-30 ppm; disks were then cut from the cotyledons and placed in Petri dishes containing water agar. Treated disks were then inoculated. After 2 wk, percent leaf disk area colonized by sporulating mildew was recorded for each disk and averaged for each treatment. Thirty six powdery mildew isolates from 7 states (AZ, CA, FL, MD, MI, NY and TX) showed little variation in sensitivity the fungicide. When grown on disks treated with Flint, all isolates tested were able to grow at < 0.3 or 3.0 ppm. In vitro Tests to Determine Baseline Sensitivity of Sphaerotheca fusca on squash to the Fungicides BAS 490 02F and BAS 500 F Investigator: N. Shishkoff and M. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center A baseline sensitivity study of cucurbit powdery mildew isolates from around the US was done to test two fungicides: BAS 490 02F and BAS 500 F, fungicides in the B-methoxyacrylate class of pesticides derived from naturally-occurring strobilurins. Two-week old squash seedlings ('Seneca Prolific') were sprayed with active ingredient dissolved in water at 0-40 ppm; disks were then cut from the cotyledons and placed in Petri dishes containing water agar. Treated disks were then inoculated. After 2 wk, percent leaf disk area colonized by sporulating mildew was recorded for each disk and averaged for each treatment. Fifty nine powdery mildew isolates from 7 states (AZ, CA, FL, MD, MI, NY and TX) showed little variation in sensitivity to either fungicide. When grown on disks treated with BAS 490 02F, all isolates tested were able to grow at < 0.2 or 2.0 ppm. When grown on disks treated with BAS 500 F, most isolates grew at < 0.2 or 2 ppm, and none grew at higher fungicide concentrations.. In a second study, two infected cucurbit fields were compared for distribution of sensitive isolates; 30 isolates were collected from a pumpkin field at the LIHREC where application of BAS 500 F controlled disease and 15 from a field of butternut squash in Freeville, NY, where BAS 500 did not appear to control disease. Of LIHREC isolates, 5 isolates could grow at 0.2 ppm or less of BAS 500, 12 at 0.2/2 ppm (that is, in one rep they grew at 0.2, in the other at 2.0 ppm) and 13 could grow at < 2.0 ppm. Of Freeville isolates, 3 grew at < 0.2 ppm, 1 at < 0.2/2.0 ppm, and 11 grew at < 2.0 ppm. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the sensitivity of isolates at the 2 sites. Some other factor must have been responsible for the lack of control at the Freeville site. POWDERY MILDEW OF CUCURBITS: DETERMINATION OF PATHOGEN RACE Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Differential melon genotypes were grown near the powdery mildew experiments to determine which races of the pathogen were present. Topmark is susceptible to all races. PMR-45 is resistant to race 1 and PMR-6 is resistant to races 1 and 2. Based on powdery mildew development in the differential melon genotypes, race 1 was dominant during most of the epidemic. Race 2 appeared late in the epidemic and remained at a low frequency. Few symptoms due to race 2 were observed on PMR-45 on 11 Sept. Symptoms did not develop on PMR-6, therefore race 3 did not occur. POWDERY MILDEW OF PUMPKIN: ALTERNATIVE FUNGICIDES TO BRAVO EVALUATED ON VARIETIES DIFFERING IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO POWDERY MILDEW Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center A powdery mildew tolerant/resistant (PMR) variety (Magic Lantern) and a PMR experimental (HMX 6687) from Harris Moran Seed Company were compared with susceptible Wizard. HMX 6687, which has resistance from both parents, was shown previously to be more resistant to powdery mildew than Magic Lantern. There were three fungicide programs plus a nontreated control. The standard fungicide program was Quadris F (15.4 oz/A) applied week 1, 3, and 5 in alternation with Nova 40W (5 oz/A) + Bravo Ultrex (2.7 lb/A) applied week 2, 4, and 6. The Bravo alternatives fungicide program was Armicarb (4 lb/A)(week 1), Quadris (2), Armicarb+Nova (3), Quadris (4), Microthiol Sulfur 80DF (4 lb/A) + Nova (5), and Quadris (6). The biocompatible fungicide program was Sulfur (1), Armicarb (2), Kocide (3), Armicarb (4), Kocide (5), and Armicarb (6). These materials are currently or potentially acceptable for organic production. Applications were made on 4, 10, 17, 25 Aug; and 1 and 9 Sept. Week 1 application was made on 4 Aug to Wizard and on 10 Aug to Magic Lantern and HMX 6687. Powdery mildew was found on 8 of 800 leaves of Wizard examined on 25 July and on 81 of 800 leaves examined on 3 Aug. Chemical control was more effective than genetic control, especially when compared with the moderately resistant variety Magic Lantern. Wizard treated with either the Bravo alternatives or standard fungicide program was less severely infected than nontreated Magic Lantern beginning on 29 Aug and than nontreated HMX 6687 beginning on 5 Sept, but only on upper leaf surfaces. The fungicide programs reduced powdery mildew severity in Magic Lantern beginning on 23 Aug for upper surfaces and on 29 Aug for lower surfaces. A fungicide benefit was not detected with HMX 6687 until 5 Sept and 14 Sept for upper and lower leaf surfaces, respectively. Control of powdery mildew resulted in less defoliation. The biocompatible fungicide program was not effective with Wizard based on both powdery mildew severity and defoliation. In contrast, this program was as effective as the standard fungicide program with Magic Lantern until 20 Sept for upper leaf surfaces and 5 Sept for lower surfaces. With HMX 6687, the only significant difference between these treatments was severity on lower surfaces on the last assessment date (20 Sept). The Bravo alternatives fungicide program was as effective for controlling powdery mildew as the standard fungicide program for each variety. However, there were significant differences in amount of defoliation with Wizard most likely because severity was higher, although not significantly, with the Bravo alternatives program. Since there was more defoliation with the Bravo alternatives program than with the standard program, and considering the biocompatible fungicide program was not as effective as the Bravo alternatives program although similar protectant fungicides were used (Armicarb and sulfur), it appears the alternatives to Bravo were not as effective as Bravo in this experiment. The systemic fungicides Nova and Quadris likely are responsible for the similar efficacy of the Bravo alternatives and standard fungicide programs. Bravo was more effective than Armicarb in a nearby experiment. Both chemical and genetic control improved fruit quality based on percentage of fruit with good, solid handles. Nontreated Wizard had significantly fewer fruit with solid handles than all others. There were significant differences in average fruit weight due to variety but not due to fungicide treatment for any variety. Weights were 12.7, 15, and 15 lb/fruit for Wizard, Magic Lantern, and HMX 6687, respectively. For each variety, total weight of mature fruit typically was greater for fungicide treatments, but this was not significant. Wizard was more severely affected by bacterial wilt with an average of 29% of the canopy wilted on 24 Aug compared with 10 and 11% wilt for HMX 6687 and Magic Lantern. In conclusion, varieties such as HMX 6687, with high levels of resistance, are recommended over moderately resistant varieties such as Magic Lantern. The Bravo alternatives program was as effective as the standard fungicide program for managing powdery mildew on the resistant varieties. It was not quite as effective with susceptible Wizard resulting in greater defoliation. It may not be as effective as the standard fungicide program for managing resistance to Nova and Quadris, especially with a susceptible variety. This needs to be examined. The biocompatible fungicide program was almost as effective as the standard fungicide program only with the more resistant variety, HMX 6687. POWDERY MILDEW OF MUSKMELON: ALTERNATIVE FUNGICIDES TO BRAVO EVALUATED ON VARIETIES DIFFERING IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO POWDERY MILDEW Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Eclipse, which has resistance to race 1, and Apollo, which has resistance to race 1 and 2, were compared with susceptible Superstar. There were three fungicide programs plus a nontreated control. The standard fungicide program was Quadris F (15.4 oz/A) applied week 1, 3, and 5 in alternation with Nova 40W (5 oz/A) + Bravo Ultrex (2.7 lb/A) applied week 2, 4, and 6. The Bravo alternatives fungicide program was Armicarb (4 lb/A)(week 1), Quadris (2), Armicarb+Nova (3), Quadris (4), Armicarb+Nova (5), and Quadris (6). The biocompatible fungicide program was Sulfur (1), Armicarb (2), Kocide (3), Armicarb (4), Kocide (5), and Armicarb (6). These materials are currently or potentially acceptable for organic production. Application times were: 1=4 Aug, 2=10 Aug, 3=17 Aug, 4=25 Aug, 5=1 Sept, and 6=9 Sept. Applications were started on 4 Aug for Superstar and on 17 Aug for Eclipse and Apollo. Powdery mildew was effectively controlled with either resistant varieties or fungicides applied to a susceptible variety. Powdery mildew was first found on Superstar on 3 Aug. Symptoms were observed on Eclipse and Apollo on 23 Aug, but incidence and severity were low with only a few colonies found in only 2 to 3 of the 16 plots of each variety. Few symptoms were observed on Eclipse and Apollo until 11 Sept, and then only on nontreated Eclipse. These observations indicate that race 1 was dominant during most of the epidemic, race 2 appeared late in the epidemic and is responsible for disease on Eclipse, while race 3 did not occur thus Apollo remained disease-free. This confirms the results obtained in an adjacent study with differential melon genotypes. The fungicide programs reduced powdery mildew severity in Eclipse but not Apollo. With Superstar, the biocompatible fungicide program was not as effective as the Bravo alternatives or the standard fungicide programs based on ratings of powdery mildew severity, however there were no significant differences among the fungicide treatments in defoliation on 11 Sept. The application of Microthiol Sulfur in the biocompatible fungicide program on 4 Aug to Superstar was phytotoxic, although 82F was the highest temperature reached during 4 to 6 Aug; thereby confirming that muskmelon is too sensitive to use sulfur even when temperatures are only moderately high. Anthracnose also developed in this experiment, especially on Apollo. This most likely accounts for the greater defoliation on 11 Sept and lower percent sucrose in fruit of Apollo compared to Eclipse. In conclusion, resistant muskmelon varieties, especially those with resistance to races 1 and 2, are recommended for managing powdery mildew on Long Island. Fungicides will still be needed if other diseases such as anthracnose develop. The Bravo alternatives or the standard fungicide programs are recommended for susceptible varieties; the biocompatible fungicide program is not recommended. Susceptibility of watermelon to races of cucurbit powdery mildew Investigator: N. Shishkoff and M. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Cucurbit powdery mildew on watermelon is a disease which has been increasing in importance in the Eastern US. It was first observed in Maryland in 1998 and in Georgia in 1999. Some researchers felt that watermelon was being infected by race 2, which has increased in the US since introduction of cucurbit cultivars resistant to race 1. In Georgia, a watermelon field was observed to have severe powdery mildew while none was found in adjacent cantaloupe fields, suggesting that the watermelon PM was a new forma specialis. To clarify the characteristics of the mildew attacking watermelon, powdery mildew isolates from 8 states obtained from 4 species of cucurbit (watermelon [Citrullus lanatus], pumpkin and squash [Cucurbita pepo], muskmelon [Cucumis melo], and butternut squash [Cucurbita moschata]) were transferred onto leaf disks of the melon cultivars used as race differentials ('Topmark' and 'Hale's Best', susceptible to all races; 'PMR-45', susceptible to races 2 and 3; and 'PMR-6', susceptible to race 3 only) and onto leaf disks of watermelon 'Crimson Sweet'. Of the 125 isolates tested, 75 were race 1, 37 were race 2, and 8 were race 3; 64 isolates, including representatives of each race, grew on watermelon. All isolates originally collected from watermelon (29) grew on watermelon leaf disks in culture. Thirty-one of 50 isolates from muskmelon, and 2 of 24 isolates from pumpkin and squash grew on watermelon leaf disks. None of the 10 isolates from butternut squash grew on watermelon. Robinson Provvidenti and Shail (1975) reported that in watermelon, a single recessive gene controls susceptibility to cucurbit powdery mildew. It doesn't seem unreasonable to suggest that all 3 races acquired the ability to infect watermelon independently. TOTAL 125 75 37 8 64 EVALUATION OF NEW NOZZLES AND AN AIR ASSIST SPRAYER FOR IMPROVING SPRAY COVERAGE ON UNDER SURFACES OF CUCURBIT LEAVES Investigator: M. T. McGrath and Andrew Landers Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Effective control of powdery mildew in a cucurbit crop necessitates controlling the disease on the underside of leaves. Conditions are more favorable for development of powdery mildew on the under compared to upper surface. A protectant fungicide applied with conventional nozzles is deposited almost exclusively on the upper surface of leaves. Leaves die prematurely when powdery mildew is not controlled effectively on the underside. Thus systemic fungicides have been critically important for powdery mildew control. Unfortunately, systemic fungicides are at-risk for resistance development. The powdery mildew fungus has demonstrated high potential for developing resistance. A means to improve spray deposition on the leaf underside would reduce grower dependence on systemic fungicides. This would be even more valuable for organic growers because there are no systemic fungicides that are approved for organic production. Several novel nozzles have come into the market place for conventional boom sprayers that reportedly improve coverage by delivering more spray to the leaf underside and also by reducing drift. Another approach to improving coverage is to use an air assist sprayer. Air assist sprayers use air as a carrier for the pesticide. A fan is used that moves air at a fast speed thereby pushing the spray into the canopy and also generating turbulence that moves spray to undersides of leaves. Nozzle velocity can be up to 180 mph. This is an expensive means to improving coverage because it entails purchasing a new sprayer rather than just new nozzles. Another benefit of improved deposition is the potential to maintain good control but with lower pesticide rates. The goals of this project were to identify spray equipment that maximizes spray coverage on the underside of leaves and to determine if powdery mildew can be controlled effectively with nonsystemic fungicides when coverage is maximized. Disease control is the ultimate measure of coverage because it includes the entire canopy, in contrast with water sensitive paper that can only measure a small percentage of the canopy. The sprayer selected for this project is a tractor-drawn air assist sprayer with a second conventional boom that parallels the air assist boom. Unfortunately, it was not possible to evaluate disease control because the sprayer was not working correctly and required extensive modifications to the design that could not be completed before powdery mildew was well-established. Spray coverage on pumpkin and muskmelon leaves was examined using water sensitive paper. These two cucurbit crops were selected because they have different canopies. Muskmelon leaves are much smaller and shorter than pumpkin leaves. Also, most leaves in the muskmelon canopy are at the same level whereas the pumpkin canopy consists of a few layers of leaves. Coverage was examined twice on both crops (28 Aug and 7 Sept) and a third time on pumpkin (14 Sept). Water sensitive paper cards were attached in pairs to both leaf surfaces using a staple or paper clip. A computer scanning program was used to determine the proportion of each card that changed color due to spray deposit. Two novel nozzles (air induction and twin jet) and three traditional nozzles (flat fan, hollow cone, and cone jet) were selected for comparison on the conventional boom. All are considered ideal for applying fungicides. Twin-jet flat fan nozzles use forward and rearward pointing flat fans, which in effect gives two opportunities to hit the plant. They apply the same amount of liquid as a conventional flat fan but halve the quantity for each hole, resulting in a small hole producing smaller droplets for a given output. Smaller droplets stick to leaves, therefore the potential for better deposition maybe acceptable. These nozzles were used at 85 psi and 71 gpa. Air induction, air inclusion or venturi nozzles are flat fan nozzles where an internal venturi creates negative pressure inside the nozzle body. Air is drawn into the nozzle through two holes in the nozzle side, mixing with the spray liquid. The emitted spray contains large (300 micron) droplets filled with air bubbles (similar to a candy malt ball) and virtually no fine, drift-prone droplets. Normally these droplets would be large enough to bounce off their target. However, because of the air they explode on impact and spread over the leaf as the air absorbs the impact load. Coverage is similar to conventional, finer sprays. Drift is reduced even at pressures of >80 psi. These nozzles were used at 92 psi and 74 gpa. Flat fan 110 degree nozzles were chosen for their finer droplet characteristics compared to 80 degree nozzles. They were used at 85 psi and 54 gpa. The hollow cone is a very traditional design comprising a core that creates the swirl (also called a swirl plate) and a ceramic disc that contains the hole. These nozzles were used at 85 psi and 81 gpa. Cone jet nozzles create small droplets in an 80 degree cone. They were used at 100 psi and 42 gpa. In addition, the air assist sprayer was operated at 63 psi and 23 gpa with the fan at maximum speed. All spray equipment provided much better coverage on upper than on under leaf surfaces with both crops. The air inclusion and twin jet nozzles provided the greatest coverage on under leaf surfaces. For cards on upper leaf surfaces, percent spray coverage averaged over both crops and all 3 dates was 59% for the air assist sprayer, 84-90% for the traditional nozzles, and 91% for the novel nozzles. Percent spray coverage for cards on the underside of leaves was 5% for the air assist sprayer, 1-4% for the traditional nozzles, and 5% for the novel nozzles. POWDERY MILDEW AND PHYTOPHTHORA FRUIT ROT OF PUMPKIN: EVALUATION OF Plant Growth Enhancers plus a Fungicide Investigators: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center The objectives of this study were to examine the benefits of weekly applications of AuxiGro (1 oz/A) or Greenstim (1-2 qt/A) with Bravo Ultrex (2.7 lb/A) for disease control and yield enhancement. A treatment of Bravo alone was included for comparison. AuxiGro, marketed by Auxein Corp., is a 'plant metabolic primer' that has been shown to enhance growth and development of numerous plant species. Active ingredients are gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamic acid. Greenstim, a 'nutrient induced resistance system' that promotes vigorous plant growth, contains macro and micro nutrients, sea plant extracts, carbohydrates, and a multi-vitamin component. It is marketed by Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corp. 'Appalachian' pumpkin seeds were planted on 22 June in a field where Phytophthora fruit rot of pumpkin had developed in 1994 and 1996 through 1999. A similar experiment was conducted in this field in 1999. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer on 4, 10, 17, and 25 Aug; 1, 9, 18, and 30 Sept; and 12 Oct. Greenstim was used at 1 qt/A, then 2 qt/A for the last three applications. Soil drainage was improved by subsoiling on 19 July between rows before vines grew over. The field was irrigated (approx. 1.0 in.) on 8 July when soil was dry due to inadequate rainfall. The field was irrigated frequently and often excessively (more than 1 in.) beginning in late Aug to create conditions favorable for Phytophthora fruit rot development by saturating the soil. Irrigation dates were 28 Aug, 5 Sept, 11 Sept, 12 Sept, and 2 Oct. A nondestructive procedure was used to estimate fruit weight so that fruit could be left undisturbed for disease development. Weight was estimated from width X length using a linear regression equation derived using fruit from the non-plot areas of this field. Fruit width and length were measured on 25 Sept. All treatments provided good control of powdery mildew on upper leaf surfaces, but only some control on lower leaf surfaces and only early in the epidemic. Neither AuxiGro or Greenstim applied with Bravo improved control over Bravo alone, based on ratings of powdery mildew severity on leaves; however, only pumpkins treated with these growth enhancers had significantly more fruit with good, solid handles on 25 Sept than nontreated pumpkins. Very few fruit developed symptoms of Phytophthora fruit rot (5.5%). Most symptomatic fruit could not be confirmed as having Phytophthora fruit rot because visible signs of the pathogen (sporangia) did not develop before affected fruit completely rotted. There were no significant differences in percentage of fruit with Phytophthora fruit rot. In sharp contrast, most fruit were affected and had visible sporangia during the previous experiment in this field with the same variety. Environmental conditions in this field in 2000 should have been favorable for disease development as Phytophthora fruit rot with good sporulation occurred in other experiments with this variety. Subsoiling may have affected disease occurrence by improving drainage; however, this practice was used in the other experiments and the low section of the field had standing water after irrigating to enhance disease development. Decline in incidence and severity of Phytophthora fruit rot also occurred in another LIHREC research field during several consecutive years of research on this disease. There were no significant differences among treatments in percent defoliation on 22 Sept, number of fruit, and average fruit weight. Estimated weight of mature fruit per plot was lowest for nontreated pumpkins, however these differences were not significant. PHYTOPHTHORA FRUIT ROT OF PUMPKIN: EVALUATION ON ACROBAT MZ FUNGICIDE Investigators: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center 'Appalachian' pumpkin seeds were planted on 22 June in a field where Phytophthora fruit rot of pumpkin had developed in 1994 and 1996 through 1999. A similar experiment was conducted in this field in 1999. Acrobat MZ was applied 9 times (4, 10, 17, and 25 Aug; 1, 9, 18, and 30 Sept; and 12 Oct) with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with D3-45 hollow cone nozzles spaced 11 in. apart that delivered 100 gpa at 200 psi. The field was irrigated (approx. 1.0 in.) on 8 July when soil was dry due to inadequate rainfall. The field was irrigated frequently and often excessively (more than 1 in.) beginning in late Aug to create conditions favorable for Phytophthora fruit rot development by saturating the soil. Irrigation dates were 28 Aug, 5 Sept, 11 Sept, 12 Sept, and 2 Oct. A simultaneous observational study with the same variety was conducted to examine the benefit of applying Acrobat MZ weekly as a component of an integrated management program. The field used for this study had been rotated out of pumpkins from 1997 through 1999. Phytophthora fruit rot occurred in 1992 – 1995 where the observational study was conducted and in the adjacent section of the field in 1992 – 1996. Seeding date, fertility, insect and weed control were the same as in the replicated experiment. In addition to rotation, management practices were used to minimize the potential of the soil becoming saturated with water and thus favoring disease onset. Sorghum sudangrass was planted instead of pumpkin in the low portion of the field where water drained poorly after rain in previous years. Drainage throughout the field was improved by subsoiling on 19 July between rows before vines grew over. This field was not irrigated. Acrobat MZ was applied weekly to half of the field (3 200-ft rows). Applications were made just before treating the plots for the replicated experiment. Very few fruit developed symptoms of Phytophthora fruit rot. Most symptomatic fruit in the replicated experiment could not be confirmed as having Phytophthora fruit rot because visible signs of the pathogen did not develop before these fruit completely rotted. In sharp contrast, during the previous experiment in this field with the same variety, most fruit were infected and had visible growth of the pathogen (sporangia). Also, most affected fruit in the observational study in 2000 had sporangia. Fewer affected fruit were observed where Acrobat MZ was used in 2000; however, these differences were not significant in contrast with 1999 results. There were significantly more healthy fruit where Acrobat MZ was used. Occurrence of Phytophthora fruit rot in the observational study suggests that a rotation of 3 years out of susceptible plants may not be sufficient; however, the pathogen could have moved here from a nearby field where Phytophthora blight occurred on pepper. In conclusion, Acrobat MZ is clearly not a panacea for managing Phytophthora fruit rot; however, it may prove to be a valuable component of an integrated management program, if registered for this use. The enormous decrease in incidence and severity of Phytophthora fruit rot that occurred in this field from 1998 to 2000 suggests that biological control developed naturally in this field over the 6 years that the disease occurred. Epidemiology of Phytophthora capsici in cucurbits: distribution of mating types, spread during rains and persistence on seeds Investigator: N. Shishkoff Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center On Long Island, it is not known how Phytophthora persists in infested fields or for how long. Thick-walled persistant oospores form if isolates of opposite mating types are present. While thin-walled mycelium may persist in moist plant tissue for up to 75 days after incorporation in soil, the thickwalled oospores survived over 200 days in laboratory tests. Both mating types have been found in single fields in North Carolina and Massachussetts. However, in fields in Ohio and Canada, sampled isolates were found to be a single mating type. If no oospores are formed, then one might predict that the fungus would not survive for more than a year or two in the absence of a host. In fields where both mating types are present, the opportunity exists for oospore formation, overwintering and genetic recombination to occur and in such fields, crop rotation might have very little effect in reducing disease levels. Even in fields with only one mating type present, there is a danger of introducing the second mating type; although soil-borne pathogens are generally slow to spread, in P. capsici, possible mechanisms include movement of the fungus in major storms, infested seed, infected transplants or produce, or by movement of infested soil. The distribution of mating types of P. capsici on Long Island has never been investigated. In an ongoing study, 55 Long Island isolates of P. capsici from different hosts (pumpkins, squash, cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes), different locations (5 in Riverhead, 2 in Mattituck, and single sites in Watermill, Bridgehampton, Orient, and Mt. Sinai) and different years (1998- 2000) are being grown in dual culture with isolates of known mating type to get a picture of the distribution of mating types on Long Island. Of the 45 tested so far, 15 belong to mating type A1, 26 belong to mating type A2, and the rest have given inconclusive results and are being retested. Of the ten fields tested so far, most were dominated by isolates of mating type A2, the exception being the field in Bridgehampton consisted only of A1 isolates. Four fields contained isolates of both mating types. Zoospores, the swimming spores that are formed in hot wet weather, are the spores that cause epidemics, and may be spread long-distance during storms with wind-driven rain,. Phytophthora blight first occurred in GA in 1994 following Hurricane Alberto, which moved north from FL where P. capsici was known to occur. An experimental plot was set up to follow the spread of P. capsici within a field during rainstorms, but the disease developed very late in the season, and no major storms occurred after disease development, so no spread was observed. Little research has been done to determine whether P. capsici can overwinter on or in seeds. A study done at the LIHREC during the 1997 season found that P. capsici was easily cultured from seed collected from infected pumpkins. It is likely that seeds would persist in the ground longer than fruit tissue; thus, pathogen-infested seed might overwinter. If infested seed are viable, volunteer plants might germinate in the spring and serve as carriers for the pathogen even if crop rotation is being practiced in that field. In an ongoing experiment, dual inoculation of pumpkins with opposite mating types has been done and seed will be collected and tested. Management guidelines will be refined from the results of this project. If movement of the pathogen during major storms is feasible, then it will be recommended to growers that they harvest before a storm if possible or apply an appropriate fungicide to protect the crop (fungicides are more likely to be effective in this situation than in a field with infested soil). A finding that seed transmission is not only feasible but an important means of dispersal will lead to further research on methods of seed testing and disinfestation. If the pathogen survives well only when oospores form, then an aggressive management program, with appropriate rotations and sanitation practices, implemented when Phytophthora blight first occurs on a farm could eliminate the pathogen. EVALUATION OF MESSENGER FOR THE CONTROL OF CUCUMBER BEETLES AND BACTERIAL WILT OF PUMPKIN Investigator: M. T. McGrath and N. Shishkoff Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Harpin, the active ingredient in Messenger, is a protein originating from Erwinia amylovora. It has been shown to induce the natural defense system of plants (known as systemic acquired resistance or SAR) for several diseases and to reduce insect attractiveness of treated plants. The variety 'Merlin' was selected for this experiment because it was determined to be more susceptible to bacterial wilt than other pumpkins in 1999. Treatments included 1) Messenger applied as a foliar spray on 17, 23, and 30 June; and 8 and 17 July and 2) Messenger applied as a seed soak for 16 hrs just before planting on 1 June plus the 5 foliar applications. Thin sections from stems of severely wilted plants were examined with a microscope for bacteria to confirm that they were succumbing to bacterial wilt. Cucumber beetles were numerous and bacterial wilt was severe. Striped cucumber beetles were almost the only vector observed during this experiment. Very few spotted cucumber beetles were seen. Beetles and feeding injury were first observed on 17 June, which was 16 days after planting; none were seen 2 days earlier. Extensive feeding damage was observed on 23 June when plants were at the 2- to 3- leaf stage. Early symptoms of bacterial wilt, wilted sections of leaves, were first seen on 30 June, which was 29 days after planting. A few completely wilted plants were seen 1 week later. Bacteria were observed in all stems examined. No significant differences were detected among treatments in number of beetles/plant, percentage of cotyledons or whole plant with damage from cucumber beetle feeding, or incidence of wilt. All plants wilted and died before Sept. There were a total of only 3, 6, and 1 good orange fruit on 23 Aug in all the nontreated plots, Messenger seed plus foliar treatment plots, and the Messenger foliar treatment plots, respectively. In a similar experiment conducted in 1999, incidence of bacterial wilt was slightly lower for plants treated with Messenger. In conclusion, Messenger is not an effective tool for managing cucumber beetles or bacterial wilt in pumpkin. This product may be effective with other cucurbit crops and perhaps other pumpkin varieties as SAR inducers have shown some variation in activity associated with the plant. COMPARISON OF CUCURBIT CROPS AND VARIETIES FOR THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS TO CUCUMBER BEETLES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL WILT Investigator: M. T. McGrath and N. Shishkoff Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Seedlings at the cotyledon to one-leaf stage were transplanted into black plastic mulch on 9 June. Transplanting was done when plants were very young so that they would be in the field almost their entire life including the cotyledon stage when cucurbit crops are highly attractive to cucumber beetles. Plants were examined weekly for cucumber beetles, feeding damage, and symptoms of bacterial wilt. Plants were considered severely wilted when they were at least 50% wilted. Compared to pest and disease pressure in a similar experiment in 1999, cucumber beetles were more numerous and bacterial wilt was more severe in 2000. Striped cucumber beetles were almost the only vector observed during this experiment. Very few spotted cucumber beetles were seen. Beetles and damage from their feeding were first observed on 20 June. No beetles were found on 14 June. An action threshold for foliar insecticide treatment of 1 beetle/plant is sometimes recommended for cucurbits. This threshold was exceeded on almost all varieties on almost all assessment dates (22 June – 11 July). Symptoms of bacterial wilt were first observed on 3 July. The gourd Turk's Turban (Cucurbita maxima) was very attractive to beetles and highly susceptible to wilt, differing substantially from Pear Bicolored (C. pepo). All Turk's Turban plants were severely wilted by 8 Aug whereas no Pear Bicolored plants were severely wilted until mid-Aug and only 23% wilted by 22 Aug. The pickling cucumber Country Fair, which is reported to be wilt resistant, was substantially less susceptible to wilt than the other two varieties examined (7% wilted versus all Dasher II and Calypso plants wilted by 22 Aug). This was not due to differences in beetle attractiveness as there were no significant differences among cucumber varieties in number of beetles/plant or amount of feeding damage. Similarly, differences in susceptibility to wilt among pumpkin varieties were not related to beetle density or feeding damage. A higher percentage of Merlin and Magic Lantern plants became severely wilted by 22 Aug than Harvest Moon and Howden plants (97-98% versus 53-58%). The more susceptible varieties have powdery mildew resistance (PMR). Fortunately, there does not appear to be a general correlation between wilt susceptibility and PMR as the PMR muskmelon and yellow summer squash varieties examined (Eclipse, Athena, and Sunray) were not more susceptible to wilt than the other varieties examined. Waltham Butternut (C. moschata) had fewer beetles and less feeding damage than other winter squash varieties, and it was the last to develop wilt symptoms, which were not seen until 15 Aug. Watermelon was less attractive to beetles and less susceptible to wilt than other cucurbit crops. EVALUATION OF ADMIRE FOR MANAGING CUCUMBER BEETLES AND BACTERIAL WILT Investigator: M. T. McGrath and D. Gilrein Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center The insecticide Admire 2F (imidacloprid, Bayer Corp.) was registered for use on cucurbits beginning with the 2000 growing season. It is an exciting addition to the arsenal for managing cucumber beetles, and thus wilt, because it has a relatively safe toxicological profile and it is labeled for use at planting which enables product to be in leaf tissue when an early invasion of beetles occurs. Most management practices for wilt target the insects that harbor and vector the pathogen, which are the striped and spotted cucumber beetles, because the bacterial pathogen cannot be controlled directly with pesticides. This study was undertaken to obtain data needed to identify an effective insecticide program with Admire for wilt. White flies have been the focus of most previous evaluations of Admire. Experiments with cucumber beetles have not included assessments of bacterial wilt. Controlling wilt is more important than controlling beetles because beetle feeding rarely kills plants and plants can sustain a lot of feeding injury before yield is impacted. It was anticipated that one application of Admire at planting would not provide full-season control in all situations. Two parallel experiments were conducted with wilt-susceptible 'Dasher II' cucumber and 'Merlin' pumpkin. Plots were direct seeded by hand on 20 June. Treatments included Admire applied in the furrow with the seed and Admire applied in a 2-inch band over the row after closing the furrow on 21 June, just before irrigating the field. The rate was 1.1 fl oz/1000 linear feet of row. Additional treatments were Sevin XLR (1 qt/A) and Avaunt (0.22 lb/A) applied weekly beginning 11 days after seeding (7 applications to cucumber and 9 to pumpkin), and a combination program with Admire applied in the furrow plus Sevin applied weekly beginning 45 days after seeding (2 or 4 applications). Plants were examined weekly. Cucumber beetles were counted and wilt severity was recorded. Movement of beetles among the small, closely-spaced plots probably interfered with detection of differences among treatments. Despite this, some interesting results were found. Significantly more beetles were observed on nontreated pumpkins and on pumpkins treated with Avaunt than on those treated with Sevin. Feeding damage was significantly greater on nontreated cucumbers and on cucumbers treated with Avaunt than on those treated with Admire in the furrow. There were significantly fewer wilted cucumber plants where Admire was applied in the furrow or Sevin was applied weekly than where Admire was applied over the row after seeding or Avaunt was applied weekly; the latter two treatments did not effectively control wilt. Control of wilt with Admire was not improved by applying Sevin weekly. However, beetle density was low and remained well below the action threshold of 1 beetle/plant even on nontreated plants. Similar trends occurred with pumpkin, but differences were not significant. Disease pressure was high in this experiment. Percentage of plants that became severely wilted (at least 50% wilted) by 23 August was 40% for nontreated pumpkin and 64% for nontreated cucumber. With the in-furrow Admire treatments, incidence was 8% and 24%, respectively. In conclusion, where susceptible varieties are used and there exists a history of bacterial wilt, Admire applied in-furrow at seeding appears to control wilt by controlling cucumber beetles. Application over the row after closing the furrow may be more effective in other situations. Additional application methods are described on the label. Foliar application of another insecticide to Admire-treated plots may improve control when insect and disease pressure are higher. Evaluation of Fungicides for Powdery Mildew of Tomato Investigator: N. Shishkoff and M. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center To study the efficacy of fungicides in controlling tomato powdery mildew, 6-wk-old seedlings were transplanted at 24-in. plant spacing on 19 Jun into five 300-ft rows on raised beds with black plastic mulch. The outer and center rows were left unstaked as guard rows and the remaining 2 rows were staked. Staked rows were divided into 20-ft plots of 10 plants each for 28 plots total, in a blocked design with 7 treatments and 4 replicatios. Treatments were applied starting on 24 Aug. Flint WG50, Flint plus Actigard 50WG, A12325 (Flint plus Actigard Prepack), Quadris F (with 6 fl oz/A Nu Film P), BAS 500 (0.75 lb/A or 1.0 lb/A) were applied to foliage biweekly on 24 Aug, 7 Sep and 20 Sep using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 50 gpa at 55 psi and was equipped with three TJ1108003 nozzles per row with one nozzle over the row and one drop nozzle on each side. Each treatment was alternated with Bravo Ultrex (1.5 lb/A on 31 Aug and 2.75 lb/A on 14 Sep and 29 Sep). Data were collected from the middle 8 of 10 plants in each plot. Severity of powdery mildew was recorded weekly from 4 Sep to 5 Oct. as percent of green leaf tissue with symptoms(one leaf/plant at a given height rated). Leaf death (% defoliation) was also recorded. Ripe fruit were harvested weekly 12 Sep through 17 Oct. Fruit were categorized by size into five groups, then counted and weighed. Fruit were considered culls when their diameter was less than 2 inches or they had developed rot. Powdery mildew developed naturally. Symptoms were first observed on 1 Aug in a spreader row and incidence on staked plants was low and fairly uniform on 4 Sep and 11 Sep. From 18 Sep on, however, disease was significantly more severe on untreated plots than on treated plots. Significant defoliation was observed in nontreated plots beginning Sep 29. BAS 500 at the lower rate was somewhat less effective than other treatments. Many of the fruit from nontreated plots were of poor quality (yellowish red color, some sunburning); this was not quantified. Data in the table are for the last two harvest dates (4 and 17 Oct) when powdery mildew significantly affected yield. Total number reported includes small and cull fruit. Treatment with Flint or BAS 500 at the higher rate gave yields higher than those in untreated controls. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ BAS 500 (0.75 lb/A) ... ...... 2.28 b 3.50 b 1.70b 3.40 b 2.06 b 0.21 b 4.2 b 4.0 b 3.06 ab 5.31 ab BAS 500 (1.0 lb/A) ......1.03bc 0.60 b 0.33b0.60 bc 0.49bc 0.18 b 1.5 b 3.0 bc 4.69 cd 6.09 bc _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ P-value .............................. 0.004 0.0001 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.012 0.004 0.012 0.004 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________ Treatments were applied in alternation with Bravo Ultrex at 1.5 lb/A (31 Aug), at 2.75 lb/A (14 Sep and 29 Sep). *Numbers in a column with a letter in common are not significantly different according to Fisher's Protected LSD (P=0.05). BACTERIAL CANKER OF TOMATO: INVESTIGATION OF ITS OCCURRENCE AND MANAGEMENT ON LONG ISLAND FARMS Investigator: M. T. McGrath and D. D. Moyer Location: Suffolk County Bacterial canker has become one of the most important disease problems on tomatoes grown on LI. Canker is very difficult to control once it develops. Applications of copper have not been adequately effective. Therefore it is critical to control the source. The goal of this project was to determine what are the sources of bacterial canker on LI and to examine the impact on disease development of management practices used in commercial settings. The pathogen could be reintroduced each year in infested seed or it could be surviving in the greenhouse or in fields, in debris or on planting materials such as plug trays or stakes. Four farms where canker has occurred previously were selected for this study. A checklist was prepared of practices that can increase or decrease the risk of canker occurring. Management practices for canker were discussed with these growers during the spring to determine what practices were being used. In addition, some practices were identified as infeasible, such as having workers wear plastic gloves and routinely dip them in disinfectant while pruning, trellising, and harvesting. Some management changes were made following these meetings. For example, one grower used a better procedure for disinfecting his tomato stakes. Stakes were pressure washed to remove soil and debris, then soaked for at least 10 minutes in a solution of Greenshield. Previously he had only dipped them in clorox. To determine if the pathogen was present before transplanting, seedlings were examined for symptoms and some plants were collected and sent to Agdia Diagnostic Laboratory. All growers produced their own transplants. None of the plants tested positive for the presence of the pathogen. This does not confirm that the pathogen was not present in these greenhouses; but if it was present, it was not widespread. Production fields were scouted routinely throughout the growing season. Symptoms of canker were not seen. This suggests that management programs used in 2000 were effective or that seed were not infested in 2000, but perhaps have been an important source in previous years. In contrast, bacterial spot was widespread on LI and also elsewhere in the US, which has not occurred in recent years. Leaf samples were tested thereby confirming that it was spot. Infested seed is a possible source of the bacteria causing spot. First Occurence of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on peppers on Long Island McGrath, M., Shishkoff, N., and Moyer, D. Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Powdery mildew was observed on peppers on a farm on Long Island. It sporulated on the undersurfaces of leaves, causing yellow lesions which led to premature defoliation of plants. Although tomatoes and eggplant were present in adjacent rows, the mildew was not observed on these crops. The mildew, Leveillula taurica, is a species "complex" (its taxonomy is poorly understood) that infects over 1000 plant species in 74 families, including pepper, tomato and eggplant. It is generally a problem in hot, arid regions of the world, although it will infect peppers in cooler, more humid climates. Powdery mildew of pepper was first reported in North America in 1971 when it was observed in southwest Florida. It is a problem on tomatoes and/or peppers in California, Arizona, Utah and Nevada, Powdery mildew of pepper was reported in Puerto Rico in 1992, in Idaho on greenhouse-grown pepper in 1998, in North-Central Mexico in 1998, and in both Canada and Oklahoma on greenhouse-grown pepper in 1999. It has never before been reported in NY state, although an unidentified powdery mildew on pepper was observed in 1999 in Western NY, which could have been L. taurica or Erysiphe orontii (which infects pepper rarely). We speculate that Leveillula taurica occurring on pepper on Long Island in 2000 originated in Florida where the seedlings were grown. Growers should be aware that plants grown in Florida may have this disease. OZONE CONCENTRATIONS IN RIVERHEAD IN 2000 Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center In contrast with most previous years, ozone was >80 ppb for only 77 hrs on 18 days in 2000: 6-9 May; 1-2, 9-11, 17, 24, and 27 June; 2-3 and 18 Jul; and 7-9 Aug. Ozone was >80 ppb for 60, 124, 121, and 184 hrs in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. The highest concentration (145 ppb) was reached on 10 June, which was similar to 1999 but at least 2 weeks earlier than previous years. Ozone was >100 ppb only during 9-11 June; it was at this level for 14 hours. Typically high concentrations occurred between 1200 and 2400, as in previous years. ASSESSMENT OF OZONE CONCENTRATIONS IN RIVERHEAD USING A CLOVER BIOINDICATOR SYSTEM Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center An ozone-sensitive clone and an ozone-resistant clone of the commercial white clover line 'Regal' were used to estimate the concentrations of ambient ozone and its effects on plants. These clones were selected because they have similar growth rates in the absence of ozone stress. This system is being used in other locations throughout the world. Cuttings were planted in 1-liter pots on 13 Apr and then either transplanted to 15liter pots on 11 May or transplanted into the field on 23 May. Landscape cloth was used for weed control around the plants in the field. Clover was harvested every 4 weeks. Cutting was done at 7 cm above the soil surface. Both wet and dry weights of harvested forage (leaves, stems, and flowers) were measured. The forage dry weight ratios (sensitive/resistant) were 0.90, 0.86, 1.04, 1.26, and 1.38 for tissue harvested from clover growing in pots on 14 June, 12 July, 10 Aug, 8 Sept, and 16 Oct, respectively. The ratios were 1.26, 0.95, 0.89, 0.75, and 1.07 for tissue harvested from field-grown clover on these dates, respectively. Although the ratios were less than or greater than 1.0 for most harvest periods, the weights of harvested tissue for the two clones differed significantly only on 12 July for pot-grown clover and only on 12 July and 10 Aug for field-grown clover. Thus the ratios were significantly different from 1.0 only for those dates. Reduced growth of the sensitive clone relative to the resistant clone that was detected on 12 July probably reflects the impact of the highest ozone episode in 2000, which occurred on 9-11 June (see previous report for more details). This episode was too close to the first harvest date (14 June) to have had a detectable impact on growth during the first growth period. In previous years, ratios were smaller and they were less than 1.0 for more growth periods, reflecting the higher ozone concentrations. SUMMARY OF VEGETABLE DISEASE DIAGNOSES Investigator: M. T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Sixty-six samples were submitted to the laboratory for diagnosis. IPM scouts brought in 18 of the samples. Bacterial spot was very common in tomato in 2000. Phytophthora diseases were also widespread affecting pepper and cucurbits. Bacterial leaf spot affecting pumpkin was more widespread than in previous years. Additional diagnosed diseases and nonpathological problems include: Stewart's bacterial wilt of sweet corn, late blight on potato, white mold and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) affecting tomato, water stress and wind injury damage to various crops, black root rot of strawberry, and Rhizoctonia wirestem affecting mature cabbage.	<urn:uuid:48899901-aa3a-4338-9684-b5e874c272a3>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	https://blogs.cornell.edu/livegpath/files/2015/12/Annual-Report-2000-McGrath-ts00qd.pdf	2017-04-26T02:19:43Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121121.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00391-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	780,319,121	14,252	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.971189	eng_Latn	0.996393	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 268, 3497, 6548, 9277, 11552, 14381, 17957, 21120, 23072, 25037, 29049, 32926, 35966, 38759, 40753, 43959, 47625, 50843, 52763, 56062, 58389, 61266 ]
Supervisor Federice opened the regular meeting at 7:30pm. Roll call was taken with the following people present: Supervisor William Federice, Councilmen: Kraig Nolte, Robert Proudman, Paul Tubiolo and Kelly Smith, Highway Superintendent Dave Porter, Tax Collector Diane Williams, Building Inspector Ronald Barry and Town Clerk Laurel Mattice. The Pledge of Allegiance was said. Guests: Jo-Ann Federice, Fred Ruckel, Tim Knight, Carl Fancher, Jim Noone, Joanne Noone, Karen O’Leary, Eric Dahlberg, and Jerry Hughes. Privilege of the Floor: None A motion was made by Councilman Smith and seconded by Councilman Nolte to approve the minutes of the August 2, 2017 regular Board meeting. Vote: 5 ayes carried Building Inspector: Ron Barry gave the following report for the period of Aug. 2 – Sept. 5, 2017: 16 inspections, 4 final inspections, 3 site inspections, 6 certificates of completion, 1 certificate of occupancy, 5 permit extension, and 2 new permits. A motion was made by Councilman Proudman and seconded by Councilman Smith to accept the Building Inspector’s report. Vote: 5 ayes carried Assessor Report: none Tax Collector: none Recreation Coordinator: none Town Clerk: Clerk read the following report: Revenues---6 dogs $43.00, Building fee $1,050.00, and West Conesville Water District $40.00 for total revenues of $1,133.00. Disbursements—NYS Spay and Neuter $8.00, Supervisor --$1,085.00 and West Conesville Water District $40.00 for total disbursements of 1,133.00. A motion was made by Councilman Smith and seconded by Councilman Proudman to accept the Town Clerk’s report. Vote: 5 ayes carried Highway Superintendent: Dave Porter gave the following report: This month we completed the sealing project without many issues. We had a soft area on Bohlen Road which required leaving it open for us to install under drain. The area is around 400 feet long and the under drain has been installed. I am going to do a calcium chloride application to hopefully bind the open area through the winter. Today our shop air compressor broke down. I will send the motor out for repair – estimate $350 to repair. We have completed ditching and graveling on Brand and C. Buel Roads. Both were in need of much gravel. Wood and Davis Roads also got some graveling. At the present we have 2 trucks at Funks for repair. 202 is in Davenport for warranty work. 201 is in Hudson for air conditioning and exhaust work. The excessive rainy weather is still putting a damper on progress. We are making some progress but it is slow. A motion was made by Councilman Nolte and seconded by Councilman Smith to accept the Highway Superintendent’s report. Vote: 5 ayes carried Supervisor’s Report: Financial: The quicken issue has been resolved. June & July reports have been completed and reviewed. A motion was made by Councilman Smith and seconded by Councilman Proudman to approve the June & July financial reports. Vote: 5 ayes carried. County Report: Nothing new to report Business A motion was made by Councilman Smith and seconded by Councilman Nolte to adopt the following resolution: Resolution #46-2017 Budget Transfers of September 6, 2017 Roll Call Vote: Supervisor Federice – Aye Councilman Smith – Aye Councilman Tubiolo - Aye Councilman Proudman – Aye Councilman Nolte – Aye Motion carried Fuel bids covering the period of October 1, 2017 – September 30, 2018 for #2 heating oil, diesel and unleaded gasoline were received from Laraway’s Inc, Hidden Valley Oil and Mirabito. The bids were opened and read. A motion was made by Councilman Tubiolo and seconded by Councilman Proudman to award the fuel bid to Laraways, Inc. Supervisor Federice reported that he has been nominated to the Coalition of Watershed Towns Executive Committee. A motion was made by Councilman Smith and seconded by Councilman Proudman to approve Supervisor Federice as the representative to the executive committee of the Coalition of Watershed Towns with the following resolution: Resolution 47-2017 Coalition of Watershed Towns Representation Resolution West Conesville Waste Water Study: Supervisor Federice reported on the major points of the West Conesville Waste Water Study. Each member of the Town Board were given a copy of the study to review. There will be a public meeting on September 26th at the Conesville Fire House regarding this project. The Town Board will decide whether to go ahead with the project or not to, by November 16th. Truck Grant Update: The NBT Bank bond anticipation note for the new truck grant has been set up. To avoid paying interest, the final paperwork to borrow the money for the truck will be started when it is shipped from the factory. A motion was made by Councilman Tubiolo and seconded by Councilman Smith to adopt the following resolution: Resolution 48-2017 SUPPORTING PARTICIPATION IN THE NEW YORK CITY FUNDED FLOOD BUYOUT PROGRAM FOR 109 DURHAM ROAD, CONESVILLE, NY 12076 Roll Call Vote: Supervisor Federice aye Councilman Smith aye Councilman Nolte aye Councilman Tubiolo aye Councilman Proudman aye carried A motion was made by Councilman Tubiolo and seconded by Councilman Smith to adopt the following resolution: Resolution 49-2017 SUPPORTING PARTICIPATION IN THE NEW YORK CITY FUNDED FLOOD BUYOUT PROGRAM FOR 111 Pangman Road, Conesville, NY 12076 Roll Call Vote: Supervisor Federice aye Councilman Smith aye Councilman Nolte aye Councilman Tubiolo aye Councilman Proudman aye carried Former Firehouse Preliminary Report: The Former Firehouse Preliminary Report were given to Board Members. The final report and presentation will take place at the next board meeting. Resolution 50-2017: A motion was made by Councilman Nolte and seconded by Councilman Proudman to adopt the following resolution. Resolve, to pay vouchers #65 through #71 of the General Fund totaling $2,858.92, vouchers #96 through #109 of the Highway Fund totaling $83,583.37, voucher #04 of the West Conesville Water District totaling $143.61. The prepaids were General Fund $1,108.37, Highway Fund $1,468.63, West Conesville Water District $25.45, Trust & Agency $205.92, and Lighting District $214.81. Roll Call Vote: Supervisor Federice: aye Councilman Smith: aye Councilman Proudman: aye Councilman Nolte: aye Councilman Tubiolo: aye carried A motion was made by Councilman Tubiolo and seconded by Councilman Smith to adjourn the meeting. Vote: 5 ayes carried The meeting was adjourned at 8:25 pm. The next board meeting will be October 4th at 7:30pm. Respectfully Submitted Laurel Mattice, Town Clerk	<urn:uuid:0ad39e95-6cc6-4415-9c55-1a3ad1ff1a0e>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	http://www.conesvilleny.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Sept-meeting.pdf	2019-01-23T03:51:19Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583884996.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123023710-20190123045710-00045.warc.gz	272,708,182	1,635	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.983355	eng_Latn	0.993368	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 2417, 4785, 6610 ]
First Apple Production Mouse Dave Kelley Choreographing the Prada sales experience Thames Water Recycling Site Vodafone Portugal Lobby Success the IDEO way Winners Over The Past Five Years \| Design Firms \| 2003-2006 \| 2007 \| Total \| \|-----------------------\|-----------\|------\|-------\| \| IDEO \| 25 \| 7 \| 32 \| \| fuseproject \| 15 \| 2 \| 17 \| \| ZIBA Design \| 13 \| 2 \| 14 \| \| Continuum \| 13 \| 1 \| 14 \| \| Smart Design \| 9 \| 3 \| 12 \| \| Lunar Design \| 9 \| 1 \| 10 \| \| Pentagram \| 6 \| 2 \| 8 \| \| RKS Design \| 8 \| 0 \| 8 \| \| Antenna Design New York \| 7 \| 0 \| 7 \| \| Formation Design Group \| 4 \| 3 \| 7 \| \| New Design Inc. \| 7 \| 1 \| 8 \| 350 professionals 10 offices around the world $63 million in revenues: 2003 2007 Business Week winners UNICON Aspirations Deep Dive Bill Fischer IMD Lausanne, Switzerland Basic Requirements for a Deep-Dive - Aspiration Groups - Clear Deep-dive “design challenge” - We expect you to present a complete description [using the Star] of a promising way to achieve your aspiration — one big idea that will advance your aspiration. - Appropriate Constraints - Don’t forget the mega-trends that we are responding to - Your prototype needs to be financially & logistically feasible - You need to be able to present the headlines in 2-3 minutes Deep Dive time table - 13:30-14:35: Introduction to DeepDive - 14:35-15:15: First prototype - 15:15-15:45: 1st Frenzy - 15:45-16:15: 2nd prototype - 16:15-16:30: 2nd Frenzy - 16:30-16:40: 3rd prototype - 16:30-17:10: Tell us your BIG idea	<urn:uuid:88b0198e-6270-4d20-b2fb-67dccce74086>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://www.uniconexed.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/UNICON_Apr_2010_deepdive.pdf	2019-01-23T01:26:46Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583879117.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123003356-20190123025356-00057.warc.gz	950,093,504	534	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.614904	eng_Latn	0.941339	[ "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "kiu_Latn", "eng_Latn", "toi_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 41, 138, 960, 988, 1058, 1547, 1788 ]
nanostructured materials and nanotechnology pdf Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology. Book • 2000. Edited by: Hari Singh Nalwa. Browse book content. About the book. Search in this book. Search in this book. Browse content Table of contents. Select all Front Matter. Full text access. Foreword Preface About the Editor Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology The 5-volume reference Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, published in October 1999, created widespread interest in researchers in the field of nanotechnology and many of our colleagues expressed interest in a shorter version of our major reference work. PDF Nanostructures And Nanotechnology Free Download Anke Krueger Carbon Materials and Nanotechnology Anke Krueger Carbon Materials and Nanotechnology Related Titles D.... Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials Contributors Numbers in parenthesesindicate the pages on which the authors'contributions begin. Nanostructured materials and nanotechnology - PDF Free Request PDF on ResearchGate \| On Jan 1, 2001, Hari Singh Nalwa and others published Nanostructured materials and nanotechnology: concise edition Nanostructured materials and nanotechnology: concise Download handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology optical properties in pdf or read handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology optical properties in pdf online books in PDF, EPUB and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology optical properties in pdf book now. Handbook Of Nanostructured Materials And Nanotechnology DRM-free (PDF) × DRM-Free Easy ... This concise edition of Hari Singh Nalwa's Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology fills the needs of scientists and students working in chemistry, physics, materials science, electrical engineering, polymer science, surface science, spectroscopy, and biotechnology. This version of the ... Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology - 1st Edition The 5-volume reference Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, published in October 1999, created widespread interest in researchers in the field of nanotechnology and many of our colleagues expressed interest in a shorter version of our major reference work. The Handbook will serve the objectives of providing state-of-the-art ... Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology \| ScienceDirect Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology Ill Preface The 3rd International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology was held during the 33rd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, in Daytona Beach, Florida during January 19-23, 2009. Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology III (Ceramic Description Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 7 - Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology VII A collection of 15 papers from The American Ceramic Society’s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology VII - Wiley Purchase Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, Five-Volume Set - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ... Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, Five-Volume Set 1st Edition Editors: Hari ... Nanostructured materials and their based technologies have opened up exciting new possibilites for future applications in ... Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-surface Turbulent Flows. 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PUBLIC INFORMATION (PGDM Program) BATCH: 2012-14 Approved Intake / Admitted students: 120/117 Passing out students: 117/117 Stratification of the Admitted Students Placement Details (2012-14) FINAL PLACEMENT SUMMERS PLACEMENTS No. of students: 117 Placed for summer Internship 117 Highest Salary: 7.5L Average Salary: 6.0 L Lowest Salary: 3.75 L No. of Companies Visited for Campus: 159 BATCH: 2013-15 Approved Intake / Admitted students: 120/119 Passing out students: 119/119 Stratification of the Admitted Students PLACEMENT DETAILS (2013-15) FINAL PLACEMENT SUMMERS PLACEMENTS No. of students: 119 Placed for summer Internship: 119 Highest Salary: 13.5L Average Salary: 6.5L Lowest Salary: 4L No. of Companies Visited for Campus: 91 BATCH: 2014-16 Approved Intake / Admitted students: 120/120 Passing out students (1st Year): 120/116 Stratification of the Admitted Students: PLACEMENT DETAILS(2014-16): SUMMERS PLACEMENTS No. of students: 120 Placed for summer Internship: 120 BATCH: 2015-17 Approved Intake / Admitted students: 120/117 Stratification of the Admitted Students:	<urn:uuid:f3802741-8012-40a9-b391-92b833c601cc>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://siescoms.edu/images/pdf/PUBLIC%20INFORMATION-PGDM.pdf	2017-03-26T18:42:12Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189245.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00151-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	340,341,350	362	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.716891	eng_Latn	0.705204	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 169, 405, 539, 771, 1023, 1127 ]
H. Lüders FEV Motorentechnik GmbH & Co. KG Aachen Effect of Measurement Conditions on Ultrafine Particle Emissions 1. Introduction Due to its high thermal efficiency the diesel engine has a unique position with respect to lowest fuel consumption and CO$_2$-emission. However, the big disadvantage of the diesel engine is its particulate emission. Since basic investigations have shown that a health risk for humans caused by diesel particles probably can't be excluded [1], the particulate emission of diesel engines has been the main topic of many environmental discussions. For this reason, the important industrial nations of the world have defined special exhaust regulations in order to limit the mass-related particulate emission of diesel engines. However, considering the latest results of special health studies, it is questionable whether the emitted particulate mass is a suitable measure for the health risk of diesel particulates. There are indications that other particle characteristics like size or surface could be more important for the toxicological, mutagenous, or cancerogenous impact of diesel particles rather than the particulate mass itself [2,3,4,5]. Thus, the question of how particulate mass-reducing measures do influence the non-mass-related particulate characteristics gains more and more importance. FEV has been working on particulate size distribution measurements for many years. In this time, a number of programs with different objectives have been carried out, Figure 1. Cooperations with well-known expert groups have been established, Figure 2. Objectives / Programs in Particle Sizing Programs at FEV To Date: - PSD from diesel engines (passenger car to HD engines, steady-state and transient) - PSD from gasoline engines - Effect of diesel exhaust gas aftertreatment on PSD - Effect of fuel composition on PSD - Fundamental investigations on the chemical and physical nature of ultrafine particles - Investigations on the effect of particle formation downstream aftertreatment systems - Study of parameters affecting ultrafine particle formation Ongoing / Forthcoming Programs at FEV: - Effect of combustion system improvement on PSD (e.g. high pressure injection…) - PSD from DI gasoline engines FIGURE 1: Programs (+ Objectives) carried out at FEV Cooperations - Institute of Applied Thermodynamics (LAT) of RWTH Aachen - DWI of RWTH Aachen (Surface Analysis) - Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research (ITA), Hannover - Institute for Combustion Technology and Gas Dynamics of Gerhard-Mercator University, Duisburg FIGURE 2: Cooperations of FEV End of 1996 a program focussing on the effect of diesel exhaust gas aftertreatment on particle number emissions has been completed. Again, the starting point was that it had been reported frequently that modern aftertreatment systems like diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) can increase ultrafine particle number although they significantly reduce the total particulate mass emitted. These effects are indeed not new - they have been described already 15 years ago. Such effects would be very important for the assessment of diesel aftertreatment systems. Further investigations were carried out to study the effect of particle formation downstream DOC and DPF more in detail. First tests were carried out on a passenger car with a TDI diesel engine. The vehicle was operated on steady-state conditions on a chassis dynamometer. Particle size distribution was measured with a Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA), described in [6]. Samples were taken from a full flow dilution tunnel. The results of these measurements are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Effect of a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst on Particle Size Distribution Particle Size Distribution of a Passenger Car with TDI Diesel Engine at 120 km/h on Chassis Dynamometer - without Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment - with Oxidation Catalyst - with optimized Oxidation Catalyst FIGURE 3: Effect of a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst on Particle Size Distribution Effect of a Diesel Particulate Filter on Particle Size Distribution Particle Size Distribution of a Passenger Car with TDI Diesel Engine at 120 km/h on Chassis Dynamometer - with Particulate Filter - without Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment FIGURE 4: Effect on a Diesel Particulate Filter on Particle Size Distribution Figure 3 illustrates the effect of a diesel oxidation catalyst on particle size distribution with the particle diameter on the abscissa and the particle number on the ordinate. Both axes are of logarithmic scale. Without any aftertreatment, a typical size distribution was found. When an oxidation catalyst was used, a high increase in particle number was found for particles smaller than roughly 50 nm in mean diameter. The number of greater particles was not affected. Afterwards, a catalyst with a formulation optimized with regard to low sulfate formation was used. Then, the particle size distribution was essentially similar to the raw emission (without aftertreatment). From these results, it can be concluded that the ultrafine particles formed when a catalyst is used consist of sulfates. The effect of a diesel particulate filter on particle size distribution is shown in Figure 4. The number of particles greater than roughly 50 nm in mean diameter was substantially reduced by the filter. However, an increase of ultrafine particles was measured again. The main questionnaire that followed from these results is summarized in Figure 5. Questionnaire Is it possible that Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) and Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) act as "reactors" that produce ultrafine solid particles? What is the nature of the ultrafine particles formed downstream DOC and DPF? What are the mechanisms that cause ultrafine particle formation? What is the role of boundary (measuring) conditions? Is it possible that the ultrafine particles formed downstream DOC and DPF are product of inadequate measuring conditions? FIGURE 5: Questionnaire Pretty early in that program, it got evident that boundary conditions may play a very important role. Usually, particle size distribution is measured under the same conditions like total particulate matter, which means that samples are taken from the dilution tunnel. Therefore, one might ask: does dilution play a role? Years ago, it was already shown in another program that the dilution ratio affects the total particulate matter because of adsorption and condensation effects. Tests to investigate these effects were carried out on a heavy-duty diesel engine on a steady-state test bench. The test bench was set up to provide possibilities to change dilution parameters. When no aftertreatment system was used, the effect of dilution ratio on particle size distribution was not significant, Figure 6. The dilution ratio given in the figure is the tunnel dilution ratio. Effect of Dilution Ratio on Particle Size Distribution from a HD Diesel Engine (Raw Exhaust) Particle Number $d(N) / d(\ln(Dp))$ [1/cm$^3$] Particle Diameter [nm] Particle Size Distribution of a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine operated at Rated Power without Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment - ■ - Dilution Ratio DR = 12 - ● - Dilution Ratio DR = 32 FIGURE 6: Effect of Dilution Ratio on Particle Size Distribution w/o Aftertreatment Effect of Dilution Ratio on Particle Size Distribution from a HD Diesel Engine with Exh. Gas Aftertreatment Particle Number $d(N) / d(\ln(Dp))$ [1/cm$^3$] Particle Diameter [nm] Particle Size Distribution of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine operated at Rated Power: - ▼ - without Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment, DR = 12 - ● - with Diesel Particulate Filter, DR = 12 - ● - with Diesel Particulate Filter, DR = 19 - △ - with Diesel Particulate Filter, DR = 32 FIGURE 7: Effect of Dilution Ratio on Particle Size Distribution with DPF When a DPF was installed, however, a significant effect of the dilution was significant, see Figure 7. At a low dilution ratio the typical increase of ultrafine particles was measured again. When the dilution ratio was increased to 19, however, no increase of ultrafine particles was measured. A further increase did not affect particle size distribution. Number emissions of particles greater than roughly 20 nm in mean diameter was not affected by the dilution ratio. From these results it can be concluded that ultrafine particles are formed downstream the DPF because of condensation provoked by very low dilution ratios. Dilution ratio affects mixing temperature, partial pressure and, thus, the concentration of condensation nuclei. At low dilution ratios e.g. the concentration of condensation nuclei may become so high that stable clusters are formed and droplets are formed. Usually the problem occurs that it is not possible to vary dilution parameters independently. Especially the dilution air temperature is usually "out of control". At FEV a system was set up so that dilution ratio and dilution air temperature can be changed independently. Figure 8 illustrates the effect of dilution air temperature on particle size distribution. At a dilution air temperature of 20 °C ultrafine particles are formed already at a dilution ratio of 12. At higher dilution air temperatures ultrafine particles are not formed at this dilution ratio. Then the dilution ratio was reduced to 4 in order to provoke ultrafine particle formation. FIGURE 8: Effect of Dilution Air Temperature on Particle Size Distribution downstream DPF These results also imply that ultrafine particle formation downstream diesel particulate filters and diesel oxidation catalyst is due to condensation effects. This would mean that the particles formed downstream DPF and DOC have no solid core. Physical Character of Ultrafine Particles formed downstream Aftertreatment Devices Although the results from the tests mentioned above imply that the ultrafine particled formed downstream aftertreatment devices are product of condensation and do not have a solid core, further test were performed to identify the physical character of these particles more in detail. There were many approaches to identify the nature of ultrafine particles. However, usually one faces the problem to collect a number / mass of this fraction to analyse it. For this reason an in-situ thermogram system consisting of two DMAs and a special heating system was set up. For these tests special analyzers measuring in a very small size range were used. As can be seen in Figure 9 and Figure 10 the particles formed downstream DOC and DPF are evaporized already at 175 °C. From this it can be concluded that these particles can not have a carbonaceous solid core because carbon oxidizes at temperatures significantly higher! This was indeed a very important finding. Effect of Heat Treatment on Ultrafine Particle Emission from a HD Diesel Engine with Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ![Graph showing Effect of Heat Treatment on Particle Size Distribution downstream a DOC](image) FIGURE 9: Effect of Heat Treatment on Particle Size Distribution downstream a DOC Effect of Heat Treatment on Ultrafine Particle Emission from a HD Diesel Engine with Diesel Particulate Filter FIGURE 10: Effect of Heat Treatment on Particle Size Distribution downstream a DPF Summary Figure 11 summarizes the main results of the program. Summary - formation of ultrafine particles downstream DPFs or DOCs largely depends on dilution parameters (dilution ratio, dilution temperature...) - ultrafine particles are formed downstream DPF or DOC due to condensation effects - ultrafine particles formed downstream DOCs or DPFs obviously do NOT have a solid core ⇒ ultrafine particle formation is provoked by inadequate measuring conditions Of course a number of questions remained and new questions came up, Figure 12. New Questionnaire Can we conclude from these results that ultrafine particles are NOT formed under real driving conditions? What are "real" dilution conditions? - "real" dilution ratios? - "real" mixing conditions? FIGURE 12: New Questionnaire These are very important questions which have to be answered very soon in order to give input necessary for the ongoing discussions. And, finally, it is necessary to define a global standard for particle size distribution measurements. Otherwise - if different institutes measure under different conditions - results are hardly comparable and will lead to misinterpretations. Conclusion The results clearly emphasize the need to define a global standard for particle sizing! FIGURE 13: Conclusion REFERENCES [1] VDI-Berichte Nr. 888 Krebserzeugende Stoffe in der Umwelt (1991) [2] Pott, F.: Dieselmotorenabgas - Tierexperimentelle Ergebnisse zur Risikoabschätzung, VDI-Berichte Nr. 888 Krebserzeugende Stoffe in der Umwelt (1991) [3] Oberdörster, G.; Gelein, R.M.; Ferin, J.; Weiss, B.: Association of Particulate Air Pollution and Acute Mortality - Involvement of Ultrafine Particles, Applied Toxicology, Nr. 13, S. 111 (1995) [4] Oberdörster, G. in Inhalation Toxicology, Nr. 8, S. 73 (1996) [5] Wasserkort, R.; Burtscher, H. in Journal of Aerosol Science, Nr. 27, S. 477 (1996) [6] Abschlußbericht zum FVV-Forschungsvorhaben Nr. 595 "Partikelkenngrößen" (1997) [7] Heinrich, U.: Carcinogenic Effects of Solid Particles, 4th International Inhalation Symposium (1993) [8] Kaufmann, R.; Höcker, H.: XPS - Eine Methode zur Charakterisierung von Faserveränderungen in der Oberfläche, GIT Fachz. 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Estimating the Number of Release Sites and Probability of Firing Within the Nerve Terminal by Statistical Analysis of Synaptic Charge KERT VIELE,1 ARNOLD J. STROMBERG,1 AND ROBIN L. COOPER2* 1Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0027 2Thomas Hunt Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0225 KEY WORDS neurotransmission; crayfish; neuromuscular junction; facilitation; quantal analysis; synapse ABSTRACT Investigating the function of individual synapses is essential to understanding the mechanisms that influence the efficacy of chemical synaptic transmission. The known simplicity of the synaptic structure at the crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and its quantal nature of release allows an assessment of discrete synapses within the motor nerve terminals. Our goal in this article is to investigate the effect of the stimulation frequency on the number of active release sites $(n)$ and the probability of release $(p)$ at those active sites. Because methods based on direct counts often provide unstable joint estimates of $(n)$ and $(p)$, we base our analysis on mixture modeling. In particular, the mixture modeling approach is used to estimate $(n)$ and $(p)$ for stimulation frequencies of 1 Hz, 2 Hz, and 3 Hz. Our results indicate that as the stimulation frequency increases, new sites are recruited (thus increasing $n$) and the probability of release $(p)$ increases. Synapse 47:15–25, 2003. INTRODUCTION Recruitment of synapses is postulated to be one of the mechanisms that enhance synaptic transmission when electrical activity is increased. For example, Atwood and Wojtowicz (1999) speculate that short-term facilitation (STF) may be due, in part, to activation of previously silent synapses. Currently, various statistical measures and estimated parameters are used to quantify synaptic efficacy. Mean quantal content $(m)$ is commonly used as an index of the average number of single evoked events (or synaptic vesicles that fuse) that occur per stimulus, with a parameter $n$ representing the number of sites that release a vesicle and a third parameter, $p$, representing the probability of an event occurring at a release site (del Castillo and Katz, 1954). Since $n$ and $p$ cannot be directly measured experimentally, multiple approaches have been proposed to estimate $n$ and $p$ using the distribution of evoked events [see reviews: Faber et al., 1998; McLachlan, 1978]. These methods work poorly when synaptic efficacy is very low, often resulting in $n = 1$. In these cases, the observed distribution is often fit using a Poisson distribution (Zar, 1999). However, Poisson distributions arise as an approximation for binomial distributions with large $n$ and small $p$; thus, the Poisson distribution represents the opposite extreme from $n = 1$. Direct structure–function studies (Cooper et al., 1995a, 1996b) of discrete regions of motor nerve terminals have revealed that there can be many synapses (30–40), each with multiple active zones, and that the physiological measures of synaptic currents, with subsequent determination of $n$ and $p$, may estimate $n = 1$ despite quite large variations in the sizes and shapes of single evoked synaptic currents. The physiological and structural data would indicate that multiple sites are being utilized for vesicle fusion, but this is not reflected in the estimate of $n$. This problem is consistent with results in the statistical literature, in particular those of Olkin et al. (1981), indicating that simultaneous estimation of $n$ and $p$ is inherently unstable due to the fact that the likelihood function is particularly flat as a function of $n$. These results suggest that, if possible, we should search for more information in the evoked currents Correspondence to: Dr. Robin L. Cooper, T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, 101 Morgan Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225. E-mail: email@example.com Received 18 January 2002; Accepted 23 August 2002 DOI 10.1002/syn.10141 that may be used to estimate $n$ and $p$. The sizes and shapes of single evoked synaptic currents is one such source. Using counting methods, two currents which both indicate one evoked event would be recorded identically (e.g., as one evoked event) even if the two currents appear distinctly different. Since differences in current sizes or shapes may indicate different sites firing, this may be useful information in determining the overall number of sites. The “extra information” we utilize is the area of each current trace for single evoked events. We use mixture modeling to estimate $(n)$ and $(p)$ from the area data. The area is a measure of charge (current $\times$ time) and it is known to be less susceptible to small deviations in amplitude then the commonly used peak amplitude measures (Bekkers and Stevens, 1991; Cooper et al., 1995b). The previous methodology involves stochastic analysis in the distribution of synaptic events measured on the postsynaptic cell (i.e., the one receiving the transmitter). An electrophysiological recording procedure, such as with a focal macropatch electrode, allows single vesicular events to be monitored directly at synaptic sites (Cooper et al., 1995b; Dudel, 1965). These events are in the form of unitary currents that represent the amount of transmitter released from a single vesicle (del Castillo and Katz, 1954). In synapses—for example, those of the crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ)—the activation of postsynaptic ligand gated ion channels results in a measurable postsynaptic current. Depending on the point-location within a synapse in which the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the postsynaptic receptor area may only receive a portion of the transmitter. This can occur when release is by a boundary of the postsynaptic array. In theory, this may result in a different size or shape of the unitary postsynaptic current as compared to release over the center of the receptor array, but this assumes that the postsynaptic arrays of receptors are not saturated from the release of a single vesicle. On the other hand, if the postsynaptic receptor array is saturated by the release of a single vesicle, then the currents should be uniform each time that site is activated. For these two scenarios, any fluctuation in the size or shape of the postsynaptic currents observed may be either due to varied sites releasing on the presynaptic face or that various synapses are being utilized. There are examples for both cases to account for the variation in the size or shape of single vesicular events in various preparations. It is also possible that both scenarios may coexist, since one does not exclude the other from occurring. For a recent review of such issues see, Faber et al. (1998). MATERIALS AND METHODS* Animals All experiments were performed using the first walking leg of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, measuring 4–6 cm in body length (Atchafalaya Biological Supply Co., Raceland, LA). The opener muscle of the first walking legs was prepared by the standard dissection (Cooper et al., 1995a). The tissue was pinned out in a Slygard dish for viewing with a Nikon, Optiphot-2 upright fluorescent microscope using a 40× (0.55 NA) Nikon water immersion objective. Dissected preparations were maintained in crayfish saline (modified Van Harreveld’s solution: 205 mM NaCl; 5.3 mM KCl; 13.5 mM CaCl$_2$; 2.45 mM MgCl$_2$; 0.5 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4) at 14°C. The entire opener muscle is innervated by a single tonic excitatory motor neuron (Cooper et al., 1995a). To visualize the nerve terminals for placing the macropatch electrode over a defined region of the nerve terminal, we used the vital fluorescent dye, 4-[4-(diethylamino) styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide (4-Di-2-Asp; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), to stain the preparation. The synaptic transmission remained unaltered by this dye, as previously shown (Cooper et al., 1995a). The living preparation was stained with a 2–5 μM dye solution for 2–5 min and then washed in crayfish saline. Evoked postsynaptic current (EPSC) The EPSCs were obtained using the loose patch technique (Dudel, 1981) by lightly placing 10–15 μm diameter, fire-polished glass electrodes directly over a varicosity. The lumen of the patch electrode was filled with the same solution as the bathing medium. The seal resistance was in the range of 100 K° to 1 M°. All events were obtained with an Axoclamp 2b (Axon Instruments, Burlingame, CA) 0.1× LU head stage acquired at 10 kHz without additional filtering. Responses were measured and calibrated with MacLab Scope software 3.5.4 v. (ADInstruments, Grand Junction, CO). Stimulation was obtained by use of a Grass S-88 simulator and a stimulus isolation unit (Grass, SIU) with leads to a standard suction electrode (Cooper et al., 1995a). For each of three frequencies (1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz), the excitatory axon was stimulated 1,000 times and the resulting evoked EPSCs and mEPSCs (miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents) were recorded. As shown in Figure 1, in each synaptic current recording a trigger artifact and a nerve spike can be visualized which indicates nerve stimulation. Each current recording was classified as a failure, single, or multiple event based on the observed number of peaks of discrete events in the recording. As demonstrated in Figure 1, failures and single events are discernable and can be quantified. Most of the results were failures and singles, and thus the remainder of the methodology focuses on the single events. For each single event, we measured the area (i.e., charge) under the curve for a period of time that encompasses the evoked events. The area under the curve is current-time, which is a unit of charge (Bekkers and Stevens, 1991; Cooper et al., 1995b). The area of the evoked EPSCs, the synaptic charge, allows characterization of the postsynaptic event (Fig. 1). Measures of the charge provide an index to use over time as well as during perturbations of the stimulation frequency (Fig. 2A). In addition, the charge measures in conjunction with stochastic analysis provide the ability to determine if groupings in subtypes of single evoked EPSCs occur, which would be indicative of synaptic differences in the overall contribution to the summed EPSCs for the entire muscle. Thus, our goal is to classify the area data into distinct groups, each corresponding to an individual site. Details of area calculation The specific calculation of area consisted of identifying the duration of the EPSC from the current trace (area 1 in Fig. 1C). The baseline charge was determined by observing an area near the end of the current trace (area 2 in Fig. 1C) and computing the average voltage for that region (Southard et al., 2000). Using an average controls signal noise, while determining a separate baseline for each stimulus corrects for any DC shift that may occur over the 1,000 stimulations. In addition to the area measure, the peak amplitude was calculated for each single. Square root transformation of area The square root was taken for each value of area before performing further statistical analyses. This is a standard method for handling area data, since area is in squared units (much like using a standard deviation instead of a variance). In addition, the observed data indicated a “squaring” operation had occurred because of a large number of outliers in the untransformed area data. The square root is highly correlated with peak amplitude (correlation 0.93). Finally, as shown in “Mixture modeling” (below) a mixture of normal distributions fits the transformed data quite well. Statistical methods Direct count methods A common method for obtaining the quantal parameters $(n)$ and $(p)$ is based on direct counts of the number of failures, single events, double events, etc. As mentioned above, the current traces for each of the 1,000 stimulations were classified into failures, single events, double events, and so on. Direct count methods may be used to estimate the mean quantal content (the mean number of events per stimulus, usually denoted as $m$), or they may be used to estimate $(n)$ and $(p)$ by fitting various discrete distributions such as a Poisson or some type of binomial to the count data, thus predicting the distribution of the number of events resulting from each stimulus. As one might expect, it is easier to estimate the mean of a distribution $(m)$ than the entire distribution. The central point of Olkin et al. (1981) is that if both $n$ and $p$ are unknown in a binomial distribution, then the mean $np$ may be accurately estimated (the mean quantal content $m$) but estimates of the individual parameters $n$ and $p$ are unstable. Olkin et al. (1981) discuss a variety of estimators in this context, such as the estimators used by Wernig (1972) to estimate $n$ and $p$. Heuristically, this instability occurs because different values of $n$ and $p$ produce similar predicted probabilities. For example, consider a binomial distribution with parameters $n = 10$ and $p = 0.2$ and a second binomial distribution with $n = 20$ and $p = 0.1$. The first binomial predicts the probabilities of 0 through 5 to be 0.122, 0.270, 0.285, 0.190, 0.090, and 0.032. The second binomial predicts the probabilities of 0 through 5 to be 0.107, 0.268, 0.302, 0.201, 0.088, and 0.026. These probabilities are almost identical, even though they have different values of $n$ and $p$. Note, however, they have the same value of $np$. Stable estimation of the mean quantal content $m = np$ is possible, but because different values of $n$ and $p$ produce similar predicted probabilities, they are hard to differentiate on the basis of counts alone. Our goal in the current research is to estimate $(n)$ and $(p)$ and thus we focus on the area data, which provides more information than the count data alone. The primary inferential technique is mixture modeling, discussed in the next section. Mixture modeling We chose to model the data using a mixture of normal distributions. This model assumes that the occurrences at each particular site are normally distributed. Although the overall data may be skewed, it is possible for several overlapping normal distributions to produce skewness. This assumption of normality is explored in the Results section and appears to be acceptable in that a mixture of normals fits the data well. With this assumption, the data may be used to estimate the number of sites and the pattern of activity for a particular site (i.e., the mean, variance, and probability of the release for that site). Normal mixtures have been used before to model EPSC data, in particular in Stricker and Redman (1994) and Stricker et al. (1994). The similarities between our work and theirs are primarily methodological. We are using the same model and used the EM algorithm to find the estimates of the parameters (with the slight extension that EM algorithm was conducted with several randomly generated starting points to search for multiple modes in the likelihood surface). While our statistical goal is similar to Stricker et al. (1994) in that we are attempting to determine the number of normal components in the mixture, the underlying data is different. Here we have attempted to isolate single quanta and are trying to group the single quanta events. In Stricker et al. (1994) the mixture components were generated by multiple sites firing simultaneously. Thus, our normal components are hypothesized to correspond to the firing distribution of a single site, with different normal components corresponding to different sites. Estimation of the number of sites $n$ corresponds to determining the number of components in the mixture. A second, more fundamental, difference between our approach and Stricker et al. (1994) corresponds to our model selection criteria of BIC (Bayesian Information Criteria) as opposed to AIC. Like a linear regression model, as more variables are added the fit of a mixture model is improved. Thus, we choose the appropriate number of components (sites) by examining the tradeoff between improvement in fit and the extra parameters required to add a new component to the model. We evaluated this tradeoff using BIC, where the number of components with the largest BIC is chosen as the best mixture model for the data. BIC is defined as $\ell(\hat{\theta}) + (d/2)\ln s$, where $\ell(\hat{\theta})$ is the maximal value of the loglikelihood, $d$ is the number of parameters in the model, and $s$ is the sample size (here the number of singles). In the mixture problem, $d = 3k-1$, where $k$ is the number of components (a mean, variance, and probability for each component, subject to the constraint the probabilities must sum to 1). BIC is related to AIC (used in Stricker et al., 1994) in that it is a penalized likelihood criteria. However, BIC and AIC are intended for different purposes. As discussed (with further references) in Wasserman (2000), BIC is aimed at choosing the correct model, while AIC optimizes the predictive density (sometimes called the “Akaike prediction problem”). While the mixture problem does not obey the regularity conditions typically associated with BIC, Kerebin (1998) recently showed that BIC is still consistent (for large samples BIC will choose the correct number of components) in the mixture problem. Since our goal here is to determine the correct $n$, and recent results indicate that BIC performs consistently for this purpose, we have chosen to use BIC over AIC. Two review articles describing BIC, and model selection in general, are Kass and Raftery (1995) and Wasserman (2000). BIC is measured on the log scale, thus arithmetic differences are used for calibration. On the scale we used to compute BIC, a standard calibration in Kass and Raftery (1995, section 3.2) states that a difference of 0–1, 1–3, 3–5, >5 in BIC values indicates little, positive, strong and very strong evidence respectively, in favor of the model with the higher BIC value. The conclusions drawn for each of the 1 Hz, 2 Hz, and 3 Hz datasets (discussed in Results) all exceed this threshold for “strong evidence.” We considered models with one, two, three, and four components for each of the 1 Hz, 2 Hz, and 3 Hz datasets and found three or fewer components sufficient for each. If we had chosen the maximal number of components considered (four), we would have then considered five-component models, six-component models, and so on. RESULTS Exploratory analysis As described above, the 1,000 trials for each dataset may be broken into three groups—failures, single evoked events, and multiple evoked events. The observed counts are shown in Table I. As can be seen, for all three stimulation frequencies most of the stimulations resulted in failures and there were very few multiple events (seven or fewer out of 1,000). There were 166 single evoked events for the 1 Hz data, 229 for the 2 Hz data, and 296 for the 3 Hz data. By themselves, these numbers indicate that either 1) individual sites fire more often at higher stimulation frequencies and/or 2) more sites are being recruited at higher stimulation frequencies. Statement (2) is actually a specific case of statement (1), since we can define “recruitment” as the probability of a site firing increasing from 0 to something greater than 0. Our hypothesis is that the singles can be classified into distinct groups. As an exploratory first step, Figure 3 shows histograms of the Sqr(area) data for 2 Hz with two different choices of histogram breaks. Although histograms are unreliable as an inferential technique, the histograms contain multiple peaks, which indicate the data may contain distinct subgroups. The remainder of this section discusses the results of the mixture modeling that was used to infer $(n)$ and $(p)$ for each stimulation frequency. Mixture modeling We performed three analyses, one for each of the 1 Hz, 2 Hz, and 3 Hz datasets. Table II and Figure 4 summarize the results for the 1-Hz data. Table II shows the BIC values and the parameter estimates, while Figure 4 shows the predicted densities for each possible number of components. The BIC shown in Table II increases substantially as the number of components is increased from one to two. This is shown graphically in Figure 4. The two-component model out- --- TABLE I. Observed distributions of failures, singles, and doubles for each of the three stimulation frequencies \| \| 1 Hz \| 2 Hz \| 3 Hz \| \|----------------\|------\|------\|------\| \| Events \| \| \| \| \| 0's \| 833 \| 767 \| 695 \| \| 1's \| 167 \| 229 \| 298 \| \| 2's \| 0 \| 4 \| 7 \| \| $m$ \| 0.167\| 0.237\| 0.312\| The last row provides the mean quantal content $m$. ‘$m$’—is the mean quantal content obtained from the direct counts [9]. --- Fig. 3. A: Histogram for the square root of the 2 Hz charge data with breaks at 0, 2, 4,...,24. Visual inspection suggests that there may be modes at about 5 and 11. B: Histogram for the square root of the 2 Hz charge data with breaks at 0, 1, 2,...,24. Visual inspection suggests that there may be modes at about 5, 9, and 15. --- TABLE II. Modeling of the 1 Hz charge data \| # Components \| BIC \| Prob. of firing \| Mean \| Variance \| \|--------------\|---------\|-----------------\|--------\|----------\| \| 1 \| −458.930\| 1.000 \| 8.036 \| 13.871 \| \| 2 \| −443.552\| 0.433 \| 4.599 \| 1.500 \| \| \| \| 0.567 \| 10.661 \| 7.408 \| \| 3 \| −447.986\| 0.364 \| 4.223 \| 0.922 \| \| \| \| 0.089 \| 6.436 \| 0.155 \| \| \| \| 0.547 \| 10.833 \| 6.800 \| \| 4 \| −453.633\| 0.025 \| 2.297 \| 0.043 \| \| \| \| 0.320 \| 4.265 \| 0.546 \| \| \| \| 0.109 \| 6.365 \| 0.191 \| \| \| \| 0.547 \| 10.837 \| 6.780 \| # Components is the number of normal distributions mixed to form the model. Mean (Variance) is the mean (variance) of each of the normal distributions. BIC is the Bayesian information criteria. Prob. of firing is the probability, given that one site fires, that that particular site fires. Fig. 4. Modeling the square root of the 1 Hz charge data with a mixture of normal distributions. Statistical modeling suggests that there are two modes, one centered around 4.6 and the other at about 10.7 with conditional probabilities of firing being 43%, and 57%, respectively. are more to chance clustering of the data than due to the number of true release sites. In addition, the graphical representation of the three- and four-component models are not qualitatively better than the two-component model (Fig. 4). It appears clear that there are two modes in the one Hz data, one centered around 4.6 and the other at about 10.7. The probabilities in the tables in this article provide the proportion of single evoked events corresponding to that site. Thus, the probabilities in Table II refer to the 166 single evoked events for the 1 Hz data. These probabilities can also be rescaled to refer to the entire 1,000 trials (failures, single evoked events, and multiple evoked events). First, we find that 43.29% of 166 trials is approximately 72 trials, which is 7.2% of the 1,000 total trials for 1 Hz. We refer to the 7.2% as the “overall” probability. Of course, it is possible that this percentage might be slightly incorrect because some of those 1,000 trials consist of multiple evoked events, which are not considered here. However, as stated in the introduction to this section, there are only a very small number of such trials in each dataset. In fact, there were none for the 1 Hz data. Thus, for the 1 Hz data the 7.2% is not subject to change by considering the multiple evoked events, and the probabilities for the 2 Hz and 3 Hz datasets described below are only subject to a slight change (less than 1%) due to the multiple evoked events not considered in this article. For the other site in the two-component estimate, the 56.71% conditional probability (proportion of single evoked events) corresponds to a 9.4% overall probability. The 2 Hz data are modeled in Table III and are depicted graphically in Figure 5. The analysis is very similar to the 2 Hz data, and again we conclude that there are two modes at about the same places. The conditional probabilities are almost exactly equal to the 1 Hz data (43.38% and 56.62%), resulting in overall probabilities of 9.97% and 13.02%. The overall probabilities are higher for the 2 Hz data because there was a larger proportion of single firings in the 2 Hz dataset. Interestingly, the variance of the second component in the two-component model is about twice the variance of the second component in the two-component model in the 1 Hz data. It is possible that a third component is present with a higher mean but not in sufficient quantity to be seen in this dataset. Table IV and Figure 6 \| # Components \| BIC \| Prob. of firing \| Mean \| Variance \| \|--------------\|---------\|-----------------\|--------\|----------\| \| 1 \| −656.061\| 1.000 \| 8.405 \| 17.192 \| \| 2 \| −637.393\| 0.434 \| 5.104 \| 2.099 \| \| \| \| 0.566 \| 10.933 \| 14.019 \| \| 3 \| −642.985\| 0.203 \| 4.022 \| 0.508 \| \| \| \| 0.494 \| 6.139 \| 0.659 \| \| \| \| 0.603 \| 10.605 \| 15.213 \| \| 4 \| −649.162\| 0.460 \| 5.081 \| 2.171 \| \| \| \| 0.490 \| 10.621 \| 9.227 \| \| \| \| 0.041 \| 16.387 \| 0.449 \| \| \| \| 0.0090 \| 21.750 \| 0.248 \| # Components is the number of normal distributions mixed to form the model. Mean (Variance) is the mean (variance) of each of the normal distributions. BIC is the Bayesian information criteria. Prob. of firing is the probability, given that one site fires, that that particular site fires. Fig. 5. Modeling the square root of the 2 Hz charge data with a mixture of normal distribution. Statistical modeling suggests that there are two modes, one centered around 5.1 and the other at about 10.9 with conditional probabilities of firing being 43%, and 57%, respectively. suggest that there are three components in the 3 Hz data with means at 5.3, 8.6, and 16.2 with conditional probabilities of firing being 36%, 44%, and 20%, respectively. The overall release probabilities are 10.58%, 13.15%, and 6.10%. In conclusion, the data support the hypothesis that more sites are recruited as the stimulation frequency is increased, and that the probability of release is increased as the stimulation frequency is increased. Evaluating the fit of the normal mixture model Of course, the mixture model assumes that the underlying components (as opposed to the entire distribution) are normally distributed, an assumption which may be controversial. To address this issue, we looked at the cumulative distribution functions predicted by the chosen models and plotted those against the empirical cumulative distribution functions for each dataset. As shown in Figure 7, the fitted models fit sufficiently well that it is difficult to even observe the fitted models against the empirical CDFs. This suggests that, --- TABLE IV. Modeling of the 3 Hz charge data \| # Components \| BIC \| Prob. of firing \| Mean \| Variance \| \|--------------\|---------\|-----------------\|--------\|----------\| \| 1 \| −863.558\| 1.000 \| 8.984 \| 19.270 \| \| 2 \| −803.384\| 0.429 \| 5.507 \| 0.968 \| \| \| \| 0.571 \| 11.596 \| 17.112 \| \| 3 \| −796.541\| 0.355 \| 5.260 \| 0.592 \| \| \| \| 0.441 \| 8.633 \| 5.183 \| \| \| \| 0.205 \| 16.197 \| 5.021 \| \| 4 \| −800.859\| 0.471 \| 5.395 \| 0.836 \| \| \| \| 0.121 \| 7.954 \| 0.223 \| \| \| \| 0.179 \| 10.348 \| 1.179 \| \| \| \| 0.229 \| 15.847 \| 5.754 \| # Components is the number of normal distributions mixed to form the model. Mean (Variance) is the mean (variance) of each of the normal distributions. BIC is the Bayesian information criteria. Prob. of firing is the probability, given that one site fires, that that particular site fires. --- Fig. 6. Modeling the square root of the 3 Hz charge data with a mixture of normal distribution. Statistical modeling suggests that there are three modes with means at 5.3, 8.6, and 16.2 with conditional probabilities of firing being 36%, 44%, and 20%, respectively. Fig. 7. Goodness of fit plots for the mixture distributions chosen by BIC. The three plots correspond to the 1 Hz (A), 2 Hz (B), and 3 Hz (C) datasets. The x-axis of each plot is the square root of the area. The y-axis provides the cumulative distribution function for each of two distributions—the empirical distribution (the observed proportion of data less than each Sqr(area) value) and the mixture distribution chosen for BIC. Thus, for the 1 Hz and 2 Hz datasets, the two-component model CDF is plotted, while for the 3 Hz dataset the three-component model CDF is plotted. The empirical CDF is a dotted line, while the mixture CDF is shown as a dashed line. Both lines are almost completely superimposed on each other for all three plots. while perhaps some other model may provide an even better fit, the mixture of normal distributions does fit the data well. There may be some concern at this point that since a square root transformation was used to fit the model, the model may not be adequate on the original (no square root) scale. However, the method used in this study is analogous to a Box-Cox style transformation in regression. If one wishes, the results may be transformed back to the original scale using standard statistical results on transformations of continuous distributions. This was done in Figure 8 with the optimal fits for each of the three datasets. That is, we transformed back the two-component models for the 1 Hz and 2 Hz datasets, and the three-component model for the 3 Hz dataset. The datasets are shown on the original scale with the transformed densities. As can be seen, all three distributions have a qualitatively good fit to the original data. DISCUSSION In this study we provide evidence that the classical technique (del Castillo and Katz, 1954) of directly counting the occurrences of quantal events may provide unstable estimates of the parameters $n$ and $p$ (see Tables I–IV). The method of direct counting overlooks the possibility that there are quantified groupings of subsets, each making up a fraction of the total percentage of quantized postsynaptic currents. This instability may be partially alleviated by looking at the current traces for extra information about $n$ and $p$ in the data. In particular, we focused on current trace areas and used mixture modeling to determine $n$ and $p$. Of course, other measures of the current trace are possible, such as peak amplitudes or decay rates, but these alternative measures did not provide the same clarity in grouping the data as the areas did. The area data alone strongly suggest that there at least two distinct sites firing for all stimulation frequencies, that a third site may be recruited as the stimulation is increased from 1 Hz to 3 Hz, and that the firing frequency $p$ increases as the stimulation frequency increases. Earlier studies investigating stimulation frequency dependence on quantal release in crayfish NMJ (Wernig, 1972) showed the same general overall trend as we report, which is that with increased stimulation frequency the number of quanta increase. However, in the Wernig study only direct counts of quantal events were taken, with use of uniform binomial statistics to estimate $n$ and $p$. No attempts were made to investigate quantal populations based on the characteristics of the quantal current and, thus, what was determined as one release site most likely underestimated the number of active sites. In addition, the measurement techniques used consisted of a glass focal electrode filled with 2 M NaCl to measure synaptic current, which may well have altered the release characteristics of the nerve terminals, since it is well established that hyperosmotic solutions promote transmitter release (Quastel et al., 1971). There is a vast amount of literature dedicated to various quantal analysis procedures and the statistical nature of synaptic transmission in a variety of systems (see reviews: Faber et al., 1998; Somogyi, 1998; Martin, 1977; McLachlan, 1978; Redman, 1997; Voronin, 1993). However, estimating $n$ and $p$ using the common approaches of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and AIC methods (Cooper et al., 1995b; Smith et al., 1991; Wojtowicz et al., 1991) do not take into account that even if only failures and single evoked events occurred there could still be multiple functional sites giving rise to the single events. This is a major limitation of the direct counting method when there are few multiple releases, as in the current data. From direct structure–function studies of varicosities, as those used in this study, it has been demonstrated that there are 30–35 synapses contained within a single varicosity and each synapse may have zero (a blank synapse), one (simple synapse), or multiple dense bodies (complex synapses) (Atwood and Cooper, 1995, 1996a,b; Cooper et al., 1995a). A dense body on a synapse is commonly referred to as an active zone since vesicles are observed to be localized around these presynaptic structures and are assumed to be released from these locations (Atwood et al., 1994; Cooper et al., 1996a; Govind et al., 1994; Propst and Ko, 1987; Walrond and Reese, 1985). However, referring to the dense bodies as active zones maybe a misnomer since they are not all likely to be active; instead, they have the potential to be active. Within these nerve terminal varicosities, which can contain 30–35 synapses, there may be in the range of 30–50 potential active zones based on the number of dense bodies observed in hundreds of serial sections (Cooper et al., 1995a, 1996b). It is known that a high frequency of EMG activity (up to 60 Hz) occurs during the opening of the chelae in an intact animal (Crider and Cooper, 2000), and that this is likely due to a barrage of activity of the single excitatory motor neuron that innervates the opener muscle. It is practical to assume that many sites can be recruited into action during a high stimulation frequency; however, it is experimentally impractical to discern discrete quantal synaptic currents in such conditions. In addition, with a large number of multiple events within single trials it becomes impossible to directly count events to estimate $n$ and $p$. Even if the counts were obtainable there is a problem in appropriately determining the best fit distributions to estimate $n$ and $p$ with a large number of higher ordered multiple events that may vary over time (Miyamoto, 1986). For these reasons, experimentally one makes use a low stimulation rate to observe discernable quantal events and by incrementally increasing the stimulation rate, additional release sites are able to be recruited and stochastically measured. Based on the structural analysis of these types of synapses, it is highly probable that some sites are recruited first and other sites are recruited as the stimulation frequency is increased. In fact, the structural complexity of the synapses reveal that active zones vary in their separation distances on individual synapses, which may relate to interaction of calcium domains resulting in some sites having a much higher release probability (Cooper et al., 1995a, 1996a,b). The analysis used in this study suggests that sites initially activated, which produce a given subset of quantal charges, increase in their occurrence, and that novel sites can also be recruited upon increased stimulation frequency. Studies in which vertebrate central terminals have been investigated suggest that $n$ is positively correlated with the number of boutons (i.e., varicosities) activated (Korn et al., 1981). Most central synapses of vertebrate neurons do not have the structural simplicity of a few active zones (dense bodies) on a synapse but instead consist of a grid of dense bodies which likely will function as a unit (Vrensen, 1980). This raises the issue of what $n$ may refer to in such cases. Is it an entire synapse or a single active zone within the grid? To the same extent, the frog NMJ has long dense bars in which multiple vesicles align themselves, and it is unknown if the entire dense bar acts as a single site (Kriebel et al., 2000). In addition, Vautrin et al. (2000) postulated that the postsynaptic responses are indirect as a result of vesicle release but directly an effect of neurotransmitter release from gangliosides on the extracellular presynaptic surface. Others (Kriebel et al., 2001) have recently postulated the existence of temporary pores different than a vesicular fusion pore to release transmitter. The mechanisms behind quantal fluctuation of synaptic transmission can be due to postsynaptic and/or presynaptic components. A possible postsynaptic mechanism is nonuniform activation of the postsynaptic receptor array due to point source release of transmitter in relation to the geometry of the synapse (Bekkers, 1998; Olkin et al., 1981; Uteshev and Pennefather, 1997). In addition, the different sizes of synapses, which in some cases are related to synaptic development, account for a postsynaptic role. Saturation of the postsynaptic receptors has also been postulated to limit quantal size (Tang et al., 1994). The density and distribution of the various glutamate receptor subtypes (i.e., NMDA and AMPA) can alter the receptivity of the postsynaptic target (DiAntonio et al., 1999). When transmission is rapid from the same sites, receptor desensitization/resensitization may also contribute (Sugino et al., 2000). Presynaptic mechanisms potentially responsible for quantal fluctuation may well be due to the size differences in vesicles as well as packaging of their contents (Sulzer and Edwards, 2000; Wilson, 1998). Recently, it has also been postulated that quantal release may not be due to a single vesicle but rather to an array of vesicles releasing all at once (Kriebel et al., 2000). Many of the proposed explanations for quantal fluctuation can be tested in “simple synapses” of the crayfish NMJ since one can monitor unitary postsynaptic currents. It is known that desensitization is not responsible for quantal fluctuation, since very low probability of release was induced, resulting in evoked events interspersed among many failures. In addition, the peak amplitudes do not show a flattened peak, which would be indicative of saturation. Resensitization is rapid in this preparation (Dudel et al., 1992). These glutamatergic ligand-gated receptors are a quisqualate type with rapid sodium conductance (Shinozake and Shibuya, 1974). There does not appear to be a wide variation in size among clear core synaptic vesicles in crayfish motor nerve terminals, but one needs to consider stereological problems in assessing vesicle dimensions (Feuverger et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000). Also, the size is not informative to the extent of the packaging content. With monitoring single vesicular induced EPSCs from a spatially isolated varicosity using the focal recording technique, one at least knows that the variation is not due to electrotonic spread from distant sites on the muscle, as is the problem with intracellular monitoring of the postsynaptic cell. Since the synapses are known to be of various sizes for these types of varicosities on the opener muscle (Cooper et al., 1995a, 1996b), and since “active zones” can be located at various locations on the presynaptic face, it is plausible that the geometrical differences account for the number of receptors activated. In addition, even though only a single varicosity is being monitored, there is still an issue of electrotonic spread within the subsynaptic reticulum. Since synapses occur on all regions of the varicosity and there is extensive substantial subsynaptic reticulum with massive enfoldings (Atwood and Cooper, 1996b; Cooper et al., 1995a), this postsynaptic complexity may account for the diminution of currents monitored by the stationary extracellular recording. These pre- and postsynaptic geometric conditions then allow synapses to reliably produce a given response based on their relative location to the recording electrode. This results in some synapses giving rise to different shaped responses. Thus, it is expected to have groupings in the charge of single EPSC subsets and that new subsets may be recruited with higher frequency stimulation as well as an increase in the subsets already present. There are several reasons why charge may be more representative than peak amplitude or decay constants for release sites. If the postsynaptic receptors are saturated, then a flattening of the peak amplitude would occur. This is not a problem to measure, but the decay constant, $\tau$, from a truncated EPSC event would not be representative of all quantal events. In addition, the absolute peak amplitude is more subject to small changes during rapid events, and would be subjective to fluctuating more than area (i.e., charge). Thus, peak amplitude is less likely to represent the EPSC events. Alternative quantal measures, such as those put forth here, provide an avenue to better determine the number of functional release sites ($n$) and the probability of release ($p$). REFERENCES Atwood HL, Cooper RL. 1995. Functional and structural parallels in crustacean and Drosophila neuromuscular systems. Am Zool 35: 556–565. Atwood HL, Cooper RL. 1996a. Assessing ultrastructure of crustacean and insect neuromuscular junctions. J Neurosci Methods 69:51–58. Atwood HL, Cooper RL. 1996b. Synaptic diversity and differentiation: crustacean neuromuscular junctions. Invert Neurosci 1:291–307. 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Correlations between active zone ultrastructure and synaptic function studied with freeze-fracture of physiologically identified neuromuscular junctions. J Neurosci 7:3654–3667. Quinet DJ, Hackett JT, Cooke JD. 1971. Calcium: is it required for transmitter secretion? Science 172:1034–1036. Redman S. 1990. Quantal analysis of synaptic potentials in neurons of the central nervous system. Physiol Rev 70:165–198. Richardson S, Green P. 1997. On Bayesian analysis of mixtures with an unknown number of components. J R Stat Soc Ser B 59:731–792. Shinozake H, Shibuya I. 1974. New potent excitant, quisqualate acid: effects on the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology 13:665–672. Smith BR, Wojtowicz JM, Atwood HL. 1991. Maximum likelihood estimation of non-uniform transmitter release probabilities at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. J Theor Biol 150:457–472. Somogyi P. 1998. Precision and variability in the placement of pre- and post-synaptic receptors in relation to transmitter release sites. In: Faber DS, Korn H, Redman SJ, Thompson SM, Altman JS, editors. Central synapses: quantal mechanisms and plasticity. Strasbourg: Human Frontier Science Program, p 82–95. Southard RC, Haggard J, Crider ME, Whiteheart SW, Cooper RL. 2000. Influence of serotonin on the kinetics of vesicular release. Brain Res 871:16–28. Stricker C, Redman S. 1994. Statistical models of synaptic transmission evaluated using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Biophys J 67:676–676. Stricker C, Redman S, Daley D. 1994. Statistical analysis of synaptic transmission: model discrimination and confidence limits. Biophys J 67:532–547. Sugino K, Turrigiano GG, Nelson SB. 2000. Rapid scaling of AMPA quantal amplitudes in neocortical slices. Abst Soc Neurosci 419:12. Sulzer D, Edwards R. 2000. Vesicles: equal in neurotransmitter concentration but not in volume. Neuron 28:5–6. Tang C-M, Margulis M, Shi Q-Y, Fielding A. 1994. Saturation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors after quantal release of transmitter. Neuron 13:1385–1393. Uteshev VV, Pennefather PS. 1997. Analytical description of the activation of multi-state receptors by continuous neurotransmitter signals at brain synapses. Biophys J 72:1127–1134. Vautrin JY, Marie D, Sukhareva M, Schaffner AE, Barker JL. 2000. Immediately releasable transmitter store supplying quantal release at the surface of the presynaptic membrane. Abst Soc Neurosci 592.2. Voronin LL. 1993. On the quantal analysis of hippocampal long-term potentiation and related phenomena of synaptic plasticity. Neuroscience 56:275–304. Vrensen G, Cardozo JN, Muller L, van der Want J. 1980. The presynaptic grid: a new approach. Brain Res 184:23–40. Walrond JP, Reese TS. 1985. Structure of axon terminals and active zones at synapses on lizard twitch and tonic muscle fibers. J Neurosci 5:1118–1131. Wasserman L. 2000. Bayesian model selection and model averaging. J Math Psychol 44:92–107. Wernig A. 1972. Changes in statistical parameters during facilitation at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. J Physiol 226:751–759. Wilson M. 1998. The possible origin of variability in miniature PSC amplitudes in cultured rat cerebellar neurons. In: Frazier DS, Korn H, Redman SA, Thompson SM, Altman JS, editors. Central synapses: quantal mechanisms and plasticity. Strasbourg: Human Frontier Science Program, p 99–108. Wojtowicz JM, Smith BR, Atwood HL. 1991. Activity-dependent recruitment of silent synapses. Ann NY Acad Sci 627:169–179. Zar JH. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. 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REQUEST FOR CAMPERSHIP - Summer 2024 Return to: Cate Coughter, Financial Aid Director 800 St. Mary's St Unit 107 Raleigh, NC 27605 email@example.com THERE IS NO DEADLINE TO APPLY FOR A CAMPERSHIP, BUT REQUESTS SUBMITTED BY 1 APRIL 2024 ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE HONORED. Name of Camper: _________________________________________ Name of Parent or Guardian : ________________________________ E-mail: _________________________________________ Telephone (day): _________________________________ (evening): ______________________________________________ Home address: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Street or P.O. Box City State Zip Camper has applied to attend: Camper has been accepted to: First Session June 16 – June 29 First Session June 16 – June 29 Second Session June 30 – July 13 Second Session June 30 – July 13 Third Session July 14 – July 27 Third Session July 14 – July 27 Fourth Session July 28 – August 10 Fourth Session July 28 – August 10 NOT YET APPLIED NOT YET ACCEPTED Have you paid the $150 deposit with the camper application? Yes No If you answered NO to the above question, do you need assistance with the deposit? Yes No How much financial assistance are you requesting? $ ________________ Please provide an exact dollar amount. Requests not indicating a specific amount will not be considered. If you also need assistance with the tuition deposit, please include this in the total dollar amount requested. (Full tuition to attend Nature Camp is $1,025.) Have you received financial assistance to attend Nature Camp in previous summers? Yes No If you answered YES to the above question, please indicate the source(s) of past financial assistance. Nature Camp financial assistance Garden club scholarship Other scholarship Please help the Financial Aid Committee understand why you are requesting a campership for your camper to attend Nature Camp. Nature Camp is able to provide some tuition awards in the form of camperships to promising new and outstanding returning campers who have not yet received a scholarship from another sponsoring organization. No one should be discouraged from applying to camp because of prohibitive cost. Camperships will be awarded as funds are available and cannot be guaranteed is advance, although every effort will be made to provide them to all applicants who demonstrate a need. With that in mind, please indicate on the application if your camper would be able to attend only with financial assistance. Requests for camperships will be considered by a committee on a rolling basis, with review periods following March 1, April 15, and June 1. Requests submitted before each of these dates will be reviewed in the subsequent few weeks and applicants notified within 21 days of each date. There is no deadline for applying for financial aid, but requests submitted before April 1 are more likely to be honored. Please note that submitting a request for a campership does not constitute registration for Nature Camp. Submitting an application for enrollment is also required. Please visit https://naturecamp.net/applications- and-forms/cam pe r-application/ for more information. Typically requests for assistance of $400 or more may require additional information for consideration. In this case Nature Camp’s Director of Financial Aid, Cate Coughter, will follow up with a direct communication via e-mail or telephone. Signed, _______________________________________________________ Parent or legal guardian Date ____________________________	<urn:uuid:c2ed5391-eeef-49f0-ab88-5e07b87e18f5>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.naturecamp.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/campership-application-2024.pdf	2023-12-04T23:46:43+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-50/subset=warc/part-00119-e565b809-b335-4c1d-90fd-54a9a2b7113d.c000.gz.parquet	1,047,916,286	760	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998213	eng_Latn	0.999026	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1866, 3633 ]
ilnitro ~tQtfS ~fnQtf COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY WASHINGTON, DC 20510-6275 March 30, 2017 The Honorable Jeff Sessions United States Department of Justice 950 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20530-0001 Dear Attorney General Sessions: Several weeks ago, the Administration ordered all Senate-confirmed U.S. Attorneys to immediately resign, apparently without warning or a plan for a smooth transition to new leadership. We appreciate that U.S. Attorneys serve at the pleasure of the President, who retains the right to remove them, but these abrupt firings have raised questions about ongoing investigations. We are also concerned about potential contacts between political officials and law enforcement personnel in contradiction to longstanding policy limiting such communication. To address these significant issues, we request the following information: 1. Did the Department request from any or all United States Attorneys' Offices (USAOs) any information about pending significant or potentially politically sensitive investigations? If so, when was such information requested? 2. Did any USAOs provide such information? What, if any, date was that information provided? Please identify the USAO offices involved in any such cases. 3. Which, if any, cases or investigations were brought to your attention as a result of these inquiries? Which, if any, were brought to the attention of any White House employees or personnel? When was any such information communicated and to whom? 4. When, and by whom, was the decision made to request the resignations of all Senate-confirmed U.S. Attorneys? Who else, in or out of the Administration, was involved in the decision-making process? 5. Were the person or people who made that decision aware of any information about any ongoing cases being pursued by any USAOs? 6. Have any White House employees or personnel been communicating directly with USAOs in any respect? Please detail such communications. 7. What steps have been taken to ensure that any contemplated or pending investigations or prosecutions will be allowed to continue unimpeded, and free from political interference? We appreciate your prompt attention to our request and ask that you provide this information no later than April 14, 2017. Sincerely, Dianne Feinstein United States Senator ~~- Sheldon Whitehouse Richard J. Durbin United States Senator ~ Al Franken United States Senator fo4/ ,(l~/Z,t Richard Blumenthal United States Senator United States Senator cc: Charles E. Grassley, Chairman	<urn:uuid:632c694d-7560-4577-8ffb-d598a87d9881>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/f/3/f322da3a-deda-430a-b368-bdc30b310b35/B974F48318FF2E27A90002DCAADD5D05.2017-03-30-feinstein-et-al.-to-ag-re-us-attorney-firing.pdf	2022-12-05T04:30:55+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-49/subset=warc/part-00289-a0906200-461b-4808-9b94-6c53daf73f61.c000.gz.parquet	809,911,543	518	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.989039	eng_Latn	0.994042	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1827, 2540 ]
ESRS Public consultation survey 2. ESRS implementation prioritisation / phasing-in Application provisions In order to facilitate the first-time application of set 1, ESRS 1 includes two provisions: Application Provision AP1 which exempts undertaking to reports comparatives for the first reporting period, and Application Provision AP2 which proposes transitional measures for entity-specific disclosures which consists in allowing the undertaking to continue to use, for 2 years, disclosures it has consistently used in the past, providing certain conditions are met, as described in paragraph 154. Q51: to what extent do you support the implementation of Application Provision AP1? 1/ Not at all 2/ To a limited extent with strong reservations, 3/ To a large extent with some reservations 4/ Fully 5/ No opinion Q52: to what extent do you support the implementation of Application Provision AP2? Q53: what other application provision facilitating first-time application would you suggest being considered? Please explain why ESRS implementation prioritisation / phasing-in options Set 1 proposes a comprehensive set of standards aimed at achieving the objectives of the CSRD proposal, with the exception of the standards to be included in Set 2. Acknowledging the fact that the proposed vision of a comprehensive sustainability reporting might be challenging to implement in year one for the new preparers and potentially to some of the large preparers as well, EFRAG will consider using some prioritisation / phasing-in levers to smoothen out the implementation of the first set of standards. The following questions aim at informing EFRAG's and ultimately the European Commission's decision as to what disclosure requirements should be considered for phasing-in, based on implementation feasibility / challenges and potentially other criteria, and over what period of time their implementation should be phased-in. Q54: for which one of the current ESRS disclosure requirements (see Appendix I) do you think implementation feasibility will prove challenging? and why? Given the critical importance of implementation prioritisation / phasing-in, please justify and illustrate your response Q55: over what period of time would you think the implementation of such "challenging" disclosure requirements should be phased-in? and why? Given the critical importance of implementation prioritisation / phasing-in, please justify and illustrate your response Q56: beyond feasibility of implementation, what other criteria for implementation prioritisation / phasing-in would recommend being considered? And why? Given the critical importance of implementation prioritisation / phasing-in, please justify and illustrate your response Q57: please share any other comments you might have regarding ESRS implementation prioritisation / phasing-in ESRS Public consultation survey Page 4 of 4	<urn:uuid:7dfd9c6f-e0ae-4782-aa3c-bc3ab6926463>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.efrag.org/sites/default/files/sites/webpublishing/SiteAssets/ED_ESRS_2_.pdf	2024-12-02T10:52:34+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-51/subset=warc/part-00273-b392068a-8e35-4497-8fab-a691b1a71843.c000.gz.parquet	714,717,426	550	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.982233	eng_Latn	0.98801	[ "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 31, 1036, 2859, 2905 ]
DEPRESSION AND MENTAL HEALTH IN PREGNANT ABORIGINAL WOMEN Key Results and Recommendations from the Final Report Fall 2015 Amrita Roy, Wilfreda E. Thurston, and the Voices and PHACES Study Team Calgary, Alberta, Canada Voices and PHACES Study Suggested citation: Roy, A., Thurston, W. E., & the Voices and PHACES Study Team. (2015). Depression and mental health in pregnant Aboriginal women: Key results and recommendations from the Voices and PHACES study (Final report). Calgary, AB: University of Calgary. Contacts: Amrita Roy MD-PhD Candidate Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary E-mail: email@example.com Tel (office): 403-220-5330 Partners: Dr. Wilfreda (Billie) E. Thurston Professor Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Tel (office): 403-220-6940 Depression and Mental Health in Pregnant Aboriginal Women KEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE VOICES AND PHACES STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Voices and PHACES study was the result of the time, energy, and enthusiasm of many individuals and organizations. First and foremost, we are indebted to the women, the professionals, and the stakeholders who shared their experiences as participants in the study. We hope that we have been able to meaningfully convey their stories. The study's Research Team consisted of academic team members from the University of Calgary, and representatives from the five core partner community agencies located in Calgary: Inn from the Cold, Calgary Urban Projects Society (CUPS), Awo Taan Healing Lodge, Elbow River Healing Lodge of Alberta Health Services, and the Adult Aboriginal Mental Health Program of Alberta Health Services. Research Team members from the University of Calgary were Amrita Roy, Dr. Wilfreda E. Thurston (Principal Investigator), Dr. Scott Patten, Dr. Suzanne Tough, Dr. Lynden (Lindsay) Crowshoe, and Dr. Tanya Beran. Research Team members from the five community partner agencies were Alana Heise (CUPS and Awo Taan Healing Lodge), Dayton English and Linda McLean (Inn from the Cold), J. Gale Getz (Adult Aboriginal Mental Health Program), and Nicole Eshkakogan (Elbow River Healing Lodge). In addition to the Research Team, the following individuals supported the study on its Oversight Committee: David Turner (community member and Oversight Committee co-chair), Bonnie Healy (community member and Oversight Committee co-chair), Marion Lerat (Elder), Lloyd Ewenin Jr. (Elder), and Suzanne Anselmo (Alberta Human Services). In addition to the five core community partner agencies listed above, twelve other agencies in the Calgary area came aboard the study as recruitment sites: Northeast Calgary Women's Clinic Isis Women's Health Clinic Riley Park Maternity Clinic Tsuu T'ina Nation – Health and Wellness Centre Closer to Home and its prenatal program Kiwehtata Brenda Strafford Centre for the Prevention of Domestic Violence University of Calgary Native Centre Mount Royal University Iniskim Centre Alberta Health Services Calgary and Area Aboriginal Hospital Liaisons program EFW Radiology's maternal-fetal medicine clinics in Calgary Alberta Health Services Community Health Centres Métis Child and Family Services Aboriginal Parent Link Centre We thank the staff at all of the community agencies involved, for their assistance and enthusiasm. We also appreciate the networking opportunities provided to us by Bev Renaud and the monthly Native Info Exchange meetings. We also acknowledge the work of the study staff: Keri Williams (Research Coordinator, May 2013 October 2015), Lesley Wiebe (Research Coordinator, January 2012 - April 2013), Melanie Littletent (Research Assistant), and Tina Nash (Research Assistant). We additionally express our gratitude to Dr. Stephanie Montesanti and Dr. Stacy Lockerbie, who volunteered as facilitators at the study's community gathering in March 2014. We also thank Kathy Dirk (Dr. Thurston's Projects Manager until November 2012), Louisa Phlewe (transcriptionist), and Dr. Lynn Meadows (who conducted interviewer training with study staff) for their contributions. The O'Brien Institute for Public Health provided office space and the Cumming School of Medicine provided meeting rooms, at the University of Calgary. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the support of our funding sources. The Voices and PHACES study was funded by an Investigator-Driven Grant from the Alberta Centre for Child, Family & Community Research (Principal Investigator: Dr. Wilfreda E. Thurston). Additionally, Amrita Roy, the MD-PhD student leading the study as part of her PhD work, was supported by the following doctoral scholarships: Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship Doctoral Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Scholarship from the Killam Trusts; MD-PhD Studentship from Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions (AIHS); Scobey Hartley Doctoral Award from the Alberta Centre for Child, Family & Community Research; Alberta Award for the Study of Canadian Human Rights and Multiculturalism (Doctoral Scholarship) from the Government of Alberta; and Achievers in Medical Science doctoral scholarships from the University of Calgary. Depression and Mental Health in Pregnant Aboriginal Women KEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE VOICES AND PHACES STUDY ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Depression is a major clinical and public health issue that carries serious consequences for wellbeing. In pregnant and postpartum women, the health consequences of depression also extend to the baby and other family members, making it an important maternal-child and family health concern. Chronic psychosocial stress is considered a prime risk factor. Aboriginal populations in Canada experience health and social inequities relative to other Canadians. Many of the risk factors and health consequences associated with prenatal depression are more common among Aboriginal populations, suggesting that prenatal depression may be a concern. However, research on depression among pregnant Aboriginal women is limited. Given the unique historical and present-day societal context involved, it would be erroneous to assume that the results of studies in nonAboriginal populations can be directly applied to Aboriginal populations. The societal context of Aboriginal women involves intersecting stressors from race and gender, social exclusion, and intergenerational trauma from residential schools and other legacies of colonization. Failure to consider the influence of societal context on health can result in the overlooking of key pathways to target for meaningful and enduring primary prevention, and in the investment of funds into ineffective programs that are inappropriate to the needs of the target group. STUDY METHODS AND OBJECTIVES: To address the above gap in knowledge, a qualitative constructivist grounded theory study (Voices and PHACES) was conducted in Calgary, with academic researchers from the University of Calgary working in partnership with local health and social services and with the involvement of Aboriginal community members and Elders. The study aimed to understand the risk factors, the protective factors and the societal context of prenatal depression in Aboriginal populations. It also aimed to examine how services in Calgary are doing, and how they can be improved, in meeting the needs of this population. The study involved personal interviews with pregnant Aboriginal women and with service-providing professionals who work with pregnant Aboriginal women, as well as focus-groups with stakeholders. KEY RESULTS: Chronic life stress and trauma were identified as key causes of depression, and were influenced by negative life events and circumstances, negative relationships, and socioeconomic factors. Driving these determinants were upstream, systemic factors related to historical and presentday societal context (e.g., racism, sexism, social exclusion, and intergenerational trauma from residential schools and other occurrences of colonization). Substance abuse was found to be a common coping mechanism for stress, trauma, and depression, indicating that mental health issues need to be addressed in order to effectively manage addictions. Social support and traditional Aboriginal healing practices were identified as protective, and thus may be key intervention strategies. While services in Calgary appear to be working well in certain ways, a need was identified for more culturally-appropriate services, better networking among agencies, and better training of service-providers to reduce stigma and enhance a safe and empowering healing environment for patients and clients. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS: Aboriginal-specific prenatal and parenting programs are recommended – particularly those in group format that allow pregnant Aboriginal women to meet each other and develop supportive friendships. Additionally, programs that support Aboriginal fathers-to-be are warranted, to help them support their partner and children. Further research is required into ways that accessibility to services might be improved; possible solutions might be longer hours of operation, drop-in services instead of appointments, and availability of childcare. Better systems of referrals and communication between different services and organizations are required, to ensure continuity and comprehensiveness in care. Additionally, there is a need for more culturally-appropriate services for Aboriginal patients and clients, as well as better training of service-providing professionals on how to create safe, stigma-free, and respectful service environments for patients and clients. Finally, there is a critical need for programs, services, and policies that better address the social determinants of health, racism, sexism, domestic violence, addictions, personal trauma and mental health concerns, and the intergenerational effects of residential school trauma. Depression and Mental Health in Pregnant Aboriginal Women KEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE VOICES AND PHACES STUDY SUMMARY THE "VOICES AND PHACES" STUDY Good mental health during pregnancy is extremely important for the health and wellbeing of mothers and their unborn children, as well as other family members. While there has been some research on depression during pregnancy (prenatal depression), very little has looked at the issue specifically among Aboriginal women. The purpose of this study was to understand the risk factors, protective factors, and societal context for prenatal depression in pregnant Aboriginal women. We also wanted to know how services in the Calgary area are doing in meeting the needs of this population, and how they can be improved. To answer these questions, we interviewed pregnant Aboriginal women and health and social services professionals in the Calgary area, between 2012 and 2014. We called the study "Voices and PHACES", with "PHACES" standing for "Prenatal Health for Aboriginal Communities and EnvironmentS". For this research, academic researchers from the University of Calgary partnered with five organizations in Calgary that serve pregnant Aboriginal women: Inn from the Cold, Calgary Urban Project Society / CUPS, Awo Taan Healing Lodge, Elbow River Healing Lodge (Alberta Health Services), and the Adult Aboriginal Mental Health Program (Alberta Health Services). Additionally, there was an Oversight Committee which included two Elders, two respected Aboriginal community members who are active in leadership and research, and one representative from the Government of Alberta. The Oversight Committee helped us to make the research ethical, respectful of Aboriginal communities, and meaningful for the development of policies, programs, and services. STUDY RESULTS Pathways that can lead to depression Mental health is complex, with lots of factors that can influence it. Not all of the possible factors are needed together to lead to depression in any one person. Moreover, pregnant Aboriginal women as a group are very diverse; not all women are going to experience the same things – nor will they react to, or be impacted by, experiences in the same way. Therefore, the findings described are meant to be a general description of things that can influence mental health during pregnancy in Aboriginal women. The connections between these factors are shown in Figure 1 in this report. Underlying factors in society We heard about how Aboriginal women's lives are impacted by both the history and present-day situation of Aboriginal peoples, and the way medical treatment and social services are set up. The legacy of colonization, including residential schools and the role of child welfare, continues to impact Aboriginal women's lives in the present day. Intergenerational trauma is a way of explaining how populations that have faced mass trauma – such as Aboriginal populations – develop poor health even in several generations after the main traumatic events. The traumatic events set off a cycle of addictions, violence, and breakdowns in relationships (among other issues) that result in the trauma being passed on from generation to generation. Among other factors impacting Aboriginal women's health are racism, sexism, and domestic and sexual violence. Services that do not meet the needs of Aboriginal women, and/or services where Aboriginal women feel stigmatized, judged, or singled out, similarly have negative impacts. Taken together, these underlying factors appear to drive the pathways leading to depression. Negative life events or circumstances – self, family, community Participants in the study told us about many possible negative life events or circumstances in the lives of pregnant Aboriginal women. These include struggles with poor physical or mental health (of the women themselves, or of others in their lives). These health problems, along with deaths, addictions, incarcerations, or past residential school attendance by people in the women's lives can have an impact on their wellbeing. Stressful circumstances can impact the women's wellbeing; those things can be general life situations, and/or things related specifically to being pregnant or being a parent. Past or present involvement with child welfare services was mentioned a lot in the interviews as something that can impact mental wellbeing. This involvement could be a woman's experience of being in foster care herself during her childhood, and/or a woman's experience of having her child taken away from her by child welfare. Problems in the communities in which women live – including corrupt leaders, crime, or gang violence – also impact their wellbeing. Negative relationships While none of the pregnant women we interviewed attended residential schools themselves (most were too young to have been school-aged during that period), almost all had parents or relatives who did attend. The behaviour of these family members was deeply impacted by the experience, which in turn impacted their interactions with the women we interviewed. Therefore, having family members who attended residential school is something that can impact the lives of pregnant Aboriginal women. In general, negative relationships can severely impact mental health. In addition to parents and family members, other possible negative relationships include abusive intimate partners, negative interactions with neighbours or community members, negative interactions at school or work, negative interactions with service-providing professionals, as well as interactions involving racist comments from non-Aboriginal persons. Socioeconomic factors Money factors are major risk factors for depression. These include low income, low education and unemployment, and the related problems of food insecurity, housing insecurity, and financial insecurity. Financial insecurity can be an ongoing issue in some women's lives; in other women's lives, it can be brought on by pregnancy and the prospect of another mouth to feed. Women who are employed can face job stress. As well, pregnancy and parenting can interfere with school or career progress, impacting wellbeing. Chronic stress, trauma, and depression In general, one of the principal risk factors for depression is chronic stress – that is, when one feels constantly worried or overwhelmed. A related issue is trauma, which is extreme stress following a serious negative event. Stress and trauma came up a lot in the interviews as something that can cause depression in pregnant Aboriginal women. All of the factors mentioned previously can cause considerable stress and trauma, and it is believed that such a pathway is the main one that connects those factors to depression as a mental health issue. From a medical doctor's point of view, depression is when one feels sad or upset for a long time, generally more than two weeks. In addition to feeling sad, other possible signs may be things like loss of appetite, weight changes, sleep problems, trouble remembering things, and feeling tired more than usual. These symptoms are similar to how the women we interviewed spoke of depression, either in their own lives or in the lives of others they knew. They used phrases like "hitting rock bottom", and described experiences like feeling helpless, hopeless, worthless, empty, lonely, and tearful. They described signs like being unable to get out of bed, having trouble sleeping, and losing interest in things. Depression can worsen stress and trauma, and can also negatively affect other aspects of life. In other words, depression can create a vicious cycle of worsening health and wellbeing, unless a woman gets the help or support she needs to stop it. Negative coping mechanisms We heard in our interviews about ways in which pregnant Aboriginal women cope with stress and negative life events. Negative ways of coping can make the factors leading to depression worse. These include unhealthy coping strategies such as substance abuse, gambling, and violence. These also include a lack of positive coping strategies, things like self-esteem, social support, optimism and hope, and a strong sense of identity. Positive protective factors By contrast, a number of protective factors were identified in the interviews that can buffer or block the pathways leading to depression; in other words, they can stop depression from happening or help to make it less serious. Healthy mind, body, spirit Factors mentioned in the interviews relating to healthy mind, body, and spirit include having financial security; having good diet, exercise, and pursuing enjoyable recreational or leisure activities; experiencing positive life events; having a positive outlook, including optimism and hope; experiencing pride from one's identity as an Aboriginal person and a woman; pursuing traditional Aboriginal culture and spirituality as ways of positively coping with stress; and viewing the pregnancy as an inspiration for positive changes that can lead to better health and wellbeing. Healthy relationships Healthy relationships that can offer protection include positive, meaningful, and respectful relationships with one's partner, family, friends, neighbours, coworkers, service-providing professionals; and relationships that involve both emotional and practical support from partner, family, friends, etc. Avoiding negative relationships (i.e., relationships that cause stress, or that lead to unhealthy behaviours like substance abuse) also appears to be a key positive action. Healthy environments Having positive, safe, and secure physical and social environments in women's day-to-day lives can reduce or prevent depression. These should include places where women live, study or work, seek programs or services, or otherwise spend time. Positive physical environments are those that allow women to feel safe and comfortable, and that allow easy access to resources like transit, groceries, and health and social services. Positive social environments are those that involve positive interactions with others, where women can feel respected, supported, appreciated, and connected. Barrier-free, effective, and culturally safe services Finally, health and social services that are easy for women to access, that meet the women's needs, and are set up so that women can feel comfortable, safe, and respected are also important positive factors. Cultural safety is a concept that, when applied to services, refers to the patient or client being made to feel equal to and respected by staff and others. When patients or clients feel this way, they are more likely to benefit from the service and continue to access it. Services in Calgary and Area We asked both women and service-providing professionals about how they felt services (both health and social services) in Calgary and the surrounding area are doing in terms of meeting the needs of pregnant Aboriginal women. A number of key points were made. Some services were described as very helpful because they give women the information, tools, resources, or treatments they need. More Aboriginal-specific services were requested, such as access to Elder support, and programs that use Aboriginal culture and views on healing. Barriers to accessing services include hours of operation, childcare, and lack of transportation. Women also spoke of experiences with negative, judgmental professionals, which discouraged them from using pregnancy-related and other services. Women also expressed concerns about child welfare policies not working in the best interest of children and families, and spoke of fear of child welfare as a reason for not using services. Service-providing professionals expressed a need for better training and resources in order to create a safe, stigma-free environment. They expressed an interest in knowing how to make services more accessible, and how to help patients and clients make it to appointments or programs. Professionals suggested that services need to be better networked so that service systems can fully meet all of the needs of patients and clients in a comprehensive, holistic way. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS [x] Aboriginal-specific prenatal and parenting programs – particularly those in group format that allow pregnant Aboriginal women to meet each other and develop supportive friendships. [x] Programs that support Aboriginal fathers-to-be, to help them support their partner and children. [x] Further research into ways that accessibility to services might be improved. Possible ways might be longer hours of operation, drop-in services instead of appointments, and availability of childcare. [x] More culturally-appropriate services for Aboriginal patients and clients. [x] Better systems of referrals and communication between different services and organizations. [x] Better training of service-providing professionals on how to create safe, stigma-free, respectful service environments for patients and clients. [x] Programs, services, and policies that better address the social determinants of health (including income, education, employment, social support, and physical and social environments), racism, sexism, domestic violence, addictions, personal trauma and mental health concerns, and the intergenerational effects of residential school trauma. FIGURE 1: A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE DETERMINANTS OF PRENATAL DEPRESSION IN ABORIGINAL WOMEN Depression and Mental Health in Pregnant Aboriginal Women KEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE VOICES AND PHACES STUDY REPORT INTRODUCTION Good mental health during pregnancy is extremely important for the health and wellbeing of mothers and their unborn children, as well as other family members. While there has been some research on depression during pregnancy (prenatal depression), very little has examined the issue specifically among Aboriginal women. As a first step to address this gap, we launched the Voices and PHACES study (with PHACES standing for Prenatal Health for Aboriginal Communities and EnvironmentS). The purpose of the Voices and PHACES study was to understand the risk factors, protective factors, and societal context for mental health issues in pregnant Aboriginal women. Key results and associated recommendations are summarized in this report. We hope that this information will help programs and services to meet the needs of pregnant Aboriginal women and their families. BACKGROUND & SIGNIFICANCE Depression is a major public health issue that carries serious consequences for health and wellbeing. Depression during pregnancy can have negative impacts on the health of both the mother and the unborn child; these include adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birthweight and preterm birth (Korebrits et al., 1998; Swaab, Bao, & Lucassen, 2005; Szegda et al., 2014; Wadhwa et al., 1996), increased risk of subsequent postpartum depression in the mother (Beck, 2006; Bowen & Muhajarine, 2006), and increased risk of mental health problems in the child later in life (Swaab, Bao, & Lucassen, 2005). Furthermore, maternal depression can impact the mother's interactions with her baby, her partner, and her other children, yielding negative effects on the children's long-term cognitive and behavioural development. Thus, good maternal mental health is critical for the physical, mental, and psychosocial health of the entire family; it has ramifications for healthy child development and for the maintenance of a stable home environment (Letourneau et al., 2012). As such, mental health during pregnancy can be seen as a meaningful early-intervention point for a series of concerns related to maternal health, child health, and family wellbeing. Depression is believed to have multiple and diverse risk and protective factors, including biological factors and psychosocial factors. Chronic stress, from life events and socioeconomic and/or sociocultural circumstances, is believed to be a key risk factor for depression. Although largely psychosocially determined, chronic stress has biological consequences in the body. As such, stress falls at the interface between the pathophysiology of depression (and countless other disorders) and the social determinants of health (Roy & Campbell, 2013). Aboriginal populations in Canada experience poorer health and greater social inequities relative to non-Aboriginal populations (First Nations Centre, 2005; Bennett, 2005; Adelson, 2005). Many of the risk factors and health consequences associated with prenatal depression are more prevalent among Aboriginal populations, suggesting that prenatal depression may be a pressing health concern (First Nations Centre, 2005; Bennett, 2005; Adelson, 2005). However, research on prenatal depression in Aboriginal populations is very limited (Bowen et al., 2014). Given the unique historical and present-day societal context involved, it would be erroneous to assume that the results of studies in nonAboriginal populations can be directly applied to Aboriginal populations. Notably, Aboriginal women experience intersecting issues like racism and sexism, social exclusion, and intergenerational trauma from residential schools and other legacies of colonization (Roy, 2014). These factors likely influence mental health during pregnancy, potentially in complex ways. Failure to consider the influence of societal context on health can result in the overlooking of key pathways to target for meaningful and enduring primary prevention, and in the investment of funds into programs that are not effective due to being inappropriate to the needs of the target group. Targeted research is crucial for the development of effective and evidence-based policies, programs, and services for this population. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The Voices and PHACES study sought to understand: [x] the risk and protective factors for depression during pregnancy in Aboriginal women; [x] the societal context of Aboriginal women's lives; and [x] the appropriateness and adequacy of existing programs and services in Calgary, and how these programs and services can be improved or expanded. For the purposes of this study, the term 'Aboriginal' is being used broadly as an umbrella term for the Indigenous peoples of Canada, including First Nations (status and non-status), Métis, and Inuit. While a broad definition was adopted for the purpose of this urban-based study's objectives, it is important to recognize the diversity between and within these groups. COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH A community-based approach was used in the study, involving academic-community partnerships between University of Calgary researchers, community organizations (social services agencies and health clinics) in the Calgary area, and members of local Aboriginal communities. Such an approach was taken to help ensure that the research would be valid, ethical, meaningful for knowledge translation, and respectful of the principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP) in Aboriginal research. The latter is a key framework for research involving Aboriginal peoples; it mandates full partnership and self-determination regarding all aspects of research, and requires that all research involving Aboriginal peoples be done in ways that bring benefit (First Nations Centre, 2007). Five community organizations in Calgary served as core partners in the research: [x] Inn from the Cold; [x] Calgary Urban Projects Society (CUPS); [x] Awo Taan Healing Lodge; [x] Elbow River Healing Lodge of Alberta Health Services; and [x] Adult Aboriginal Mental Health program of Alberta Health Services. Along with assisting in the recruitment of participants, representatives from these five organizations served on the study's Research Team, alongside the University of Calgary researchers. Twelve other organizations, as listed in the Acknowledgements section of this report, chose to be involved as recruitment sites only. In addition to the involvement of community partners on the Research Team, the study also had a separate Oversight Committee involving four Aboriginal community members (two of whom were Elders), and a representative from Alberta's Ministry of Human Services. A project governance structure, involving regular meetings and consultations, was implemented to ensure a collaborative approach throughout all stages of the study (Roy et al., 2014). STUDY METHODS The study was approved by the Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board of the University of Calgary. A method of qualitative research called "constructivist grounded theory" was used for this study. "Grounded theory" seeks to develop a theory regarding a phenomenon, based on data gathered. In "constructivist" grounded theory, the researchers seek the standpoints of the participants, as well as the historical circumstances and social experiences that shape their opinions. A constructivist approach recognizes the existence of multiple interpretations of a situation according to societal context (Charmaz, 2009). Personal (one-on-one) interviews were conducted with pregnant Aboriginal women and professionals who provide health and social services accessed by the women. Participants (pregnant women and professionals) were recruited from partner community organizations. Pregnant women were eligible to participate if they were 18 years of age or older, were in the second or third trimester of pregnancy, self-identified as Aboriginal, resided in the Calgary area, and consented to be involved. Professionals were eligible to participate if they worked in health and/or social services in the Calgary area, and consented to be involved. Interviews were approximately one hour in length, and were conducted face-to-face with an interviewer in a safe location convenient to the participant (e.g., at the community partner agencies). A $25 fee was given to each participant as a thank-you and to cover any costs to attend the interview, such as parking or childcare. After analysis of the data from the initial round of interviews was completed, participants were contacted about their interest in a second interview to go over the findings, for confirmation and further feedback (member-checking). Following completion of member-checking interviews, a community gathering was held in Calgary. Invitees to the event included study participants, other Aboriginal community members, staff and management of health and social service agencies in the Calgary area, and other stakeholders. The preliminary results of the study were shared at the event, followed by a presentation by one of the study's Aboriginal women participants about her experiences. Focus-group-style discussions were then held to seek audience reactions and reflections on the study results and on possible recommendations for policies and programs. PARTICIPANTS Personal interviews were conducted with 13 pregnant Aboriginal women and 12 professionals from health and social services in Calgary between March 2012 and August 2013. Of these 25 participants, seven subsequently participated in member-checking interviews (three of the women and four of the professionals). Eleven individuals attended the community gathering for stakeholders held in March 2014. Participants in all components of the study were diverse, allowing for many perspectives and experiences to be heard. Details on participant characteristics are summarized in the appendix at the end of the report. SUMMARY OF STUDY RESULTS Pathways that can lead to depression The breadth and depth of responses corroborate the complexity of mental health issues like depression. A large number, and diverse range, of influencing factors were discussed by participants. It is of note that not all of these possible factors are required to lead to depression in an individual. Moreover, pregnant Aboriginal women as a group are very diverse; not all women are going to experience the same things – nor will they react to, or be impacted by, experiences in the same way. Therefore, the findings presented below are meant to be a general description of factors that can influence mental health during pregnancy in Aboriginal women. The pathways through which possible determinants interrelate to yield depression are summarized in the framework reflected in Figure 1. Depression Medically-speaking, depression is when one feels sad or upset for a long time, generally more than two weeks. In addition to feeling sad, other possible symptoms may include loss of appetite, weight changes, sleep problems, trouble remembering things, and feeling tired (APA, 2013). These symptoms are similar to how the women we interviewed spoke of depression, either in their own lives or in the lives of others they knew. They used phrases like "hitting rock bottom", and described experiences like feeling helpless, hopeless, worthless, empty, lonely, tearful. They described symptoms like being unable to get out of bed, having trouble sleeping, and losing interest in things. One woman described depression as "when you're not yourself [because] a spirit that shouldn't be there … takes over your body and your mind and lets you think all these awful things and makes you do awful things." Two women reported experiencing depression during or after a previous pregnancy. As one of these women described: I isolated myself. I didn't eat. I couldn't sleep. I was getting anxiety attacks. … My Mom kept coming over trying to get me to leave my house but I wouldn't leave. I didn't sleep in my room. I moved to my living room. … I just lost interest in everything. … I was like that for a whole month and I was always crying. Nearly all of the professionals we interviewed described interacting with Aboriginal patients or clients with confirmed or suspected mental health issues, with clinical depression being particularly common. Other mental health issues encountered included anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, and substance abuse; multiple professionals noted that the latter was a correlate and indicator of poor mental health. Some professionals reported encountering prenatal and postpartum depression among their Aboriginal patients or clients; they noted the heightened ramifications of mental health issues during pregnancy, due to possible health consequences for both the mother and the unborn child. Chronic stress and trauma Chronic stress – the state of feeling constantly worried or overwhelmed due to life circumstances – was linked by all the women to negative emotions and poor mental health. Trauma – extreme stress following a serious negative event – also came up in the interviews as linked to depression. One woman, whose daughter was removed from her care due to concerns about her mental health, described how it took her some time to recognize the point where life stress led to depression: I think the hardest [thing] was my daughter being apprehended from me. I was going through depression because I had just gotten out of a recent abusive relationship from my daughter's biological father. I [had] just got out of the [women's] shelter, got my own place. My daughter has [a serious chronic illness]. I was on my own, just me and her in an apartment, dealing with bills, dealing with her [illness], dealing with the threats from … [her] biological father, and it just became too much for me. I didn't realize that I was depressed. … I just thought, okay, I'm just stressed, just stressed. I didn't understand the signs of depression. I didn't realize that I was isolating myself. I didn't realize that I was affecting my daughter's health, as well. … Social Services [took my daughter because] they just want me to be stable and understand signs of depression. Both the women and professionals cited various negative life factors that can contribute to depression via the stress and trauma they cause. These risk factors are categorized and described below. It was apparent from the women's interviews, in particular, that many of these factors interact and overlap with each other in complex ways. To indicate this complexity, the three categories are shown in Figure 1 as interlaced circles. While depression is the outcome of interest for the purpose of this study, the interview data also pointed to the vicious cycle that can be set off between negative life factors, stress and trauma, and depression. To depict this cycle, arrows leading from depression back to points earlier in the pathways are included in Figure 1. Underlying contextual factors that appear to drive the pathways leading to poor mental health, according to the ideas coming out of the interviews, are positioned on the very left in Figure 1. Underlying societal and institutional context Participants reflected at length about how Aboriginal women's lives are impacted by the broader historical and present-day societal context, and the context in institutions such as health and social services. The atrocities committed against Aboriginal peoples over the course of colonization have resulted in "massive losses of lives, land, and culture" (Brave Heart & Debruyn, 1998, p.60). The legacy of colonization, including residential schools and the disproportionate involvement with child welfare authorities, continues to impact Aboriginal women's lives in the present day. Intergenerational trauma is a formal theory to understand why populations that have faced mass trauma – such as Aboriginal populations, who faced the events of colonization – continue to have poor health even several generations after the main traumatic events. The traumatic events set off a cycle of addictions, violence, and impaired parenting (among other issues) that result in the trauma being passed on from generation to generation (Sotero, 2006). The Indian Residential School system was designed with the explicit objective of assimilating Aboriginal children into mainstream Canadian society, by breaking their links with family, community, and culture. Additionally, students were mistreated and neglected, as well as physically, sexually, and psychologically abused; survivors thus left the schools highly traumatized (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2015). Many of the women we interviewed reflected about the intergenerational impact of residential schools, including one woman who noted its link with her partner's abusive behaviour: [My spouse is mean]. He's always angry and mad and he takes it out on me. He doesn't know how to deal with himself, he doesn't know how to deal with addictions or his anger, so he turns to drugs and alcohol. … I think it's because his Dad was really mean too and his Dad was raised in residential [school]. … They were raised really strict and they were really abused with, like, sticks – you know, still getting raised in the residential [school] way. They never broke out of that and it just stuck with them until this day, it's still like that. It's passed on … generation [to] generation. Other women spoke of the intergenerational impacts of residential schools in their own birth families, including one woman who reflected about its role in contributing to substance abuse and other dysfunctional behaviour among her family members: My mom [was never around] for me and my siblings. … [Her mom], my Grandma, was in residential school and she said what she got out of it was she didn't know how to love, … how to show affection. … She wasn't there for none of her kids. All my uncles [are] in and out of jail through their whole lives. … My aunties drink a lot and my mom smokes weed. … I was [also] following in that pattern of drinking and not caring. Another woman reflected on the role of residential schools in both family and community relationships: My mom just doesn't know how to hug, she doesn't know how to show [affection]. She's [even] not capable of … praising me, and being like 'oh I'm so proud of you.' … I just think that [the residential school system] really interrupted our traditional way of living. [It] had an extremely detrimental effect on us as an individuals and also how we function as a community. We're very dysfunctional [because of it]. Among other factors impacting Aboriginal women's health are racism and sexism. As one woman explained: "[As] both [a woman and an Aboriginal woman], I feel second class. [I] don't get as much respect." Experiences of domestic and sexual violence came up repeatedly in the interviews; the experiences described by the women encompassed the full spectrum of physical, psychological, emotional, financial, and sexual abuse. Experiences of racism and sexism – both implicit and highly overt – were also shared by the women, in settings including schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods, and when seeking health or social services. The women noted the convergence of racism and sexism in the discrimination they faced as pregnant Aboriginal women, who are often stereotyped as bad mothers who party, who abuse substances, and who are promiscuous. As one woman explained: [We] are constantly being asked by anyone and everyone if we're using drugs, alcohol or smoking during pregnancy. They're assuming that we are. And also the assumption that each of our children have different fathers. … I don't see [women from] other cultures being asked 'Oh, do your kids have the same Dad?' or 'Who's that [one's Dad], who's your first child's Dad, who's your second child's Dad?' But I'm constantly asked 'Oh, do your kids have the same Dad.' … It's doctors, social workers, people I meet on the street [who are asking these questions]. Another woman described the impact of such stereotypes on her mental health: I guess people may be looking at me as an Aboriginal woman that's pregnant. They're judging me, I guess, like 'Oh, she's probably drinking or smoking.' I'm learning not to care what people think, but then it kind of takes a little overwhelming toll on me [because] I do care, I'm human. Professionals, too, shared stories that reflected racism and racialized sexism in health and social service settings; multiple professionals shared shocking anecdotes of overtly judgemental comments made by their colleagues behind the backs of patients or clients (this is discussed in greater detail later in this report). The professionals' interviews thus confirmed the suspicions shared in the women's interviews about the stigma Aboriginal women face in service systems. Risk factors NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES – SELF, FAMILY, COMMUNITY Both the women and professionals told us about many possible negative life events and circumstances in the lives of pregnant Aboriginal women. These included struggles with poor physical or mental health (of the women themselves, or of others in their lives). Exhaustion came up frequently in the women's interviews. While some attributed it to the physical effects of pregnancy, most noted the various stressors in their lives which led to them feeling overwhelmed and worn out. The health problems, deaths, addictions, incarcerations, or past residential school attendance of people in the women's lives were reported as having had an impact on the women's wellbeing. One woman explained how her partner's alcoholism severely impacted her mental health: I'm really … down … when my spouse drinks. … I feel hurt or sometimes I feel lonely or I'm just like confused. I don't know what to do but there's nothing I can do because I can't change somebody, … but it still affects me 'cause they're like my partner and I've been with them for so long. Health problems of children, other family members, or friends were cited as stressors, both due to the worry created and to stress from practical caregiving responsibilities. Deaths of close family members, friends, or community members were also discussed as particularly difficult to overcome. Several women described individuals close to them dying in disturbing circumstances, including suicide, gang or other violence, and drug overdoses. For some of these participants, the death of someone close to them, occurring often in tandem with other difficult life events and circumstances, pushed them into extreme depression and dysfunction. As one woman shared: I actually had a breakdown. … [In addition to being abused by my boyfriend and his family], my late brother passed away, … so it was too much for me. … I drank two bottles of vodka, 'cause I didn't care. I blacked out [and ended up in hospital] and my Mom even told me I was trying to kill myself. Some of the deaths cited in the women's interviews occurred long before the women became pregnant; however, the memories and ramifications of the deaths were still felt, even years later. Other deaths were experienced during pregnancy; one woman explained: "It was really hard to focus on my pregnancy [after that]." References to residential school attendance by family members, including parents, siblings, grandparents, and great-grandparents, came up repeatedly in the interviews. The resultant trauma in these family members was cited as a source of distress among the women. The women had to cope both with the challenging nature of their relationships with these individuals as a result of their trauma (including abuse and neglect), and with other ramifications of these individuals' dysfunctional behaviour. Some women noted that their abusive partners' family members attended residential school, and that this was likely at the root of their partners' abusive behaviour. Stressful events or circumstances that impact the women's wellbeing can be general life situations, and/or things related specifically to being pregnant or being a parent. Examples mentioned in the interviews included cumulative day-to-day stressors; having no time to relax or unwind; stress from parenting existing children; socioeconomic insecurity; negative relationships; dysfunctional family and community dynamics; and other life circumstances such as domestic violence, involvement in the criminal justice system, and involvement in the child welfare system. Past or present involvement with child welfare services was mentioned a lot in the interviews as something that can impact mental wellbeing. This involvement can be a woman's experience of being in foster care herself during her childhood, and/or a woman's experience of having her child taken away from her by child welfare authorities. As one woman explained in describing her fear around her current pregnancy: "I don't really want to bring another baby into this world just for the baby to get apprehended again." Beyond family and friends, problems in the community were cited as impacting the wellbeing of Aboriginal women during pregnancy. These included negative community dynamics such as gossip, corruption among community leaders, and crime (including gang violence). Living in communities with a high prevalence of negative issues such as addictions, suicide, and poverty were also noted to have an impact on women, regardless of whether there was personal experience of the issues, due to the poisoned social environment. Problems were noted both in reserve communities and in urban communities where Aboriginal women lived. Multiple professionals reflected about the experiences of women leaving reserves to move to the city. They noted that, on one hand, women leaving reserves often lose their positive support networks, which can heavily impact their mental health. On the other hand, the tight-knit nature of small communities can also adversely impact mental health when the communities experience detrimental social dynamics. As one professional (a nurse), commented: [Because of the legacies of] residential schools and colonization … reserves [are not always] healthy environments. … Living together [in a community can be good, but] there has to be that healthiness there. … Living in a small town … where everybody knows everybody's business … can make it harder to live in that type of environment. Negative dynamics were also cited in urban communities, where Aboriginal women can also be impacted by community-level poverty and crime, in addition to racism. NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIPS Almost all of the women spoke at length of negative relationships with past or present intimate partners. Physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and financial abuse came up repeatedly in the women's interviews, as well as the professionals' interviews. Other difficult relationship dynamics, such as infidelity, strained communication, and immature or irresponsible behaviour on the part of the partner, were also cited by participants. Many women were no longer in a relationship with their baby's biological father; his absence was generally deemed as positive by these women, in light of the negative nature of their relationship. However, the women still expressed regret at the lack of partner support in their lives. As one woman explained: A lot of the time I wish my baby's Dad was part of it. He's not so I'm basically doing this on my own. … [I feel lonely] when she's kicking, like at nighttime. I sleep by myself, you know, and I see all these couples, with the Dad being there and feeling the kicks and, you know, worrying and stuff like that. (Chuckle) It's having the partner there – that's what I kind of want, but [I don't have that]. Professionals also noted that many of their pregnant Aboriginal patients or clients did not have their baby's father in their lives. One professional (a family counsellor) speculated that the men were abandoning their pregnant partners out of fear of being a father, due to themselves hailing from homes where fathers were not present: Usually [the male partners] are not there. They're just scared and they're gone or maybe they just didn't want to be there because, you know, there's going to be a baby coming and they're not ready to go there: 'I don't know how to be a Dad. No I didn't want to be a Dad. Now I gotta be a Dad. Oh, I'm outta here. I don't know how to do that.' … Maybe they're just not prepared [because] … they probably had similar family backgrounds. A lack of positive friendships, or the existence of negative friendships (i.e., built around unhealthy activities like partying, drinking, or drug use) were also discussed by the women and professionals as a contributor to poor mental health. Many women described having to cut off negative friendships once they found out they were pregnant, since they could no longer do things like party or drink; such a decision left them lonely and isolated, without support or camaraderie of any kind. Negative relationships with family members also came up repeatedly in both the women's interviews and professionals' interviews. Dynamics described in this regard ranged from abusive (including physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and financial abuse), neglectful, and exploitative, to otherwise not supportive or nurturing. Family members included parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. Family members of intimate partners were also cited. Negative interactions with neighbours, community members, and colleagues at school or work were mentioned in the interviews. Racist comments from non-Aboriginal persons were also cited. Finally, negative relationships with health and social services providers were described as having a particularly severe impact on wellbeing. The women described instances of experiencing stigma, judgment, or having otherwise unhelpful interactions when seeking services. Professionals described witnessing or overhearing their colleagues speak or behave in ways that were clearly judgmental; they expressed concern about the impact on the wellbeing of the patient or client. As one professional (a physician) stated: Patients aren't stupid. They can recognize when someone's judging them for the circumstances they are in. … The interaction [between service-providing professional and patient or client] is, in my opinion, key to an effective therapeutic relationship. So [when I] see these kind of underlying … prejudiced ideas [among service-providing professionals], I think [they] have an impact on patient care. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Socioeconomic factors are major risk factors for depression at any time of life, in any population. These include low income, low education, and unemployment, and the corresponding problems of food insecurity, housing insecurity, and financial insecurity. One woman described spending an extended period of time at a crowded homeless shelter during her pregnancy, followed by living temporarily with her partner's family, who emotionally abused her. She identified her housing insecurity as a major source of stress in her life. Another woman described how she was dependent on food banks to feed herself and her family, and was concerned about getting adequate nutrition during her pregnancy. For some women, financial insecurity was an ongoing issue in their lives; for others, it was brought on by pregnancy and the prospect of another mouth to feed. In the case of one woman, her considerable morning sickness led her to reduce her work hours, leading to financial strain: "[My] stressors [include] financial [stressors]. After I slowed down at work I wasn't making enough to pay my bills and I was getting last notices for rent and utilities and stuff." Her reduced work hours also led to considerable conflict with her boss, who was unhappy about her reduced availability and impending maternity leave – further compounding her stress levels. Pregnancy and parenting can interfere with school or career progress, as described to us by multiple women who were working and/or students. In addition to impacts on current and future financial security, the corresponding stress and uncertainty can also significantly impact wellbeing. Negative coping mechanisms We heard in the interviews about ways in which pregnant Aboriginal women cope with stress and negative life factors. Negative ways of coping can exacerbate or amplify (that is, make worse) the pathways in Figure 1. These include maladaptive coping strategies such as substance abuse, gambling, and violence. These also include a lack of positive coping mechanisms, which are things like self-esteem, social support, optimism and hope, and a sense of identity. Substance abuse and addictions came up repeatedly in the women's interviews and professionals' interviews as negative coping mechanisms to stress. Professionals reflected that abuse of substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other illicit drugs might be "an easy escape for the time being" for women in highly stressful or traumatic circumstances. Some professionals suggested that, in their experience, women often made a conscious attempt at stopping alcohol consumption upon finding out that they were pregnant; cigarette-smoking, on the other hand, might be harder for women to give up, because it may be "all they have to cope" – particularly if they have eliminated alcohol or other illicit drugs due to their pregnancy. The women described how they abused substances in an attempt to cope with overwhelming life circumstances. One woman spoke of how she turned to alcohol after a series of traumatic events in her life: I turned to alcohol. I started drinking heavily after that. [It] was really a hard time in my life. I just pretty much gave up on everything. … I just gave up. I was mad at the world, I was mad at my family. I just didn't care. Substance abuse, however, inevitably worsened life circumstances, leading to more despair and worse mental health for the women. In the case of the woman quoted above, her alcoholism led to her children being taken away from her by child welfare authorities. Another woman described finding herself in a vicious cycle of worsening binge drinking and depression: I was drinking [when I] was in a bad depression, and it just kept leading me to binge drink, and then that led to more depression. Thus, negative coping mechanisms such as substance abuse appeared to exacerbate the pathways leading to depression, as depicted in Figure 1. One woman explained how she was able to break free of her addictions when she learned healthier ways of coping: Before, … when I was mad or angry, I would turn [right away] to alcohol or drugs. … [I] used to drink by myself. … Now, when I'm mad or stressed out, I talk about it [with family or friends]. Thus, negative coping mechanisms such as substance abuse appeared to be used when positive coping mechanisms were lacking for the women. Positive protective factors Both the women and professionals pointed out that, while a lot of focus is placed on the negative circumstances underlying Aboriginal women's lives, it is also important to note the resilience and strength displayed by many Aboriginal women. Adjectives like "strong", "proud", "innerly beautiful", and "courageous" were used in the interviews to describe Aboriginal women who effectively cope with, and overcome, their circumstances. While diverse stressors exist in Aboriginal women's lives, not all women become clinically depressed; and, of those who do reach the point of clinical depression, some are able to recover more readily than others. The women and professionals discussed a number of protective factors that serve as buffers along the pathways connecting negative life factors, stress and trauma, and depression; in other words, these factors can stop depression from happening or help to make it less serious. As with the negative life factors, positive protective factors appear to intersect with each other in complex ways. While these factors have been grouped into four categories below and in Figure 1, the categories overlap substantially. Healthy mind, body, spirit Interview data suggested that key to resilience in the face of difficult circumstances is the maintenance of a healthy mind, body, and spirit. Of course, negative life factors can make maintenance of such a state difficult. Even in the face of other negative circumstances, socioeconomic security and positive life events (even small positive occurrences) can help facilitate the practical and psychological resources required to remain resilient, and act as protective factors against depression. The women reported various positive coping strategies used in the face of stressful circumstances to maintain a healthy mind, body, and spirit. "Keeping busy" through activities like housework, schoolwork, or employment work was cited by multiple women as a way to "keep [one's] mind off things"; in other words, use of distraction to avoid ruminating about difficult life circumstances. Accomplishing tasks, even small housework tasks, was cited as a way to feel emotionally better, even if only temporarily. Other activities enjoyed by the women included reading, sewing, traditional beading, and crafts. Making time to relax and getting enough sleep were also listed as protective by the women and professionals, as were activities such as walking, running, yoga, and other forms of exercise. A healthy diet was similarly cited as contributing to wellbeing, and thus protective against depression. The women spoke of coping cognitively with stress by keeping a positive outlook and remaining optimistic, calmly rationalizing through difficult situations ("take a step back"), and learning to "calmly … walk away and … let it be" when dealing with difficult individuals. Maintaining a sense of humour was also cited ("laughter is sometimes the best medicine"). Some women learned these skills through mental health and/or addictions counselling, highlighting the role of programs and services in facilitating positive coping skills. Others learned the importance of positive thinking from Elders or other spiritual leaders. As one woman explained: Like the elders always say, when you put your mind on good things, then good things will come. [The] Creator has a way of, the Universe has a way of, working it out. You gotta know where you're going, who you're going with, and where you come from. The women and professionals noted that spirituality helps some women maintain a positive outlook. The approaches to spirituality and prayer do not need to be grounded in organized religion; one professional (a nurse) described spiritual components to programming at her organization that avoided reference to specific religions, to ensure comfort of all. A few women described themselves as practising Christians, and engaged with spirituality through attending church and reading the Bible. Others engaged in traditional Aboriginal practices such as smudging, sweatlodges, powwows, and other ceremonies. One woman, who overcame significant traumatic life events in her past, described how she found peace in the spiritual significance of the prophesy of the White Buffalo. Thus, her spirituality and connection to traditional Aboriginal healing approaches were helping her to find peace with the difficult circumstances of the past, and remain optimistic for a healthier future – both for herself, and for her First Nations people. Finally, multiple women spoke about how they drew confidence from their identities as Aboriginal women, citing the "rich cultural heritage" and "the connection with the Creator". One woman stated: I feel proud to be Aboriginal because there's no one like us [and] the culture is beautiful. I'm pretty proud and I wouldn't want to be anything else, even though we go through so much as people. The strength shown by Aboriginal women to overcome obstacles was also cited by some of the women we interviewed as sources of pride. As one woman explained: Aboriginal women are starting to stand up for themselves and stand up for other Aboriginal women and be independent and do things on their own. Healthy relationships The women and professionals spoke of the importance of positive relationships with intimate partners, family members, friends, neighbours, coworkers, and service-providers. Emotional and practical support from others was cited as key mechanisms for coping positively with negative life factors. Spending time with pets was also mentioned by a couple of the women as being a stressreliever in their lives. In regards to healthy relationships, one woman expressed: Relationships are a really big part of life and having good relationships can make you or break you. If you're in a positive environment with good relationships, then you tend not to be depressed. In the context of pregnancy, relationships with older women who have experienced pregnancy and parenting, or peers who are going through such experiences concurrently, were cited by the women and professionals as particularly important. One professional (a prenatal nurse who serves many Aboriginal patients in her work) described how she saw herself as "a mother and grandmother" to her patients, in addition to being their nurse. She explained that because of residential school trauma, many of today's pregnant and parenting Aboriginal women do not have positive relationships with their mothers and grandmothers; accordingly, she finds herself dispensing pregnancy and parenting advice that normally would have come from a woman's own mother or other older female relatives. Professionals involved in group-based prenatal education programs noted the camaraderie that often develops among program participants, who bond over their shared experiences and reach out for mutual support. One woman explained the value of such relationships: When they're going through the same thing as me, or they have gone through the same thing as me, it definitely helps that they understand a little more. In addition to seeking out positive relationships, avoiding negative relationships was also described as protective by both the women and professionals. Multiple women described how they broke off friendships built around unhealthy activities such as alcohol or drug use, so as not to get enticed into such unhealthy activities during their pregnancy. Professionals shared anecdotes of female Aboriginal patients or clients whose pregnancies led them to re-evaluate difficult relationships with their intimate partners, and "set limits" on what they would tolerate. Such steps promoted wellbeing by reducing sources of stressors in the women's lives. Healthy environments The women and professionals spoke of how positive physical and social environments – places where women live, study or work, seek programs or services, or otherwise spend time – can help buffer the impact of negative life events. Positive physical environments were described in the interviews as those that allowed women to feel safe, secure, and comfortable, and that permitted easy access to resources (e.g., close proximity to transit, grocery stores, health and social services). Positive social environments were described as involving positive interactions with others, as well as positive attributes that permitted women's psychosocial wellbeing. These included positive interactions with colleagues at school or work, wherein the women felt respected, supported, and appreciated. The women used words like "tight-knit" and described moments like "having tea together, just talking" to describe positive social connectedness in their neighbourhoods and home communities. Some women spoke of traditional language and culture binding community members together; they expressed a desire for their children to learn the language and culture, in order to be a part of that connection. One woman described rallies and walks for suicide awareness that occurred in her home community, where suicide rates were high: [It was] inspiring because a lot of young kids that [were] suicidal came out and signed pledges not to [commit suicide]. Just seeing all the kids be happy for the day was good enough, you know? [My community] is plagued with suicide, … there's a funeral every week or something. That's the negative part of our community. But the positive part is when the people come together. Thus, even in communities with difficult dynamics, positive social interactions can make a difference. Barrier-free, effective, and culturally safe services Finally, health and social services that are easy for women to access, that meet women's needs, and where women can feel comfortable, safe, and respected are also important protective factors. Cultural safety is a concept that, when applied to service provision, refers to the patient or client being made to feel empowered and respected. When patients or clients feel this way, they are more likely to benefit from the service and continue to access it. Further discussion in this regard is offered in the next section, and also in the Recommendations section of this report. Services in Calgary and area We asked both the women and professionals about how they felt services (both health and social services) in Calgary and the surrounding area are doing in terms of meeting the needs of pregnant Aboriginal women. A number of key points arose from the interviews. Some services were described as effective and meaningful in giving pregnant Aboriginal women the information, tools, resources, or care they need. More Aboriginal-specific services, however, were requested by the women, particularly as a way to meet other Aboriginal women with shared experiences. As one woman articulated: I can't really think of any other Aboriginal programs that I could attend, like you know just for Aboriginals to come and be together and you know just talk and bring your babies like, there's none of that. Other Aboriginal-specific services requested included Elder support, designated spaces in clinics and hospitals for cultural healing practices such as smudging, and support for incorporating traditional Aboriginal perspectives on healing into services. Barriers to access of services included issues not specific to Aboriginal peoples, such as hours of operation, childcare needs, and transportation constraints. The women who were pursuing education or employment noted the difficulty of attending appointments scheduled during business hours. As one woman explained: I [go for the] latest appointment just so I don't have to take too much time off work. … I'm sure not going to miss work [because] I'm still on probation [at work]. Both women and professionals cited childcare availability as a barrier to seeking services and to attending medical appointments. One professional attending the community gathering suggested that widespread availability of childcare at all services (health and social) for families was warranted, but that funding was required: As an organization, if we had specific, dedicated funding for childcare, I think that would be helpful. Like we have some programs where we can do that, but I think every program that serves … mothers as clients should or could have childcare … provided. The need for services to be easily accessible by transit was highlighted by multiple women, who cited impediments to travel such as Calgary's cold winters, being accompanied by small children, and the physical discomforts of pregnancy: "especially being big and pregnant and tired, … you just want to be able to get there and go back." Similarly, a need was cited for services to be available throughout the city, so that women could access resources within their local areas. As one woman stated: You know a lot of resources right now are way [on the other] side of town which is so difficult to get there (chuckle). … I think there should be more places where you could go ask for help. I haven't found anything yet right now [in my area]. The women spoke of experiences with negative, judgmental service-providers, and also of feeling like they could not always trust service-providers to genuinely care about their needs. One woman gave an example of a time she declined accessing services because of this distrust: When I was fifteen I was physically and sexually abused. I suffer from severe depression from that. I wasn't diagnosed, though, because I refused to go see a doctor. … I didn't want to talk to a stranger, because I've had it in my head that they were only doing it for the money. They didn't really care about how I actually felt. They didn't really care that I was actually hurt. Professionals also acknowledged the existence of racism, stigma, and judgement in service systems. They shared examples of such behaviour among their colleagues, occurring notably behind the backs of patients or clients. One professional (a nurse) gave the following example: There was a patient who was a young Aboriginal woman with a toddler that was crying quite a lot, it turned out to have an ear infection, and so she's sort of pacing around, it's quite a large waiting room, with the toddler. And [my colleague] comes to me, speaking sternly, and says, "I've got my eye on that patient, they're sneaky you know" and then I realized she meant because she was Aboriginal. And she's speaking sternly, says "All of a sudden you'll probably see her drinking the hand sanitizer" or something like that. There was particular concern expressed about child welfare policies. The women felt that child welfare policies were not working in the best interest of children and families. One woman described her frustrations with the system: I get really frustrated sometimes with the system. [Child welfare authorities are] judging me over what is written [about my past behaviour]. That's not right – they should actually get more involved with the parent and talk to them face-to-face, oneon-one, to understand what they've been through and what they're going through and why they did the things that they did in life. … It's our kids suffering for it, for being stereotyped. … There's nothing we can do to change [the past] but it's good to know [about it] so it can help the parents change in the future. Another woman explained how fear of child welfare authorities led her to avoid accessing certain services: "You know that's not right for them to [do], for families to go there and end up getting their kids apprehended, [but that's what happens]." Professionals expressed similar concerns about the child welfare system not doing enough to support parents who are struggling to care properly for their children. One professional (a nurse) expressed frustration: It drives me nuts [that] they're willing to put a baby in foster care and pay for the foster parent to have a baby … [but] they're not willing to give [the birth mother] a dime to help her, or to provide a safe place for Mom and baby to learn and [get support]. The supports are just bad. Professionals expressed a need for better training and resources in order to create a safe, stigma-free environment. In both the personal interviews and in the focus-group-style discussions at the community gathering, it was emphasized that many professionals have little understanding of colonization and intergenerational trauma (or, for that matter, personal trauma). One professional (a counselor), who was herself Aboriginal, exclaimed: Colleagues that I work with … do not know their history, don't know about the Treaties, don't know about residential school, don't know about the sixties scoop. Don't know about the whiskey traders. … Alcohol use … wasn't a part of our culture, … it's such a big thing now because it's a learned behavior. Professionals also expressed an interest in knowing how to make services more accessible, and how to help patients or clients make it to appointments or programs. Finally, professionals were almost unanimous that better networking is needed between services, to ensure continuity of care and to ensure that no one slips through the cracks. Some professionals who work at non-profit agencies raised the issue of having to compete for funding as a major barrier to cooperation with other agencies. Multiple professionals raised the issue that much of service delivery is oriented towards managing acute, emergency situations, such that the underlying issues in women's lives do not generally get addressed. Multiple professionals (notably physicians) spoke about how they wished they could do more in this regard, but were limited by the very specific job they had the training and capacity to do. They felt that better networking and a stronger system of referrals between services would help professionals to connect the patients or clients with appropriate help for such other issues. Pregnancy as a meaningful intervention point Some women described their pregnancy as a motivation for positive change in physical health behaviour; the women reported making efforts to improve their diet, get more exercise, and give up alcohol and drugs for the sake of their baby's health. The women also reported that their pregnancy helped change their attitudes and perspectives, improving their mental wellbeing and helping them to seek more positive coping strategies. One woman explained how "it took [getting] pregnant [for her] to realize" that she needed to stop drinking and "take a different route" to coping with stress and trauma. She realized that she needed to take better care of herself for the sake of her children: Mentally … you're on a whole different level. Before I was pregnant I, I was only thinking about myself. [But then] this little person comes into your life and it's different. It makes you see the world differently. I think about death a lot [because] I don't want to leave my son behind. Another woman spoke of how her baby "saved her": I dealt with depression a lot of years. I'm finally feeling better. I finally feel like I have a purpose in life now. [My baby] pretty much saved me, she's the reason I'm still here. She keeps me motivated. The women reflected about motherhood in light of their complex, often difficult, relationship with their own mothers. One woman reflected how her pregnancy has helped her to forgive her mother for not being a good parent to her: Pregnancy has been an emotional time for me. … For a long time I really hated my mom and was mad at her. But now I have a better understanding of what she experienced [in residential school]. … You have to be empathetic and be the bigger person and end the cycle of abuse. This woman spoke about feeling blessed to be pregnant, because it was giving her the chance to break the cycle of trauma in her family: My mom, because she was in residential school, didn't know how to be a mom. I feel really blessed that I can [now] be a mother and [do things differently], and be present in my baby's life. [My pregnancy has been] a healing process for me. Professionals spoke about how pregnancy can be a key intervention point for health and wellbeing because pregnancy leads to increased contact with health services, thus creating opportunities for meaningful interventions. However, professionals also noted that, in some cases, pregnancy may discourage women from accessing services; they spoke of cases where women are afraid of being judged for their lifestyle (e.g., addictions), or afraid that contact with services will lead to their baby being taken from them. Thus, while women may be more motivated to make positive life changes during pregnancy, health and social services systems need to address the above fears in order to successfully facilitate access and benefit from programs and services. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS The determinants of prenatal depression in Aboriginal women are diverse and complex; like many population health issues, they warrant a multi-pronged, multi-sectoral approach to adequately and effectively address them at both individual and population levels. As can be seen in Figure 1, the points along the pathways at which the negative coping mechanisms can exacerbate development of depression are also the points at which protective factors can act to buffer the development of depression. Thus, despite the complexity of contributing factors, scope for intervention and prevention does exist. Some recommendations are offered below. While specific examples have been cited where possible, it is clear that further research is required to better understand how to best execute these recommendations. Moreover, the best means of acting on these recommendations will vary based on local context. Addressing social support The results of this study corroborate other research that has shown the significance of social support as a protective factor against depression. The importance of social support from the intimate partner, and from peers (other pregnant and parenting Aboriginal women), were strong themes in the results. Accordingly, interventions that facilitate social support from these sources are warranted. [x] Programs targeted to Aboriginal fathers-to-be may help facilitate their role in positively supporting their pregnant partner, and in playing a positive role in parenting after the birth. Programs targeting other Aboriginal males significant in pregnant women's lives (e.g., her father, uncles, brothers) are also warranted. Such programs would serve to counter the damage that colonization, assimilation, and intergenerational trauma have inflicted vis-à-vis the role of Aboriginal men in families (Manahan & Ball, 2007). [x] Similarly, interventions that help foster positive relationships between pregnant Aboriginal women and their own mothers and/or mothers-in-law would also help to expand availability of social support. [x] Aboriginal-specific group-based prenatal and parenting programs may help Aboriginal women to meet and draw mutual peer support in healthy environments, addressing the striking lack of positive friendships reported in the interviews. Multiple women and professionals suggested doing an Aboriginal version of Best Beginnings, a prenatal education program offered under Alberta Health Services. Another program mentioned in the interviews that could be adapted specifically for Aboriginal women was Centering Pregnancy, a groupbased model of prenatal care (McNeil et al., 2012). Addressing practical barriers to service access Several practical barriers were raised in the interviews. Potential actions are as follows: [x] Given the concerns expressed around hours of operation (from women's interviews) and high rates of missed appointments (from professionals' interviews), recommendations might include having longer hours of operation (including evenings and weekends), and having services that are drop-in rather than appointment-based. [x] Additional targeted research is warranted to examine specifically if Aboriginal patients or clients access services less often, and if so, why; and to examine if they miss scheduled appointments more often, and if so, why. The goal would be developing concrete actions to address the issues. [x] Given concerns expressed around patients or clients 'slipping through the cracks' between referrals, it is recommended that procedures be implemented to follow up women and ensure continuity of care across referrals. Suggestions offered in professionals' interviews included things like having a single point of entry (i.e., centralized access to services) to enable follow up, and the use of electronic records that 'travel' with the patient or client. Further research to examine possible solutions is required. [x] The need for better networking between services, within and across the various health and social service sectors, came up repeatedly in the interviews. Many of the service-providers expressed frustration about the current systems that remain fairly fragmented in practice. Better networking, coupled with a stronger system of referrals and care coordination, may allow women to receive more holistic support. Other institutional barriers and reasons for 'slipping through the cracks' also need to be identified and addressed. [x] Better transportation arrangements are recommended to assist patients or clients to access services, particularly for women living on reserve who need to access services in the city. Childcare considerations are also important for pregnant and parenting populations seeking services. Programs where the service-providers go to women's homes might be considered. [x] The need for more accessible culturally-appropriate services came up frequently – for example, better availability of Elders, and of opportunities to engage in traditional Aboriginal cultural practices aimed at healing and wellness. Addressing stigma and lack of safety in health and social services In service delivery, there is need to create a safe, stigma-free environment where patients or clients can feel comfortable and respected. Cultural competency refers to the ability of service-providers to work effectively across cross-cultural settings (NAHO, 2008). Cultural safety focuses on structural inequities stemming from various sociocultural factors, and the resulting power differentials in relationships – particularly that between service-providers and patients or clients. Cultural competency and cultural safety are particularly important when working with Aboriginal patients and clients, given the lack of trust that stems from the fact that Aboriginal peoples' historical relationship with health and social services is entrenched in colonization (NAHO, 2008; ANAC, 2009, Roy, 2014). [x] In their interviews with us, multiple professionals called for better training in this regard. Training in cultural competence and cultural safety should be considered in both initial education of new professionals (including, but not limited to, physicians, nurses, and social workers), and in continuing education of already-working professionals. Training of serviceproviders needs to include concrete steps that can be followed in the context of the work that they do (e.g., training on how to communicate better, how to frame questions in an appropriate way, etc.). If simple, concrete, actionable steps are not offered as part of education on these issues, service-providers may be left feeling uncomfortable, ill-equipped, or defensive. Training should address their specific concerns around how to pragmatically execute culturally competent and culturally safe care. For example, there may be a fear among service-providers of coming across as discriminatory if questions to patients or clients appear to correlate with stereotypes. Thus, training on communication is essential, particularly on how to broach sensitive topics. Additionally, there may hesitance on the part of serviceproviders to ask about life issues, because they are not necessarily trained or prepared to address disclosures if/when they occur. Thus, better training on the response to disclosures, and better networking between resources (for referrals), are warranted. [x] That many health and social services professionals have limited knowledge or understanding of the history of colonization, of residential schools and its intergenerational impacts, and of issues such as racism and sexism was discussed in both the professionals' interviews and in the community gathering focus-group-style discussions. In this regard, a theme that emerged from the analysis of the interviews was that of a tension between individual-level service provision and population-level understanding of Aboriginal health. Better training on how practitioners should apply the latter to the former may help. A population-level understanding of Aboriginal health allows a comprehension of context for the higher rates of health and social problems in Aboriginal communities. It should not be used to judge or stereotype individual patients or clients, though it may offer context on some of the problems that individual patients or clients may be facing. [x] In addition to training professionals, implementation of cultural competency and cultural safety should be considered in other aspects of health and social systems, including the physical environment of clinics or offices (e.g., messaging in posters and pamphlets displayed in waiting areas), training of support staff, and availability of culturally-appropriate services such as Elder support and traditional healing practices. [x] Many of the women we interviewed expressed concerns around service-providers reporting suspected child abuse and neglect to authorities; the women said the above dissuades them from seeking services, due to fear of losing children as a result. The disproportionate number of Aboriginal children in the care of social services supports their fears. Positive, strengthsbased, culturally appropriate and culturally safe care around pregnancy and parenting, and attention to healing intergenerational trauma, could address these concerns. Addressing trauma, addictions, and mental health issues in health and social services Mental health issues, addictions, and a history of trauma are often correlated. Pregnancy may galvanize positive life changes and present new opportunities for intervention around these issues. A positive, loving, accepting environment in which a pregnant woman's strengths are recognized and complimented, and in which her pregnancy is celebrated, can go a long way in promoting good mental health during pregnancy. Taking a positive, culturally safe, and strengths-based approach in service-provision is thus recommended. [x] Aboriginal women may be at increased risk for mental health concerns. A number of studies regarding prenatal mental health in the general pregnant population have called for the implementation of routine screening of all pregnant women for symptoms of depression and anxiety (Milgrom, & Gemmill, 2014; Stuart-Parrigon & Stuart, 2014). Screening all women during clinical or social service encounters (and communicating at time of asking the screening questions that all women are routinely screened) could decrease concerns around stereotyping Aboriginal women. [x] Similarly, implementing screening practices during clinical or social service encounters for all women about domestic violence, social support, substance use, etc. – and explaining to patients or clients at the time of screening that these are routinely asked of all women – would also increase the comfort level of both practitioners and patients or clients around these sensitive topics. Screening must, however, be accompanied by the availability of appropriate, culturally-safe services to address disclosures. [x] In terms of treating clinical depression in pregnant Aboriginal women, psychotherapeutic approaches should be applied in ways that reflect an understanding of context; recognition of what is culturally appropriate, recognition of intergenerational trauma and the legacy of colonization, and recognition of multiple sources of personal trauma, for example, are all important in order for counselling to be successful. [x] Given the prevalence of trauma in the experiences of Aboriginal women, a trauma-informed approach to all services is warranted. A trauma-informed approach to care is one which recognizes the role of trauma to a patient's health or life issues, supports healing from trauma, and avoids re-traumatization (Arthur et al., 2013; Elliott et al., 2005; Klinic Community Health Centre, 2013). The results of this study suggest that more needs to be done to address the trauma underlying substance abuse, mental health problems, and poor parenting issues among Aboriginal women. The above applies particularly in the context of the child welfare system. Addressing the social determinants of health and underlying societal context Multiple professionals spoke about how much of service-delivery is oriented towards managing acute, emergency situations, such that the underlying issues in the women's lives do not always get addressed. Given the key role of the social determinants of health, interventions that address the negative life factors that are the sources of chronic stress in women's lives are warranted. Moreover, the underlying societal context that drives such issues is also important to address. Ultimately, meaningful and enduring primary prevention necessitates targeting these upstream structural and systemic factors through population-level programs and policies that bridge multiple sectors. [x] Poverty, food insecurity, housing insecurity, lack of education and employment opportunities, inadequate childcare, and negative physical and social environments in communities all influence mental wellbeing, and need to be addressed through systemic change. [x] Racist and sexist attitudes and stereotypes among the general population about Aboriginal women need to be actively challenged. [x] Interventions aimed at addressing domestic violence in Aboriginal communities are required – including support and protection for victims, interventions for perpetrators, and initiatives for primary prevention that include challenging its normalization. Homefront, a special court in Calgary, has piloted a culturally appropriate, community-based program for women, men, and children with experiences of domestic violence. It could be further tested as a sustainable model (Homefront, 2012). [x] Nearly all of the women we interviewed reported having one or more relatives who attended residential schools, including parents, older siblings, uncles and aunts, and grandparents. The intergenerational impacts of residential school attendance are well documented, and need to be addressed with individual-level, family-level, and community-level interventions aimed at healing. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation has published extensively on the topic of interventions to address intergenerational trauma (Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2006). CONCLUSIONS The Voices and PHACES study sought to address a key gap in the research literature concerning the determinants of depression during pregnancy in Aboriginal women. We hope that the key results summarized in this report, the framework illustrated in Figure 1, and the list of recommendations provided offer a meaningful contribution to efforts to provide appropriate, effective, and evidencebased services for pregnant Aboriginal women. We are particularly hopeful that the academiccommunity collaborations established for this study will enable further research and action on this topic. Despite significant forces of oppression and continued marginalization, Aboriginal individuals and communities – and Aboriginal women in particular – have shown considerable strength and resilience. Drawing on this strength and resilience to facilitate healing is important to addressing prenatal depression and other pressing public health issues affecting Aboriginal populations. REFERENCES Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (2006). Final report of the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Ottawa: Author. Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada (ANAC). (2009). Cultural competence and cultural safety in nursing education: A framework for First Nations, Inuit and Métis nursing. Ottawa: Author. Retrieved from http://www.anac.on.ca/Documents/Making%20It%20Happen%20 Curriculum%20Project/FINALFRAMEWORK.pdf Adelson, N. (2005). The embodiment of inequity: Health disparities in Aboriginal Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(Suppl 2), S45-S61. American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Arthur, E., Seymour, A., Dartnall, M., Beltgens, P., Poole, N., Smylie, D., North, N., & Schmidt, R. (2013). Trauma-informed practice guide. Victoria: BC Provincial Mental Health and Substance Use Planning Council. Beck, C. T. (2006). Postpartum depression: It isn't just the blues. American Journal of Nursing, 106(5), 40-50; quiz 50-1. Bennett, M. (2005). Annotated bibliography of Aboriginal women's health and healing research. Vancouver: Aboriginal Women's Health and Healing Research Group. Bowen, A., & Muhajarine, N. (2006). Antenatal depression. Canadian Nurse, 102, 26-30. Bowen, A., Duncan, V., Peacock, S., Bowen, R., Gawley, L., Campbell, D., & Muhajarine, N. (2014). Mood and anxiety problems in perinatal Indigenous women in Australia, New Zealand, and North America (including Hawaii): A critical review of the literature. Transcultural Psychiatry, 15(1), 93-111. Brave Heart, M., & DeBruyn, L. (1998). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8(2), 56-78. Charmaz, K. (2009). Shifting the grounds: Constructivist grounded theory method. In J. M. Morse, P. N. Stern, J. Corbin, B. Bowers, K. Charmaz, & A. E. Clarke, Developing grounded theory: The second generation (pp. 127-193). Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. Elliott, D., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R., Markoff, L., & Reed, B. (2005). Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(4), 461-477. First Nations Centre. (2005). First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey (RHS) 2002/03. Ottawa: Author. First Nations Centre. (2007). OCAP: Ownership, Control, Access and Possession. Sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Committee, Assembly of First Nations. Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization. Homefront. (2012). Building a comprehensive response to family violence in Aboriginal communities: Final report. Calgary: Author. Klinic Community Health Centre. (2013). Trauma-informed: The trauma toolkit (2nd ed.). Winnipeg: Author. Korebrits, C., Ramirez, M. M., Watson, L., Brinkman, E., Bocking, A. D., & Challis, J.R. (1998). Maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone is increased with impending preterm birth. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 83(5), 1585-91. Letourneau, N. L., Dennis, C. L., Benzies, K., Duffett-Leger, L., Stewart, M., Tryphonopoulos, P.D., Este, D., & Watson, W. (2012). Postpartum depression is a family affair: Addressing the impact on mothers, fathers, and children. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(7), 445-457. Manahan, C., & Ball, J. (2007). Aboriginal fathers support groups: Bridging the gap between displacement and family balance. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 3(4), 42-49. McNeil, D. A., Vekved, M., Dolan, S. M., Siever, J., Horn, S., & Tough, S. C. (2012). Getting more than they realized they needed: A qualitative study of women's experiences of group prenatal care. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth, 12:17. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-17 Milgrom, J., & Gemmill, A. W. (2014). Screening for perinatal depression. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28(1), 13-23. National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO). (2008). Cultural Competency and Safety: A Guide for Health Care Administrators, Providers and Educators. Ottawa: Author. Retrieved from http://www.naho.ca/documents/naho/publications/culturalCompetency.pdf Roy, A. (2014). Intergenerational trauma and Aboriginal women: Implications for mental health during pregnancy. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 9(1), 7-21. Roy, A., & Campbell, M. K. (2013). A unifying framework for depression: Bridging the major biological and psychosocial theories through stress. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 36(4), E170-90. Roy, A., Thurston, W., Crowshoe, L., Turner, D., & Healy, B. (2014). Research with, not on: Communitybased Aboriginal health research through the "Voices and PHACES" study. In D. Badry, D. Fuchs, H. Montgomery, & S. McKay (Eds.), Reinvesting in families: Strengthening child welfare practice for a brighter future: Voices from the Prairies (pp. 111–132). Regina: University of Regina Press. Sotero, M. (2006). A conceptual model of historical trauma: Implications for public health practice and research. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 1, 93-108. Stuart-Parrigon, K., & Stuart, S. (2014). Perinatal depression: An update and overview. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(9), 468. Swaab, D. F., Bao, A. M., & Lucassen, P. J. (2005). The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Research Reviews, 4, 141-194. Szegda, K., Markenson, G., Bertone-Johnson, E. R., & Chasan-Taber, L. (2014). Depression during pregnancy: A risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes? A critical review of the literature. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 27(9), 960-967. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/ Exec_Summary_2015_06_25_web_o.pdf Wadhwa, P. D., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Chicz-DeMet, A., Porto, M., & Sandman, C. A. (1996). Prenatal psychosocial factors and the neuroendocrine axis in human pregnancy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58(5), 432-446. APPENDIX: CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS Pregnant Aboriginal women Thirteen pregnant Aboriginal women participated in the personal interviews. Eleven of these women identified as First Nations with status, one identified as First Nations without status, and one identified as Métis; none were presently living on a First Nations reserve. Most were in their 20s, but ranged in age from 22 to 45 years. Seven women had at least one other child; for these women, age at birth of first child ranged from 15 to 21 years old. Of these seven women, three had none of their kids living with them due to removal by child welfare authorities. Of the 13 women, one was legally married, three were living common-law, and the rest were single (never married). Three were employed full-time, one was employed part-time, two were students, and the seven others were not employed. Six had not completed high school, four had earned their high school diploma, two had a trade certificate or completed apprenticeship training, and one had completed a university degree. Three had household incomes at or over $40,000, and 10 had less than $40,000; of those 10 women, seven had incomes less than $15,000. Of the 13 women, eight self-reported experiencing symptoms consistent with the clinical definition of depression at some point in their lives, and two of these indicated it was during a previous pregnancy or postpartum period. Five had been formally diagnosed with depression, and four of these had received some sort of treatment for it. As part of the interview, women were administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a commonly used screening tool for depressive symptoms in pregnant and postpartum women. Of the 13 women, six scored 10 points or higher on the EPDS, indicating probable clinical depression; two of these six scored higher than 13 points, indicating a high probability of clinical depression. Of these six women, only one had been told by a health professional that she was depressed. When asked whether they had family members who had experienced depression, six women indicated yes, four indicated no, and three indicated that they did not know. Of the six who said yes, four indicated that the family members in question had been formally diagnosed by a health professional. Of the 13 women, six had family members who had ended their lives by suicide. Service-providing professionals Twelve service-providing professionals participated in personal interviews. Most (11) were female, with one male. Most (11) were non-Aboriginal, with one Aboriginal participant. Participants ranged in age from about 25 years old to about 55 years old. Professions were as follows: two family support workers, one dietician, one family counsellor, one residential counsellor, three nurses, three family physicians, and one obstetrician-gynaecologist. The length of time in their current employment position ranged from six months to 20 years. The number of pregnant Aboriginal women seen in a typical month ranged from zero to 60. Stakeholders at community gathering Eleven stakeholders attended the community gathering. Two were First Nations Elders, and one was an Aboriginal woman who had participated in the study as an interviewee during her pregnancy. 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Antique Restoration: Keeping the Drive Alive Written By: Casey Wyman During a meet earlier this year, I overheard a few veteran members expressing their concerns regarding the future of the club- a future that is reliant on piquing the interest of the younger generation. But, what exactly does this take? First of all, it is important to note that interest is not something we have or do not have. It is an experience. It is an action. It is about taking something we see, such as a rusty old outboard, and discovering it in more ways than one. As I look into my son’s eyes while he sits side by side with his father and Papa Dan tinkering away on the latest project, I can see genuine curiosity and interest reflecting back. Although his level of productiveness for Wyman Boathouse & Restoration is relatively low at the age of two, I can still see him carefully inspecting each part he’s given, listening to the hum of a motor, acknowledging the smell of the exhaust, and utilizing every tool passed his way whether or not he knows what it’s called. His vocabulary may be limited to making observations such as “too loud,” “stinky motor,” and “Papa broke it,” but he is perceiving and experiencing this hobby with a curious pair of eyes and hands. These early memories have without a doubt become the catalyst for his “interest” in antique treasures. What could the club be doing differently to encourage the younger generation? Offering hands-on experience. If you’re hosting a meet, consider setting up a kid-friendly area to allow for some harmless tinkering. Encourage your children and/or grandchildren to invite a friend to events. Or, remind yourself of your first experience with antique restoration and recreate it to the best of your ability. Unless you woke up one day and thought “I’m going to play around with old stuff”, you have a story to share. MEMBER SPOTLIGHT Say hello to Richard “Dick” Kojetin of Roseville, MN, your spotlight member for October! What, might you ask, does a 74-year-old retiree of institutional food sales do with his free time? Race powerboats! Dick’s love of outboards and racing dates all the way back to the mid-1950’s. As a teenager, Dick enjoyed renting boats to race around the water while his father fished from shore. His first outboard motor was a 1955 “green tank Mercury.” Dick had to caddy for an entire summer at a golf course in Golden Valley, earning “two bucks a loop,” before saving the $75 he needed to buy that motor! Dick recalled his first powerboat race at the Minneapolis Aquatennial in July 1957 claiming he didn’t know how well he placed but that it “probably wasn’t very good.” Dick regards the green tank Mercury as his favorite motor. Why? Because it’s the first one he purchased and, according to Dick, “they’re faster than everything else!” When comparing a Mercury to other make’s, Dick stated “it’s like a sports car versus a sedan.” Thank you, Dick, for sharing a piece of you with the rest of us! TOMAHAWK 2016! This year marked the 51st annual Tomahawk National Antique & Classic Outboard Motor Show at Sara Park in Tomahawk, WI. This year’s event was hosted by the Northwoods Chapter of the AOMCI. From August 3rd through the 6th, club members and the public alike enjoyed beautiful weather and numerous displays of nautical treasures! BSLOL RENDEZVOUS 2016! Event recap provided by Margaret Melick Saturday, September 10th marked the 41st Annual BSLOL Antique & Classic Boat Rendezvous at Lord Fletcher’s on Lake Minnetonka. More than twenty-five MN Gophers and a few spouses enjoyed a beautiful late summer day on the lakeshore. The members who brought land and or on-the-water displays were: 1) Ben Slow with a trailer-mounted display of MK-75s in the various factory colors 2) Pete Johnson had a Mercury Mk-55 on his restored Falls Flyer 3) Bernie Van Osdale brought his 1957 restored Aristocraft with a 1956 Mercury 4) Andreas Rhude with a 1957 Thompson Sea Lancer with two 1957 Johnson 35 HP motors 5) David Wiborg had his 1955 15 foot Lyman on the water with a 1956 30 HP Johnson. 6) Ron Melick had a display of a variety of vintage motors- ranging from a restored Champion to several 3-4 HP Johnsons and Evinrudes-(some with canoe mounts) that were all ‘Summer of 2016 Excess Inventory.’ We no longer give awards for most miles travelled, most meets attended, etc. If we did, Merrill and Carole Ohnemus would have been in the running, a busy schedule kept them from noting Murray's Meet date change- and they arrived at Lord Fletcher’s via Faribault, MN. Now that is a dedicated member AND a patient wife. The BSLOL water and land displays were impressive, as always. The additional space at Lord Fletcher’s made room for more and it seemed larger boats. There was plenty of ‘eye candy’ for the nautically inclined. Yes, and there were a lot of lovely women there, as well. On land exhibits also included a few marine related vendors. Most notable to this viewer was the all basswood full size model of a Johnson motor-designed to be a ‘reading table,’ with a place to store books and magazines, as well as a pull-out tray for your drink of choice. The motor (see photo below) was built by Craig Jentz in memory of his grandfather. For more information on Jentz’s custom furniture business, visit www.craigjentz.com. MURRAY LANGER’S MEET The Gopher Chapter said “good-bye” to Summer and “hello” to Fall at Murray Langer’s meet on September 17th. Located on Winjum’s Shady Acres in Faribault, MN, the meet attracted more than twenty members and the public alike! UPCOMING EVENTS Event: Wyman Boathouse Wednesday Date: Ongoing, every Wednesday Time: 6:00 PM Hosted by: Dan & Nick Wyman Location: 748 Balsam Street Cloquet, MN 55720 Event: Lilydale Pool & Yacht Club Meet Date: October 22, 2016 Time: 9:00 AM Hosted By: Tom Murray (651) 755-9055 Location: Pool & Yacht Club 1600 Lilydale Rd. Lilydale, MN 55118 Note: Please RSVP by October 14th (see message on page 9) Event: Hayne’s Stillwater Meet Date: January 7, 2017 Time: 9:00 AM Hosted By: Dean Haynes (651) 439-6489 Tate Haynes (651) 755-2073 Location: 10884 ST Croix TRL N Stillwater, MN 55082 TREASURER’S REPORT: June 2016 BY MURRAY LANGER The membership is at 74 paid up members for 2016. In order to increase the membership, an incentive is now in place. If you bring in a new member to the club, you will get next year’s dues free. So invite a friend to the meets, it can save you money. The Dues have been increased to $15.00 a year. This is due to the website monthly fees and the increased cost of printing and mailing the newsletter. These dues are for the local chapter only. The dues for the national club are separate from the local chapter. We are collecting for the 2016 season. Please look at your label on your newsletter. You will see a date in the upper right corner. This is the month and year that you have last paid your dues. Your dues will be up for renewal one year after this date. “If your label is blank, your dues need to be paid”. Also a note on membership, to be a member of a local chapter, you must be a member of the national club. Also if you change your address, phone no. E-Mail etc. please contact me. 2016 Dues so far $589.00 Thank you to all who have paid the 2016 dues. Money for Stamps, Meet Expenses, Etc. ($15.00) Email- firstname.lastname@example.org Money for Web Site ($43.50) Phone- (507) 451-0054 Money from 50/50 raffles $197.00 Money from Ben Dittmar motor raffle $129.00 Money from Dan Wyman Raffle $136.00 Please mail your checks to: Murray Langer Money from Tom Murray motor raffle $92.00 507 17th Street SW Money from 50/50 raffle “Dick Kojetin” $45.00 Owatonna, MN 55060-3827 Total for 2016 so far $2,468.44 2017 Dues so far $72.00 Total for 2017 so far $2,540.44 2018 Dues so far $15.00 Total for 2018 so far $2,555.44 OFFICERS \| PRESIDENT \| VICE PRESIDENT \| TREASURER/MEMBERSHIP \| EVENTS COORDINATOR \| NEWSLETTER EDITOR \| \|-----------\|----------------\|----------------------\|--------------------\|------------------\| \| Tate Haynes \| David Wiborg \| Murray Langer \| Nick Wyman \| Casey Wyman \| \| (651) 755-2073 \| (952) 826-3765 \| (507) 363-1847 \| (218) 206-4060 \| (218) 341-9632 \| \| 10884 St. Croix Trail N Stillwater, MN 55802 \| 2935 Oak Lawn Lane Mound, MN 55356 \| 507 17th ST SW Owatonna, MN 55060 \| 1815 Carlton Ave Cloquet, MN 55720 \| 1815 Carlton Ave Cloquet, MN 55720 \| \| email@example.com \| firstname.lastname@example.org \| email@example.com \| firstname.lastname@example.org \| email@example.com \| FOR SALE: Champion powerhead on compressor/pump. This appears to be a factory made model ($200) - photo on page three. Various 3hp Johnson and Evinrude motors. Good condition - first come - first pick ($150 to $300). Call Ron Melick #: 715-410-0193 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. FOR SALE: Mercury MK-20 for parts ($150), Champion 3hp ($125), Mercury MK-15 ($325), Champion restored 3hp ($325). Call Ron Melick #: 715-410-0193 or email email@example.com. FOR SALE: Motors: OA-60 Johnson, KB-3 Mercury, Johnson 300, Chris Craft Challenger 5 hp, Mercury Mark 20, Mercury WWII navy motor 6 hp, Mercury 1941 KB-4, Johnson LS-38, Mercury KD-3, Mercury K-2 1940, Johnson PO-15, Mercury KF-5, Mercury Mark 5, Mercury KG-4 Hurricane 7.5hp, 1924 Evinrude Model N, Johnson TD-15 5 hp 1940 with cast aluminum tank (very rare motor) exhaust parts for Johnson K-35, K-40, K-45 (inner muffler, muffler box, manifolds), Johnson TN 26, 1936 Champion single and twin, and a 1940 Mercury K-5 Deluxe. Call Mark #763-232-4250 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. FOR SALE: Johnson HD - 25 2.5HP 1948 - Good runner, new water pump, 90 PSI compression Evinrude 1958 Model 5516 5.5HP new water pump - Very good finish & decals. Misc Parts: Martin 75 gas tank, Johnson/Evinrude long shaft extension kit. Call John Oellerich #952-890-3885 or email email@example.com. FOR SALE: 130+ motors, Johnson, Evinrude, Champion, Mercury, & more 1920-1959. National champion racing equipment, hydroplanes, runabouts, race trailer, motors & props. Call Ron Johnson #218-927-2353. VINAL DECALS: High Quality Automotive Grade Decals with Protective Over Laminate. Johnson, Evinrude, Mercury, Wizard, Elto, Champion, Chris Craft, Neptune, Scott Atwater, Sea King, Phil Rite and many others. Also decals for remote fuel tanks. Over 125 different sets available. Call Dixie Hamack or email for a current list or pics of decals. #763-421-5346 or firstname.lastname@example.org. FOR SALE: Vintage water ski coat racks. Many styles and colors available. Large racks $100 and small racks $75. Contact Dan Wyman #218-464-8050 or email@example.com. CUSTOM WINDSHIELDS: Wyman Boathouse & Restoration now offers custom built windshields starting at $300. Sold as assembly kit or individual parts. Contact Nick Wyman #218-206-4060 or firstname.lastname@example.org. NEW MEMBERSHIP APPLICATIONS ***There are TWO CLUBS to join. Please fill out both applications: AOMCI Membership & MN Gopher Chapter Membership Print this out and fill it in AOMCI MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION Name _______________________________ Telephone _____________ Address _______________________________________________________ City __________________ State (Prov.) _________ Zip ________ Country (if other than US) __________ Email Address ____________________________ (Important!) Number of pre-1950 motors you have collected ______ post 1950 ______ Check the way(s) you most enjoy Antique Outboarding: [ ] Collecting motors [ ] Running motors [ ] Restoring motors [ ] Collecting information Which are your favorite motors? ___________________________________ How did you hear about the Club? ___________________________________ Membership and subscriptions last for 2 years. (One year on Anniversary Special) Cost (in US DOLLARS ONLY): $70.00 (for US mailing address, includes US bulk mail discount) $85.00 (for Canada address, 1st class mail) $90.00 (International address, air mail) Mail this application and dues (check or money order only, payable in US dollars) to: AOMC International Headquarters Department IN PO Box 251 Vinton, VA 24179 (Please allow 6 weeks for our volunteer staff to process your application. Your patience will be handsomely rewarded when your "new member" packet arrives!) MN GOPHER CHAPTER APPLICATION For local events listings, membership contacts, and a subscription to our newsletter. Please use same form for New or Old Members. Name: ________________________________ Significant Other’s Name: ________________________________ Address: ________________________________ City: ________________________________ State: ________________________________ Zip: ________________________________ Home Phone: ________________________________ Mobile Phone: ________________________________ Email Address: ________________________________ I’m interested in: ________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Information collected is for local club purposes only. Indicate any contact information you do not want published in the Members’ Directory. Please send $15.00 to the address below for a 1 Year Membership. AOMCI Minnesota Gopher Chapter Murray Langer 507 17th Street Southwest Owatonna, MN 55060-3827 Email: email@example.com In a few weeks you should receive a package containing a recent newsletter. If not, please contact Murray Langer. Hello fellow members, I was asked by Nick Wyman to send out a little message of clarification of the lunch for the October meet. First, I just wanted to explain to you the Pool & Yacht Club is a private club that relies on revenue from members and non members that want to use the club for weddings, funeral lunches, private parties of sort. I have tried in the past and present to put together a lite meal that would be enjoyable and reasonable for everyone attending. I don’t think $10.00 is out of line for a great sub sandwich, chips and a cookie. To add to the lunch I will supply coleslaw, and potato salad. Nick offered to supply the beverage, pop, water. Also keep in mind, I supply the donuts and rolls, and coffee, A donation is optional and never expected. In order for the Pool & Yacht Club to be able to provide the lunch. We need a minimum of 20 confirmed lunches. With all this said, I don’t think it is unreasonable to support the Club for the use of a Great location for our Fall meet. And I say hopefully without offending anyone, I ask folks not to bring their own barbeque grill for cooking. The last thing I wanted to mention, when we were still having a meet at Andy’s Garage on University Ave. in Saint Paul, people didn’t seem to mind supporting them by buying their food at the time. Please keep in mind, I am doing the best I can with helping to provide a location for this meet. Thanks for your support and thanks for reading this. Please respond to me either by email or by my mobile phone @ 651-755-9055 by the 14th of October for lunch confirmation. The best to you all, Tom Murray	fae64c7e-aec1-4cf3-80fc-3a65f6593a8b	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://storage.googleapis.com/wzukusers/user-34863004/documents/5df138ebac967ScXDuy5/October_2016.pdf	2020-04-06T06:12:01+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-16/subset=warc/part-00075-5e0433ee-fa15-4837-b2dc-d6f38301af97.c000.gz.parquet	695,784,564	3,745	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.969822	eng_Latn	0.997547	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 1868, 3325, 5321, 6160, 8515, 10815, 12238, 13370, 14987 ]
CITY OF PRESCOTT PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT 201 S. Cortez Street, Prescott, AZ 86303 GENERAL SUBMITTAL CHECKLIST The following pages are provided as information for the applicant. Please read through this information as it directly applies to what the Public Works Department looks for when processing and reviewing permit applications. CONTENTS: - RIGHT OF WAY - CONSTRUCTION PERMIT SUBMITTAL CHECKLIST CONSTRUCTION PLANS: All plans should be drawn to scale, minimum 1:20 Copies of all General Engineering Standards, Manuals, City and Land Development Codes, and City Plan Review "Checklists" are available to the public on the City's website at www.prescott-az.gov. Hard copies of the Plan Review "Checklists" will be made available upon request. 1. One (1) electronic copy of all submittal items in .pdf format. 2. Site Plan a. Scaled Site plan including the locations of: i. Full width of adjacent road/right-of-way (with dimensions) ii. Locations of all blue staked utilities iii. Location of work being done: 1. Location of utilities being installed or repaired 2. Location of concrete/road cut/repair 3. Location of utility poles/lines being installed or repaired 3. Traffic Control Plan a. Location of all traffic control devises including label and dimensions between each. 4. All applicable Standard Details for the trenching or driveway entrances. REVISED 7/30/2020 Page 1 of 1	<urn:uuid:6321f22d-dc50-4f44-93be-6cc83d81a4b8>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://www.prescott-az.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/RIGHT-OF-WAY-CONSTRUCTION.pdf	2022-05-25T22:15:24+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-21/subset=warc/part-00160-bd7ecbba-8e15-4123-ae07-d9c98ad96845.c000.gz.parquet	1,082,272,649	334	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.971961	eng_Latn	0.971961	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1418 ]
HEALTH SCIENCES IN EASTERN EUROPE ISSN 1392-6373 print / 2335-867X online DOI: https://doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2020.149 IMPORTANCE OF SELF – MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE Vilma Rastenienė 1 , Aurelija Blaževičienė 2 1Deparment of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Kaunas University of Applied Science, 2Department of Nursing and Care, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Keywords: self-management, cardiovascular disease, health-related quality of life. Summary Material and Metods. An integrative review. The aim of the paper was to find out what is known about how do people effectively manage their illness, heart and cardiovascular diseases, themselves in the advanced sta ges of their disease. Results. Promotion of self-managment in patients with a viable health care strategy in order to maintain health and prevent exacerbations. Optimal treatment of care, patients' self-managment promotion reduces the finan cial costs of treating patients. Increasing the patient's ability to achieve a healthy lifestyle, the application of medical recommendations to recognize the symptoms and signs of consultations with health care professionals can reduce repeated hospitalization rates. For health care professionals self-managment education promotion is a great strategy to improve patients' quality of life. a range of diseases associated with cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovas cular disease. From these 53 diseases of the World Health Organization European Region die every year from 4.35 million, in the European Union (EU) countries - 1.9 million people. In Lithuania cardiovascular disease kills almost twice more residents than the average of the old EU countries Lithuania male and female standardized death rates from cardiovascular disease rates are among the highest in the EU [1]. Contemporary modern medical technology should be directed not only to the treatment options, symptom re duction, but the stability of the body functions and quality of life. Health-related quality of life is considered as the most important result of chronic diseases in the treatment process, defining the physical, emotional and social well-being [2]. Conclusions. Self management strategies for people with heart and cardiovascular disease should be related to helping them cope with pain and debilitating symp toms, coping emotionally and adjusting psychosocially to their illness, and alleviating distress associated with symptoms that can not easily be improved. Examples of good practice should be formally evaluated. Introduction Lithuanian population structure for causes of death re mains unchanged for many years. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Lithuania, as well as throughout Europe, has been and remains the main cause of death. The mortality of car diovascular diseases ranks first among all deaths. CVD cover Patients with chronic diseases make decisions on a daily basis related to the management of the disease. This reality presents a new paradigm for chronic disease management: a professional patient care partnership-joint and self-manage ment training. Self-management complements the traditional patient education, with a view to a high level of quality of life in chronic diseases. The traditional patient education provides information and technical skills of the patient, it is self-management science that teaches self control skills. Selfmanagement central concept is directed to reach the desired goal independently. Self-efficacy is increased when patients successfully solve the problems independently. Clinic re search evidence shows that 1) self-management training programs are more effective than just providing information in order to improve the clinical outcome; 2) in certain cir According to the Centers for Disease Control, in the U.S. alone, chronic diseases account for nearly 75 percent of aggregate healthcare spending, or an estimated $5300 per person annually [3]. cumstances, the self-management improves the performance and can reduce costs. And (3) the initial study brings together patients with chronic diseases, to improve results and re duce costs. Self-management can quickly become an integral part of high-quality primary care [4]. Koch et al. (2004) identified three self - management types: medical model, in which patients receive professional help in managing their health, follow the instructions; cooperation with healthcare professionals model, in which patients are actively involved in facilitating the support level selection; and self-model, which includes the patient's own activities [5]. Methods Search strategy. The search strategy combined MeSH headings and free search terms around self – management, heart and cardiovascular diseases, quality of life, pacient centered. Although only English papers were extracted, no geografical or methodological limitations were placed on the literature. This enabled the researchers to encapsulate as broad a picture as possible of the concept of self management in cardiovascular diseases. The majority of this were found in the health care databases PubMed, Medline, Cinahl, Google Scholar. Google Scholar however proved a useful adjunct to the traditional databases.The majority of grey literature was sourced via the internet using the search engine Google, but did not fit the inclusion criteria. Titles and abstracts of articles were reviewed, and studies were only included if they met the inclusion criteria outlined. Key, relevant web sites such as the Department of Health heart and cardiovas cular diseases programme, Preventing Disease and death worldwide, ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure were also searched. The search strategies yielded 54 articles. The agreement on the reviewers initial assessment on whether to include or exclude the articles these articles was 86 %. 1. What self-management strategies enable patients to engage with their heart and cardiovascular diseases care? Aim and research questions. The review specifically aimed to answer the following questions: 2. How can self - managment in heart and cardiovascular diseases be improved? (Table 1). Results Quality of life is an important measure of disease affec ting the treatment efficiency of human life psychological states. Cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice involves various aspects of quality of life: angina, heart failure symp toms reduction, limited physical activity promotion, physical weakness reduction of psychological stress associated with chronic stress reduction. What self-management strategies enable patients to en gage with their heart and cardiovascular diseases care. The Institute of Medicine has identified 6 domains of quality of care, including safety, effectiveness, patient-cen tered care, timely care, efficiency, and equitable care. Accor ding to the Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System, between 2005 and 2011, adverse event rates in hospitalized patients declined for both myocardial infarction (from 5.0% to 3.7%) and congestive heart failure (from 3.7% to 2.7%) [6] (Table 2). Table 1. Inclusion Criteria An integrative review was chosen because it allowed the inclusion of studies with diverse methodologies (for example, qualitative and quantitative research) in the same review. Integrative reviews have the potential to generate a compre hensive understanding, based on separate research findings of problems related to self-management. The searches were limited to studies published during the period 2000-2020 m. The integrative review was split into the following phases: problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis and presentation of the results. Patients with cardiovascular disease are faced with the progress of the disease, treatment of uncertainty, uncertainty. According to research carried out, we can say that self-ma nagment treatment in hospital shortens the time set for the results of patient-centered care, avoid ambiguity and com plexity of the health care professionals and patient coopera tion [16]. Regular monitoring reduces symptoms and prevent hospitalization, acute exacerbation of asthma symptoms, allows early diagnosis of heart failure complications. Patients Health-related quality of life can be defined as a medical condition, a continuum, a continuous sequence comprising the patient's biological, physiological factors, symptoms, function, general health perception of well-being. with moderate levels of heart failure self-managment is an important factor in the daily peripheral edema, body weight, fatigue, shortness of breath normal physical activity during the night, and during exercise monitoring [17]. How can self - managment in heart and cardiovascular Table 2. Study Features Included in the Systemic Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure Self-Managment Assessment of Interventions Shively, Martha J., et Few studies have exami 84 participants were stra Articipants were primarily male Although the baseline MOS Specific Table 3. Study Features Included in the Systemic Treatment of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Assessment of Interventions Jovicic, Aleksandra, Jayna M. Holroyd-Leduc, and Sharon E. Straus. „Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials." BMC cardiovascular disorders 6.1 (2006): 1. [19] diseases be improved? Self-management is important for quality of life, symp tom control, in order to reduce complications, early diagno sis, to a holistic approach, including physical, psychological, social and spiritual well-being. It is important to use com mand-care policy among palliative care professionals and heart failure care team and / or primary care physician [18]. In order to examine the general physical symptoms and depressive effect on the health of patients, depending on the patient's age, education, New York Heart Association NYHA functional class, financial status, health perception studies using symptoms (Symptom Status Questionnaire), depression (Beck Depression Inventory II) and HRQOL questionnaires (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire). Inves tigations were carried out at the onset, and 12 months later. Patients are divided into three groups according to the phy sical and depressive symptoms: a) there are no symptoms, b) one symptom group (dyspnea or fatigue), c) two symp tom group (physical and depressive symptoms). Research reveals the physical symptoms of depression and links to quality of life and HRQOL, reveals further research in this area prospects [18], there is a lack of research in this area by analyzing older people with heart failure and quality of life. Heart failure is characterized by frequent hospitalization in adults over the age of 65 stage. Studies have shown dise ase management programs can reduce the number of repeated hospitalizations of older persons in a group with heart failure. One study in Sweden had analyzed patients quality of life associated with age, gender, lifestyle habits, financial situation, disease severity using quality of life questionnaires (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire and the Short Form-12 Health Survey Questionnaire). The study revealed the most important aspect of the lack of emotional support for patients with chronic heart failure. We can say that the analysis of health-related quality of life is important in view of the social support dimensions [10]. Studies have revealed the self- management programs in a positive impact on reducing the number of mortality, quality of life and shortening the period of hospitalization (8). Further work is needed related to self-management and outcomes measurement [11]. The progress of analysis of Medline from 1966 to 2005, EMBASE system from 1980 to 2005, CINAHL from 1982 to 2005 and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews at the time, which was analyzed in self-managment programs to patients with heart failure (Table Research characteristics). Statistical significance was assessed using the Q - test, the quantitative data synthesis applied Mantel-Haenszel test pattern. The results were achieved through a fully integrated programs that include comprehensive patient assessment, medication usage optimization, patient education, medical specialists monitoring. Self-management programs are to provide patients with opportunities to take on a responsible role in dealing with their illness situation: symptoms moni toring, regular drug consumption, addressing the need for assistance. Application of these interventions can reduce the use of resources in the healthcare system [18]. Over the past 15 years, nursing research has made great progress in identifying heart failure patients with psychoso cial, non-drug measures management and behavioral aspects. Carried out research in this area influenced by a succession of studies, registries and further research development [12]. In view of the heart failure patients it is important to un derstand the number of self-managment programs on clinical outcomes strategies. The study justifies patients with heart failure self-managment strategies, the effectiveness of the hospital reports the number of hospital admissions, mortality reduction, improvement of quality of life. Discussion The aim of self management education programmes is, therefore, to emphasise the role of patient education in preventative and therapeutic health care activities, and usu ally consist of organised learning experiences designed to facilitate adoption of health promoting behaviours. Edu cation programmes could improve health status, quality of life while reducing hospitalisation. Likewise, none of the studies specifically asked patients for their experience of how they managed their illness themselves. What people do across their journey and what is perceived to be beneficial. It is, therefore, difficult to ascertain how their self mana gement needs can then be supported. However, the review does identify key aspects of self management and heart and cardiovascular diseases care, has implications for practice, particularly, nursing practice, and identifies areas for future research particularly related to patients experience and self management. Although evidence has been provided for all three areas, it is dificult to reach firm conclusions about how people manage their illness themselves with heart and cardiovas cular diseases. Self – management strategies such as using information and using distraction technigues were identified, these were largely initiated by researchers, or suggested to patients (20). The lack of papers to self - management for pe ople with heart and cardiovascular diseases suggests there is room for improvement in supported self – management and a need for further research in this area. In addition, although self management programmes are well established in North America, in the UK. Likewise, the programmes in the U.S tend to focus on chronic conditions such as diabetes, arthritis and asthma and emphasise the patients long term illness management role. Moreover, the literature on self management in heart and cardiovascular diseases, chronic illness is largely focused on the activities of individuals and families with the intention of enhansing health, preventing disease, limiting illness and restoring quality of life. Information and education helped them manage their emotional self management and adjust psychologically to their illness. Conclusions 1. Self management strategies for people with heart and cardiovascular disease should be related to helping them cope with pain and debilitating symptoms, coping emotionally and adjusting psychosocially to their illness, and alleviating distress associated with symptoms that can not easily be improved, such as overweight. Examples of good practice should be and be formally evaluated. 3. Nursing is an appropriate profession in which to im plement health promotion, but several barriers associated with organizational culture have a marked effect on delivery. Therefore, more research is needed to determine how to support nurses in implementing health promotion in their roles in a variety of health-care services. 2. According to much of the health promotion research, it appears that nurses have not yet demonstrated a clear and obvious political role in implementing health promotion activities. Instead, nurses can be considered general health promoters, with their health promotion activities based on sound knowledge and giving information to patients. References 1. Rinkūnienė E, Petrulionienė Ž. Mirtingumo nuo širdies ir krau jagyslių ligų tendencijos Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungos šalyse. Medicinos teorija ir praktika, 2013;19(2):130-136. 2. Thompson DR, YU Cheuk-Man. Quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease-I: Assessment tools. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003;1:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-42 3. Wullianallur R, Viju R. An empyrical study of chronic diseases in the United States: a visual analytics approach to public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018;15(3):431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030431 4. Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Hyolman H, et al. Patient selfmanagement of chronic disease in primary care. Jama 2002;288(19):2469-2475. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.19.2469 5. Koch T, Jenkin P, Kralik D. Chronic illness self‐management: locating the 'self'. Journal of advanced nursing 2004;48(5):484492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03237.x 6. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin E, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131:e29-e322. 7. Gonseth J, Guallar-Castillón P, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, et al. The effectiveness of disease management programmes in reducing hospital re-admission in older patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports. European Heart Journal 2004;25(18):1570-1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.04.022 8. Roccaforte R, Demers C, Baldassarre F, et al. Effectiveness of comprehensive disease management programmes in improving clinical outcomes in heart failure patients. A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Heart Failure 2005;7(7):1133-1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.08.005 9. Jaarsma T, Beattie JM, Ryder M, et al. Palliative care in heart failure: a position statement from the palliative care workshop of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Car diology. European Journal of Heart Failure 2009;11(5):433-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp041 10. Årestedt K, Saveman BI, et al. Social support and its associ ation with health-related quality of life among older patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013;12(1):69-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515111432997 11. Shively MJ, Gardetto NJ, et al. Effect of patient activation on self-management in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013; 28(1): 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e318239f9f9 12. Clark AM, Flynn R, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: health services implications of a stealth syndrome. Eu ropean Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013; 12(4):316-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112466156 13. Wang W, Lau Y, Chow A, et al. Health-related quality of life and social support among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease in mainland China. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2014;13(1):48-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113476995 14. Piette JD, List J, Rana GK, et al. Mobile health devices as tools for worldwide cardiovascular risk reduction and disease management. Circulation 2015;132(21): 2012-2027. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008723 15. Bekelman DB, Plomondon ME, Carey EP, et al. Primary re sults of the patient-centered disease management (PCDM) for heart failure study: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2015;175(5):725-732. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0315 16. Dudas K, Olsson LE, Wolf A, et al. Uncertainty in illness among patients with chronic heart failure is less in person-centred care than in usual care. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013;12(6):521-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112472270 17. Gallagher R. Self management, symptom monitoring and associated factors in people with heart failure living in the community. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2010; 9(3):153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2009.12.006 18. Heo S, Moser DK, Pressler SJ, et al. Dose-dependent relations hip of physical and depressive symptoms with health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013;12(5):454-460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112470996 19. Jovicic A, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE. Effects of self-mana gement intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2006; 6(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-6-43 20. Pendyal A, Rosenthal MS, Keene D. Challenges to self-manage ment of heart failure among homeless individuals: a qualitative study. Circulation 2019; Suppl 112(1): A165-A165. https://doi.org/10.1161/hcq.12.suppl_1.165 PACIENTŲ, SERGANČIŲ ŠIRDIES IR KRAUJAGYSLIŲ LIGOMIS, SAVĘS VALDYMO SVARBA SU SVEIKATA SUSIJUSIAI GYVENIMO KOKYBEI Raktažodžiai: savęs valdymas, širdies ir kraujagyslių ligos, su sveikata susijusi gyvenimo kokybė. V. Rastenienė, A. Blaževičienė Santrauka Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai: integruota apžvalga. Rezulta tai. Pacientams, sergantiems širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos ligo Darbo tikslas − išanalizuoti pacientų, sergančių širdies ir krau jagyslių sistemos ligomis, savęs valdymą pažengusios ligos sta dijose. mis, siekiant išsaugoti sveikatą ir užkirsti kelią ligų paūmėjimams, svarbu taikyti savęs valdymo strategijas. Pacientų savikontrolės skatinimas, optimalaus gydymo taikymas mažina finansines pa cientų gydymo išlaidas sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose. Paciento skatinimas siekti sveiko gyvenimo būdo, gydymo rekomenda cijų vykdymas, aktyvus dalyvavimas sveikatos priežiūros speci alistų konsultacijose, gebėjimas atpažinti ligos pasireiškimo po žymius bei simptomus, gali sumažinti kartotino hospitalizavimo atvejų skaičių. Pacientų švietimas yra puiki strategija pacientų gy venimo kokybei gerinti. Širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis sergančių pacientų savęs val dymo strategijos, susijusios su skausmo ir lėtinių simptomų, ne rimo valdymu, psichosocialiniu prisitaikymu prie savo ligos turi būti diegiamos kaip geros praktikos pavyzdžiai. Adresas susirašinėti: firstname.lastname@example.org Gauta 2020-11-12	<urn:uuid:5da4a160-02ba-418d-bb7a-a10b8653179c>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://sm-hs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020-SM6Internetas-99-106.pdf	2022-07-03T03:19:07+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-27/subset=warc/part-00034-48f675b2-7fd4-43af-adb3-2a4ea7f82193.c000.gz.parquet	564,741,188	5,236	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.84786	eng_Latn	0.974938	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "lit_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4069, 7861, 9048, 9194, 10380, 15929, 21345, 23094 ]
How to delete the Dashboard from FeetPort Web? Dashboard can be deleted from FeetPort web portal through following steps: 1. From leftNavigation Menu, go toReports & Analysisand clickDashboards.. 2. Click on the checkbox ⬜ against any of the dashboard that you wish to delete. 3. Click on delete icon on upper right handside. 4. Click on Delete on confirmation dialog box. 5. Selected Dashboard will get deleted. Revision #2 Created Wed, Apr 29, 2020 6:43 AM by Kamna Updated Wed, Apr 29, 2020 6:55 AM by Kamna	<urn:uuid:e5189be6-7fd3-4d82-b1c7-fe72ba23246e>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://docs.feetport.com/books/reports-analysis/page/how-to-delete-the-dashboard-from-feetport-web/export/pdf	2021-04-14T19:43:50+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-17/subset=warc/part-00006-74237c22-0523-49c6-9e5a-6b4aa471a042.c000.gz.parquet	340,952,520	131	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.987805	eng_Latn	0.987805	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 515 ]
Z YACHT CODE YACHT YEAR OF BUILT ENGINES SIZE IN METERS SPECIFICATIONS ACCOMMODATION IKOS DYSSEAS APADAKIS N O P I N T E R N A T I O N A L YA C H T S A L E S & C H A RT E R S MS/2298 Bonsignori 1982 1 x General Motors 280 HP 671 6cyl. 2t 27.00 Builder : BONSIGNORI Model : Type classic Built : 1982 Refit : 2005 LOA: 27m (88'7") Mfg. Length: LWL: 20m (65'7") Beam: 5.2m (17'1") Draft: Max 1.8m (5'11") Hull Mtrl: Wood Hull Cnfg.: Full Keel Deck Mtrl: Teak Rig : Ketch Engines: 1xGM671 6cyl. 2t 280 HP Speed: 9 knots / 13 knots Disp: 33 tons Fuel Cap: 2000 l (528.4) Water Cap: 2000 l (528.4 g) Staterooms: 4 Sleeps: 9 Heads: 3 All cabins midships and forward with stairwell access from the saloon and pilothouse. A spacious corridor gives access to the cabins and W.C's. 3 Double cabins all well appointed and well lit. 1 Forward 3 berth cabin with toilet and sink hidden within a convenient and traditional cabinet unit. 2 W.C.'s with electric toilets and showers. SALOON GALLEY ELECTRONICS & NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM e-mail: email@example.com The saloon is incorporated within the pilothouse on the main deck level, with deck access via doors on both sides. Forwards there is a stairwell giving access to the cabins, aft a stairwell leading to the galley. There is plenty of storage space. saloon table easily seats 6. All around one remarks upon the quality of the finishing and the special touches that add character. Hypson clour TV Alpine 6 CD player Alpine VVE V.Drive 4 x 60w radio 4 Hellfire 550 HL Amplifiers Scheder Divix DVD 3 Hob gas cooker, Eno gas 15 L Sharp microwave Zanussi electric cooker (220v) Tecnolux Icemaker 170L freezer (220v) 200L fridge (220v) 40L fridge (220v/24v) Magellan FX 324 Map GPS JRC 1000 MKII radar Koden CVS - 101 sounder Ocean RO 1355 VHS Cetrek 727 automatic pilot Weatherman radiotelex Blu Grundig radio Integrated compass, external compass, handbearing compasss Service batteries 4 x 220 amp Motor batteries 2 x 160 amp Electronic batteries 2 x 80 amp Generator battery 1 x 80 amp Chargers: Tecpro 24v 60 amp Tecpro 24v 40 amp Tecpro 12v 12 amp Current converter Victron Energy Phoenix 3000v 24v/220v Onan diesel 8kw generator Tel:+30 210 9836312 Fax:+30 210 9827919 Mobile:+306944310140 TENDER Zodiac semi-rigid 3m 25 HP Yamaha outboard 2 HP Suzuki outboard DISCLAIMER The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot guarantee or warrant the accuracy of this information nor warrant the condition of the vessel. A buyer should instruct his agents, or his surveyors, to investigate such details as the buyer desires validated. This vessel is offered subject to prior sale, price change, or withdrawal without notice.	<urn:uuid:d47332ef-5125-4a51-89d2-d3461d9436c7>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://yachtsgreece.com/img/x2/collection/sales/MS2298_1260976039.pdf	2020-10-25T01:57:25+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-45/subset=warc/part-00118-6409130e-6e9b-44d1-90ec-9f9d0ade2504.c000.gz.parquet	989,099,400	863	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.803023	eng_Latn	0.877497	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1032, 2331, 2787 ]
Citrus Fruit project August 2019 Since 1977, Titahi Bay Lions Club in association with Hastings Host Lions Club has received from Hawke's Bay a large quantity of Citrus fruit. This project was conceived in the first year of the clubs Charter and has continued ever since. It has proved to be a very popular and rewarding project. Thanks must go to the Orchards of Hastings who donate the fruit, and the members of Hastings Host Lions members who brave the elements to pick the Grapefruit and Lemons. Acknowledgement also goes to those others who assist the Citrus Fruit project to continue..... Turners and Growers who have so generously brought the fruit down, for allowing us the use of their bins in which to hold the fruit, for allowing us to use their premises as a delivery and collection point, and for loading the bins into the truck. Kiwi Community Assistance who collected a bin and distributed the citrus fruit through their network of recipients. Piggy Packers Rentals who were instrumental in providing a truck, at short notice, to transport the bins from Grenada North to the Porirua Saturday Market. Big Barrel (Waitangirua) who provided the use of their forklift to take the bins from the truck and on to the ground. Whittakar's Chocolates who provided much needed boxes for folk to box some fruit and take them away. Titahi Bay Lions also have reusable Porirua Saturday Market bags available for $3 each HOW IT ALL BEGAN This project began when a member of Titahi Bay Lions Club, Alf Mexted, was visiting Hastings and saw all the citrus fruit fallen from the trees and wasting on the ground. Alf, with the help of one of Hastings Host Lions members filled the boot of his car with a few bags to take back home. The outcome was that so many were grateful for a few grapefruit or lemons that some of Hastings Host members, including Jack French, started an annual collection over two or three weeks and the fruit was transported to Titahi Bay by another of Hastings Host member, Len Sowman. In 1999 Jack travelled overseas so a new system was born, collecting the fruit in one day and as we have done since then. and from there.... Quite a bit has changed over the years. A timeline of this project below shows those changes Obviously there is the need to find the trees with fruit each year and estimate how much will be picked to fill bins and that is such a tremendous job from the Lions Club of Hastings Host. For quite a while, Mainfreight delivered the fruit to MG Marketing located at Grenada North. From 2009 to 2013, delivery was to MG Marketing Grenada North kindly by Cooltrain. Weck-Pack supplied the large bins and in 2011 this became CHEP who then provided large bins for the fruit to be picked and collected. From 2014, there was a bit of a change in how the delivery was made to Titahi Bay. Unfortunately, Cooltrain had gone into receivership so with many thanks, the transport and also supply of the bins from Hastings to Grenada North was done by Turners and Growers. The fruit delivered from Turners and Growers Hastings branch travelled to their own Grenada North branch for Titahi Bay Lions. Thanks to Turners and Growers in keeping this Lions project running between the Hastings Host and Titahi Bay clubs. Ever since the dawn of this project, the fruit collected by Titahi Bay Lions has been taken to Whitford Brown Community Trust for bagging and delivery. Dependant on the timing of arrival, the fruit was bagged by a combination of help from Whitford Brown Community Trust, Lions members, friends and families, and even local clubs and groups that received help previously from Titahi Bay Lions. The citrus fruit is packaged and delivered to elderly people, churches, community groups, and schools of Titahi Bay and Porirua free of charge. Whitford Brown Community Trust from the beginning provided a storing area for bins, assisted in the bagging of grapefruit and lemons, and provided storage and access of the forklift. From 2019, there was another big change, due to what was known as 'the plastic bag ban' in July, the involvement with bagging the fruit and taking delivering had come to an end and a new strategy was needed. The fruit bins were collected and taken to the Porirua Saturday Market, messages on social media went out and the folk of Porirua Region came to the market to collect the fruit bringing their own reusable bags and/or boxes. Kiwi Community Assistance became involved also and provided the fruit to their network of contacts. The project lives on..... Well done to everyone for the conclusion of another great Lions project!!! ---------------------------- Recipe for grapefruit marmalade which should make 10x 350ml jars. INGREDIENTS: 4 Large Grapefruit - MINCED 2 Large Lemons - MINCED 3.5 Litres of water Sugar (or Splenda if you have diabetes) PREPARATION: Cover fruit overnight with water Next day, boil for 45 minutes or until fruit is soft and pulpy Measure pulp in cups and return to pan Bring to boil For each cup of pulp, add 1 cup of sugar (or use Splenda if you have diabetes) Boil briskly, stirring occasionally until the setting point has been reached Pour into sterile jars Ingredients should be 10x 350ml jars If for some reason the jam does not set, get some 'Jam-Set' from the Supermarket and reboil the jam. This does work. Welcome to your Titahi Bay Lions Citrus Fruit delivery. Whilst it is very important to eat fruit and do your best to maintain a balanced diet, ask yourself this question. Should I have grapefruit if I take medication? It is advisable for patients to avoid drinking grapefruit juice if they are taking any particular medications. You should consult your doctor to find out if your medications mix when taking grapefruit juice, especially for those with heart conditions. Hastings Host Lions Club (picking and sorting, getting ready to deliver to Wellington)	<urn:uuid:e650a122-c943-4864-a8c8-1a74d3edf22d>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	http://titahibaylions.co.nz/TBLions/Projects_and_Events/2019/2019-08-10-CitrusFruit.pdf	2020-04-02T11:25:44+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-16/subset=warc/part-00242-5e0433ee-fa15-4837-b2dc-d6f38301af97.c000.gz.parquet	180,854,356	1,265	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.997736	eng_Latn	0.998103	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 964, 2019, 3985, 5225, 5906 ]
2020 Planning Statistics Applications Received December 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 Summary: Proposed Units/Lots Summary: Audrey Tanguay Digitally signed by Audrey Tanguay DN: cn=Audrey Tanguay, o=City of Penticton, ou, email@example.com, c=CA Date: 2021.01.07 10:24:40 -08'00' Audrey Tanguay, Planning Manager	<urn:uuid:8262549c-1f1d-429f-8a48-1605e13a040f>	CC-MAIN-2025-08	https://www.penticton.ca/sites/default/files/docs/business-and-building/planning-reports/2020-12-PDF-Dec%20Planning%20Apps.pdf	2025-02-08T18:52:51+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2025-08/subset=warc/part-00234-b184e832-acd1-425a-bab7-895830f2748a.c000.gz.parquet	872,758,151	110	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.404562	eng_Latn	0.535795	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 85, 333 ]
Hardware Included - Cam & Pin x 29 - 28mm Wood Screws x 12 - Handle Screws x 2 - 1 Inch Nail x 27 - Door Hinges x 2 - Handle x 1 - 14mm Wood Screws x 34 - Drying Rack x 1 - Gas Strut x 2 - Door Buffer x 2 - Sticker on Cam Caps x 8 - Sticker on Caps x 12 Tools you will need To put your cabinets together you will need the following tools. Cordless drill with: • Number 2 Phillips head bit • 4.5mm drill bit • Number 12 countersinking drill bit Tape Measure Pencil Hammer Clamps (Quick Release) Safety Gear Phillips Head Screw Driver Spirit Level (900mm recommended) Masking Tape 65mm Wood Screw Wall Fixing (If Necessary) Important notice • Make sure you leave plumbing and electrical work to qualified trades people. Never try this yourself. • If you have any questions contact us on 1800 666 078 Monday to Friday between 8:00am and 6:00pm AEST or email: firstname.lastname@example.org. 900mm WALL DRYING CUPBOARD STEP 1 Cam & Pin STEP 2 support rail STEP 3 side panel STEP 4 bottom panel top panel STEP 5 bottom panel side panel STEP 6 3mm back panel note: The white side of the back panel should face inside the cabinet. STEP 7 B STEP 8 note: Make sure the spaces are installed in the correct order as per the above steps. STEP 9 black tab Pull the black tab to remove the guide from the drawer runner. We offer a dedicated customer service line for advice or any questions you may have on Flatpax products. Call customer service on 1800 666 078 Monday to Friday between 8:00am and 6:00pm AEST or email: email@example.com. STEP 10 Cam & Pin STEP 11 Door Hinges STEP 12 Gas Strut STEP 13 Door Hinge Plates STEP 14 Clip the door onto the hinge plates. Now push down to clip hinge securely together. tip. add extra screws once door is aligned. STEP 15 Door Hinge Plates STEP 16 Gas Strut STEP 17 To remove the gas strut from the bracket use a flat head screw driver to lift the metal strap on either end of the strut. note: the gas strut can be adjusted by moving the bracket on the door forwards or backwards. STEP 18 Place masking tape on both sides of the door where holes will be drilled to avoid chipping. Pre-drill using 4.5mm drill bit. STEP 19 STEP 20 Check cabinets are level then clamp together. Pre-drill using 2mm drill bit and attach cabinets together. STEP 21 Caution: Please ensure all cabinets are screwed into your timber stud wall using a minimum of 65mm timber screws. If attaching to concrete, brick, steel or any other substrates seek advice from your hardware specialist.	<urn:uuid:d963a76d-00e0-431c-bec3-3e6ce2303a20>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	https://flatpax.com.au/images/products/utility/laundry-instructions/W-56010-FP-Utility-900mm-Drying-Cabinet-Instructions.pdf	2018-10-20T01:12:21Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00006.warc.gz	674,854,984	697	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.986365	eng_Latn	0.991336	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 883, 1538, 2042, 2532 ]
CONTENTS 1 WELCOME TO MIRAMONTE CHRISTIAN SCHOOL You have become a member of a dynamic Christian educational environment, in which staff, students, parents, and the community work together to provide a high-quality Christian education. Miramonte students are from a wide variety of multi-ethnic backgrounds within the Bay Area communities. Students who graduate from Miramonte Christian School enjoy successful high school and college experiences, then become productive and significant members of society. Miramonte Christian School hires professionals recognized for their outstanding ability to teach and for having a living relationship with Jesus Christ. They operate in a collaborative, collegial atmosphere, in which they continually reflect upon their methodology and curriculum, evaluate its effectiveness, and provide a top quality, relevant education to children from preschool to eighth grade. Our educational program is approved by the Pacific Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and the State of California. Our school is accredited through the National Council for Private Schools, the Accrediting Association of Seventh-day Adventist Schools, Colleges, Universities, and the North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists. OUR MISSION STATEMENT Miramonte Christian School provides a Christ-centered, whole child education by building upon the strengths of our diverse cultures, learning styles, and spiritual backgrounds to create compassionate citizens, discerning leaders, and purpose-empowered individuals. ABOUT US EARLY BEGINNINGS In the year 1906 the Pacific Press Publishing Association moved from Oakland to Mountain View to establish itself in a rural community. With the move, there came a considerable number of families who wanted their children to receive an education that would incorporate the fundamental principles of the Bible. In 1906 a one-room church school was organized under the leadership of Elder and Mrs. Wilcox. Mrs. Viola Miller was the first teacher with an enrollment that year of 48 students. This was the early beginning of what would become both Miramonte Christian School and Mountain View Academy. TODAY Miramonte Christian School is supported by the Central California Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (CCC) and its nine constituent churches. Currently, we have a teaching staff of eleven professionals for preschool through Grade 8. In the spring of 2002 the gymnasium complex was completed, offering our students an alternate indoor physical education area and two more classrooms. We also have a computer lab with current technology to help our students reach their highest potential as they move toward high school and college. 1 ADMISSIONS PROCEDURE Miramonte Christian School admits students of any race, color, and national or ethnic origin, to all the rights, privileges, programs and activities generally accorded or made available to students at the school. Miramonte Christian School does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnic background, country of origin or gender in administration of its educational policies, admissions policies, scholarship programs, and other schooladministered programs. Parents are expected to support the school's principles, programs and teachers, to agree to direct their children to act in harmony with the standards, requirements and philosophies of the school, and to follow the policies and procedures outlined in this handbook. The Admissions Committee reserves the right to refuse admittance to any student who does not exhibit behavior in harmony with the school's principles. By September 2 nd , students entering our preschool, the Miramonte Early Learning Center, must be 3 years of age, and students entering Kindergarten must be 5 years of age. All preschool and kindergarten students will be evaluated prior to admission. Students must submit proper health records within two weeks of the first day of attendance, after which time they will not be allowed to attend classes until health records are received. NEW STUDENTS Miramonte Christian School assesses applicants for admission in several areas; some of these are chronological age, emotional, physical and social development, academic achievement, test scores, student behavior, attitude, attendance record, and special needs. Before a student is placed in a classroom, he/she shall: * Complete and submit the Application Form and the non-refundable admission fee of $150.00. The admission fee does not guarantee admission. * Provide verification of grade level and achievement from the school last attended. (The parent shall be notified of the transfer of the student's permanent record, their right to receive a copy of the record, and their right to a hearing to challenge the content of the record.) These records may include a report card, cumulative folder, letter from the principal of the former school, or telephone discussion between principals. * Provide three recommendations (for grades 5-8). * Complete a student information sheet (for grades 5-8). * Make an appointment to take a proficiency exam before entering Miramonte Christian School. In lieu of this exam, parents may present results from an alternate approved national exam taken within the previous school year. * Participate in an enrollment interview with his/her parents, the classroom teacher, and the principal to review the test or submission of alternate test results. Once the interview is over, the Admissions Committee will meet to make a decision. Should concerns arise as a result of this first interview, the student may be given an opportunity to meet with the Admissions Committee once more. The family will be contacted to schedule a second interview. Notification of the Committee's decision for admission will be given to the family in writing. A registration packet will be mailed with the letter if the child is accepted. Once the above steps have been completed, the student will be assigned to a classroom. All new transfer students are admitted on a nine-week probationary status. Regardless of when the transfer student applies, he or she will follow the same process and guidelines as outlined above. CURRENT STUDENTS * Continued enrollment status at Miramonte Christian School begins with completion of the Re-registration form and the non-refundable application fee of $150.00. The application fee does not guarantee admission. * Students who completed the previous school year at Miramonte Christian School may consider themselves to be accepted on regular status unless notified by the Admissions Committee. Returning students who have exceeded the maximums specified in the disciplinary actions outlined on pages 16-20 will, if admitted, be on probationary status. * The administration will notify each student and his/her parents regarding the reasons for the probationary status, and the student will then be subject to the Probationary Status guidelines. * According to the policy of the Miramonte Christian School Board, no student may be enrolled unless their account is paid in full or satisfactory arrangements have been made with the principal. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Miramonte Christian School has been granted permission to issue I-20 forms for international students. Only sixth grade students (at any time during the school year) and seventh grade students who are in their first semester of the year will be initially accepted to this program; students at any other grade level are not eligible for this program, but may appeal to the Admission Committee for consideration if there are unique circumstances. Acceptance of each student will be based on meeting the U.S. Government requirements AND the following Miramonte Christian School criteria: * The student must pass an English proficiency test as designated by Miramonte Christian School. * The number of international students presently enrolled in each grade; * The number of international students presently enrolled in Miramonte Christian School; and * On a first come, first serve basis. International students who wish to attend Miramonte Christian School on an F-1 Student Visa are required to receive an I-20 form that is issued after they have been accepted to the school. The guardian or host family must submit all applications in person to the school office. An International Student Instruction Check-Sheet form will guide the applicants through the process of completing and submitting the required forms. The student's family must complete and submit all of the documentation that is listed in step one of the Check-sheet. Once the documentation has been submitted, payment received, and the reference forms returned, the application will be reviewed, and admission determined. * Based on the documentation and recommendations, international students who are admitted will be on a probationary status. Students who do not meet school guidelines will not be admitted. * Students will be notified of acceptance and the I-20 issuance. The local guardian will be responsible for delivering the I-20 to the parents. * The student would then need to apply for his/her F-1 Student Visa. The school needs to be notified when the Visa has been received. * The student may enter the U.S. up to 30 days prior to the start of school. Once here, the student and guardians will report to the school and meet with the principal. * Prior to beginning classes, the remaining forms (Immunization, Guardianship Authorization, and Parent/Student Agreement) need to be submitted and the remaining balance of tuition and fees paid. Fees and tuition for international students may be found on a separate Financial Worksheet. * Once all of the completed paperwork has been submitted and fees have paid, the student and guardian will be scheduled to meet with the assigned classroom teacher(s) for final room placement. Reenrollment as an International Student for successive school years is dependent upon completing all necessary U.S. Government requirements, meeting all Miramonte Christian School criteria, and finishing the previous school year with a C- average or higher. PROBATIONARY STATUS FOR NEW STUDENTS All new students entering Miramonte Christian School are on probationary status for the first quarter of attendance. At the end of the first quarter, if all above admission requirements have been met, the student will automatically be removed from probationary status as long as he/she has not exhibited behavior outlined in one or more of the disciplinary actions outlined on pages 19-21 of this Student Handbook. Until these requirements are met, the student is enrolled on probation and may be dismissed from school due to any problems in attendance, behavior, or scholarship. Students who cannot achieve regular status by the end of the second consecutive quarter must meet with the Miramonte Christian School Admissions Committee. PROBATIONARY STATUS FOR CURRENT STUDENTS Previously enrolled Miramonte Christian School students who have been moved to probationary status by vote or standing policy of Miramonte Christian School may return to regular status after a conference that includes the student, parent, teacher, and principal. Students who cannot achieve regular status by the end of the second consecutive quarter must meet with the Miramonte Christian School Admissions Committee. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS Physical examinations are required of all students in the Pacific Union Conference as follows: * Entering school for the first time; * Entering Kindergarten; * Entering, advancing or transferring into grade 7; the examination shall include the scoliosis examination and adolescent whooping cough booster immunization (called "Tdap"); * At other grades when required by the Central California Conference Office of Education; * Participating in the athletics program. A physical examination shall be considered current, except a scoliosis examination, if (1) it is conducted within twelve months the student's first day of school and (2) the report is submitted to the school. When a student transfers, it is the parent's responsibility to bring the health record file to the office within two weeks of acceptance, after which time they will not be allowed to attend classes until health records are received. IMMUNIZATIONS All students entering Miramonte Christian School for the first time must present evidence of immunization compliance with the Santa Clara County Department of Health. Current immunization requirements are provided in the Registration Packet. A student may be exempt from providing evidence of immunization compliance by submitting a written statement from a licensed medical doctor (MD), which states: * that the medical circumstances of the child are such that the required immunization(s) is not indicated; * which vaccines are being exempt; * whether the medical exemption is permanent or temporary; * the expiration date if the exemption is temporary. AIDS AND AIDS-RELATED CONDITIONS IN STUDENTS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and persons with HIV positive results in the school pose a significant health concern for others. Accordingly, the following guidelines are to be followed: * The CCC and school are committed to maintaining a safe and healthy school environment for all students. * Based on overwhelming medical and scientific opinion, the AIDS virus is not casually transmitted in ordinary school settings. Therefore, subject to changes in available medical information, students with AIDS or any of its related conditions may continue to attend as long as they are able. Reasonable accommodation will be provided to students to allow them to continue to attend and participate in school activities. Other students who refuse to work with, harass or otherwise discriminate against any AIDSafflicted student may be subject to discipline. Courts have only upheld exclusion of students from school in young students with AIDS, where the students bit others and/or have open sores, thereby exposing other students to blood. * Employees are to be trained in and use the universal precautions for the prevention of transmission of blood-borne pathogens as adopted by the Centers for Disease Control. Students are to be given ageappropriate instruction regarding precautions surrounding blood. Physical education teachers are to instruct their classes regarding specific precautions surrounding blood-borne pathogens. * Instruction regarding AIDS is to be part of the curriculum and is to be done in accordance with the curriculum plan. In addition, the administration may include additional instruction on AIDS, its transmission and safety precautions when deemed necessary. * Students or parents of students who have AIDS or are HIV positive and who wish to disclose this fact to the school should discuss it only with the principal. * Information about a student having AIDS or HIV positive is confidential. It is not to be disclosed to any other individual without the written consent of the parents or the guardian of the student. * The Christian response to an HIV positive person must be personal, compassionate, helpful and redemptive. PARENT VOLUNTEERS Miramonte Christian School encourages all parents to volunteer at the school. Parents are asked to complete the survey form in the registration packet so a volunteer's skills can best be utilized. All parents who volunteer at the school or accompany students on field trips must complete the Shield the Vulnerable training. Verification that the training has been completed and clearance has been granted must be received before a volunteer is permitted to participate in school activities with students. There is a small charge for Shield the Vulnerable training, if completed after September 30. (The certificate is good for 3 years) STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY Each student is admitted to Miramonte Christian School with the understanding that the student's parents or legal guardian is/are responsible for the legal aspects of enrollment. These include, but are not limited to, the following: * payment of account * damage to property * liability through altercation * harassment SPECIAL NEEDS STUDENTS It is the mission of Adventist education to educate as many children as possible. However, when a child with special learning needs applies for admission, it becomes the school administrator's responsibility to determine whether or not the child's needs can be met at that school. This will be done in consultation with the classroom teacher, other faculty member(s) who will be responsible for the child's education, the Student Success Team, and the Admissions Committee. Special needs students will be evaluated through the following procedures: 1. Administer the New Student Interview. 2. Review special education records when indicated. 3. A recommendation for placement is made after discussion between the principal, teacher(s) and Admissions Committee. The principal will contact the parents in writing and by telephone to communicate the admissions and placement status of the student. When reviewing the records of the students and interviewing the students and parents, it is important to remember the following definitions: Accommodations are any variation in the educational environment or process that does not fundamentally alter the content of the course. Examples of accommodations include using alternative forms of textbooks (Braille, audio, etc.), allowing a student a different seat in the classroom, oral examinations, extra time for examinations, etc. Modifications are any variation in the educational environment or process that fundamentally alters the content of the course. Examples of modifications include reduced or enhanced assignments, translating assignments or tests, a scribe for certain subjects, use of aides that interact with the independent work of the student, etc. If the decision is made to accept a student with special needs, the school will: 1. Prepare a contract (based on the Individualized Education Program – IEP – prepared for the child) stating which accommodations/modifications are feasible and will be utilized and which are beyond the scope of the school to provide. Admission and continued placement will then be contingent upon signed parent consent indicating acceptance of the conditions and limitations which have been outlined by the school. 2. Hold regular meetings with the student, parents, and teachers of the student to determine progress made and to make adjustments to the program being offered or the methods of communication being utilized. If necessary, a new contract will be developed. Students accepted with accommodations will receive grades and credit in the same manner as students without accommodations. Students accepted with modifications may receive report cards, which indicate progress of the student toward the goals outlined in the IEP. However, permanent school records may not indicate that a student received special education or related services. Schools may, however, indicate that the student was enrolled in a different course. For example, at a secondary school, the US History course may be listed on the transcript as a college-prep US History course for students with no modifications. For a student with modifications, the course may be listed as an Intro to US History. Differences in grading systems (letter grade vs. pass/fail) may not be based on a student's need for special services. In the case of students with modifications, the contract mentioned above must be very clear about what modifications are being made and that the course listed on the permanent record will have a different name. In cases where records are not accessible for review, the school may tentatively accept the student subject to receipt and review of the records. Miramonte Christian School may elect to request the records by a chosen deadline, which, if not met, would result in the student's admission being delayed. TRANSFER OF PERMANENT RECORD Whenever a pupil transfers from one school district to another public or private school, or transfers from a private school to a school district within the state, the pupil's permanent record or a copy is transferred by the former district or private school upon a request from the district or private school where the pupil intends to enroll. Any school district requesting such a transfer of a record shall notify the parent of his right to receive a copy of the record and a right to a hearing to challenge the content of the record. The State Board of Education is authorized to adopt rules and regulations concerning the transfer of records. Miramonte Christian School and the Central California Conference of Seventh-day Adventists follow the California Education Code #48904/48904.3 in regard to withholding records for financial reasons. Parents may request a copy of these guidelines from the Principal or go online and read them at http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/. FINANCIAL INFORMATION STUDENT INSURANCE The school purchases accident insurance coverage for each student. The cost of this insurance is included in the Registration Fee. The school is responsible for only that amount provided by said insurance. FINANCES Miramonte Christian School endeavors to keep the cost of Christian education as low as possible so that all Christian young people may attend. The following statements outline the general financial practices that are important to the students, parents and/or financial sponsors. Previous Balances: The account of the previous year's expenses at Miramonte Christian School or other Seventh-day Adventist educational institutions must be settled before the student is permitted to enroll for the current school year. Any delinquent accounts remaining from a sibling who attended Miramonte Christian School must also be settled before another member is admitted. Account Statements: Statements are mailed by the 5 th of the month and payment is due by the 15 th. Accounts are past due by the 20 th of each month and there will be assessed a $20.00 late fee. Checks returned for insufficient funds will be charged a $30.00 fee. Failure to keep an account on a current basis could result in dismissal. Account Status: The financial sponsor is expected to keep the account current at all times. Students whose accounts are more than thirty (30) days past due are delinquent. No student will be allowed in school if the family account is 60 days overdue; any family with their account over 60 days must make a revised finance agreement with the principal prior to their child's return to class. Account Collections: In the event that a student account becomes delinquent beyond thirty (30) days, the Miramonte Christian School Board has adopted the following procedure for collecting past-due accounts. 1. If any student account is thirty (30) days past due, the accounting department will call the family to arrange for the account to be brought up-to-date. 2. Student accounts that are still past due two (2) weeks after the initial phone call, will receive a written request for payment from the accounting office. 3. For student accounts that are sixty (60) days past due, a Certified letter will be sent from the principal or School Board Finance Chairperson requesting payment to bring the account up-to-date. The parents/ guardian will be contacted to inform them that their student may no longer attend Miramonte Christian School, until they pay the past due amount or make a revised agreement that is approved by the principal. 4. All costs and fees incurred by any collection action the school takes to collect the family's debt will be added to the debt owed, and payment will be the sole responsibility of the debtor (including but not limited to all legal and court fees). Refunds: When a student withdraws from school, an adjustment will be made to the account so that only actual tuition is charged. This will be done on a weekly, prorated basis. The Registration Fee is not refundable. Grade Eight Diplomas and Graduation: Students may not participate in graduation exercises unless their account is current or written arrangements have been made. Locally Funded Teachers: Approved, locally funded music teachers come to our campus weekly to teach piano, voice, or strings. Parents deal directly with the teacher for lesson schedule and payment. Parents also deal directly with any other locally funded educational programs, e.g. children's choir, after school programs, etc. Credit Card or Online Payments: Parents and sponsors may pay using their credit cards with the following limitations. (Parents can now use our new card scanning terminal in the office to make payments.) 1. Credit card and online payments are available using VISA, MasterCard, or Discover Card. 2. Miramonte Christian School requests a minimum credit card payment of $50. 3. A family or sponsor will not receive the semester or annual discount if it is paid by credit card. FINANCIAL SCHEDULES UITION T /F EES F INANCIAL P LANS: 2016 - 2017 Non-Refundable Application fee for each student $150.00 Registration fees for each student due by July 15, 2016 $460.00 A discount of $50.00 per student if all paperwork is received by the last school day in April. (General fee covers the following: yearbook, student insurance, library fee, technology, home and school, art, and administrative costs.) Monthly Tuition: Tuition charges for the year are divided into 10 equal payments. The first month's tuition payment will be billed on August 5. The balance is paid in nine additional monthly installments that are billed September 5 through May 5. All student accounts will be billed by the school office by the 5 th of each month, due by the 15 th , and past due on the 20 th of each month. There will be a $20.00 late fee assessed on past due accounts. Checks returned for insufficient funds will be charged a $30.00 fee. Failure to keep an account current could result in dismissal. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS: Students who attend our school on an I-20 visa are required to pay the tuition for a full year prior to attendance. International students entering any other time of the year will pay a pro-rated tuition. FAMILY DISCOUNT: A discount of 10% is given for the second family member enrolled, and 15% for each additional student in the family. The discount is given on the lower tuition amount. The following are Constituent SDA Churches and pay a subsidy to Miramonte Christian School: East Palo Alto, Mtn. View Central, Mtn. View Hispanic, Mtn. View Japanese, Mtn. View Korean, Palo Alto, Redwood City English, South Bay Chinese, and Sunnyvale. MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES: CURRICULUM ACADEMICS The curriculum at all levels reflects the philosophy and objectives of Christian education. It was chosen to be in harmony with the ideas expressed in our mission statement. The textbooks and course material used throughout the school are in compliance with the recommendations of the North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists, Office of Education. This is the central coordinating office for all schools operated by the Seventhday Adventist Church throughout North America. Programs offered at Miramonte Christian School include instruction in the academic areas of math, language arts, science and social studies. Other areas of study generally include religion, communication skills, health and safety, physical education, practical applied arts and fine arts. These are taught with the objective of developing character, witness and service abilities, physical and social skills and career and work responsibility. MUSIC Classroom music instruction is taught by the homeroom teacher in Kindergarten through grade three. Students in grade four are taught music fundamentals and how to play the recorder. Fifth grade students continue in music fundamentals and participate in beginner band. Students in grades six through eight must participate in either band or choir (or both). Students in grade eight also participate in a hand bell choir. A variety of private music lessons are offered, and parents pay fees directly to the instructor. All of the school music organizations have performances outside of school hours. The success of each group depends on all members; therefore, all performances are required and missed performances will affect the music grade. If a family's plans prevent participation in a scheduled performance – including weekend church performances, advance arrangements must be made. The music teacher will announce the dates as far in advance as possible. ACHIEVEMENT TESTS The Iowa Assessment is given to all students in grades three through eight in the fall. All students should be in school during this testing time, as these tests are used to help assess the strengths and weaknesses of the individual student. A report of the results will be given to parents at the Parent-Teacher Conference in the fall. COMPUTER NETWORK/INTERNET Miramonte Christian School is pleased to offer its students access to a computer network. To gain access to the network of computers and the Internet, both parent and student must sign and return the Miramonte Network Responsible Use Policy. The Internet is a powerful resource for expanding the educational experience of each student. Access to the Internet will enable students to explore thousands of libraries, databases and bulletin boards. Unfortunately, it is true that some material accessible via the Internet may contain items that are illegal, defamatory, inaccurate or offensive. Miramonte Christian School utilizes a content filter that prevents virtually all offensive materials from reaching student workstations. If something offensive does manage to penetrate our filter, it is the responsibility of the student to immediately notify the teacher in charge of the class. The Pacific Union Conference believes the benefits to students using the Internet as an information resource and its opportunities for collaboration exceed any disadvantages and, therefore, support the school's choosing to make the Internet available to its students. Ultimately, parents and guardians are responsible for setting and conveying the standards that their children should follow when using media and information sources. Therefore, we respect each family's right to decide whether or not to approve their child's use of the Miramonte network and the Internet. The network is provided to students for appropriate educational use. With parental and school permission, access is given to students who agree to the guidelines outlined in the Miramonte Network Responsible Use Policy. Access is a privilege, not a right; therefore, access entails responsibility. Students are responsible for Christian behavior and communication on the school computer network, just as they are anywhere on the school campus. It is presumed that users will comply with school standards and will honor the agreement they have signed. The school takes the responsibility for appropriate use of the network very seriously. School staff will guide students toward resources acceptable within the framework of the general school standards. If a student should access inappropriate material, the school will not be liable, and the student will forfeit network privileges at this school. Computer storage files will be treated like school lockers. School staff may review files and communications to maintain system integrity and ensure that users are using the system responsibly. Students will adhere to Christian principles and will: be responsible and courteous in all communications; * be responsible with all computer hardware and software; * keep their passwords to themselves; * respect the confidentiality of folders, work and files of others; * learn about and observe copyright laws; and * use the computer when supervised by a teacher. Any activity not in accordance with the general rules of the Miramonte Network Responsible Use Policy may result in a loss of access as well as other disciplinary or legal action. PERSONAL ELECTRONIC DEVICES/CELL PHONE AND SOCIAL MEDIA POLICY Personal Electronic Devices (PED): Miramonte Christian School is an organization committed to high quality education, the safety of both students and staff as well as the preservation of our outstanding reputation. As technology evolves, Miramonte Christian School is excited about the academic uses associated with these tools. However, due to the advanced capabilities of these devices, guidelines must be put in place in order to protect students, staff, parents, constituents, alumni (these individuals are identified as Miramonte Christian School community members), and facilitate a positive learning environment. * iPads, iPods, cell/smart phones, e-readers, and other electronic devices may only be brought on campus by students with parental permission. Parents must complete a PED permission form to ensure that their student has permission to bring personal electronics to school. All electronics are brought to Miramonte Christian School at the parent's and student's own risk. Parents should discuss with students their family rules regarding sharing/loaning of electronic devices to others, and Miramonte Christian School policy. Miramonte Christian School will not be responsible for damage or theft of personal electronics. * iPads, iPods, cell/smart phones, e-readers, and other electronic devices are not to be used as gaming devices, video players, recording devices, or internet devices from the time a student arrives on campus to the end of the school day. * All electronic devices, including smart watches (Apple, Google, etc.), and cell phones must be powered off and given to the homeroom teacher at the beginning of the school day and will be returned to the student at the end of the school day. It is the student's responsibility to turn in all personal electronics. The teacher will place all electronics in a safe location. For security reasons, students may not retrieve their electronic devices from their secured location; they will be retrieved only by the teacher. * Cell phones are not permitted for use during the school day. When a student needs to use a phone for necessary calls, he/she must use the office phone. The use of cell phones will be restricted to before and after school activities when contact needs to be made with parents. If a student is found in possession of a cell phone during the school day and/or violates the above policy regarding appropriate cell phone usage, the teacher will immediately confiscate the phone and take it to the office, where only the parent may retrieve it. * Students may not use personal electronic devices during the school day except for academic use with teacher approval. This includes smart watches. This provision does not apply to adaptive technology that is required per a student's IEP. * Student use of personal electronic devices on class trips, field trips, et cetera, is left to the discretion of the staff member in charge. Permission must be obtained from the teacher prior to the trip; otherwise, the electronic device will be confiscated as outlined in the policy. * Students will not use their electronic devices/phones to circumvent the established internet restrictions of Miramonte Christian School. While students are on campus or attending school-sponsored activities, access of restricted websites via electronic devices/phones is prohibited. * Students who use electronic devices/phones for the purposes of bullying or harassment of any kind will be subject to the same guidelines discussed in Miramonte Christian School's Respectful School Policy and outlined in this Student Handbook on pages 16. o Electronic devices/phones used in the harassment of students or staff may result in confiscation. The administration may inform proper authorities (e.g. Police and FBI) and will follow legal precedent. * Students will not use electronic devices/phones to distribute inappropriate* pictures or videos of themselves or others. Students caught sending, receiving, or posting inappropriate* pictures/videos will have their electronic devices/phone confiscated. o If a student, staff member or parent receives a text, picture, or video containing sexually suggestive/explicit material from a student, staff member, or parent, the administration may inform the proper authorities (e.g. Police and FBI) and they will follow legal precedent. (* inappropriate as determined by the Miramonte Christian School Discipline Committee) * Consequences for infractions of these policies are: o First offense – The item is taken from the student and requires a parent/guardian to pick it up. The appropriate staff member will complete a Student Discipline Report. o Second offense – The item is taken from the student, requires parental/guardian pick up, and the item is not allowed on campus for thirty (30) days. The appropriate staff member will complete a Student Discipline Report. o Subsequent/Major Offenses – Continued minor infractions or a single major infraction will result in Discipline Committee involvement and consequences that may include suspension and/or expulsion. Internet/Social Media Policy: First and foremost, students are encouraged to always exercise the utmost caution when participating in any form of social media or online communications both within the Miramonte Christian School community and beyond. Students who participate in online interactions must remember that their posts reflect on the entire institution and, as such, are subject to the same behavioral standards as set forth in the Miramonte Christian School Student Handbook. * Students may be held accountable for online conversations, pictures, video, and other forms of online activity describing or depicting the use of illegal drugs, alcohol, tobacco products, and the misuse of common household products for the purpose of intoxication. o In the above-mentioned scenarios, Miramonte Christian School may contact the proper authorities (e.g. Police and FBI). o These actions are grounds for expulsion; based on their online actions, students may be expelled. * Students may not use social media sites to publish defamatory or harassing material--whether in the form of remarks, digital pictures/video recordings, or otherwise--about Miramonte Christian School community members, extra-curricular or academic contest rivals, Seventh-day Adventist beliefs and teachings, etc. * Students who choose to post editorial content to websites or other forms of online media must ensure that their submissions do not violate Student Handbook policies regarding profanity, coercion, threat, intimidation, fear, bullying, or other policies. * Miramonte Christian School students are expected to support the positive Christian reputation of Miramonte Christian School. Students, parents, or guardians who post defamatory remarks about Miramonte Christian School, its programs, its staff, et cetera, may face disciplinary action, and their expressed attitudes will influence the longevity of their enrollment. Students, parents, or guardians who have legitimate concerns are encouraged to express themselves in the proper manner befitting a Christian (see Student Handbook regarding Conflict Resolution, page 18). * Failure to abide by this policy, as with other policies at Miramonte Christian School, may result in disciplinary action as described in this Student Handbook, or as determined by school administrators in consultation with the Discipline Committee. Miramonte Christian School also reserves the right to amend these policies in their judgment to address issues that may arise, changes in our operation, or the law. Notification of these changes will be disseminated to the Miramonte Christian School community in written form either hard-copy or electronically. ACCELERATION OF A STUDENT Appropriate academic placement of the learner is a fundamental principle of education. When considering advanced placement for a student, the following policy will be implemented: * On a standardized achievement test battery, a student is expected to have a composite score which places him/her at the 90 th percentile or above. * The student must demonstrate to the school staff and to the parents, satisfactory evidence of academic, emotional and social readiness for advanced placement. * Prior written request for advancement of the student in elementary education (i.e. two years in one, or three years in two) must be submitted to and approved by the Central California Conference Office of Education BEFORE a student is permitted to begin work on advanced placement. The application must include the written consent of the parents and a copy of the Iowa Student Profile Sheet. * The end of the second week of November is the deadline for submitting acceleration requests to the Central California Conference, Office of Education. RETENTION OF A STUDENT Consideration to retain a student at a given level must involve counseling with the student and the parents, so that a decision regarding placement is reached cooperatively. A decision to retain the student must have: * Written approval by the parents no later than April 1. * Completion of the Light's Retention Scale – to be submitted along with the request form. * Written approval from the Central California Conference Office of Education. The end of the fourth week of April is the deadline for submitting retention requests to the Central California Conference Office of Education. No student is to be retained for more than one year during the elementary school years. EIGHTH GRADE COMPLETION REQUIREMENTS The required subject areas for completion of the eighth grade are * Bible/Religion * Mathematics * Physical Education * Science/Health * Social Studies * Language Arts (English, Handwriting, Spelling, Composition, and Reading) * Fine Arts * Computer Literacy/Keyboarding In addition to the subjects listed above, students must meet the practical arts/technology requirements as specified by the Central California Conference, Office of Education. A minimum of "D-" is the required academic grade for each of the subjects listed above. Students who do not meet the academic requirements to graduate will be notified at the end of the 3 rd quarter of their deficiencies (or as soon as noted by the teacher). In order to participate in graduation, these students must make arrangements to complete the work in the summer. A diploma cannot be given until all work and financial obligations are completed. SCHOOL HOURS REGULAR SCHOOL DAY The regular school day begins at 8:00 a.m. for all grades. Dismissal times are: Kindergarten through Grade Two 2:30 p.m. Monday through Thursday Grade Three through Eight 3:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday Kindergarten through Grade Eight 1:30 p.m. on Friday AFTER SCHOOL GUIDELINES * On Monday through Thursday, Kindergarten through Grade Two students may be picked up at class dismissal time at 2:30 p.m. or stay on campus (playground or classroom) under staff supervision for no additional charge until 3:25 p.m. * On Monday through Thursday, Grade Three through Grade Eight students may be picked up at class dismissal time of 3:00 p.m. or stay on campus (playground or classroom) under staff supervision for no additional charge until 3:25 p.m. Any students (Grades K-8) that remain on campus after 3:25 must be signed in to the After School Care program, and appropriate charges will begin. On Monday through Thursday, After School Care ends at 6 p.m. * Parents picking up their student/s before 3:30 p.m. must log out their children on the supervisor's tablet, using their personal pin number, which will be assigned by Miramonte Christian School. * Students who live close enough and are of appropriate age can travel home on their own, once the parents have given written permission to school administration. Students who have obtained permission to leave campus may not remain on school premises once After School Care has begun at 3:30 p.m. * On Fridays, all grades are dismissed at 1:30 p.m. Students may be picked up at dismissal time or stay on campus (playground or classroom) under staff supervision for no additional charge until 1:55 p.m. After School Care charges will begin at 2:00 p.m. Please remember that After School Care ends at 5:00 p.m. on Fridays, and late charges will apply per the Policy on page 22. MINIMUM DAYS The Miramonte Christian School Board and the Central California Conference Office of Education has scheduled the following minimum days throughout the school year. They are: * Fridays prior to Labor Day, Christmas Break, Spring Break and Memorial Day; * The first day of school * Two parent-teacher conference days; and * The last day of school. In addition, other minimum days may be scheduled when approved by the local school board and the Central California Conference Office of Education. Please check the school calendar for current information. A minimum day begins at the regular time of 8:00 a.m. for all grades; dismissal time is at 12 noon. * On Minimum Days, all grades are dismissed at 12:00 noon. Students may be picked up at dismissal time or stay on campus (playground or classroom) under staff supervision for no additional charge until 12:25 p.m. Appropriate After School Care charges will begin at 12:30 p.m., and After School Care ceases at the regular time. There is no regular lunch period on minimum days. If a student plans to remain after school, he/she should bring a lunch. There may be a snack sale fundraiser scheduled on a minimum day; however, there is typically NOT a snack sale on the minimum day prior to Christmas Break or on the last day of school. Please check the Mainspring and/or classroom newsletters for current information. ATTENDANCE At Miramonte Christian School we strive to teach our students the positive habit of being responsible with their time. We ask that parents help us with this area, through their example, by having their children on campus prior to 8:00 a.m. Habitual timeliness contributes positively to their school achievement and the lifetime responsibility of being on time for work and other responsibilities. We also want to honor God during our worship time, which is the first class activity after the 8:00 a.m. bell, by refraining from disruption of students entering the classroom late. DAILY ATTENDANCE Students need to be in the classroom seated and ready for school to begin at 8:00 am. Students who are not in their classroom when the bells rings will be marked tardy. If a student arrives after the 8:00 a.m. bell, they will need to go to the office and receive a tardy slip, which the student will give to the classroom teacher. The total days of attendance of a pupil at Miramonte Christian School, maintained by the Central California Conference during the academic year, shall be the number of days school was actually taught (not less than the minimum school days during the academic year), less the sum of his/her absences. EXCUSED ABSENCE Teachers will mark a tardy or absence as excused if the school receives a call, note, or email from the parent indicating one of the following reasons: illness, quarantine, health appointment, religious observance, or death in the immediate family. EXCESSIVE UNEXCUSED TARDINESS Class attendance and punctuality are very important and are highly valued by Miramonte Christian School. The school wishes to encourage habits of responsible attendance. We do understand that many families travel long distances to arrive at school, and that students are often not responsible for excessive tardiness. However, excessive tardiness (defined as 10 or more instances of tardiness in one quarter) results in an extra administrative load for both teachers and office staff; therefore we have implemented the following policy. * When a student accumulates 9 unexcused tardy slips in one quarter, Miramonte Christian School office staff will contact the parent or guardian and require him/her to post a $100 attendance bond to assist with the extra administrative costs. The parent or sponsor will have one week to post the attendance bond. Paying the bond does not excuse the instances of tardiness nor remove them from record. * Parents will also be asked to attend a meeting with the principal when a student has reached nine instances of tardiness in one quarter. * When a student incurs their 10 th unexcused tardiness, a $10 administrative fee will be charged against the attendance bond per instance of tardiness occurring in that quarter. Any attendance bond money remaining at the end of the quarter will be held in an account for use in the subsequent quarter. The remaining balance in the attendance bond will be returned to the parent/sponsor or applied to their account following two quarters without excessive tardiness. * Students that exhaust their attendance bond will not be admitted into class until the attendance bond has been replenished. * Tardiness due to family inconvenience or vacations is not considered excused. UNEXCUSED ABSENCE Absences beyond five consecutive days due to medical reasons will be considered unexcused unless the office receives a signed, written physician's statement. Absences due to family inconvenience or vacations are not considered excused. ILLNESS AND ATTENDANCE Students that are ill (including those with common colds) must stay at home, not only to allow their bodies to heal, but also to keep from transmitting their illness to other students and staff. These are the guidelines that parents are expected to follow: * Students should not be sent to school if they are contagious, have a fever of 99.5 or more, are vomiting, or have inadequate energy to participate in school activities. * Keep the student home for 24 hours after vomiting has ceased, his/her temperature has been normal without use of Tylenol or other fever-reducing medicine, or after antibiotics have been started for contagious conditions. * Students that arrive at school unwell and unable to participate will be asked to wait in the office until a parent or their designee can pick them up. Students that become ill at school will be sent to the office for further evaluation. The Miramonte Christian School office staff generally follows these guidelines: * If a child has a temperature above 99.5 or is experiencing continued discomfort or pain, the family will be notified. It is essential to have current emergency information and phone numbers on file so office staff and teachers may contact parents as needed. Please keep this information updated as changes occur during the year. * Ill children will be kept in the school office until parents or an approved person arrives. This is intended to limit the exposure of the rest of the class to the illness. Students with injuries, but able to participate in scholastic activities may attend school as soon as his/her doctor approves and the student's pain is manageable. A doctor's note, outlining the student's restrictions, is required upon re-entering class to allow the staff to properly supervise the student during class activities, recess, and PE. Students fitted with a cast, or prescribed the use of crutches or other medical devices, must supply the school with instructions regarding limitations that may apply. PRE-ARRANGED ABSENCE A family may occasionally need to travel on dates other than scheduled school vacation days. If parents know that their student will miss two or more days of class, parents must complete a Pre-Arranged Absence Form. This allows the teacher time to prepare assignments prior to the absence, inform students and parents of work that must be completed, and the date the work will be due. The Pre-arranged Absence Form must be completed at least two weeks prior to the requested absence. SCHOOL ATTIRE ALL STUDENTS All clothing is to project a positive and respectful message. Shabby, torn or ill-fitting clothing (too tight or baggy, too long or short, is not to be worn. Faddish hairstyles and clothing, as well as tattoos are inappropriate. Sprayed-in hair color is only permitted during Spirit Week on the appropriate day(s). Jewelry, including rings, studs, earrings, necklaces, or bracelets are not permitted. Although Miramonte Christian School respects the religious beliefs of all its students, we ask that religious jewelry be worn at home. Appropriate shoes must be worn at all times. Sandals with straps that completely surround the foot are acceptable. Beach shoes or flip flops are not appropriate to wear at school. A student must have shoes at school that will allow them to participate in all activities. Hats and caps are permitted for sun protective purposes. Hats may be worn as long as they are not detracting from the educational activities. The guidelines and principles of the student dress policy apply to all school activities whether on or off campus. ATTIRE FOR GIRLS Girls in grades K-8 have the option of wearing dresses, skirts, slacks, jeans, sweat shirts, sweat pants or shorts with an appropriate top in any color. Shorts, skirts and dresses should be loose enough and long enough – midthigh - to be modest at all times. Leggings, or other tight fitting apparel, may be worn with appropriate tops that are long enough to reach mid-thigh. Sleeveless shirts are acceptable; however, tank tops, tops with straps and tube tops are inappropriate. T-shirts and sweatshirts may be worn. Acceptability of attire will be left to the discretion of the staff. Hair should be neatly combed and styled. Inappropriate logos are unacceptable. ATTIRE FOR BOYS Boys in grades K-8 have the option of wearing slacks, jeans, shorts or sweat pants with a sport shirt, appropriate tshirt or sweat shirt in any color. Acceptability of attire will be left to the discretion of the staff. Hair should be neatly combed and styled. Inappropriate logos are unacceptable. GYM SHOES The only shoes that are appropriate for use in the gym are non-marking athletic shoes. Students must wear this type of shoe to participate in P.E. and other gym activities. PE CLOTHING Certain classes may be required to wear specific clothing for PE. This clothing is only for PE and should not be worn to the classroom. CONSEQUENCES When a student is in violation of the dress code, the parents will be notified and given the option of bringing appropriate clothing, or the office may supply appropriate clothing to wear during that school day. Subsequent violations may result in a Student Discipline Report or a Referral that could affect their admission standing at the school. BEHAVIOR RESPECTFUL SCHOOL POLICY Miramonte Christian School is committed to providing faculty, staff, and students with learning and working environments that are free from harassment (verbal and/or physical). Therefore Miramonte Christian School requires all employees, students, board members, volunteers, vendors, and other individuals at school or at school-sponsored events to conduct themselves in a manner that is professional and respectful of others at all times. The goal is to maintain a school climate that is conducive to learning, thus supportive and respectful. This policy is in effect while students or employees are on property within the jurisdiction of the board; while in school-operated vehicles; while attending or engaged in school-sponsored activities; and while away from school grounds if the misconduct directly affects the good order, efficient management, and welfare of the school. Miramonte Christian School will investigate all complaints, formal or informal, verbal or written, of disrespectful behavior or harassment. Miramonte Christian School will discipline, or take appropriate action against any member of the school community who is found to have violated this policy. DEFINITIONS OF HARASSMENT AND BULLYING In general, harassment includes communications such as gestures, jokes, comments, innuendoes, notes, display of pictures or symbols, communicated in any form, including orally, in writing, or electronically via the Internet, cell phones, text messaging or in any other way, that shows disrespect to all persons including those in a legally protected class. By law, what constitutes harassment is determined from the perspective of a reasonable person with the characteristic on which the harassment is based. What one person may consider acceptable behavior may reasonably be viewed as harassment by another person. Therefore, individuals should consider how their words and actions might reasonably be viewed by other individuals. Bullying is aggressive behavior that is intentional and that involves an imbalance of power. Most often, it is repeated over time. It may take the form of name calling, excluding or ostracizing, teasing, making threats, hitting or other types of physical assaults, and/or cyber bullying. The Miramonte Christian School Board has carefully looked into several bullying prevention programs in an effort to protect our students from any kind of Bullying that may be taking place on our campus. The School Board voted to participate in the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, and started implementation of the three year program in the 2014-2015 school year. The Olweus handbook defines bullying as: "Bullying is when someone repeatedly and on purpose says or does mean or hurtful things to another person who has a difficult time defending himself or herself." "Bullying can take many forms, such as physically hitting, verbal taunts, the spreading of false rumors, intentional social exclusion, and sending nasty messages on a cell phone or over the internet." "Students need to understand that bullying is more than just physical in nature. Difficulty in defending means that the person being bullied feels he or she is not big enough, popular, etc… or just perceives that they do not have the ability to take on the other person and defend themselves." All School Board Members, School Staff, Students & Parents/Guardians must participate in the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. Additional information will be distributed at the beginning of the school year. If you would like to learn more about the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, go to www.violencepreventionworks.org. STUDENT EXPECTATIONS For our school to be a safe place where respect for God, self, and one another is evident, students must accept responsibility for his/her own actions. It is our goal, as a staff, to teach students the skills they need to be responsible citizens here at school, at home, and in their community. While we want students to have their needs met, we also want students to be honest with themselves about their own behavior in getting their needs met, to be aware of the choices that are available to them, and to be willing to make restitution when necessary. We expect students to demonstrate a sense of worth in themselves and the school by: * showing respect for adults and each other * showing respect for school property and rules * being in their assigned places and equipped with the proper tools at the proper times We expect students to develop the following Life Skills: * Responsibility: being accountable for one's actions * Cooperation: working together towards a goal * Caring: showing concern for others * Perseverance: sticking with it * Integrity: being true to one's self, knowing what is right * Effort: doing one's personal best * Friendship: making and keeping friends * Initiative: doing what needs to be done without being told * Flexibility: being able to alter plans cheerfully * Organization: planning, arranging, and implementing in an orderly way * Sense of Humor: laughing and being playful without harming others * Common Sense: using good judgment * Problem Solving: finding creative solutions in difficult situations and with everyday problems * Curiosity: possessing a desire to investigate and seek understanding of one's world * Courage: being willing to act according to one's beliefs Even in a Christian school, problems may arise. These life skills will help students make wise decisions to help resolve issues or avoid them all together. STUDENT-TO-STUDENT PROBLEMS Most student-to-student problems happen on the playground or in the bathrooms and halls where there is less structure than in the classroom. Students will be able to solve many of these problems themselves by choosing from the following list of ideas: 1. Tell the person to stop the problem behavior 2. Ignore the problem behavior 3. Walk away from the problem 4. Go to another game or activity 5. Respectfully talk it over and respectfully listen to each other 6. Share and take turns 7. Wait and cool off 8. Compromise 9. Apologize 10. Forgive CONFLICT RESOLUTION The intent of this policy is to assist parents, teachers, and students in discussing problems and concerns at an early time in order to avoid the negative consequences of poor communication. We believe that ultimately, the child will benefit most from his or her education if the guidelines above are followed. If a student has tried at least two of the above ideas and still needs help, they should ask an adult supervisor or teacher for assistance. Supervisors will promptly notify the classroom teacher(s) regarding discipline issues. The staff is here to help students and their classmate(s) resolve problems that may arise. Based on Matthew 18:15-16 15" If your brother wrongs you, go and show him his fault, between you and him privately. If he listens to you, you have won back your brother. 16 But if he does not listen, take along with you one or two others, so that every word may be confirmed and upheld by the testimony of two or three witnesses." Because communication sometimes breaks down and can result in misunderstandings, the following steps will be followed to resolve any problems between students, their families, and the staff at the school. As we work together, it is expected that all of the individuals involved will approach the conflict resolution process with Christian courtesy and a focus on resolving the problem. Level One: The student and the teacher will discuss the issues that appear to be causing a conflict. The parent or teacher should encourage discussion at this level. Level Two: The parent and teacher should schedule a time to talk about the issue that is concerning them. The student may or may not be present at the conference. Parents should not approach Level Three: Level Four: teachers during the school day unless prior arrangements have been made. If the concern remains unresolved, then a conference with the parent, teacher, and principal should be scheduled. The student may or may not be present depending on the situation. In certain extreme situations, Levels One and Two may be bypassed. In most cases, however, parents will be referred to this Conflict Resolution policy and asked by the Principal to complete Level One and Level Two prior to requesting a Level Three meeting. When there is evidence that the problem has still not been resolved, then another parent/teacher/principal conference will be held with the problem area stated in written form. Only first-hand information which affects the current year and affects the individuals involved should be considered. The student may or may not be present at this level. Level Five: If the problem has still not been resolved to the satisfaction of all parties, an individual may request a meeting with a Conflict Resolution Committee through the principal. This committee will consist of both faculty and school board members. The request to meet with this committee needs to be in writing and should outline the problem, the previous steps taken, and the desired outcome of the process. (Any individual needing assistance to write their meeting request may obtain help by notifying the principal.) The staff at Miramonte Christian School believes that excellent behavior in students begins with excellent examples from adults. The teachers and staff at Miramonte Christian School work very hard to make sure that a high standard of behavior is established throughout the year. Children learn from watching their parents and teachers, so it is important that adults refrain from gossip, personal attacks, and generally negative behavior. If there is a conflict that needs to be resolved, please remember that the Miramonte board, administration, and staff will do their best to handle it productively and amicably. DISCIPLINE DISCIPLINE POLICY Miramonte Christian School expects its students to comply with the regulations it has adopted and to otherwise be models of Christian behavior, both in relationship to the school and otherwise. Failure of a student to comply with this standard of behavior will result in the imposition of appropriate discipline and will impact students' personal development grades. The overall goal of Miramonte Christian School in this regard is to work with parents in addressing unacceptable behavior and assisting students in correcting problems and achieving success in life with the minimum discipline reasonably necessary. Some misconduct is so serious that it may lead to immediate suspension or expulsion of the student. Miramonte Christian School has a Discipline Committee made up of the School Board Chair, Principal and selected teachers, along with the classroom teacher of the student involved. Examples of such misconduct include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: 1. Willfully causing, attempting to cause, or threatening to cause physical injury to another person. 2. Possessing, selling, offering, arranging, negotiating, or otherwise furnishing any firearm, knife, explosive or other dangerous object, or attempting to do so. 3. Possessing, selling, offering, arranging, negotiating or otherwise furnishing, or being under the influence of alcohol, tobacco or other nicotine containing product, or a controlled substance, without a doctor's prescription, or possessing, selling, arranging, negotiating, or otherwise furnishing drug paraphernalia, or attempting to do any of the above. 4. Committing or attempting to commit robbery, burglary, extortion, or theft, or receiving or attempting to receive any stolen property. 5. Willfully causing or attempting to cause damage to real or personal property of others. 6. Committing an obscene act or engaging in habitual profanity or vulgarity. 7. Willfully disrupting school activities or otherwise defying the valid authority of administrators, teachers, supervisors, school officials, or other personnel engaged in the performance of their duties. 8. Engaging in or conspiring to engage in hazing or any act that causes or is likely to cause bodily danger, physical harm, or personal degradation or disgrace resulting in physical or mental harm to any person. 9. Serious or continued sexual or other harassment as defined in this school's Respectful School policy. 10. Willfully engaging in the disruption of the school's religious environment through negative comments or by negative attitudes. Consequences of Inappropriate Behavior: Classroom teachers will address classroom discipline issues according to their classroom management plans as explained to the students on the first days of school and explained to the parents on Back to School Night. If a student's inappropriate behavior does not stop after teacher interventions, then the teacher will fill out a Student Discipline Report, and the report and student will be referred to the principal. A copy of the report will be sent home to the parents/guardians. Students who show a pattern of repeated violations will be moved to a probationary status and referred to the Discipline Committee. The Discipline Committee will notify each student and his/her parents regarding the reasons for the probationary status and will be subject to the Probationary Status Guidelines. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT Corporal punishment is not used as a disciplinary measure at Miramonte Christian School. DETENTION Students may be detained in school for disciplinary or other reasons for not more than one hour after the close of the regular school day. Parents are to be notified of this action prior to the detention. SUSPENSION OF STUDENTS A teacher may suspend a student from class temporarily. Suspension from school is to be done only by the principal. A student may be suspended for repeated offenses when other procedures have not been effective. Written evidence of prior corrective measures and parental notification should be maintained. In the case of a serious overt act or violation of school regulations, the Principal or the Discipline Committee may suspend a student from school even though there has been no prior serious misbehavior. The suspension period is not to exceed two weeks. Written notification of the length of the suspension will be provided to parents. Further discipline, including being accepted on probation or non-acceptance for the following school year may be applicable for students whom have had an in-house and/or an out of school suspension during the prior school year. The Admissions Committee will notify each student and his/her parents regarding the reasons for the probationary status or non-acceptance for the subsequent school year. EXPULSION OF STUDENTS Miramonte Christian School follows the Central California Conference Office of Education guidelines regarding student expulsion. Parents may request a copy of these guidelines from the principal in the school office. The school board is the ultimate authority in the expulsion of a student upon the recommendation of the administration. As a general rule, expulsion is used only when other means of correction fail to effect a change in conduct or the parent does not, or will not, voluntarily withdraw the student. WITHDRAWAL OF STUDENTS Following the withdrawal of any student who is required by state law to be enrolled in school, the school principal is to ascertain that the student has entered another school as stipulated by state law. If the student fails to do this within the required time period, it is the responsibility of the school principal to notify the attendance officer of the local public school district. SEVERANCE OF STUDENTS The school is to report to the public school superintendent of schools, where required by state or county regulation, the severance of all students between the ages of eight and eighteen. Severance includes: expulsion, exclusion, exemption, transfer, suspension beyond ten days, or other reason for terminating attendance. STUDENTS ON DISCIPLINARY PROBATION Students on probation will be subject to the following behavior guidelines: * A Student Discipline Report in one quarter for any offense will warrant a preventative conference with the classroom teacher(s) and principal. * A second Student Discipline Report of any offense warrants: a. Student conference with parent(s), teacher(s) and principal b. Possible suspension with the number of days to be determined by the Discipline Committee. * If a student is suspended for a second time while on probation, the student and his/her parents must meet for a review with the Discipline Committee. ACADEMIC PROBATION Students in 3 rd through 8 th grade who have not maintained a minimum "C" average from the last semester will be placed on Academic Probation. This will result in suspension from extra-curricular activities and may have an impact on their personal development grade. Students will remain on probation until their grade average is raised to a "C". Students who cannot achieve regular status by the end of the second consecutive quarter on Academic Probation must meet with the Student Success Team to discuss his/her plan for academic success. DEFACING OR DAMAGING OF PROPERTY Any student who defaces, damages, or destroys school property shall be liable to suspension or expulsion, according to the nature of the offense. Parents, guardians and/or students shall be responsible for replacement cost and may be asked to help clean up the damaged area. The school, after affording the student their due process rights, may withhold the grades and/or diploma of the pupil responsible for the damage until the pupil or the pupil's parent or guardian has paid for the damages. EXTENDED CARE BEFORE SCHOOL CARE GRADES K-8 Personnel are on campus beginning at 7:00 a.m. through 7:30 a.m. for parents who must leave their child(ren) at that time. There is a $2.50 charge per child per day for this care. Parents are not to leave their children on our campus any earlier than 7:00 a.m. Students are not permitted to wait in the parking lot without parental supervision. At 7:30 a.m., general supervision begins, at no cost, on the playground for all students arriving for the school day. AFTER SCHOOL CARE GRADES K-8 This is a special service offered to parents who are unable to pick up their child(ren) immediately after school due to their work schedules. Miramonte recognizes the need for a safe, supervised After School Care program for your child(ren) and provides the best possible solution for busy school families. It is for your child's safety and best interest that the After School Care (ASC) Guidelines have been established. After school care supervisors must devote their attention to supervising all of the students in the program, therefore, occasional behavior or homework concerns may arise. Because of their limited time, supervisors cannot provide individualized tutoring for students. Miramonte is happy to provide after school care services, but parental cooperation is required to ensure that this program meets the needs of all of our families. Students must be supervised when they are on campus. A student who is on campus with a parent must remain with that parent during the After School Care time. If they are not with the parent, then they must be checked into ASC. When a parent is on campus for a scheduled meeting with a teacher and the student is not attending the meeting, the student will be checked into ASC. (The fee for ASC in this case can be waived when the parent and teacher let the ASC supervisor know that they were in a scheduled meeting. The student still needs to be signed out, and the nature of the meeting must be noted.) AFTER SCHOOL CARE GUIDELINES After School Care is a privilege for Miramonte students and their families; this privilege is offered by Miramonte as long as the school has the cooperation and appropriate behavior from students and parents. When a student chooses to disregard any of the guidelines, he/she will be warned and possibly referred to the Principal. If the behavior persists, the After School Care supervisor will fill out a Student Discipline Report which will be sent home. Any further problem will lead to a meeting with the Principal, After School Care supervisor, student and parents. If any of the guidelines continue to be disregarded following this meeting, the student and parents will be asked to make other after school care arrangements. At no time should students wait unsupervised at the front portion of the school. Any student who is found in an unsupervised area will be subject to discipline. AFTER SCHOOL CARE HOURS AND CHARGES After School Care begins 30 minutes after class is dismissed. All students remaining on campus will be checked into the program by the ASC personnel, and the $6.00 per hour charge will begin. All students who are in ASC must be signed out by their parents or a designated adult. Parents will enter their 4-digit pin number onto the supervisor's tablet to sign out their child. (The school will assign a 4-digit pin number for each family at the beginning of the year.) The student account will be charged $6.00 per hour for the full ASC timeframe if the student is not signed out for that day. (i.e., 3:30 pm to 6 pm, M-TH, 2:00 pm to 5 pm on Friday, and on minimum days 12:30 pm until the regular closing time on that day) Parents must also notify the ASC personnel by phone or in writing if a person other than themselves will be picking up their child(ren). Parents must park their cars in the parking lot and come in to sign-out and pick up their child(ren). ASC closes promptly at 6:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday, and at 5:00 p.m. on Friday. A pre-set school bell rings to alert the ASC personnel that regular hours have ended. After the stated closing times, parents will be charged a $1 per minute fee that will be charged directly to the monthly statement. Repeated late pick-ups may result in parents being required to find other after-school arrangements. AFTER SCHOOL CARE ON MINIMUM DAYS On minimum days After School Care begins 30 minutes after the close of school. AFTER SCHOOL CARE PARENT/STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES 1. It is the parent's responsibility to make sure the student is properly signed out. 2. It is the parent's responsibility to inform the ASC supervisor that their child has been signed out. 3. It is the student's responsibility to be in the proper place at check-in times. 4. It is the student's responsibility to be with within eyesight of the ASC supervisor at all times. 5. It is the student's responsibility to make sure the supervisor knows he/she is working in a teacher's classroom. Direct notification from the teacher must be given to the ASC supervisor. 6. It is the student's responsibility to keep all belongings properly stored, including snacks, homework, backpacks and other items on the shelves. 7. It is the parent's responsibility to keep their children, who are not enrolled at Miramonte, by their side while they come to pick up their students. 8. It is the parent's responsibility to keep their children by their side once they have been checked out. EXPECTATIONS OF STUDENTS 1. Students will treat each other with respect. 2. Students will treat and address the supervisors with respect. 3. Students will use all equipment properly. This includes returning and putting away all equipment, games or supplies. It may also include helping to put away someone else's item if asked by a supervisor. 4. Students will work properly and silently during reading time. 5. Students will come prepared for homework time. Students who have no homework will bring books or magazines to read. 6. Students will work quietly during homework time and be cooperative with the supervisor's requests. 7. Students will remain within the eyesight of a supervisor at all times. 8. Students will follow directions given by any of the supervisors. 9. When in doubt about the appropriateness of an activity, students will consult a supervisor. 10. Students will respectfully participate in all group activities. Student Discipline Reports will be written by the supervisors or principal if any of the above guidelines are violated. These referrals will constitute our attempt at communicating with parents regarding after school care problems. Parents may set up appointments with the After School Care supervisor or principal if desired. CLASSROOM POLICIES STUDENT PLANNERS One of the goals at Miramonte Christian School is to motivate students to develop good study habits. To reinforce this goal 4 th – 8 th grade students will be using an assignment planner to record all assignments on a daily basis. Students will be expected to complete all assignments and have them turned in on time. LATE WORK POLICY In Grades 4 through 8, for every day a student has an excused absence, he/she will have the same number of days, multiplied by two, available to turn in late work. For example: if a student is absent for two days, he/she will have four days in which to complete the missing work. These days include weekends and holidays. 4 th Grade is considered a transition year moving towards this upper-grades policy. ELIGIBILITY FOR EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES The following will be required of all students participating in extra-curricular activities, including class officers, Student Council officers, yearbook staff and after-school sports programs. A student will have to maintain a "C" average or above in all subjects. If a student is receiving or receives less than a "C" in any subject, this will result in suspension from the activity until the grade is raised back up to a "C" or higher. LOCKERS The school provides lockers for students in grades six through eight. A student's locker is the property of the school and is subject to search if needed. Students are responsible for the condition of their lockers and for keeping them locked at all times. Tape or other adhesives should not be used. Damage to lockers beyond the usual "wear and tear" may result in charges to the student's account and possible disciplinary action. Only locks provided through the school office are allowed. Miramonte Christian School is not responsible for the security of any locker or its contents. BIRTHDAYS When a food treat is provided in celebration of a birthday, parents will send enough for every child in their student's class. Toys or goodie bags are not acceptable, as they often take away from the learning environment. If a student delivers written or verbal party invitations in his or her classroom, each child in the class must receive an invitation. CLASS FIELD TRIPS Field trips, day or overnight, are considered part of our curriculum. The teachers strive to make the field trips an integral part of their curriculum. Field trip days are considered regular school days, and all school policies apply. The same attendance rules apply for every day that is considered an official school day. Please refer to the attendance section of the Student Handbook regarding tardiness and absences, page 14. If a student does not participate in the scheduled field trip, the student is still expected to report to the school. The student will be given class work to complete related to the trip learning objectives. School policy does not allow school age siblings of the family or friends to attend class field trips. Any activity, on or off campus - ie: field trips, overnight trips, hot lunch preparation, etc. - which puts an adult in contact with Miramonte students requires the adult to complete the Shield the Vulnerable training. SHIELD THE VULNERABLE - ADULTS Parents/Guardians will not be able to attend field trips (in any capacity) until they have completed their online Shield the Vulnerable training. The Shield the Vulnerable certification is valid for three years. There is a small fee for taking the online training, however, if completed before September 30 the fee will be waived. A valid driver's license and current certificate of insurance also need to be on file one week prior to the trip if a parent or guardian is planning to drive. We suggest this task be completed over the summer vacation so the school office can be prepared by the beginning of the new school year. END OF THE YEAR ACTIVITIES AND CLASS TRIPS End of the year activities are considered school days where students are expected to attend school. Students who are ineligible or choose not to go may be assigned to an alternate classroom, and schoolwork may be assigned depending on the arrangements made with the parents. Students who do not show up for school without proper arrangements will receive an unexcused absence. CAMPUS POLICIES ACCESS TO STUDENT RECORDS Parents of currently enrolled or former students and students 18 years or older have the right of access to the cumulative and permanent student records maintained by the school relating to the children in the family or the individual student. Records are to be inspected during regular school hours. Access shall be granted no later than five (5) days following the date of the request. A parent or student will be notified if the record is not centrally located and provide qualified certificated personnel to interpret records where appropriate. BACK-TO-SCHOOL NIGHT Back-to-School Night is held during the first full week of school. This is when individual classroom teachers provide additional information regarding their classroom rules, field trips, grading systems and homework policies. All parents or legal guardians are expected to attend. CAMPUS VISITS All visitors/volunteers to Miramonte Christian School are required to sign in at the school office, where they will receive a visitor's badge. CHEATING Academic integrity is highly valued and an integral part of Miramonte Christian School. We do not permit any form of dishonesty or deception that unfairly, improperly or illegally enhances the grade of an individual or group assignment or a final grade. The following is a list of examples of cheating, plagiarism and other forms of dishonesty. Students having any doubt as to whether a particular act constitutes academic dishonesty should ask their teacher before taking that action. Students are cheating if they--- * Copy, fax, or duplicate assignments that will be turned in as his/her own. * Submit as his/her own assignments that have been exchanged electronically. * Write key information on his/her person or objects for use during a test. * Use hidden reference sheets during a test. * Use electronic devices to store or recall information during a test * Exchange answers with other students. This includes both allowing others to look at their answers and taking the answers from others. * Take someone else's assignment and submit it as his/her own. * Copy work from another student. * Submit material without providing the name of the source so the material looks his/her own. (Plagiarizing) * Do not follow any additional guidelines on cheating as given to students by any of his or her teachers. Note: Attempted cheating will be treated the same as cheating. Having items that could be used to cheat will have the same consequences as actually cheating. Students who are academically dishonest and cheat may receive a failing grade on the assignment and have the course grade dropped one letter grade. Second offenses may result in a failing grade for the class. Additionally, the student's Personal Development grade will be affected. CLASSROOM VISITATION The faculty and staff welcome visits by parents, board members, and interested individuals. Such visits help acquaint persons with teacher practices and strengthen the home-school relationship. To facilitate the visiting process, the following is required: * Notice of at least 24 hours to the teacher and principal prior to the time of the visit * Explanation of the purpose of the visit, including any specific concerns * Limitation of visit to one hour in the classroom. A visit of more than one hour requires prior written consent from the classroom teacher * Communication to the teacher of the visitor's observations CLOSED CAMPUS Miramonte Christian School is a closed campus, meaning students do not leave the school grounds after arrival. DOGS AND OTHER PETS Dogs and other pets, other than service animals, are not allowed on the Miramonte Christian School campus. GUM/SNACKS * Gum is not allowed on campus. Gum chewing presents special problems to the custodian, buildings, litter disposal and health. * Food may be eaten only during lunch or during snack breaks designated by the teacher or After School Care supervisor. We encourage parents to send snacks that are healthy and low in sugar. Snacks should consist of foods that do not need heating or additional preparation. All food must be consumed in designated areas only. HOME & SCHOOL All Miramonte parents are members of the Home & School Association. The purpose of this organization is to promote better understanding and cooperation among parents and teachers as they work together to educate their children. Home & School Association dues are collected as part of the school registration fee. HOT LUNCH PROGRAM Hot Lunch: Each Tuesday the upper grade classes sponsor a pizza hot lunch, and every Friday a different class serves a hot lunch to the students at Miramonte Christian School. This allows the individual classes to raise money for their field trips and other class activities. Cost for a basic lunch is $5.00. Additional items may be available at an additional cost. On Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday, a third party hot lunch provider, School Caterers, provides lunch to those children who order on-line (www.schoolcaterers.com). School Caterers recommends that parents order minimally one week in advance. LOST & FOUND Found clothing is placed in the green Lost & Found box located next to the breezeway. Other items are held in the office. Please claim items promptly. Unclaimed items go to Community Services at the end of each semester. MAINSPRING The Mainspring is a weekly newsletter published by the school administrator. This newsletter is sent out on the first school day of the week and is accompanied by classroom newsletters, announcements, and information sheets. A copy may also be found on the school website: http://www.miramonteschool.org. MEDICATION & HEALTH ISSUES Medication: Parents of students, who need to take prescription or over-the-counter medication during school hours, may come to school and administer the medication to their children, or school personnel may administer the medication. For school personnel to administer medication, the form, Parent Consent & Physician Instructions for School Assisted Medication Administration, Required During School Hours must be completed by the parent/guardian and the authorized healthcare provider. (This is necessary for both prescription and overthe-counter medications) Once the form has been completed, it should be brought to the school office along with the medication. Prescription medication information must be on the label: student's name, doctor's name, name of medication, dosage, the time the medication is to be given, and date medication was prescribed. Over-the-counter medication (like Tylenol, Advil Sudafed, cough drops or decongestants) may be administered during school hours only when accompanied by the written instructions of the treating physician and the signed consent of a parent or guardian. All medications must be delivered to the office personnel in the original container by the parent or guardian. Medication should be picked up by the parent at the end of the school year, or it will be discarded. Medication will not be sent home with students. The authorization form must be renewed on a yearly basis, and it must be completed before any medication (prescribed or over the counter) is to be administered at the school site. Additionally, students are not permitted to administer any medication to their sibling(s). Please do not send medication in a student's lunch or backpack, as all medication must be given through the school office. Health Issues: Parents are encouraged to let the registrar and teacher know during the first week of school of any special requirements or health issues their children face so we can be prepared to assist them, if necessary. Health issues may include, but are not limited to: * Asthma * Glasses/contact lenses * Food allergies * Bee/wasp allergies PARKING LOT In order to take care of the delivery and dismissal of our students safely, we ask that the following guidelines be followed: * 5 mph anywhere in the parking lot. * 2 lanes of traffic can enter into the school parking lot. The right lane is for curbside drop off only, and the left lane is for parents who wish to park their car in a parking space and walk their children into school. * Drop-off is to take place at the end of the sidewalk closest to playground gate. Students are to exit the vehicle on the right side. In the case of a child riding on the left side of the vehicle, keep the child in the vehicle until a parking lot attendant can come and get the child out of the car and walk them to the sidewalk. * Parents who park their car are to keep their children within arm's reach and walk them onto the playground. * For the safety of our children and the children who attend school across the street (especially those who walk or ride bikes to school), please do not exceed the speed limit of 25 mph on Altamead Drive and Carmel Terrace. Parents should use good judgment, because there may be cases where even 25 mph is an unsafe speed. A map has been included at the end of the handbook as a guide of how traffic is to flow through the parking lot. PERSONAL PROPERTY Personal property that has not been specifically requested by a classroom teacher for use in class or for class assignments should not be brought to school. Personal property that is used in a manner that interferes with the educational process or conflicts with school standards will be confiscated. This includes, but is not limited to: * Electronic games * Dangerous items * Electronic communication devices * Personal entertainment devices * Skateboards, roller blades * Digital cameras * Video games * Laptop computers * Squirt guns and all other toys * Smart watches Confiscated items will be returned to parents at the end of the school year or when requested by the parent. Dangerous items will not be returned. TEACHER CONFERENCES Conferences with a teacher need to be arranged by telephone, email, or through the office. The time just before school or after school is not an appropriate time for a "quick conversation," since the teachers are preparing for class and working with students. Conversations may also delay the teacher from meeting with other scheduled appointments. The time just before and after school is also critical to the safety and education of the students, and the teachers are involved in numerous supervision and educational tasks. Parents are asked to respect teachers' time and make an appointment so that they will be able to give the issue their full attention. TELEPHONES The phones at Miramonte Christian School are business phones and should be used only occasionally by parents or students for urgent situations. Students are only to use the phone in the office after arrangements are made with the teacher. The office phones cannot be used for transportation arrangements on a daily basis. TRANSPORTATION Parents are expected to arrange transportation to and from school for their children. The school does not have a bus transportation system. SEXUAL HARASSMENT POLICY Miramonte Christian School is committed to providing a school environment free from sexual harassment for all students. Incidents of harassment should be reported in accordance with these procedures, so school authorities may take appropriate action. Students who sexually harass others are subject to discipline up to and including expulsion. Employees who engage in sexual harassment are subject to discipline up to and including termination. Definition: Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual advances or requests and other conduct of a sexual nature which is offensive. It can be spoken, written or physical behavior. It includes offensive pictures, graffiti, jokes and gestures. If submission to offensive sexual conduct is made a condition of academic status, progress, benefits, honors or activities, it is sexual harassment. Sexual harassment also occurs when the offensive behavior or material creates a hostile school environment. Reporting Procedures: Students who have experienced sexual harassment shall report the incident to school authorities as soon as possible. If the incident is between students, the student shall report the incident to the classroom teacher in grades K-8 or to any teacher. The student may also report to the principal, assistant principal or other staff members. If the harassment comes from an adult, the student shall report directly to the principal or another responsible adult. Resolving Sexual Harassment Complaints: Any employee of the school, upon receiving a complaint or otherwise learning of alleged sexual harassment, shall notify the principal or, if the principal is allegedly involved in the harassment, the Central California Conference Superintendent of Schools. The school will investigate the matter promptly, thoroughly and confidentially. If harassment is found to have taken place, such appropriate corrective action will be taken as is reasonably necessary to end the harassment. After the investigation and response, the alleged victim will be informed that appropriate action has been taken. The school will also make appropriate follow-up inquiries to ensure that harassment has not resumed and that the alleged victim has not suffered retaliation. Dissemination: The school administration shall distribute a copy of this policy to all present and future employees of the school. A copy of this policy shall also be distributed to all present and future students enrolled in the school and/or to their parents and guardians. HOME SCHOOL ENRICHMENT GUIDELINES Miramonte Christian School respects those parents who choose to home school their children. We wish to provide opportunities to enrich the home school student's education through participation in a supplementary class or classes. The home school enrichment program is available to students in grades 5-8 who are not enrolled in any other private or public school but are actively instructed in a home school program. In order to participate in the listed supplementary activities, a student needs to be enrolled in one of the following programs: Band and/or Choir, Physical Education, or an academic class such as Algebra I. A student would need to be able to attend each scheduled class during the week. Students who are enrolled in the program need to be dropped off on time and picked up at the end of the class. If a student is dropped off early or picked up late, there will be an additional hourly fee for extended care during school hours. Once enrolled in one of the above programs, the students will also be eligible to participate in the following activities. * Fall achievement testing in October* * Field trips as appropriate* * Receive monthly newsletter/calendar of events * Music lessons* * Week of Prayer * Intramurals* * School pictures* * Field Day * Assemblies * Other activities may be arranged with the classroom instructor of the enrolled class. There will be additional charges for each of these activities. Home school students may be on campus only for those specific activities listed above. Each home school student is required to sign in and out at the office for each activity. Our current Home School Enrichment program is not available to students in grades K-4. However, students in grades 3 or 4 may participate in the standardized fall achievement testing. Since these tests will need to be administered outside of the classroom (due to the unpredictable timing nature of testing in these grades), there will be a $120 fee for this testing. Special needs accommodation testing is also available but at an increased fee. Many special classroom events (such as parties and reward activities) are not available to home school students. Parents will be notified of all upcoming events through the weekly Mainspring and classroom newsletter. As this is a Seventh-day Adventist Christian School, high moral principles and respect for God and others are expected from all students who associate themselves with our school. All home schooling students who take advantage of these opportunities should willingly pledge to observe the regulations and uphold the Christian principles upon which the school is founded. Students who are not a part of the home school program will not be allowed to participate in Miramonte Christian School activities such as those listed above unless the activity is open to the public. MIRAMONTE NETWORK RESPONSIBLE USE POLICY USE OF THE MIRAMONTE NETWORK SHOULD BE VIEWED AS A PRIVILEGE. STUDENTS WHO USE THE NETWORK MUST AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING: CARE OF NETWORK Food & drinks are not allowed in computer areas. * Hands shall be clean and not touch the screen. * Items in computer areas should directly pertain to the activity, i.e. reference materials. Other items such as scissors, paints, etc. should stay in the classrooms. * Magnets are not allowed near any computer or in the computer lab. * Equipment should be properly maintained: it should be covered and uncovered properly, turned on and shut down properly, etc. * Deliberate damage to hardware, software, or the network will result in disciplinary action. * Disks, including DVDs and CD-ROMs, should be handled properly. * Students are not allowed to connect USB drives, external hard drives, DVDs, or any other media to the computers without staff approval. * All borrowed media should be returned promptly. PRIVACY * Under no circumstances should passwords be shared or used by anyone else * Students should only access their own files, unless receiving permission from the supervising adult * Although privacy between individuals must be strictly maintained, it should be understood that the teacher, principal, or system administrator may access student files at any time. RESPONSIBILITY/RESPECT * Respect the assigned computer time that has been given to others. * Respect other's work and make sure it has been saved before closing or quitting applications, even if it is another student's assigned time to use the computer. * Use of the network to send or display offensive messages or pictures and/or harass, insult, or attack others will not be permitted. * Use of obscene, profane, or vulgar language will not be permitted. * Any unusual incidents regarding hardware, software, individual's files, or the network should be reported immediately to the teacher or system administrator. * Students may not use computer equipment unless under close staff supervision. * Users may not use the network for commercial purposes. COPYRIGHT/PLAGIARISM * Only software licensed to the school and/or the individual teacher should be used on Miramonte equipment. Students may not bring software programs from home. * Borrowing/copying/pasting the ideas of others (including art, photos, music or audio clips) without giving credit will be considered plagiarism. * Resources and items inserted into multi-media presentations must be properly cited and fall within the "Fair Use" guidelines governing student work. STAFF RESPONSIBILITIES * Staff members have the right and responsibility to access students' files. * The classroom teacher involved, the principal, the technology coordinator, and the system administrator will review specific infractions of the Miramonte Responsible Use Policy and their consequences. CONSEQUENCES * Innocent or unintentional mishandling – Student must participate in an activity which will re-educate him/her regarding the proper use of the Miramonte network. * Irresponsibility, disrespect, or privacy violations – Student may lose access to the network, its equipment, and its resources. * Flagrant, deliberate, or repeated abuse – Student may face immediate suspension and possible expulsion. REQUIREMENTS FOR USE OF THE MIRAMONTE NETWORK * Students in grades K-2 must have signed Responsible Use Policies on file and checklists signed by their teachers indicating they have been educated regarding the Miramonte network rules. * Students in grades 3-8 must have signed Responsible Use Policies on file and must pass a brief test over the use of the Miramonte network. DISPLAY OF STUDENT ELECTRONIC WORK While we are very concerned with the privacy and safety of our students, we would also like to begin a limited expansion of the Miramonte web site. We would like to publish student work and photographs of student activities. The following policy was developed from responses to the parent survey. Student work displayed on Miramonte's web site will be identified by grade with first names only. Group or individual photos of students may be included on the web site, church newsletter and monthly slideshows; the listing of individual first names may appear with the photos. Students mentioned in the Mainspring (weekly parent newsletter posted on the Miramonte web site) articles will be identified by first name only. No information on student addresses or phone numbers will be posted on the web page. Student electronic work and files stored on the Miramonte network server are the property of Miramonte Christian School. Periodically, student work stored on the server may be used for professional development or training of other teachers interested in improving their implementation of technology in their classrooms. Because we are concerned about your family's privacy, we will honor any and all limitations that you list on the Parental Agreement form signed at the beginning of the school year. POLICY CHANGES Deletions, modifications, or additions to the policies in this handbook may occur at any time. All changes will be published in the Mainspring, or a notification will be sent home. All policies published in the Mainspring or sent home shall have the full effect of policies published in the Student Handbook. 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TOWN OF GREENVILLE FACILITIES COMMITTEE REGULAR MEETING AGENDA DATE: May 9, 2017 TIME: 6:00 p.m. LOCATION: Greenville Town Hall, W6860 Parkview Drive, Greenville, WI 54942 Agenda 2. POSTING OF AGENDA/APPROVAL OF MINUTES/ AGENDA 1. CALL TO ORDER a. Approval of Facilities Committee Regular Meeting Minutes – May 2, 2017. a. Motion to go into closed session per State Statute 19.85 (1)(e) to conduct other specified public business, whenever competitive or bargaining reasons require a closed session. Interviews with design consultants for future Fire Station. 3. NEW BUSINESS b. Motion to reconvene into open session. d. Discuss steps to move forward. c. Possible recommendation to the Town Board for hiring of a design consultant for Fire Station. 4. ANNOUNCEMENTS 5. ADJOURNMENT a. Set next meeting date	<urn:uuid:8ad5c474-1e28-46eb-85e0-fadc4e293d8a>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	http://www.townofgreenville.com/document_center/Facilities%20Committee%202017/2017.05.09_FCagenda.pdf	2019-06-26T14:33:07Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000353.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626134339-20190626160339-00399.warc.gz	309,831,331	212	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.930023	eng_Latn	0.930023	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 811 ]
The Anup Engineering Limited August 12, 2020 Ratings Details of instruments/facilities in Annexure-1 Detailed Rationale & Key Rating Drivers The ratings assigned to the bank facilities of The Anup Engineering Limited (Anup) continue to derive strength from its experienced promoters and it being part of the Arvind group, its established track record in the critical process equipment industry along with its reputed clientele across multiple end-user industries and its growing order-book which provides adequate revenue visibility. The ratings also continue to factor its healthy profitability and return indicators; albeit return indicators witnessed moderation during FY19 and FY20 (refers to period April 1 to March 31), low leverage and strong liquidity. CARE also notes that the company has not availed any moratorium as a Covid relief measure under the guidelines of RBI for the interest payment or principal repayment on its existing bank facilities which also indicates its strong liquidity profile. The above rating strengths, however, continue to remain constrained by Anup's moderate scale of operations, elongation in its operating cycle due to higher inventory holding period and concentration of its order-book towards few products and end-user industry. The ratings are also constrained by its large size capex plan which is likely to restrict its free cash flow in the medium term. Rating Sensitivities Positive Factors [x] Increase in its total operating income to around Rs.800 crore through greater diversification of its revenue stream while maintaining PBILDT margin in excess of 25% on a sustained basis. [x] Contraction of its gross operating cycle (inventory plus debtors) to less than 150 days on a sustained basis along with maintaining its comfortable leverage Negative Factors [x] Decline in its PBILDT margin to below 20% on a sustained basis. [x] Inability to reduce its gross operating cycle to around 250 days on a sustained basis along with adverse impact on its liquidity. [x] Any large-size debt funded capex or elongation in its working capital leading to significant deterioration in its leverage and moderation in its return indicators. Detailed description of the key rating drivers Key Rating Strengths Experienced promoter group along with established track record in the process equipment industry: The promoters of Anup have vast experience of over five decades in managing various businesses. Mr. Sanjay Lalbhai, Chairman of Anup's Board is also the Chairman & Managing Director of Arvind Limited (Arvind; rated: CARE AA-; Negative/ CARE A1+). Promoters of Arvind held 41.70% equity stake in Anup as on June 30, 2020. Mr. Rishi Roop Kapoor, CEO of Anup, is a metallurgist from IIT Roorkee and holds Masters Degree in marketing management. He has an experience of more than two decades in the process equipment industry. He has been with associated with Anup since 2010. Anup has a track record of more than five decades in the business of design and fabrication of process equipment and engineering goods since its incorporation in 1962. Anup is ISO 9001: 2008 and BS OHSAS 18001- 2007 certified company. The products of Anup are approved by all the major third-party inspection agencies and consultants like Engineers India Ltd. (EIL), Jacob H&G Ltd., UHDE India Ltd., Project Development India Ltd. etc. Further, Anup has also acquired "U", "U2", "S" & "R" stamp authorization certifications issued by American Society of 1 Press Release Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to penetrate export market (ASME product certification mark complies with the laws and regulations of nearly 100 countries as a means of meeting their government safety regulations). Reputed clientele across multiple end user industries: Anup's products mainly cater to the industries like refineries, petrochemical, fertilizer, power generation plants, etc. Anup has established its presence in the niche Helical Baffle heat exchanger known as 'Helixchanger' under license from Lummus Technology Heat Transfer B.V, Netherlands. Anup has established relationship with reputed customers due to quality of its products and adherence to the delivery schedule. Further, Anup has been adding new clientele in domestic as well as export markets over the years. Anup's clientele includes Reliance Industries Ltd. (rated: CARE AAA; Stable/ CARE A1+), HPCL- Mittal Energy Limited, Toyo Engineering Limited (rated: CARE A+; Stable/ CARE A1+), Linde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd, Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-operative Limited, etc. Most of Anup's clientele enjoy healthy financial risk profile thereby reducing counterparty credit risk. Growing order-book: Anup's order-book increased to Rs.351 crore as on May 31, 2020 compared with Rs.325 crore as on June 30, 2019. Further, as informed by the management, Anup's order-book has increased to Rs.377 crore as on June 30, 2020. Anup's growing order-book provides revenue visibility of around 16 to 18 months. Further, Anup's order-book (as on June 30 of each year) to net-sales (preceding year) ratio also grew to 1.58 times during FY20 from 1.40 times during FY19. Healthy profitability, low leverage and strong debt coverage indicators: Anup's profitability marked by PBILDT and PAT grew at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 18% during last five years ended FY20 due to increase in its scale of operations and healthy profitability margins. Anup's PBILDT margin and PAT margin remained at 29.36% and 17.28% respectively during FY20 (as against 28.34% and 16.90% during FY19). Anup's healthy profitability margins are due to its technical expertise and specialized products like 'Helixchanger' which offer significant benefits over conventional heat exchangers. It also has strict control over its overheads coupled with efficient management of order book and product mix. Anup's leverage remains low marked by overall gearing ratio of 0.24 times (considering creditors backed by letter of credit and mobilization advances availed by furnishing bank guarantees as part of total debt) as on March 31, 2020 (0.25 times as on March 31, 2019) on account of low reliance on external borrowings. Anup did not have any long-term debt or fund-based working capital bank borrowing outstanding as on March 31, 2020. Anup has envisaged to fund its capex of around Rs.200 crore to be undertaken during next three years entirely through its internal accruals. Anup's existing liquid surplus along with its healthy annual cash accruals are expected to be sufficient to meet its capex requirement. Hence, Anup's leverage is expected to remain low going forward. Further, its debt coverage indicators are also expected to remain strong on account of its healthy profitability. Healthy return indicators despite moderation in past two years: The return on Anup's core assets employed remained healthy at around 25% during FY20 on the back of its healthy operating profitability. However, its return indicators i.e. return on capital employed (ROCE) and return on Net-worth (RONW) have exhibited some moderation during last two years and remained at 20.06% and 15.50% respectively during FY20. Apart from Anup's increased working capital requirement, it acquired land of around Rs.33 crore during FY19 to set up a new manufacturing facility which does not generate any return presently. It also recognised intangible asset of Rs.35 crore with effect from January 2018 on account of de-merger and subsequent amalgamation with group entity. Further, Anup's inter-corporate deposits (ICDs) extended to Arvind remained around Rs.40 crore to Rs.50 crore during FY17 to FY18 which yielded around 7% to 9% per annum. Subsequently, Anup recouped its entire ICDs extended to Arvind during FY20 and the same was invested in debt/liquid mutual funds, which yielded a return of around 4% to 6% per annum. All these factors led to moderation in the overall return indicators of Anup. Anup's inability to generate adequate returns from its planned large capital investment of around Rs.200 crore over the next three years towards its new manufacturing facility would be a negative rating sensitivity. Key Rating Weaknesses Moderate scale of operations: Anup's scale of operations marked by its total operating income (TOI) of Rs.248 crore during FY20, remained stable on Y-o-Y basis. However, net sales of its core operations grew by 14% on Y-o-Y basis (excluding trading sales of Rs.22 crore from the total sales of FY19). Capacity constraint at its existing manufacturing facility has restricted growth in its scale of operations in the last few years. Anup's scale of operations has remained moderate in comparison to many larger players in the capital goods industry. However, Anup has recently concluded expansion of heavy bay at its existing manufacturing facility and it is also setting up a new manufacturing facility at Kheda, near Ahmedabad which may enhance its execution capabilities. Anup's increasing execution capabilities along with product and end-user industry diversification will be a catalyst for sustainable growth in its scale of operations in the near to medium term. Press Release Elongation in the operating cycle; however supported by customer advances: Anup's operating cycle has exhibited an elongating trend from 107 days during FY18 to 239 days during FY20 mainly on account of increase in its inventory holding period from 64 days during FY18 to 207 days during FY20. Anup's management has articulated about adopting a policy to buy raw material for a particular order as soon as the order is received so as to protect itself from the volatility in the raw material prices. Raw-material constitutes around 40% of the total cost of the products. Hence, at any period of time, Anup holds inventory of around 30% to 50% of the outstanding order-book. Moreover, all the inventories are mapped to the specific orders thereby reducing salability risk. Anup also receives interest free advances from its customers which keep Anup's borrowing requirement low. These customer advances are against the financial bank guarantee furnished by Anup. Anup's net working capital (excluding liquid investments from current assets) increased to Rs.108 crore during FY20 from Rs.81 crore during FY19 despite sizable elongation in the operating cycle as majority of the incremental investment in current assets were funded through customer advances. Anup had customer advance of Rs.7.28 crore as on March 31, 2018 which increased to Rs.56.88 crore as on March 31, 2020. Anup also needs to submit performance BG to its customers for release of retention money. Concentration of order-book towards few products and end-user industry: Out of total unexecuted order with Anup as on March 31, 2020, 72% were for manufacturing of heat exchangers and 22% were for manufacturing of pressure vessels (similar product profile of the order-book as on June 30, 2020) which denotes product concentration. However, these products are not standardized and are manufactured according to the specific requirement of the client. Further, its order-book is also moderately concentrated in terms of end-user industry of its products as 46% of all the unexecuted orders are from the refining industry. Any significant downturn in the capex cycle of the refining industry may restrict the order-inflow for the company. Large size planned capex expected to restrict its free cash flow in the medium term: Anup has planned capex of around Rs.200 crore during next three years for setting up new manufacturing facility at Kheda. The proposed capex is expected to be funded entirely through internal accruals which includes envisaged cash accruals and deployment of its liquid surplus. However, deployment of most of envisaged cash accruals for the capex may hinder its ability to fund its incremental working capital requirement emanating from incremental sales. Any unexpected declined in profitability or elongation of the working capital cycle may restrict timely implementation of capex along with impacting financial flexibility of the company. Susceptible to volatile raw material prices and foreign exchange fluctuation: Metal (Mild-steel as well as Stainless-steel), sheets, plates, tubes, pipes and other components are the basic raw material used by Anup for fabrication of process equipment. The inherent volatility in their prices could impact the company's profitability. However, Anup has back to back arrangement for booking of raw materials against its orders which mitigates the raw material price fluctuation risk to some extent. Further, Anup is a net exporter and is exposed to adverse fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates which it partially mitigates through hedging in forward market. Anup sources part of its raw material requirements from international markets (around 18% of total material consumed during FY20 against 30% during FY19). Exports on the other side was 12% of total gross sales during FY20 as against 29% in FY19. Liquidity: Strong Despite its large working capital requirement, Anup's liquidity remains strong marked by less than 10% utilization of its fund based working capital limits, healthy cash-flow from operations of around Rs.34 crore during FY20, cash and cash equivalent of around Rs.70 crore as on June 30, 2020 and no term-debt repayment liability during near to medium term. Further, Anup has not availed any moratorium as a Covid-19 relief measure under the guidelines of RBI towards the interest payment or principal repayment on its existing bank facilities. Furthermore, Anup's envisaged cash accruals along with its existing liquidity are sufficient to meet its capex requirement. Analytical approach: Standalone Applicable Criteria Criteria on assigning 'outlook' and 'credit watch' to Credit Ratings CARE's Policy on Default Recognition Criteria for Short Term Instruments Rating Methodology: Consolidation and Factoring Linkages in Ratings Financial ratios – Non-Financial Sector CARE's methodology for manufacturing companies Liquidity Analysis of Non-Financial Sector Entities About the Company Incorporated in 1962, Anup is engaged in the business of design and fabrication of process equipment which mainly includes heat exchangers, pressure vessels, centrifuges, columns/towers and small reactors that find application in refineries, petrochemicals, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and other allied industries. Anup is listed on BSE and NSE with promoter's holding 41.70% equity stake as on June 30, 2020. A – Audited; as per the abridged audited results published on the stock exchange website * Mobilization advance availed by furnishing financial bank guarantee As per Q1FY21 (un-audited) results, Anup earned total income of Rs.30.95 crore with PBILDT and PAT margin of 29.47% and 16.80% respectively compared with total income of Rs.38.05 crore with PBILDT and PAT margin of 34.56% and 20.87% respectively reported during Q1FY20 (un-audited). Status of non-cooperation with previous CRA: Not Applicable Any other information: Not applicable Rating History for last three years: Please refer Annexure-2 Annexure-1: Details of Instruments/Facilities Annexure-2: Rating History of last three years Annexure-3: Detailed explanation of covenants of the rated instruments/facilities: Not Applicable Annexure 4: Complexity level of various instruments rated for this company Note on complexity levels of the rated instrument: CARE has classified instruments rated by it on the basis of complexity. This classification is available at www.careratings.com. Investors/market intermediaries/regulators or others are welcome to write to email@example.com for any clarifications. Contact Us Media Contact Mr. Mradul Mishra Contact No.: +91-22-6837 4424 Email ID – firstname.lastname@example.org Analyst Contact Name: Krunal Modi Tel: 079 - 40265614 Mobile # 8511190084 Email: email@example.com Business Development Contact Mr. Deepak Prajapati Contact No.: +91-79-4026 5656 Email ID – firstname.lastname@example.org About CARE Ratings: CARE Ratings commenced operations in April 1993 and over two decades, it has established itself as one of the leading credit rating agencies in India. CARE is registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and also recognized as an External Credit Assessment Institution (ECAI) by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). CARE Ratings is proud of its rightful place in the Indian capital market built around investor confidence. CARE Ratings provides the entire spectrum of credit rating that helps the corporates to raise capital for their various requirements and assists the investors to form an informed investment decision based on the credit risk and their own risk-return expectations. Our rating and grading service offerings leverage our domain and analytical expertise backed by the methodologies congruent with the international best practices. Disclaimer CARE's ratings are opinions on the likelihood of timely payment of the obligations under the rated instrument and are not recommendations to sanction, renew, disburse or recall the concerned bank facilities or to buy, sell or hold any security. CARE's ratings do not convey suitability or price for the investor. CARE's ratings do not constitute an audit on the rated entity. CARE has based its ratings/outlooks on information obtained from sources believed by it to be accurate and reliable. CARE does not, however, guarantee the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information. Most entities whose bank facilities/instruments are rated by CARE have paid a credit rating fee, based on the amount and type of bank facilities/instruments. CARE or its subsidiaries/associates may also have other commercial transactions with the entity. In case of partnership/proprietary concerns, the rating /outlook assigned by CARE is, inter-alia, based on the capital deployed by the partners/proprietor and the financial strength of the firm at present. The rating/outlook may undergo change in case of withdrawal of capital or the unsecured loans brought in by the partners/proprietor in addition to the financial performance and other relevant factors. CARE is not responsible for any errors and states that it has no financial liability whatsoever to the users of CARE's rating. Our ratings do not factor in any rating related trigger clauses as per the terms of the facility/instrument, which may involve acceleration of payments in case of rating downgrades. However, if any such clauses are introduced and if triggered, the ratings may see volatility and sharp downgrades. **For detailed Rationale Report and subscription information, please contact us at www.careratings.com	<urn:uuid:1a19bea8-ec9e-4d47-9e36-d0ef6288f30d>	CC-MAIN-2024-33	https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/The%20Anup%20Engineering%20Limited-08-12-2020.pdf	2024-08-11T13:12:17+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-33/subset=warc/part-00081-4f628544-3cdf-4526-86aa-bdfa0b33cdc9.c000.gz.parquet	545,513,807	4,006	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.98573	eng_Latn	0.994004	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3487, 9145, 14108, 15351, 18882 ]
Department of Computer Science Computer Science Taster Days Wednesday 31 Jan 2024 West Kirby Grammar School Programme of Activities All workshops take place in Lab 3 of the George Holt building. Information about the Activities Wavefunction collapse algorithm Wavefunction collapse is an algorithm based on concepts from quantum computing. Using just one input image, it outputs an image of selected size without aid of machine learning techniques. The goal of this lesson is to teach the students of both the algorithm's existence and Shannon entropy, the metric the algorithm uses to pick which pixel to 'collapse' next. This will occur intuitively via a board game and a connecting slideshow. Code breaking Cryptography is the practice of encoding information in order to secure it and prevent it being read by unauthorised parties. In history, secret messages were communicated using ciphers to minimise the risk of them being intercepted by the enemy. Today, encryption is a crucial part of online security, especially since most communication happens on the internet. In this engaging and hands-on lesson, students will be introduced to two basic ciphers and create their own cipher wheel. They will have the opportunity to use this tool to encrypt and decrypt secret messages, enhancing their problem-solving skills and allowing them to experience the thrill of code breaking. Giant Sorting Network In this outdoor lesson, pupils will play the role of the "compute nodes" in a parallel sorting algorithm. They will experience first-hand how parallelism speeds up computation, but also makes it more challenging to reason about programs. Lego EV3 Drives the Warehouse Robots managing large warehouses are one of the many examples where automation helps humans to solve a task faster and cheaper. For this to be effective, robots need to be at least partially autonomous, i.e., able to sense and react to the physical world without (constant) human intervention. In this hands-on lesson, pupils program Lego EV3 robots to follow a line, avoid obstacles, and ultimately navigate a warehouse safely and autonomously.	<urn:uuid:370abfc9-d7ce-4ea7-a976-86ce821779c2>	CC-MAIN-2024-18	https://outreach.csc.liv.ac.uk/assets/documents/taster-day1-schedule-2024.pdf	2024-04-25T03:26:16+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-18/subset=warc/part-00205-29538f81-5664-4df2-acb6-7d8ba3d2a1aa.c000.gz.parquet	383,464,565	407	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.976012	eng_Latn	0.998916	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 197, 2134 ]
ORDINANCE NO. 15,321 AN ORDINANCE to amend the Municipal Code of the City of Des Moines, Iowa, 2000, adopted by Ordinance No. 13,827, passed June 5, 2000, as heretofore amended, by amending Section 2 - 201, relating to releasing paid-off loans and security interests. Be It Ordained by the City Council of the City of Des Moines, Iowa: Section 1. That the Municipal Code of the City of Des Moines, Iowa, 2000, adopted by Ordinance No. 13,827, passed June 5, 2000, as heretofore amended, is hereby amended by amending Section 2-201, relating to releasing paid-off-loans and security interests, as follows: Sec. 2-201. Powers and duties. ------------ (e) The city manager or his or her designee may, in his or her discretion, execute the following types of real estate documents for and on behalf of the city, provided that such documents have been reviewed and approved by the legal department: (1) Documents releasing tenant's interests, or involving other temporary property interests, including maintain vacancy agreements and rental agreements, in support of the construction, demolition, repair or replacement of public improvements, provided that the compensation paid by the city under such real estate documents does not exceed $10,000.00; (2) Documents involving initial and renewal lease agreements for terms of less than three (3) years for the lease of city-owned property that is not needed for municipal purposes during the lease term; (3) Acceptance of any deed, easement, covenant, or other interest in real estate conveyed to the city at no cost, as a condition of receiving city approval of any plat of survey, site plan or other development proposal; and (4) Documents releasing the city's interest in promissory notes and loan agreements for loans given by the city and administered by the city's office of economic development or the neighborhood conservation services division of the community development department, and in mortgages, deeds of trust, and similar liens given as security for such loans, in the event that the underlying loan has been paid in full in accordance with the terms thereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, execution of documents releasing the city's interest that involve partial or full loan forgiveness or amended loan or collateral terms require prior city council approval by resolution. ------------ Section 2. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its passage and publication as provided by law. FORM APPROVED: Glenna K. Frank, Assistant City Attorney Attest: I, Diane Rauh, City Clerk of the City of Des Moines, Iowa, hereby certify that the above and foregoing is a true copy of an ordinance (Roll Call No. 141654), passed by the City Council of said City at a meeting held October 20, 2014 signed by the Mayor on October 20, 2014 and published and provided by law in the Business Record on November 7, 2014. Authorized by Publication Order No. 8279. Diane Rauh, City Clerk	<urn:uuid:2ba2ec22-a5e3-4dfa-883d-9573a23a3f78>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://councildocs.dmgov.org/ordinances/15321.pdf	2019-09-18T02:54:49Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573176.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918024332-20190918050332-00231.warc.gz	420,125,932	657	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.991911	eng_Latn	0.995672	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2545, 2972 ]
Mississippi Morbidity Report Volume 35, Number 1 April 2019 OUTPATIENT ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP: FIRST DO NO HARM Key Messages: - Unnecessary antibiotic prescribing in the US leads to the development of antibiotic resistance, poor health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. - Up to 30% of all antibiotics prescribed in outpatient settings in the US are unnecessary; when looking at antibiotics prescribed for respiratory conditions in outpatient settings the number increases to 50%. - The following report provides tools, strategies and evidence-based guidelines to improve outpatient antibiotic prescribing and patient communication, contributing to effective antibiotic stewardship. Antibiotic Overprescribing – An urgent public health threat The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have declared inappropriate antibiotic prescribing an urgent public health threat. i, ii, iii Both unnecessary antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic misuse lead to poorer health outcomes and increased costs of care. vi,vii More than 2 million antibiotic-resistant illnesses and 23,000 deaths occur each year in the US with a cost of 30 billion dollars. viii Even with appropriate use, antibiotic effectiveness decreases over time due to the development of resistant organisms which negatively impact individuals and the community. iv,v Antibiotic use, appropriate or not, leads to alteration of the gut flora placing individuals at increased risk for infections including traveler's diarrhea, foodborne illnesses, C. difficile, candida infections and sepsis. iv, ix Antibiotic Overprescribing - How much is too much? The CDC estimates that approximately 30 % of all outpatient antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary and that rate increases to 50% when restricting analysis to respiratory conditions. ix While the ideal rate of antibiotic prescribing is elusive, US prescribing rates are 1 ½ times that of low prescribing developed nations such as Sweden. iv, x In 2016, US pharmacies dispensed approximately 270 million antibiotic prescriptions for a national prescribing rate of 836/1000. xi Southern states have the highest rates (937/1000) and Mississippi ranked third overall in the US with a rate of 1235/1000 or a fill rate of 1.23 prescriptions for every man, woman and child in the state! xi The National Action Plan for Antibiotic Resistance calls for a 50% reduction in inappropriate antibiotic prescribing by 2020. xii Antibiotic Limitation – Does it improve care? Antibiotic stewardship is "the effort to measure how antibiotics are prescribed by clinicians and used by patients'" vii, ix These programs are effective in promoting better evidence-based use. Decreased antibiotic use means fewer adverse events, decreased rates of resistant organisms, decreased costs of care and ultimately an improved quality of care. ix, xiii, xvi, xvii Even small changes in antibiotic prescribing have demonstrated a positive an impact. In one study, a mere 10% reduction in prescribing can decrease C. difficile infections by 17%. xiv Antibiotic Choice – Which is the right antibiotic? Equally important to only prescribing when indicated is making the right antibiotic choice. First line agents are prescribed only 52% of time for patients with sinusitis, suppurative otitis media or pharyngitis. xiii This percentage is even lower for adults (37%). Inappropriate use of azithromycin, especially in adults, is common despite the fact that it is not a recommended treatment for sinusitis or otitis media and is only indicated for pharyngitis in penicillin allergic patients. xiii Antibiotic Overprescribing: Be part of the solution I. Take the Pledge The CDC has put together a number of valuable resources for those interested in improving antibiotic stewardship in their practices, including the commitment pledge to patients about antibiotics. The pledge poster is to be signed and posted in your clinic as an important step in highlighting your clinic's commitment to antibiotic stewardship. Available for download at https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/downloads/ACommitment-to-Our-Patients-about-Antibiotics-poster-version1.pdf II. Follow the Guidelines 1. Use evidence-based diagnostic criteria outlined in guidelines to determine if an antibiotic is appropriate; 2. If warranted, choose the right antibiotic and the right duration, using first line antibiotics as appropriate; and 3. Provide patients with symptomatic treatment recommendations when antibiotics are not indicated. Begin with prescribing for common respiratory conditions. Summaries of current evidence-based treatment guidelines for common adult and pediatric respiratory conditions can be found at: - https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-hcp/outpatient-hcp/adult-treatment-rec.html xviii - https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-hcp/outpatient-hcp/pediatric-treatment-rec.html xix III. Communicate Effectively Take time to discuss your diagnosis with your patient, why antibiotics are not indicated, the expected course of the illness, and discuss when to follow-up, if needed. Communication skills training has been shown to be effective in improving rates of antibiotic prescribing. xx Two proposed models for improving patient communication include "GET SMART" xxi and The Four Es. xxii Commitment Pledge IV. Use the Tools Exam/Waiting Room Posters indicate your commitment to only prescribing antibiotics when indicated and allow you to share critical information about antibiotic stewardship with your patients. Watchful waiting is a good approach when antibiotics are unlikely to help (e.g. suspected viral illness). Provide guidance on symptom relief and ask them to wait on other treatment for 72 hours. Instruct the patient to come back if symptoms do not improve or if symptoms worsen. Delayed prescribing is similar to watchful waiting but instead of asking the patient to come back, a prescription for an appropriate antibiotic is provided during the visit with instructions when to fill (i.e. if symptoms worsen or have not improved within a set timeframe). Note, prescriptions should be end dated so they cannot be used during future episodes of illness. xx GETSMART Communication Guide Four E's Communication Strategy Prescribe specific symptom relief for viral illness. It is critical to address patient symptoms by giving then specific advice (i.e. drink plenty of fluids, use saline nasal spray for congestion, use ice chips, sore throat spray or lozenges for sore throat, provided specific recommendations for over the counter products to address low grade fever or pain). Written prescriptions or instructions are preferred to verbal ones. PDF versions of the tools discussed can be found at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibioticuse/community/materials-references/printmaterials/hcp/index.html xxiii Submitted by: Peter W. Pendergrass, MD, MPH, MSDH Consultant; UMMC Department of Preventive Medicine, Desiree B. Pendergrass, MD, MPH, MSDH Consultant; UMMC Department of Preventive Medicine References i. Pew Charitable Trust. The Critical Need for New Antibiotics. September 2018. https://www.pewtrusts.org//media/assets/2018/09/critical-need-for-new-antibiotics-infographic.pdf Accessed September 18, 2018. ii. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013 [online] https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf Accessed March 28, 2017 iii. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance. June 2014. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112642/9789241564748_eng.pdf?sequence=1 Accessed online. October 2, 2014. iv. Srinivasan A. Antibiotic stewardship: Why we must, how we can. Cleveland Clinical Journal of Medicine. 2017: 84(9): 673 – 679. v. Zetts RM, Stoesz A, Smith BA and Hyun DY. Outpatient Antibiotics Use and the Need for Increased Antibiotic Stewardship Efforts. Pediatrics. 2018: 141 (6): e20174124. vi. Fishman N. Antimicrobial Stewardship. AJIC. 2006 34 (5), supplement 1: S55-S63. vii. Sanchez, G.V., Fleming-Dutra, K.E., Roberts, R.M., Hicks, L.A. Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-6):1–12. viii. Harris AM, Hicks LA, and Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for HighValue Care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:425-434. doi:10.7326/M15-1840. https://annals.org/aim ix. CDC: Antibiotic Use in the United States, 2017: Progress and Opportunities. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017. (PDF) x. Pew Charitable Trust. Trends in U.S. Antibiotic Use. March 2017. https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2017/03/trends-in-usantibiotic-use.pdf xi. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions – United States, 2016. Accessed February 14, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/programs-measurement/state-local-activities/outpatient-antibioticprescriptions-US-2016.html. xii. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Antibiotic Use in Outpatient Settings. May 2016. http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/05/antibioticuseinoutpatientsettings.pdf A ccessed August 29, 2018. xiii. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Health Experts Establish National Targets to Improve Outpatient Antibiotic Selection. October 2016. http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/10/health_experts_establish_national_targets_to_improve_outpatient_antibiotic_selec tion.pdf Accessed August 29, 2018. xiv. Dantes R, Mu Y, Hicks LA, et al. Association between outpatient antibiotic prescribing practices and community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 015;2:ofv113. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4551478/pdf/ofv113.pdf xv. Meeker D, Knight TK, Friedberg MW, et al. Nudging guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:425–31. xvi. Meeker D, Linder JA, Fox CR, et al. Effect of behavioral interventions on inappropriate antibiotic prescribing among primary care practices: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315:562–70. xvii. Gerber JS, Prasad PA, Fiks AG, et al. Effect of an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship intervention on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing by primary care pediatricians: a randomized trial. JAMA 2013;309:2345–52. xviii. CDC. Adult Treatment Recommendations. Online. Accessed November 1, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/antibioticuse/community/for-hcp/outpatient-hcp/adult-treatment-rec.html xix. CDC. Pediatric Treatment Recommendations. Online. Accessed November 1, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/antibioticuse/community/for-hcp/outpatient-hcp/pediatric-treatment-rec.html xx. Fleming-Dutra KE, Mangione-Smith R, and Hicks LA. How to Prescribe Fewer Antibiotics: Talking Points that Work with Patients and Their Families. American Family Physician. 2016; 94(3): 200 – 202. xxi. To Prescribe or Not To Prescribe? Antibiotics and Outpatient Infections. Online CME Course. Accessed October 18, 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/cme/courses/online/improving-antibiotics-pcs.html xxii. New England QIN-QIO, the Medicare Quality Innovation Network-Quality Improvement Organization for New England. Talking to Patients about Viral Illnesses Use the Four E's. CMSQIN_C3-10_010518_1279. Accessed February 6, 2019. https://healthcarefornewengland.org/wp-content/uploads/C3-10_TalkingPts_Final.pdf xxiii. CDC. Antibiotic Prescribing and Use in Doctor's Offices: Print Materials for Healthcare Professionals. Web-based. 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Copyright : myprofile.thekansan.com Entrepreneurship And Small Business By Michael Schaper Yeah, reviewing a book entrepreneurship and small business by michael schaper could grow your close connections listings. This is just one of the solutions for you to be successful. As understood, attainment does not suggest that you have astounding points. Comprehending as without difficulty as harmony even more than new will offer each success. bordering to, the notice as well as perception of this entrepreneurship and small business by michael schaper can be taken as with ease as picked to act. Book Trailer - Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management by Steve MariottiIntroduction to Business Chapter 6: Entrepreneurship and Small Business The Small Business Bible by Steven D Strauss 1. 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He has previously held posts as Professor of Small Business Development at Cranfield School of Management, UK, having joined it from Warwick University Business School, UK. Entrepreneurship and Small Business: Start-up, Growth and ... An entrepreneur is an individual who starts and runs a business with limited resources and planning, and is responsible for all the risks and rewards of his or her business venture. The business... Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship Defined The key difference between small business and entrepreneurship is that a small business is a limited scale business owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals whereas an entrepreneurship is defined as the process of designing, launching and operating a new business, which usually starts as a small business and pursues growth. Difference Between Small Business and Entrepreneurship ... Small Business and Entrepreneurship Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research (SBER) Group The group aims to bridge the theory-practice gap in order to create a positive impact on businesses, society and the economy. The group conducts research to identify and address the needs of micro, small, medium and entrepreneurial firms. Small Business and Entrepreneurship \| Liverpool John ... A small business, on the other hand, is not so different from entrepreneurship. Experts define it as a business that is owned or controlled by one person or a few individuals. The decision-making process is also directly influenced by the owner and its shares in the market are relatively small. It also has few employees mostly less than 50. Difference Between Small Business and Entrepreneurship ... An entrepreneur is a person who owns a small business and staffs it as needed to meet customer needs. Entrepreneurship means that a business owner will focus on creating a market for his/her products or services based on a business plan. The Definition of Small Business Management Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management Notes by the same play a considerable role in the development of nation. The business as well as the entrepreneur contributes in some or other way to the economy, may be in the form of products or services or boosting the GDP rates or tax contributions. Their ideas, thoughts, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business or businesses while building and scaling it to generate a profit. But as a basic entrepreneurship definition, that one is a bit limiting. The more modern entrepreneurship definition is also about transforming the world by solving big problems. What Is Entrepreneurship? Detailed Definition and Meaning A person who undertakes the risk of starting a new business venture is called and entrepreneur. An entrepreneur creates a firm, which aggregates capital and labor in order to produce goods or... Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship Definition This self-made media mogul is an English publisher and businessman, who used his entrepreneurial skills to build a media empire which started from a small base with a record shop, and now... Top 25 self-made entrepreneurs who started with small sums ... Entrepreneurship and Small Business is a certification from Certiport, sponsored by Intuit and the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, that ensures tomorrow's leaders are prepared with the toolkit they need to get ahead in today's competitive landscape. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Certification :: Certiport Like many famous entrepreneurs before and after him, Franklin was a man of a thousand hats. Scientist, printer, politician, inventor, author, diplomat, and savvy businessman were just a few of his ... 11 Most Famous Entrepreneurs of All Time (and What Made ... Validate your business idea by launching fast, bringing on a small group of paying customers and adapting to make your solution great for them over time. How you choose to manage your time and decide which opportunities to pursue will greatly impact your success when starting a business. 60 Entrepreneurs Share Best Business Advice & Success Tips Advice, insight, profiles and guides for established and aspiring entrepreneurs worldwide. Home of Entrepreneur magazine. Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business. Entrepreneurship and small business development is a common field of study for students studying business or who are interested in starting their own business at some point. Entrepreneurship... Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Teach kids social entrepreneurship by letting them either repurpose found items or sell them to someone like an artist or other re-purposing professional (computer repair, upholstery shop, antique shop) who can reuse or refurbish them. The 37 Greatest Business Ideas for Young Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship is a corporate spin-off or start up. Small business is a family-owned company or consortium of professionals that is formed with specific objectives in mind. In most cases, aggressive growth is not as important as providing adequate income for the owners. Small businesses in entrepreneurship - UK Essays While outsourcing functions like tech and marketing early in your business has costs, it can give you precious expertise to improve your chances of success. Oct 21, 2020 Microsoft And SpaceX: The... 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A very good jab too There’s been no hype about it, but the new shingles vaccination will be a life-changer, says Dr Ellie Cannon To very little fanfare, a new vaccination programme was launched by the NHS last year, bringing Britain up to speed with Europe and the US. But why was its introduction so low-key, when such a step usually brings forth a flurry of headlines about killer diseases and saving lives? Well, the new vaccination programme for shingles does not protect against a killer disease and is unlikely to save lives; it will simply protect the elderly from a common and terribly debilitating condition. But it is nonetheless a significant recognition of the importance of looking after the health and wellbeing of one of society’s most vulnerable sections. Shingles is surprisingly common, affecting 20 per cent of the population at some time in their lives. It is most prevalent in adults, although we do see some cases in children — often if they are run down or unwell for other reasons. Shingles’ relationship to chicken pox seems to cause much confusion. But it is surprisingly simple. As children, most people have chicken pox, caused by a virus called varicella. Once the chicken pox is over, varicella remains in the body, the virus lying hidden and inactive in your nerve cells for the rest of your life. Shingles is simply a reactivation of this virus: it travels back down the nerve appearing as a painful, sore rash on the band of skin which that nerve supplies. So you don’t actually ‘catch’ shingles; rather, you succumb to it when you are otherwise vulnerable. This explains why it is such a big problem for the elderly with multiple frailties. Shingles is really an opportunistic disease — the varicella virus gets you when you’re down and your immune system is low. It also strikes when your immune system is under fire — when taking certain medications, perhaps, such as chemotherapy or treatments for arthritis. There is a common misconception that shingles is merely a rash. Actually, shingles is a very painful condition which causes terrific suffering. It does manifest as a rash at the outset, but this is accompanied by a unique and debilitating burning pain. While the rash itself usually lasts only around two to three weeks, sufferers often go on to have permanent pain in the affected area, known as neuralgia. This is incapacitating and very hard to treat, since it doesn’t respond to normal painkillers. Neuralgia patients often end up on cocktails of heavy soporific medications, including antidepressants and nerve-specific painkillers, sometimes to no avail. The consequences of the pain and the treatment can initiate a downward spiral of depression, incapacity and isolation. It is the prevention of this in an elderly, vulnerable population that makes the vaccination programme so worthwhile. The shingles vaccinations, as with any, stimulate the body into making antibodies to the varicella virus. Anyone who has had chicken pox already has some antibodies, but this vaccine creates a whole new, fresh supply preventing that dormant virus from taking hold. People aged either 70 or 79 are now being offered the vaccination on the NHS. This is thought to give protection for at least seven years, although timings for subsequent boosters have not yet been established. It has been shown in trials to protect 70 per cent of people from getting shingles — and even those who do succumb having been vaccinated will get a milder form. The hypothesis is that even if they get the rash, the neuralgia is unlikely in a vaccinated individual. Many sufferers of shingles get repeated attacks, but vaccinating people who have had the disease before is thought to make this less likely. We are hugely behind on this vaccination programme, which has been available in the US and Canada for a few years. The vaccination itself has been available since 2006, but the necessary supplies could be procured only in the last year. But we are finally there and, thankfully, uptake of the vaccination is good. There is no better incentive than experience of the illness itself: many patients have requested it on the basis of seeing a friend or relative who has suffered terribly with shingles. So despite the lack of fanfare, and a somewhat slow start, the latest UK vaccination programme is a cause for celebration. Aside from the obvious medical impact, it is an acknowledgment of the importance of protecting a vulnerable group from incapacity, constant pain and decline. And that really is something to make a noise about. Ellie Cannon is an NHS GP. Her latest book, Keep Calm: The New Mum’s Manual, is out now.	<urn:uuid:b64f964a-b144-462a-85a1-208e7c66331a>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	https://store.intertalentgroup.com/roar-press/The_Spectator_May_2014.pdf	2019-03-21T09:51:18Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00144.warc.gz	656,658,871	939	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.999429	eng_Latn	0.999429	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 4659 ]
BLOOD GROUPING REAGENT Anti-A,B ALBAclone ® (Murine Monoclonal IgM) For Slide and Tube Techniques REF Z023U [x] Meets FDA potency requirements [x] Discard if turbid [x] Preservative: 0.1% sodium azide CAUTIONS: THE ABSENCE OF ALL VIRUSES HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED. THIS PRODUCT HAS COMPONENTS (DROPPER BULBS) CONTAINING DRY NATURAL RUBBER. INTERPRETATION OF LABELING SYMBOLS Batch code C Use by (YYYY-MM-DD) Product Code Storage temperature limitation (2- 8 °C) In vitro diagnostic medical device Consult instructions for use Harmful Manufacturer SUMMARY ABO blood grouping is generally performed by testing red blood cells with Anti-A and Anti-B. In order to generate confirmatory blood group information and exclude misgrouping of weak A variants as group O, e.g. Ax, many laboratories also test with Anti-A,B. Reverse or serum grouping of the patient's serum by testing with A1 red blood cells and B red blood cells should be performed to provide a further check of the accuracy of observed ABO blood grouping results. Monoclonal antibodies exhibit a high degree of potency, avidity and specificity. When using such antibodies, great care should be taken to avoid cross contamination. INTENDED USE This Anti-A,B reagent is for the in vitro detection and identification of human ABO blood groups by direct agglutination. PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST When used by the recommended technique, this reagent will cause agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells carrying A and/or B antigens. Lack of agglutination demonstrates the absence of A and B antigens. REAGENT DESCRIPTION The main components of this reagent are derived from the in vitro culture of the IgM immunoglobulin secreting mouse hybridomas:- The formulation also contains sodium chloride, EDTA and 0.1% (w/v) sodium azide. The volume delivered by the reagent dropper bottle is approximately 40 µL; bearing this in mind, care should be taken to ensure that appropriate serum: cell ratios are maintained in all test systems. STORAGE CONDITIONS The reagent should be stored at 2 – 8 °C. Do not use if turbid. Do not dilute. The reagent is stable until the expiry date stated on the product label. PRECAUTIONS FOR USE AND DISPOSAL This reagent contains 0.1% (w/v) sodium azide. Sodium azide may be toxic if ingested and may react with lead and copper plumbing to form explosive compounds. If discarded into sink, flush with a large volume of water to prevent azide buildup. As this reagent is of animal origin care must be taken during use and disposal as there is a potential infection risk. This product has components (dropper bulbs) containing dry natural rubber. This reagent is for in vitro diagnostic use only. SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PREPARATION Specimens should be collected by a standard collection technique. The specimen should be tested as soon as possible after collection. If testing is delayed, the specimen should be stored at refrigerated temperatures. Blood specimens exhibiting contamination should not be used. Extreme care should be taken if hemolyzed samples must be tested. Clotted samples or those collected in EDTA should be tested within fourteen days from collection. Donor blood may be tested until the expiry date of the donation. TEST PROCEDURES ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND REAGENTS REQUIRED . Isotonic saline . Reagent red blood cells for use in ABO grouping . 10 x 75 mm or 12 x 75 mm glass test tubes . Glass slides . Pipettes . Optical aid . Centrifuge . Timer RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUES Tube Technique - Immediate Spin . Add 1 drop of blood grouping reagent to a test tube. . Add 1 drop of red blood cells suspended to 2-4% in isotonic saline. Reagent red cells may be tested as provided (preservative suspended). . Mix the contents of the test tube well and centrifuge. Suggested centrifugation: 900-1000 g (approx. 3400 rpm) for 10 seconds or a time and speed appropriate for the centrifuge used that produces the strongest reaction of antibody with antigen-positive red blood cells, yet allows easy resuspension of antigen-negative red blood cells. . After centrifugation, gently shake the tube to dislodge the cell button from the bottom and immediately observe macroscopically for agglutination. Slide Technique . Add 1 drop of blood grouping reagent to an appropriately prepared area of a glass slide e.g. a wax pencil oval. . Add 1 drop of red blood cells suspended to 30-45% in group homologous plasma/serum. . Mix well by rocking the slide for approximately 30 seconds and incubate the test for 5 minutes at 18 – 24 °C with occasional mixing. . After incubation, immediately observe macroscopically for agglutination. This may be facilitated by reading over a diffuse light source. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The reaction patterns of the most common ABO phenotypes are shown below. All red blood cell (forward) grouping tests, except those on red blood cells of infants, should be confirmed by serum (reverse) grouping tests using known A1 and B cells. Any discrepancy between cell and serum grouping must be investigated and resolved before the blood group is recorded . Refer to the AABB Technical Manual (1) for possible causes and procedures to use in resolution of ABO grouping discrepancies. QUALITY CONTROL Quality control of reagents is essential and should be performed on the day of use and in accordance with local, state and federal regulations. For ABO blood grouping reagents, appropriate antigen positive and negative red blood cells should be used. PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS ABO antigens are not fully expressed at birth and, therefore, tests involving cord/neonatal red blood cells should be interpreted with particular care. All negative slide tests should be confirmed by tube testing to confirm absence of weak subgroups. Gently re-suspend tube tests before reading. Excessive agitation may disrupt weak agglutination and produce false negative results. Excessive centrifugation can lead to difficulty in resuspending the cell button, while inadequate centrifugation may result in agglutinates that are easily dispersed. The expression of certain red blood cell antigens may diminish in strength during storage, particularly in EDTA and clotted samples. Better results will be obtained with fresh samples. False positive or false negative results can occur due to contamination of test materials, improper reaction temperature, improper storage of materials, omission of test reagents and certain disease states. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Prior to release, each lot of ALBAclone ® Anti-A,B is tested by FDA recommended methods against a panel of antigenpositive and antigen-negative red blood cells to ensure suitable reactivity. This Anti-A,B reagent will detect most weak subgroups of A, especially Ax. It should be noted that the LB3 cell line, from which the ALBAclone Anti-A,B reagent is derived, does not detect the following alleles : 1. The Bx06 allele demonstrates an extremely rare molecular change (900G>C) and has been demonstrated only twice to date. Bx06 has received the provisional name ABOBW.31 in the new ISBT allele terminology (3) . 2. A novel B allele with all B specific mutations except 703G>A but also with the addition of 646T>A which is associated with the Ax phenotype when it occurs in A subgroup alleles. This allele has not been described before and has yet to be assigned a name using ISBT allele terminology. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Technical Manual. 17 th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2011. 2. Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services. 28 th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2012. 3. Described on the dbRBC database as Bx06 by the Shanghai Blood Center. Given the provisional name ABOBW.31 in the new ISBT allele terminology. DATE OF ISSUE 8 th October 2013 US Distributor Quotient 301 South State Street S-204 Newtown PA 18940 USA Customer Service Tel: 1-888-284-1901 Product Technical Support Tel: 1-888-228-1990 Customer Service Fax: 1-888-694-5208 E-Mail: email@example.com Web: www.quotientbd.com Alba Bioscience Limited Ellen's Glen Road Edinburgh Scotland, UK EH17 7QT US License 1807 Tel: +44 (0) 131 658 5700 Fax: +44 (0) 131 672 3026 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Alba Bioscience Limited 2013 Z023UQPI/05	<urn:uuid:66562092-4ced-405a-935d-4e898a75acbe>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://files.quotient-merged.gethifi.com/us/products/aborh-reagents/Z023UPI_05_081013.pdf	2018-01-16T21:12:09Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886739.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116204303-20180116224303-00766.warc.gz	118,763,922	1,947	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.982145	eng_Latn	0.983533	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4722, 8348 ]
Register today! lookoutbarandgrill.com 8672 Pineview Lane, Maple Grove, MN 55369	<urn:uuid:cd042bd3-99d6-46ed-b338-a5c8a2e1b25c>	CC-MAIN-2019-09	http://www.lookoutbarandgrill.com/files/4315/4904/6589/Volleyball_Flyer_-_Dimensions_for_All_Over_Media.pdf	2019-02-21T06:17:18Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247500089.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221051342-20190221073342-00115.warc.gz	371,095,644	24	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.634089	eng_Latn	0.634089	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 81 ]
This document provides you with key investor information about this Fund. It is not marketing material. The information is required by law to help you understand the nature and the risks of investing in this Fund. You are advised to read it so you can make an informed decision about whether to invest. Quilter Investors Creation Balanced Portfolio U2 (GBP) Accumulation (GB00BJ38GJ44) Objective: capital growth over a period of five years or more. The Fund is broadly diversified with exposure to company shares (i.e. equities) between 15 and 55% and with volatility of between 6 and 10%. Policy: the Fund will provide global exposure. The portion of the Fund not allocated to company shares may invest in bonds and similar debt investments, money-market instruments and cash and cash equivalents. The Fund may invest directly in such assets or indirectly by investing in regulated and unregulated collective investment schemes (which may include those managed or operated by Quilter Investors) and investment trusts. The Fund may also indirectly invest in property and/or commodities (e.g. metals, agriculture, energy). The Fund uses derivatives (i.e. financial contracts whose value is linked to the expected price movements of an underlying investment) with the aim of generating returns and/or reducing the overall costs and risks of the Fund. 3 The calculated risk and reward category, as shown above, uses a method of calculation derived from EU rules. It is based on the rate at which the returns of the Fund have moved up and down in the past (i.e. volatility) and is not a guide to the future risk and reward category of the Fund. The category shown is not a target or guarantee and may shift over time. Even the lowest category 1 does not mean a risk-free investment. The seven-category scale is nonlinear, for example, 2 is not twice as risky as 1. Funds in category 4 have in the past shown moderate volatility. With a fund of category 4, you have a moderate risk of losing money but your chance for gains is also moderate. Investment risk - the performance aim is not a guarantee, may not be achieved and a capital loss may occur. Funds which have a higher performance aim generally take more risk to achieve this and so have a greater potential for the returns to be significantly different than expected. Strategy risk - as the Fund invests in other collective investment schemes, which themselves invest in assets such as bonds, company shares, cash and currencies, it will be subject to the collective risks of these other funds. This may include emerging markets risk and subinvestment grade credit risk. DocID: KIID_GB00BJ38GJ44_en_240720_U2 (GBP) Accumulation Performance Comparator: the performance comparator for the Fund is the IA Mixed Investment 20-60% Shares Sector average performance. The Fund is actively managed and is not managed with reference to a benchmark. Recommendation: the Fund may not be appropriate for investors who plan to withdraw their money within five years. Treatment of income: as shares in this class are accumulation shares, income from investments will be reinvested into the Fund and reflected in the value of the shares. Dealing: you can generally buy and sell shares on any day on which the London Stock Exchange is open for normal business – please refer to the Prospectus for exceptions. Emerging markets risk - less developed countries may face more political, economic or structural challenges than developed countries. Credit risk - the issuer of a bond or a similar investment within the Fund may not pay income or repay capital to the Fund when due. Bonds which are rated below investment grade are considered to have a higher risk exposure with respect to meeting their payment obligations. Interest rate risk - investments in bonds are affected by interest rates and inflation trends which may affect the value of the Fund. Currency risk - the Fund is denominated in British Pounds but may hold assets denominated in, or with exposure to, other currencies. The value of your shares may rise and fall as a result of exchange rate movements between these currencies. Derivative risk - the Fund uses derivatives to generate returns and/or to reduce costs and the overall risk of the Fund. Using derivatives can involve a higher level of risk. A small movement in the price of an underlying investment may result in a disproportionately large movement in the price of the derivative investment. Derivatives also involve counterparty risk where the institutions acting as counterparty to derivatives may not meet their contractual obligations. Capital erosion risk - the Fund takes its charges from the income of the Fund in the first instance. The impact of Fund charges may be material on the value of any income you receive from your investment. There is potential for capital erosion if insufficient income is generated by the Fund to cover these charges. Capital erosion may have the effect of reducing the level of income generated. For a more detailed explanation of risks, please refer to the "Risks" section of the prospectus. These charges are used to pay the costs of running the Fund, including the costs of marketing and distribution. Overall, they reduce the growth of your investment. The charges shown are the maximum figures. In some cases you might pay less. The ongoing charges figure is based on the fixed ongoing charge as detailed in the prospectus. It excludes portfolio transaction costs, except in the case of an entry/exit charge paid by the Fund when buying or selling shares in another collective investment undertaking and may vary from year to year. You can find out more details about the charges by looking at Appendix 1 of the prospectus. U2 (GBP) Accumulation In July 2017 the Fund changed its Investment Policy. The performance before this date was achieved under circumstances that no longer apply. Past performance is not a guide to future performance. The value of the class is calculated in British Pounds. The past performance shown does not take into account any entry or exit charges but does take into account the ongoing charge, as shown in the Charges section. The Fund launched on 28 April 2008. This class started to issue shares on 19 February 2014. The Depositary is Citibank Europe plc, UK branch. Quilter Investors Creation Balanced Portfolio is a sub-fund of Quilter Investors Multi-Asset OEIC (the "Company"). The assets and liabilities of each sub-fund are segregated from other sub-funds although it is not yet known whether a foreign court would give effect to segregated liability under a foreign law contract and so this is not certain in every circumstance. Further information about the Company, copies of its prospectus, annual and half-yearly reports may be obtained, for the entire Company, free of charge in English from the registrar, SS&C, P.O. Box 10278 Chelmsford, CM99 2AR or visit www.quilterinvestors.com. Details of Quilter Investors Limited's remuneration policy which includes a description of how remuneration and benefits are calculated, the identities of the persons responsible for awarding remuneration and benefits and details of the remuneration committee, are available at www.quilterinvestors.com. A paper copy will be made available free of charge upon request to Quilter Investors Limited. The latest share prices are available from the registrar during normal business hours and will be published daily at www.quilterinvestors.com. You may switch your shares to the shares of another sub-fund of the Company free of charge. For further details see the "Switching" section of the prospectus. This Fund is subject to tax laws and regulations of the United Kingdom. Depending on your home country of residence, this might have an impact on your personal tax position. For further details, please speak to your financial adviser. This Fund is authorised in the United Kingdom and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Quilter Investors Limited is authorised in the United Kingdom and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. 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YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. FORM 10-Q/A (Amended Quarterly Report) Filed 10/06/17 for the Period Ending 06/30/17 Address 19 PRESIDENTIAL WAY SUITE 201 WOBURN, MA, 01801 Telephone 617-583-1700 CIK 0001121702 Symbol YTEN SIC Code 3080 - Miscellaneous Plastics Products Industry Biotechnology & Medical Research Sector Healthcare Fiscal Year 12/31 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-Q/A (Amendment No. 1) ý QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017 OR o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-33133 YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. Delaware 04-3158289 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 19 Presidential Way Woburn, MA 01801 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) (617) 583-1700 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesý Noo Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yesý Noo Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filero Accelerated filero Non-accelerated filero (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting companyx Emerging growth companyo If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o Noý The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of August 8, 2017 was 3,454,601. EXPLANATORY NOTE This Amendment No. 1 on Form 10‑Q/A (this "Amendment No. 1" or "Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q/A") amends Yield10 Bioscience, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the period ended June 30, 2017 (the "Original Filing"). The purpose of this Amendment No. 1 is to correct an error in the management certification attached to the Original Filing as Exhibit 31.2. Other than the revised and currently dated management certification attached hereto as Exhibit 31.2, the inclusion with this Amendment No. 1 of currently dated certifications by management as Exhibits 31.1 and 32.1, amendments to the List of Exhibits contained in Part II, Item 6 of the Original Filing, and amendments to reflect the filing on Form 10‑Q/A, this Amendment No. 1 speaks only as of the date of the Original Filing and does not amend, supplement or update any information contained in the Original Filing to give effect to any subsequent events. Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. Form 10-Q/A For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2017 Table of Contents Item 1. 2. 3. 4. Item 1. 1A. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 19 27 27 29 29 29 39 39 39 39 40 41 PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. UNAUDITED (in thousands, except share and per share data) Assets Restricted cash Other assets 7,309 66 1 121 363 — 7,860 432 1,739 622 95 10,748 56 2,702 2,758 1,132 489 4,379 — 28 339,782 (84) (333,357) 6,369 10,748 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS UNAUDITED (in thousands, except share and per share data) Revenue: Expenses: 345 345 2,975 3,421 6,396 (6,051) 4 (6,047) (3,649) (3,649) (9,696) (2.20) (1.32) (3.52) 2,754,232 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS UNAUDITED (in thousands) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, Net loss: (9,696) (6) (6) (9,702) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS UNAUDITED (in thousands) Six Months Ended Net loss Depreciation (9,696) 272 232 901 (31) (72) 118 47 (17) 1,043 1,273 (2,141) (150) 605 (7,616) (389) 31 (307) (665) (274) (274) (6) (8,561) 12,269 3,708 301 1,332 — — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS UNAUDITED (All dollar amounts, except share and per share amounts, are stated in thousands) 1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. ("Yield10 Bioscience," "Yield10" or the "Company") was founded as Metabolix, Inc. in 1992 and changed its name in January 2017. Yield10 is an agricultural bioscience company focusing on the development of new technologies to enable step-change increases in crop yield to enhance global food security. Yield10 is using two proprietary advanced biotechnology trait gene discovery platforms to improve fundamental crop yield through enhanced photosynthetic carbon capture and increased carbon utilization efficiency to increase seed yield. These platforms are based on the principle that plants which capture and utilize carbon more efficiently will enable more robust crops capable of increased seed yield. Yield10 is working to translate and demonstrate the commercial value of novel yield trait genes it has identified in major crops and to identify additional genome editing targets for improved crop performance in several key food and feed crops, including canola, soybean, rice and corn. Yield10 Bioscience is headquartered in Woburn, Massachusetts and has an additional agricultural science facility with greenhouses located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by Yield10 in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Company's annual consolidated financial statements have been condensed or omitted. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The condensed consolidated financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 . The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for any future period or the entire fiscal year. These interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 , which are contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2017. On May 26, 2017, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of its common stock. The ratio for the reverse stock split was determined by the Company's board of directors following approval by stockholders the Company's annual meeting held on May 24, 2017. Unless otherwise indicated, all share amounts, per share data, share prices, exercise prices, and conversion rates set forth in these notes and the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have, where applicable, been adjusted retroactively to reflect this reverse stock split. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes that the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. With the exception of 2012, when the Company recognized $38,885 of deferred revenue from a terminated joint venture, the Company has recorded losses since its initial founding, including its fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2017. During 2016, the Company completed a strategic restructuring under which Yield10 Bioscience became its core business. In connection with the restructuring, the Company discontinued its pilot biopolymer production and other biopolymer operations, sold substantially all of its biopolymer assets to CJ CheilJedang Corporation ("CJ") for a total purchase price of $10,000 and reduced staffing levels to approximately twenty full-time employees as of December 31, 2016, in order to focus on crop science activities and significantly reduce the Company's cash burn rate used in operations. During 2016, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $3,513 and as of June 30, 2017, restructuring obligations of $1,410 remain outstanding with various payment due dates through May 2018. As of June 30, 2017, the Company held unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $3,011 . On July 7, 2017, the Company completed an offering of its securities and raised net proceeds from the transaction of approximately $2,012 . As a result of raising these additional funds, the Company anticipates that its current cash resources will be sufficient to fund operations and meet its obligations, including its remaining restructuring obligations, when due, into the first quarter of 2018. This forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. The Company has evaluated the guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-15,Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) in order to determine whether there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date its financial statements are issued. The Company's ability to continue operations after its current cash resources are exhausted depends on its ability to obtain additional financing through, among other sources, public or private equity financing, secured or unsecured debt financing, equity or debt bridge financing, additional government research grants or collaborative arrangements with third parties, as to which no assurances can be given. Management does not know whether additional financing will be available on terms favorable or acceptable to the Company when needed, if at all. If adequate additional funds are not available when required, or if the Company is unsuccessful in entering collaborative arrangements for further research, management may be forced to curtail the Company's research efforts, explore strategic alternatives and/or wind down its operations and pursue options for liquidating its remaining assets, including intellectual property and equipment. Based on the cash forecast, management has determined that the Company's present capital resources are not sufficient to fund its planned operations for the twelve months from the date that the financial statements are issued, which raises substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. In October 2015, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, ("Aspire") under which Aspire was committed to purchase, at the Company's direction, up to an aggregate of $20,000 of shares of the Company's common stock over a 30 month period. Transactions under the Aspire agreement are required to be variable rate transactions which are prohibited by the securities agreement enacted in conjunction with the Company's July 7, 2017 offering. As such, the Aspire facility is no longer available to the Company as a source of capital. 2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09,Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU No. 2016-09"). ASU No. 2016-09 involves several aspects of the accounting of share-based payment transactions of which the accounting for forfeitures of stock awards is the most significant for the Company. Under the adopted guidance, the Company made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur rather than continue with the previous method of estimating forfeiture rates when determining the fair value of service-based stock awards and then adjusting compensation expense in later periods for actual forfeitures as they occur or to reverse the effects of the estimated forfeiture rates if a forfeiture does not occur. The Company previously provided a forfeiture rate of approximately 6 percent . Due to the nature of vesting terms of the Company's stock options, the adoption of this standard had no material impact on the Company's operations or financial position. Other than ASU No. 2016-09, there have been no material changes in accounting policies since the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 , as described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year then ended. Principles of Consolidation The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions were eliminated, including transactions with its Canadian subsidiary, Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc. On September 16, 2016, the Company completed the sale of its biopolymer intellectual property and certain equipment and inventory to an affiliate of CJ in a transaction that met the requirements for discontinued operations reporting in accordance with ASU No. 2014-08,Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity . The condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six month periods ending June 30, 2016, have been presented to reflect the Company's biopolymer operation as a discontinued operation. Restructuring In July 2016, the Company announced a strategic restructuring under which Yield10 Bioscience became its core business and its biopolymer operations were discontinued. The Company records estimated restructuring charges for employee severance and contract termination costs as a current period expense as those costs become contractually fixed, probable and estimable. The long and short-term obligations associated with these charges is reduced or adjusted as payments are made or the Company's estimates are revised. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Foreign Currency Translation Foreign denominated assets and liabilities of the Company's wholly owned foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the prevailing exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Any resulting translation gains or losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. When the Company dissolves, sells or substantially sells all of the assets of a consolidated foreign subsidiary, the cumulative translation gain or loss of that subsidiary is released from comprehensive income (loss) and included within its consolidated statement of operations during the fiscal period when the dissolution or sale occurs. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using future enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the realization of favorable tax attributes in future tax returns, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its otherwise recognizable net deferred tax assets. The Company follows the accounting guidance related to income taxes including guidance which addresses accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. This guidance prescribes a threshold for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. It also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transitions. The Company had no amounts recorded for any unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2017 or December 31, 2016 . Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company has historically invested its cash equivalents in highly rated money market funds, corporate debt, federal agency notes and U.S. treasury notes. Investments, when purchased, are acquired in accordance with the Company's investment policy which establishes a concentration limit per issuer. At June 30, 2017 , the Company's cash equivalents are invested solely in money market funds. The Company provides credit to customers in the normal course of business. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers' financial condition and limits the amount of credit extended when deemed necessary. At June 30, 2017 , $293 of the Company's accounts and unbilled receivables of $308 are due from U.S. government grants. 3. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted as of the specified effective date. . In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15,Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments The new standard clarifies certain aspects of the statement of cash flows, including the classification of debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, distributions received from equity method investees and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. The new standard also clarifies that an entity should determine each separately identifiable source or use within the cash receipts and cash payments on the basis of the nature of the underlying cash flows. In situations in which cash receipts and payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated by source or use, the appropriate classification should depend on the activity that is likely to be the predominant source or use of cash flows for the item. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13,Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . The new standard changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. Under the new standard, entities holding financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income are to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. An allowance for credit losses will be a valuation account that will be deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02,Leases (Topic 842). The new standard requires that all lessees recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet and disclose qualitative and quantitative information about their leasing arrangements. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01,Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities . The new standard amends certain aspects of accounting and disclosure requirements of financial instruments, including the requirement that equity investments with readily determinable fair values be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in our results of operations. The new standard does not apply to investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee. Equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values may be measured at fair value or at cost minus impairment adjusted for changes in observable prices. A financial liability that is measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option is required to be presented separately in other comprehensive income for the portion of the total change in the fair value resulting from change in the instrument-specific credit risk. In addition, a valuation allowance should be evaluated on deferred tax assets related to available-for-sale debt securities in combination with other deferred tax assets. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The ASU is the result of a joint project by the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue and to develop a common revenue standard for GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") that would: remove inconsistencies and weaknesses, provide a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues, improve comparability of revenue recognition practices across entities, jurisdictions, industries, and capital markets, improve disclosure requirements and resulting financial statements, and simplify the presentation of financial statements. The core principle of the new guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is not permitted. On July 9, 2015, the FASB voted to delay the effective date of the new revenue standard by one year, but to permit entities to choose to adopt the standard as of the original date. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the effects the new revenue standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company intends to complete the process during 2017 and adopt the standard on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective adoption transition method. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. 4. BASIC AND DILUTED NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted shares outstanding is calculated by adding to the weighted shares outstanding any potential (unissued) shares of common stock from outstanding stock options and warrants based on the treasury stock method, as well as weighted shares outstanding of any potential (unissued) shares of common stock from restricted stock units. In periods when a net loss is reported, all common stock equivalents are excluded from the calculation because they would have an anti-dilutive effect, meaning the loss per share would be reduced. Therefore, in periods when a loss is reported, there is no difference in basic and dilutive loss per share. Common stock equivalents include stock options, restricted stock awards and warrants. On May 26, 2017, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of its common stock. The calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share, as presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations, have been determined based on a retroactive adjustment of weighted average shares outstanding for all periods presented. The number of shares of potentially dilutive common stock presented on a weighted average basis, related to options, restricted stock units and warrants (prior to consideration of the treasury stock method) that were excluded from the calculation of dilutive shares since the inclusion of such shares would be antidilutive for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are shown below. Warrants issued to investors as a result of the Company's financing completed on July 7, 2017, have been excluded from the table. See Note 14 - Subsequent Events. Three Months Ended June 30, Options Warrants 93,442 94,869 393,300 581,611 Six Months Ended June 30, 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company has certain financial assets recorded at fair value which have been classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy as described in the accounting standards for fair value measurements. Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or the price paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between independent market participants at the measurement date. Fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize observable data such as quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize data points other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs utilize unobservable data points in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. The fair value hierarchy level is determined by the lowest level of significant input. At June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company did not own any Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets or liabilities and there were no transfers of financial assets or liabilities between category levels. The Company's assets are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The balance of Level 1 assets as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were $1,021 and $1,018 , respectively, and for both periods the assets were invested in money market funds classified in cash and cash equivalents. 6. ACCRUED EXPENSES Accrued expenses consisted of the following at: 713 939 459 591 2,702 Other 7. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Expense Information for Employee Stock Awards The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards of $399 and $663 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards of $310 and $901 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. Of the amounts reflected for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, $35 and $198 were included in discontinued operations within the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. At June 30, 2017 , there was approximately $1,537 of pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to unvested awards not yet recognized. The compensation expense related to unvested stock options is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 1.32 years. Stock Options A summary of option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows: 34.49 3.94 — 5.55 417.84 18.01 18.01 38.60 Restricted Stock Units Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") awarded to employees generally vest in four equal annual installments beginning one year after the date of grant, subject to service conditions. RSUs awarded to non-employee directors generally vest one year after the date of grant, with the exception of RSUs granted in lieu of cash compensation, which vest immediately. The Company records stock compensation expense for RSUs on a straight line basis over their vesting period based on each RSU's award date market value. The Company pays minimum federal, state or provincial income tax withholding associated with RSUs for its U.S. and Canadian employees. As the RSUs vest, the Company withholds a number of shares with an aggregate fair market value equal to the minimum tax withholding amount (unless the employee makes other arrangements for payment of the tax withholding) from the common stock issuable at the vest date. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company paid $12 and $274 , respectively, for income tax withholdings associated with RSUs that vested during these periods. A summary of RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows: Awarded Forfeited Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired 8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Lease Commitments In 2016, the Company entered into a lease agreement, pursuant to which the Company leases approximately 29,622 square feet of office and research and development space located at 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, Massachusetts. The lease began on June 1, 2016 and will end on November 30, 2026. The Company provided the landlord with a security deposit in the form of a letter of credit in the amount of $307 . Pursuant to the lease, the Company will also pay certain taxes and operating costs associated with the premises during the term of the lease. During the buildout of the rented space, the landlord paid $889 for tenant improvements to the facility and an additional $444 for tenant improvements that result in increased rental payments by the Company. The current and non-current portions of the lease incentive obligations related to the landlord's contributions toward the cost of tenant improvements are recorded within accrued expenses and long-term lease incentive obligation, respectively, in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet contained herein. In October 2016, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with CJ for the sublease of approximately 9,874 square feet of its leased facility located in Woburn, Massachusetts. The sublease space was determined to be in excess of the Company's needs as a result of its strategic shift to Yield10 Bioscience and the related restructuring of its operations. The sublease term is coterminous with the Company's master lease. CJ pays rent and operating expenses equal to approximately one-third of the amounts payable to the landlord by the Company, as adjusted from time-to-time in accordance with the terms of the master lease. Total future minimum operating lease payments of $7,089 shown below are net of the CJ sublease payments. CJ has provided the Company with a security deposit of $103 in the form of an irrevocable letter of credit. The Company also leases approximately 13,702 square feet of office and laboratory space at 650 Suffolk Street, Lowell, Massachusetts. The lease for this facility expires in May 2020, with an option to renew for one five -year period. The Company is currently working with a commercial real estate broker to locate a subtenant for this space. The Company's wholly owned subsidiary, Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc. ("MOI"), located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, leases approximately 4,100 square feet of office, laboratory and greenhouse space. MOI's leases for its various leased facilities expire between September 30, 2017 and July 31, 2018. The Company expects to renew these Canadian leases prior to their expiration. Annual base rental payments remaining due under the Company's leases, net of sublease payments expected from CJ, are as follows: 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total 463 875 855 734 654 3,508 7,089 Contractual Commitments In connection with the discontinuation of biopolymer operations, the Company ceased pilot production of biopolymer material and reached agreements during 2016 with the owner-operators of its biopolymer pilot production facilities regarding the termination of their services. The Company recorded contract termination costs related to these manufacturing agreements of $2,641 during the quarter ended September 30, 2016, which was recorded within discontinued operations in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of June 30, 2017, $1,194 remains outstanding and is payable in quarterly installments through May 2018. The short and long-term portions of these contract liabilities are recorded in accrued expenses and contract termination obligation, respectively, in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets contained herein. Litigation From time-to-time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently aware of any such proceedings or claims that it believes will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or the results of operations. Guarantees As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company did not have significant liabilities recorded for guarantees. The Company enters into indemnification provisions under various agreements with other companies in the ordinary course of business, typically with business partners, contractors, and customers. Under these provisions, the Company generally indemnifies and holds harmless the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party as a result of its activities. These indemnification provisions generally survive termination of the underlying agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is unlimited. However, to date Yield10 Bioscience has not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. As a result, the estimated fair value of the indemnifications under these agreements is believed to be minimal. Accordingly, the Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. 9. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION The geographic distribution of the Company's operating revenues from continuing operations and long-lived assets are summarized in the tables below: 293 — 293 188 — 188 617 — 617 345 — 345 Foreign revenue is based on the country in which the Company's subsidiary that earned the revenue is domiciled. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , revenue earned from the Company's Camelina grants with the U.S. Department of Energy totaled $293 and $586 , respectively, and represented 100% and 95% of total revenue. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, revenue earned from the Company's Camelina grants totaled $188 and $345 , respectively, and represented 100% of total revenue for both periods. The geographic distribution of the Company's long-lived assets is summarized as follows: June 30, 2017 1,633 1,739 10. LICENSE AGREEMENTS AND RELATED PARTIES The Company previously licensed certain technology to Tepha, Inc., a related party, for use in medical applications. During May 2016, the Company entered into an amendment to its license agreement with Tepha, in which the Company received a lump sum payment of $2,000 in consideration for an early buyout of all future royalties under the agreement and the licensing of two additional production strains and related intellectual property. The Company completed delivery of the technology to Tepha during the quarter ended September 30, 2016. As a result of this buyout, no further Tepha royalty or licensing revenue has been or will be earned by the Company after September 2016. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recorded license and royalty revenue from Tepha of $1,580 and $1,778 , respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had $1 of outstanding receivables due from Tepha. The patents underlying this license agreement are now owned by CJ. As a consequence of this sale and the Company's discontinuation of its biopolymer operations, license fee and royalty revenue is included within income from discontinued operations within the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations contained in this Quarterly Report. 11. CAPITAL STOCK Common Stock On May 26, 2017, the Company effected a 1-for- 10 reverse stock split of its common stock. The ratio for the reverse stock split was determined by the Company's board of directors following approval by stockholders at the Company's annual meeting held on May 24, 2017. The reverse stock split reduced the number of shares of the Company's common stock outstanding at the time of the reverse stock split from approximately 28.7 million shares to approximately 2.9 million shares. Proportional adjustments were made to the Company's outstanding stock options and restricted stock units and to the number of shares issued and issuable under the Company's equity compensation plans. The number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock remained at 250 million shares. In connection with the wind down of biopolymer operations, the Company ceased pilot production of biopolymer material at its third-party biopolymer pilot production facilities. In September 2016, the Company entered into an early termination agreement with the owner-operator of one of the biopolymer production facilities. As part of the consideration for the early termination, the Company issued 27,500 unregistered shares of Yield10 Bioscience common stock. In October 2015, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire under which Aspire was committed to purchase, at the Company's direction, up to an aggregate of $20,000 of shares of Company common stock over a 30 month period. Transactions under the Aspire agreement are required to be variable rate transactions which are prohibited by the securities agreement enacted in conjunction with the Company's July 7, 2017 offering. As such, the Aspire facility is no longer available to the Company as a source of capital. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company wrote off its deferred equity offering costs of $622 related to the Aspire agreement since the Company no longer intends to pursue transactions under this agreement. Expense related to this write off of deferred equity offering costs are included within general and administrative expense for the three and six months ending June 30, 2017, within the condensed consolidated statements of operations included herein. Preferred Stock The Company's restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, authorizes it to issue up to 5 million shares of $0.01 par value preferred stock. As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, no preferred stock was issued or outstanding. 12. RESTRUCTURING In July 2016, the Company announced a strategic restructuring under which Yield10 Bioscience became its core business and its biopolymer operations were discontinued. As part of its strategic restructuring, the Company reduced staffing levels to twenty full-time employees as of December 31, 2016, and in January 2017, the Company formally changed its name to Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. For further discussion of this strategic shift, see Note 13, "Discontinued Operations," to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A. In connection with the wind down of biopolymer operations, the Company also ceased pilot production of biopolymer materials and reached agreements with the owner-operators of its biopolymer production facilities regarding the termination of these services. Through June 30, 2017, the Company made cash payments of $1,907 , issued 27,500 shares of company common stock with a fair value of $85 and transferred certain biopolymer-related production equipment with a net book value of $111 to settle a portion of these agreements and other restructuring activities. At June 30, 2017, remaining cash restructuring costs are estimated to be $1,410 . 3,513 Paid in Cash (1,907) (196) 1,410 With the exception of approximately $238 of the $872 in employee severance and related costs incurred for non-biopolymer employees, total restructuring costs shown in the table were classified within discontinued operations in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2016. Amounts related to the biopolymer production agreements are included within research and development expenses as shown in Note 13, "Discontinued Operations" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A. 13. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS In July 2016, the Company announced a strategic restructuring plan under which Yield10 Bioscience became its core business. Yield10 Bioscience discontinued its biopolymer operations and eliminated positions in both its biopolymer operations and corporate organization. As part of this strategic shift, the Company completed the sale of its biopolymer intellectual property and certain equipment and inventory to an affiliate of CJ during September 2016. The $10,000 purchase price paid by CJ was primarily for the acquisition of intellectual property, including the Company's PHA strains, patent rights, know-how and its rights, title and interest in certain license agreements. None of this intellectual property was previously capitalized to the Company's balance sheet. As such, the transaction resulted in a gain on the sale of approximately $9,868 , net of the book value of the equipment sold. In addition to the CJ purchase, other parties acquired various capital equipment of the biopolymer operation for a total purchase price of approximately $428 , resulting in a net loss on sale of this equipment of approximately $35 . After 2016, the Company has not had and is not expected to have further significant involvement in the operations of the discontinued biopolymer business. The following are the operating items comprising income or loss from discontinued operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. Total revenue 3,122 238 5,646 918 6,802 (30) (3,650) The following are the non-cash operating items related to discontinued operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 216 120 198 178 14. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On July 7, 2017, the Company completed an offering of its securities. Proceeds from the transaction were approximately $2,012 , net of estimated issuance costs of $272 . Investors participating in the transaction purchased a total of 570,784 shares of common stock at a price of $4.00 per share and an equal number of warrants with an exercise price of $5.04 per share, exercisable beginning on the six-month anniversary of the date of issuance. The warrants expire on the sixth anniversary of the date that they become exercisable. ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. (All dollar amounts are stated in thousands) Forward Looking Statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements relate to our future plans, objectives, expectations and intentions and may be identified by words such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipate," "intends," "target," "projects," "contemplates," "believe," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," and "continue," or similar words. Although we believe that our expectations are based on reasonable assumptions within the limits of our knowledge of our business and operations, the forward-looking statements contained in this document are neither promises nor guarantees. Our business is subject to significant risk and uncertainties and there can be no assurance that our actual results will not differ materially from our expectations. These forward looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our business plans and strategies; the expected results of our strategic restructuring to focus on Yield10 Bioscience as our core business; expected future financial results and cash requirements; plans for obtaining additional funding; plans and expectations that depend on our ability to continue as a going concern; and plans for development and commercialization of our Yield10 technologies. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated including, without limitation, risks related to our limited cash resources, uncertainty about our ability to secure additional funding, risks and uncertainties associated with our restructuring plans, risks related to the execution of our business plans and strategies, risks associated with the protection and enforcement of our intellectual property rights, as well as other risks and uncertainties set forth under the caption "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The forward-looking statements and risk factors presented in this document are made only as of the date hereof and we do not intend to update any of these risk factors or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of our forward-looking statements other than as required under the federal securities laws. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Form 10-Q/A to "Yield10 Bioscience," "Yield10," "we," "our," "us," "our company" or "the company" refer to Yield10 Bioscience, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries. Overview Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. is an agricultural bioscience company focusing on the development of new technologies to enable step-change increases in crop yield to enhance global food security. We consider 10-20 percent increases in crop yield to be step-change increases. According to a United Nations report, food production must be increased by over 70 percent in the next 35 years to feed the growing global population, which is expected to increase from 7 billion to more than 9.6 billion by 2050. During that time period, there will be a reduction in available arable land as a result of infrastructure growth and increased pressure on scarce water resources. Harvestable food production per acre and per growing season must be increased to meet this demand. Yield10 is using two proprietary advanced biotechnology trait gene discovery platforms to improve fundamental crop yield through enhanced photosynthetic carbon capture and increased carbon utilization efficiency to increase seed yield. These platforms are based on the principle that plants which capture and utilize carbon more efficiently will enable more robust crops capable of increased seed yield. Yield10 is working to develop, translate and demonstrate the commercial value of new genetically engineered yield trait genes, identified in our discovery platforms, in major crops and to identify additional genome editing targets for improved crop performance in several key food and feed crops, including canola, soybean, rice and corn. Yield10 Bioscience is headquartered in Woburn, Massachusetts and has an additional agricultural science facility with greenhouses in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Yield10 Bioscience was founded as Metabolix, Inc. in 1992 and originally focused on redirecting carbon flow in living systems to produce bioplastics and biobased chemicals. In 1997, Metabolix started a crop science research program with the intent to produce the microbial bioplastic polyhydroxybutyrate ("PHB") in high concentration in the seeds of oilseed crops or in the leaves of biomass crops where it acts as an additional carbon sink or carbon store. As we made progress on our crop program, we learned that the rate of carbon supply from photosynthesis was a bottleneck to the effective utilization of carbon, and we initiated a series of exploratory programs to develop new technologies to fundamentally increase the plants' ability to fix and capture more carbon. These early research programs resulted in the establishment of our crop yield trait gene discovery platforms and the identification of a series of promising proprietary yield trait genes. In our work to date, our team has demonstrated step-change yield increases in Camelina seed production and in switchgrass biomass production. We are currently progressing the development of our lead yield trait genes in canola, soybean, rice and corn to provide step-change yield solutions for enhancing global food security. Based on encouraging early results from these gene discovery programs, we refocused our crop science efforts to yield improvement in major food and feed crops in 2015 and rebranded the effort as Yield10 Bioscience. In 2016, we sold our biopolymers assets and restructured the Company around our crop science mission. In January 2017, we completed this transition and changed the name of the company to Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. In connection with our restructuring, we initiated actions during July 2016 to significantly reduce our workforce and cease pilot biopolymer production in an effort to significantly reduce our ongoing cash burn rate. During September 2016, we completed the sale of our biopolymer intellectual property and certain equipment and inventory to an affiliate of CJ CheilJedang Corporation ("CJ") for a total purchase price of $10,000. In winding down its biopolymer operations, the Company also ceased pilot production of biopolymer materials and reached agreements with the owner-operators of its biopolymer production facilities regarding the termination of these services. Through June 30, 2017, we made cash payments of $1,251 , issued 27,500 shares of common stock with a fair value of $85 and transferred certain biopolymer-related production equipment with a net book value of $111 to settle a portion of these agreements and other restructuring activities. Remaining cash restructuring costs are estimated to be approximately $1,410 , and are expected to be paid out through May 2018. As of June 30, 2017, we held unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $3,011 . On July 7, 2017, we completed an offering of our securities and deposited net proceeds from the transaction of approximately $2,012 . As a result of acquiring these additional funds, we anticipate that our current cash resources will be sufficient to fund operations and meet our obligations, including our remaining restructuring obligations, when due, into the first quarter of 2018. This forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. We have evaluated the new guidance of ASU 2014-15,Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) in order to determine whether there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date our financial statements are issued. Our ability to continue operations after our current cash resources are exhausted depends on our ability to obtain additional financing through, among other sources, public or private equity financing, secured or unsecured debt financing, equity or debt bridge financing, additional government research grants or collaborative arrangements with third parties, as to which no assurances can be given. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on terms favorable or acceptable to us when needed, if at all. If adequate additional funds are not available when required, or if we are unsuccessful in entering collaborative arrangements for further research, we may be forced to curtail our research efforts, explore strategic alternatives and/or wind down our operations and pursue options for liquidating our remaining assets, including intellectual property and equipment. Based on our cash forecast, we have determined that our present capital resources are not sufficient to fund our planned operations for a twelve month period from the date that our financial statements are issued, and therefore, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Since launching Yield10 in September 2015, we have consolidated our crop science intellectual property position, identified novel gene targets for improving crop yield, formed a scientific advisory board with academic and business leaders in plant science, conducted greenhouse trials and secured an ARPA-e grant to support multi-trait field trials in Camelina incorporating our Smart Carbon Grid traits. Government Grants Our principal sources of revenue are government research grants. As of June 30, 2017 , expected gross proceeds of $758 remain to be received under our U.S. government grants. This includes amounts for reimbursement to our subcontractors, as well as reimbursement for our employees' time, benefits and other expenses related to future performance. The status of our government grants is as follows: Program Title Approach" Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") for interim financial information. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation and strategic restructuring charges. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The critical accounting policies and the significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, are consistent with those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, in the section captioned "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments." Results of Operations Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 Revenue Three Months Ended June 30, 105 Grant revenue from continuing operations was $293 and $188 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Grant revenue for both periods consisted of revenue earned from our BETO Camelina grant with the Department of Energy. We anticipate grant revenue will decline during the remainder of 2017 as we near completion of the BETO Camelina grant. Expenses Three Months Ended June 30, (409) 717 308 Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses from continuing operations were $1,138 and $1,547 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease of $409 is primarily due to a decrease in research facility expenses. Research facility expenses decreased by $386 from $650 during the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $264 during the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily as a result of our move to our new, and less expensive, Woburn, Massachusetts facility. We expect that our 2017 research and development expenses will continue at levels below comparable 2016 periods as a result of our restructuring completed in the prior year and our ongoing efforts to closely manage cash usage. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses from continuing operations were $1,866 and $1,149 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase of $717 was primarily due to recognition of $622 in previously deferred equity offering costs related to a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, ("Aspire") and increased professional service fees. In October 2015, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire under which Aspire was committed to purchase, at our direction, up to an aggregate of $20,000 of shares of common stock over a 30 month period. Aspire purchase transactions, if initiated, would utilize pricing formulas that qualify them as variable rate transactions, as defined in the securities purchase agreement entered into in connection with our securities offering completed on July 7, 2017 (see Note 14 - Subsequent Events). The securities purchase agreement prohibits us from issuing shares of common stock involving variable rate transactions for a period of three years from the date on which the securities purchase agreement was signed, and as a result, the Aspire facility is no longer available to us as a source of capital. Since the deferred equity offering costs can no longer be offset against future common stock issuances to Aspire, we recognized the full deferral of $622 within general and administrative expenses during the three months ending June 30, 2017. Professional service fees increased by $212 from $117 during the three months ended June 30, 3016 to $329 during the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily as a result of higher external legal expenses. While we anticipate that general and administrative expenses may fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter, we expect that our 2017 general and administrative expenses will be below 2016 expenditure levels as a result of our restructuring completed in the prior year and our ongoing efforts to closely manage cash usage. Other Income (Expense), Net Three Months Ended June 30, Total other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net, reflects net expense of $16 and net income of $1 for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The net expense during the second quarter of 2017 is primarily the result of interest charges recorded in connection with payments being made by the Company through May 2018 related to the early termination of a third party manufacturing agreement. Other income, net, shown for the 2016 period, is primarily the result of income from our investment in money market funds and realized net gains from foreign currency translation. Discontinued Operations In July 2016, our Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan under which Yield10 Bioscience became our core business with a focus on developing disruptive technologies for step-change improvements in crop yield to enhance global food security. As a result of this strategic shift, we completed the sale of our biopolymer intellectual property and certain equipment and inventory to an affiliate of CJ during September 2016. We determined that the sale of our biopolymer assets and operations represented a transaction, under current accounting guidance, that met the requirements for discontinued operations reporting, and as such, the financial results of the biopolymer operations have been reflected as discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2016. During the three months ending June 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized a net loss from discontinued operations of $0 and $691 , respectively. Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 Revenue Six Months Ended June 30, 272 23 Grant revenue from continuing operations was $617 and $345 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Grant revenue for both periods primarily consisted of revenue earned from our BETO Camelina grant with the Department of Energy. Expenses Six Months Ended (728) (279) (1,007) Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses from continuing operations were $2,247 and $2,975 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease of $728 is primarily due to decreases in research facility and employee compensation and related benefit expenses. Research facility expenses decreased by $521 from $989 during the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $468 during the six months ended June 30, 2017, primarily as a result of our move to our new Woburn, Massachusetts facility. Employee compensation and related benefit expenses were $1,167 and $1,416 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease of $249 during the 2017 period is primarily attributable to decreases in headcount resulting from our recent restructuring. Sponsored research expenses increased by $119 to $243 during the six months ended June 30, 2017 from $124 during the six months ended June 30, 2016, primarily in connection with our use of third-party research and crop field trial support. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses from continuing operations were $3,142 and $3,421 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease of $279 was primarily due to decreased employee compensation and related benefit expenses, partially offset by the recognition of $622 of deferred equity offering costs related to Aspire as previously discussed. Employee compensation and related benefit expenses were $1,093 and $1,785 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $692 decrease in employee compensation and related benefits is due primarily to decreases in headcount during the second quarter of 2016 in connection with our strategic restructuring. Other Income (Expense), Net (51) Other income (expense), net, reflects net expense of $47 and net income of $4 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The net expense during the six months of 2017 is primarily the result of interest charges recorded in connection with payments we are making through May 2018 related to the early termination of a third party manufacturing agreement. Other income, net, shown for the 2016 period, is primarily the result of income from our investment in money market funds and realized net gains from foreign currency translation. Discontinued Operations During the six months ending June 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized a net loss from discontinued operations of $0 and $3,649 , respectively. Liquidity and Capital Resources Currently, we require cash to fund our working capital needs, to purchase capital assets, to pay our operating lease obligations and other operating costs. The primary sources of our liquidity have historically included equity financings, government research grants and income earned on cash and short-term investments. Since our inception, we have incurred significant expenses related to our research, development and commercialization efforts. With the exception of 2012, when we recognized $38,885 of deferred revenue from a terminated joint venture, we have recorded losses since our initial founding, including the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. As of June 30, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $338,176 . Our total unrestricted cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2017, were $3,011 as compared to $7,309 at December 31, 2016. As of June 30, 2017, we had no outstanding debt. Our cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2017, were held for working capital purposes. As of June 30, 2017, we had restricted cash of $432 . Restricted cash consists of $307 held in connection with the lease agreement for our Woburn, Massachusetts facility and $125 held in connection with our corporate credit card program. Investments are made in accordance with our corporate investment policy, as approved by our Board of Directors. The primary objective of this policy is to preserve principal and investments are limited to high quality corporate debt, U.S. Treasury bills and notes, money market funds, bank debt obligations, municipal debt obligations and asset-backed securities. The policy establishes maturity limits, concentration limits, and liquidity requirements. As of June 30, 2017, we were in compliance with this policy. On July 7, 2017, we completed an offering of our securities. Net proceeds from the transaction were approximately $2,012 . As a result of acquiring these additional funds, we anticipate that our current cash resources will be sufficient to fund operations and meet our obligations, including our restructuring obligations, when due, into the first quarter of 2018. This forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. We have adopted the new guidance of ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) in order to determine whether there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date our financial statements are issued. Our ability to continue operations after our current cash resources are exhausted depends on our ability to obtain additional financing through, among other sources, public or private equity financing, secured or unsecured debt financing, equity or debt bridge financing, additional government research grants or collaborative arrangements with third parties, as to which no assurances can be given. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on terms favorable or acceptable to us when needed, if at all. If adequate additional funds are not available when required, or if we are unsuccessful in entering collaborative arrangements for further research, we may be forced to curtail our research efforts, explore strategic alternatives and/or wind down our operations and pursue options for liquidating our remaining assets, including intellectual property and equipment. Based on our cash forecast, we have determined that our present capital resources are not sufficient to fund our planned operations for a twelve month period, and therefore, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. In October 2015, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, ("Aspire") under which Aspire was committed to purchase, at our direction, up to an aggregate of $20,000 of shares of our common stock over a 30 month period. Transactions under the Aspire agreement are required to be variable rate transactions which are prohibited by the securities agreement enacted in conjunction with the Company's July 7, 2017 offering. As such, the Aspire facility is no longer available to us as a source of capital. During 2016, we completed a strategic restructuring of our operations to focus on the Yield10 Bioscience business. We reduced staffing levels to twenty full-time employees and incurred restructuring costs for contract termination and employee post-termination benefits of approximately $3,513 which were primarily reflected in discontinued operations within our statement of operations for that year. At June 30, 2017, $1,410 of these restructuring charges remain outstanding, and they are reflected as liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheet and are expected to be paid out through May 2018. We currently anticipate that we will use approximately $8,000 - $8,500 of cash during 2017, including anticipated payments for restructuring costs. This estimated cash usage for operations is significantly less than cash used for operations of $14,700 during the year ended December 31, 2016. The reduction is primarily the result of our restructuring efforts. We will need additional capital to fully implement our business, operating and development plans and to support our capital needs. The timing, structure and vehicles for obtaining future financing are under consideration, but there can be no assurance that such financing efforts will be successful. If we do not receive additional funding during 2017, we may be forced to wind down our business, or have to delay, scale back or otherwise modify our business plans, research and development activities and other operations, and/or seek strategic alternatives. If we issue equity or debt securities to raise additional funds, (i) we may incur fees associated with such issuance, (ii) our existing stockholders will experience dilution from the issuance of new equity securities, (iii) we may incur ongoing interest expense and be required to grant a security interest in our assets in connection with any debt issuance, and (iv) the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. In addition, utilization of our net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards may be subject to significant annual limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to ownership changes resulting from future equity financing transactions. If we raise additional funds through collaboration, licensing or other similar arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our potential products or proprietary technologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Net cash used for operating activities was $4,286 during the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared to net cash used for operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2016 of $7,616 . Net cash used for operations during the six months ended June 30, 2017 primarily reflects the net loss of $4,819 partially offset by non-cash expenses, including stock-based compensation expense of $663 , depreciation expense of $106 and 401(k) stock matching contribution expense of $46 . The following are the non-cash operating items related to discontinued operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016. 216 120 198 Net cash of $0 was used by investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared to net cash used by investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2016 of $665 , including acquisitions of property and equipment related to our new Woburn facility of $389 and an increase in restricted cash of $307 in connection with entering into a letter of credit to secure the Woburn lease. Net cash of $12 was used by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared to net cash used by activities of $274 during the six months ended June 30, 2016. The amounts reflect our payment of minimum federal, state or Canadian provincial income tax withholdings associated with employee RSUs that vested during each six month period. As RSUs vest, we withhold a number of shares with an aggregate fair market value equal to the minimum tax withholding amount from the common stock issuable at the vest date. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of June 30, 2017 , we had no off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of the Securities and Exchange Commission's Regulation S- K. Related Party Transactions See Note 10, "License Agreements and Related Parties," to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10Q/A for a full description of our related party transactions. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 3, "Recent Accounting Pronouncements," to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements. ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. There have been no material changes in information regarding our exposure to market risk, as described in Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of June 30, 2017, we conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Accounting Officer regarding the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"). The term "disclosure controls and procedures" means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods and that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its principal executive and principal accounting officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Accounting Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) were not effective as of June 30, 2017 due to the material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting described below. As disclosed in Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective at December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to accounting for stock option modifications. We are undertaking steps during 2017 to remediate the causes of the internal control failure related to our accounting for the stock award modification. Specifically, we are performing the following steps: * Our accounting staff responsible for preparing and reviewing stock based compensation will complete renewed training in the accounting for stock award modifications as provided by current accounting standards, including FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718,Compensation – Stock Compensation; * We will assess whether our licensed stock compensation software, as used by us, was a contributing cause of the error, and if limitations exist in the calculation of stock compensation expense for stock award modifications, we will develop alternative procedures to ensure the accuracy of our calculations; * We will undertake additional staff training to ensure that we correctly utilize the software application for future stock award modifications as appropriate; and * We will develop and implement enhanced policies, procedures and controls related to the calculation of stock based compensation when a stock award modification occurs. We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment, and believe that these remediation efforts will represent significant improvements in our control environment. In the history of the company, stock award modifications have rarely occurred, if at all, before the ones that were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2016. In the event that we modify other stock awards, we will apply our enhanced procedures and controls to ensure a similar error does not occur. We expect that our remediation efforts will continue through 2017, although the material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable internal controls operate for a sufficient period of time, and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting With the exception of the material weakness and associated remediation plan related to the calculation of stock compensation expense discussed above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. PART II — OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently aware of any such proceedings or claims that it believes will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or the results of operations. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. Our business is subject to numerous risks. We caution you that the following important factors, among others, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, press releases, communications with investors and oral statements. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A and any other public statements we make may turn out to be wrong. They can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Many factors mentioned in the discussion below will be important in determining future results. Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. Actual future results may differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosure we make in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. (All dollar amounts, except per share amounts, are stated in thousands.) Risks Relating to our Financial Statements We will be required to raise additional funds to finance our operations and remain a going concern; we may not be able to do so when necessary, and/or the terms of any financings may not be advantageous to us. As of June 30, 2017, we held unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $3,011 . On July 7, 2017, we completed an offering of the Company's securities. Net proceeds from the transaction were approximately $2,012 . Our present capital resources may not be sufficient to fund our planned operations for a twelve month period, and therefore, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. In 2016, we completed a strategic restructuring under which Yield10 Bioscience has become our core business, with a focus on developing disruptive technologies for step-change improvements in crop yield to enhance global food security. We will require additional capital resources to support the implementation of this new strategy and we may pursue one or more of a variety of financing options, including public or private equity financing, secured or unsecured debt financing, equity or debt bridge financing, as well as licensing or other collaborative arrangements. There can be no assurance that our financing efforts will be successful. If we are not able to secure such additional capital resources or otherwise fund our operations, we may be forced to explore strategic alternatives and/or wind down our operations and pursue options for liquidating our remaining assets, including intellectual property and equipment. We continue to face significant challenges and uncertainties. Our future revenues, expenses and cash usage will depend on the successful execution of our strategic plans related to Yield10 Bioscience. Adequate financing to implement our new strategy may not be available. Available capital resources may be consumed more rapidly than currently expected due to any or all of the following: * higher restructuring costs than anticipated; * lower than expected revenues from grants, licenses, and service fees related to our Yield10 Bioscience technologies; * changes we may make to the business that affect ongoing operating expenses; * further changes we may make to our business strategy; * changes in our research and development spending plans; and * other items affecting our forecasted level of expenditures and use of cash resources. If we issue equity or debt securities to raise additional funds, we may incur fees associated with such issuances, our existing stockholders may experience dilution from the issuance of new equity securities, we may incur ongoing interest expense and be required to grant a security interest in our assets in connection with any debt issuance, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. In addition, utilization of our net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards may be subject to significant annual limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to ownership changes resulting from equity financing transactions. If we raise additional funds through collaboration, licensing or other similar arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our potential products or proprietary technologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We have a history of net losses and our future profitability is uncertain. With the exception of 2012, when we recognized $38,885 of deferred revenue from a terminated joint venture, we have recorded losses since our inception. At June 30, 2017, our accumulated deficit was $338.2 million. Since 1992, we have been engaged primarily in research and development and early-stage commercial activities. Because our crop science technology is at an early stage of development, we cannot be certain that the Yield10 Bioscience business will generate sufficient revenue to become profitable. We expect to have significant losses and negative cash flow for at least the next several years, as we incur additional costs and expenses for the continued development of our technology, including the ongoing expenses of research, development, commercialization and administration. The amount we spend will impact our need for capital resources as well as our ability to become profitable and this will depend, in part, on the number of new technologies that we attempt to develop. We may not achieve any or all of these goals and, thus, we cannot provide assurances that we will ever be profitable or achieve significant revenues. We have recently changed our corporate strategy to focus on the crop science industry, and our technologies in this area are at a very early stage of development. We may never commercialize a technology or product that will generate meaningful, or any, revenues. In July 2016, our Board of Directors approved a plan to implement a strategic restructuring under which Yield10 Bioscience has become our core business. As part of the restructuring, we discontinued our biopolymer operations, eliminated positions in our biopolymer operations and corporate organization, and sold certain of our biopolymer business assets. We currently anticipate that our annual net cash used in operations, including anticipated payments for restructuring costs, will be approximately $8,000 - $8,500 during 2017, compared to approximately $25,000 prior to the restructuring. The remaining cash restructuring costs associated with our strategic repositioning have various payment due dates through May 2018 and are estimated at approximately $1,410 as of June 30, 2017. However, the reduction in cash used in operations resulting from the restructuring may be less than expected. If we are not successful in reducing our cash used in operations, we may require more financing than anticipated or we may be forced to wind down our remaining operations. The products and technologies we are currently developing as a result of our strategic repositioning are at a very early stage of development, and the process of developing them is lengthy and uncertain. In addition, our current management has limited experience in developing technologies for the crop science industry, and has never commercialized a product or technology in this industry. We may never reach a point at which our efforts result in products that allow us to achieve revenue from their license or sale. Our recently implemented reverse stock split could adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock . On May 24, 2017, our stockholders approved an amendment to our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and authorized our Board of Directors, if in their judgment they deemed it necessary, to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio in the range of 1:2 to 1:10. We implemented this reverse stock split on May 30, 2017 with a ratio of 1:10. We cannot predict whether the reverse stock split will increase the market price for our common stock on a sustained basis. The history of similar stock split combinations for companies in like circumstances is varied, and we cannot predict whether: * the reverse stock split will result in a sustained per share price that will attract brokers and investors who do not trade in lower priced stocks; * the reverse stock split will result in a per share price that will increase our ability to attract and retain employees and other service providers; or * the market price per share will remain at a level in excess of the $1.00 minimum bid price as required by NASDAQ, or that we will otherwise meet the requirements of NASDAQ for continued inclusion for trading on The NASDAQ Capital Market. There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of The NASDAQ Capital Market. We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with the standards that we are required to meet in order to maintain a listing of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market. Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market, and NASDAQ provides various continued listing requirements that a company must meet in order for its stock to continue trading on The NASDAQ Capital Market. Among these requirements is the requirement that our stock trades at a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. On June 30, 2016, we received a deficiency letter from The NASDAQ Stock Market which provided us a grace period of 180 calendar days, or until December 27, 2016, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement; we subsequently received an additional 180 days (until June 26, 2017) to regain compliance with the requirement. On May 24, 2017, our stockholders approved an amendment to our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, authorizing a reverse stock split of our common stock. A 1-for-10 ratio for the reverse stock split was subsequently approved by our Board of Directors, and the reverse stock split took effect on May 30, 2017. As a result of the reverse stock split, every ten shares of our common stock were automatically combined and converted into one issued and outstanding share of our common stock, with no change in the par value per share. All share amounts, per share amounts and share prices in this Quarterly Report have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split. As of June 12, 2017 we regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. If we fail to continue to meet all applicable NASDAQ Capital Market requirements in the future and NASDAQ determines to delist our common stock, the delisting could substantially decrease trading in our common stock and adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock; adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms, if at all, for the continuation of our operations; and harm our business. Additionally, the market price of our common stock may decline further and stockholders may lose some or all of their investment. A portion of our revenue to date has been generated from government grants; continued availability of government grant funding is uncertain and contingent on compliance with the requirements of the grant. Historically, a portion of our revenue has been generated from payments to us from government entities in the form of government grants whereby we are reimbursed for certain expenses incurred in connection with our research and development activities, subject to our compliance with the specific requirements of the applicable grant, including rigorous documentation requirements. To the extent that we do not comply with these requirements, our expenses incurred may not be reimbursed. Any of our existing grants or new grants that we may obtain in the future may be terminated or modified. Our ability to obtain grants or incentives from government entities in the future is subject to the availability of funds under applicable government programs and approval of our applications to participate in such programs. The application process for these grants and other incentives is highly competitive. We may not be successful in obtaining any additional grants, loans or other incentives. Recent political focus on reducing spending at the U.S. federal and state levels may continue to reduce the scope and amount of funds dedicated to crop science products, if such funds will continue to be available at all. To the extent that we are unsuccessful in being awarded any additional government grants in the future, we would lose a potential source of revenue. Our government grants may subject us to government audits, which could expose us to penalties. We may be subject to audits by government agencies as part of routine audits of our activities funded by our government grants. As part of an audit, these agencies may review our performance, cost structures and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards and the terms and conditions of the grant. If any of our costs are found to be allocated improperly, the costs may not be reimbursed and any costs already reimbursed for such contract may have to be refunded. Accordingly, an audit could result in a material adjustment to our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if an audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions. Risks Relating to our Yield10 Bioscience Crop Science Program Our crop science product development cycle is lengthy and uncertain and will depend heavily on future collaborative partners. The technology and processes used in our crop science program and the application of our technology to enhance photosynthetic efficiency of crops are at an early stage of development. Research and development in the seed, agricultural biotechnology, and larger agriculture industries is expensive and prolonged and entails considerable uncertainty. Completion of our development work will require a significant investment of both time and money, if it can be completed at all. We expect that collaborations with established agricultural industry companies will be required to successfully develop and commercialize our innovations. The industry is highly concentrated and dominated by a small number of large players, which could impact efforts to form such collaborations. We may not be successful in establishing or maintaining suitable partnerships, and may not be able to negotiate collaboration agreements having terms satisfactory to us or at all. In addition, industry collaborators have significant resources and development capabilities and may develop products and technologies that compete with or negatively impact the development and commercialization of our technologies. Our crop science program may not be successful in developing commercial products. We and our potential future collaborators may spend many years and dedicate significant financial and other resources developing traits that will never be commercialized. Seeds containing the traits that we develop may never become commercialized for any of the following reasons: * our traits may not be successfully validated in the target crops; * our traits may not achieve our targeted yield improvements; * we may not be able to secure sufficient funding to progress our traits through development and commercial validation; * our traits may not have the desired effect sought by future collaborators for the relevant crops; * development and validation of traits, particularly during field trials, may be adversely affected by environmental or other circumstances beyond our control; * we or our future collaborators may be unable to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals for the seeds containing our traits; * competitors may launch competing or more effective seed traits or seeds; * a market may not exist for seeds containing our traits or such seeds may not be commercially successful; * future collaborators may be unable to fully develop and commercialize products containing our seed traits or may decide, for whatever reason, not to commercialize such products; and * we may be unable to patent our traits in the necessary jurisdictions. If any of these things were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operations. Research and development in the crop science industry is expensive and prolonged, and entails considerable uncertainty. Because of the stringent product performance and safety criteria applied in development of crop science products, products currently under development may neither survive the development process nor ultimately receive the requisite regulatory approvals needed to market such products. Even when such approvals are obtained, there can be no assurance that a new product will be commercially successful. In addition, research undertaken by competitors may lead to the launch of competing or improved products, which may affect sales of any products that we are able to develop. Even if we or our collaborators are successful in developing commercial products that incorporate our traits, such products may not achieve commercial success. Our strategy depends upon our or our collaborators' ability to incorporate our traits into a wide range of crops in significant markets and geographies. Even if we or our collaborators are able to develop commercial products that incorporate our traits, any such products may not achieve commercial success for one or more of the following reasons, among others: * products may fail to be effective in particular crops, geographies, or circumstances, limiting their commercialization potential; * our competitors may launch competing or more effective traits or products; * significant fluctuations in market prices for agricultural inputs and crops could have an adverse effect on the value of our traits; * farmers are generally cautious in their adoption of new products and technologies, with conservative initial purchases and proof of product required prior to widespread deployment, and accordingly, it may take several growing seasons for farmers to adopt our or our collaborators' products on a large scale; and * we may not be able to produce high-quality seeds in sufficient amounts to meet demand. Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if any of the above were to occur. Consumer and government resistance to genetically modified organisms may negatively affect the ability to commercialize crops containing our traits, as well as our public image. Food and feed made from genetically modified seeds are not accepted by many consumers and in certain countries production of certain genetically modified crops is effectively prohibited, including throughout the European Union, due to concerns over such products' effects on food safety and the environment. The high public profile of the biotechnology industry in food and feed production, and a lack of consumer acceptance of products to which we have devoted substantial resources, could have a negative impact on the commercial success of products that incorporate our traits and could materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain collaborations and to finance our crop science program. Further, we could incur substantial liability and/or legal expenses if there are claims that genetically-engineered crops damage the environment or contaminate other farm crops. This could distract our management and cause us to spend resources defending against such claims. Actions by consumer groups and others may disrupt research and development or production of genetically modified seeds. In addition, some government authorities have enacted, and others in the future might enact, regulations regarding genetically modified organisms, which may delay and limit or even prohibit the development and sale of such products. We may not be able to obtain or maintain the necessary regulatory approvals for our products, which could restrict our ability to sell those products in some markets. Seeds containing the traits that we develop must receive regulatory approval before they can be marketed, but we may not be able to obtain such approvals. Regulatory standards and procedures in the crop science industry are continuously changing, and responding to these changes and meeting existing and new requirements will be costly and burdensome. Even if we are able to obtain approvals for the seeds containing the traits that we develop, changing regulatory standards may affect our ability to maintain compliance with such regulatory standards. If ongoing or future field trials conducted by us or our collaborators are unsuccessful, we may be unable to complete the regulatory process for, or commercialize, our products in development on a timely basis. The successful completion of multi-year, multi-site field trials is critical to the success of product development and marketing efforts for products containing our traits. If our ongoing or future field trials, or those of our collaborators, are unsuccessful or produce inconsistent results or unanticipated adverse effects on crops, or if we or our collaborators are unable to collect reliable data, regulatory review of products in development containing our traits could be delayed or commercialization of products in development containing our traits may not be possible. In addition, more than one growing season may be required to collect sufficient data to develop or market a product containing our traits, and it may be necessary to collect data from different geographies to prove performance for customer adoption. Even in cases where field trials are successful, we cannot be certain that additional field trials conducted on a greater number of acres, or in different crops or geographies, will be successful. Generally, our collaborators conduct these field trials or we pay third parties, such as farmers, consultants, contractors, and universities, to conduct field trials on our behalf. Poor trial execution or data collection, failure to follow required agronomic practices, regulatory requirements, or mishandling of products in development by our collaborators or these third parties could impair the success of these field trials. Many factors that may adversely affect the success of our field trials are beyond our control, including weather and climatic variations, such as drought or floods, severe heat or frost, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes, uncommon pests and diseases, or acts of protest or vandalism. For example, if there was prolonged or permanent disruption to the electricity, climate control, or water supply operating systems in our greenhouses or laboratories, the crops in which we or our collaborators are testing our traits and the samples we or our collaborators store in freezers, both of which are essential to our research and development activities including field tests, could be severely damaged or destroyed, adversely affecting these activities and thereby our business and results of operations. Unfavorable weather conditions including drought or excessive rain, or fluctuations in temperature, can also reduce both acreage planted and incidence, or timing of, certain crop diseases or pest infestations, each of which may halt or delay our field trials. Any field test failure we may experience may not be covered by insurance and, therefore, could result in increased cost for the field trials and development of our traits, which may negatively impact our business, results of operations, and ability to secure financing. Such factors outside of our control can create substantial volatility relating to our business and results of operations. Competition in traits and seeds is intense and requires continuous technological development, and, if we are unable to compete effectively, our financial results will suffer. We face significant competition in the markets in which we operate. The markets for traits and agricultural biotechnology products are intensely competitive and rapidly changing. In most segments of the seed and agricultural biotechnology market, the number of products available to consumers is steadily increasing as new products are introduced. At the same time, the expiration of patents covering existing products reduces the barriers to entry for competitors. We may be unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, which may result in price reductions, reduced margins and the inability to achieve market acceptance for products containing our traits. In addition, most of our competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, distribution, research and development, and technical resources than us, and some of our collaborators have more experience in research and development, regulatory matters, manufacturing, and marketing. We anticipate increased competition in the future as new companies enter the market and new technologies become available. Our technologies may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors, which will prevent or limit our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of our traits being developed. Our business is subject to various government regulations and if we or our collaborators are unable to timely complete the regulatory process for our products in development, our or our collaborators' ability to market our traits could be delayed, prevented or limited. Our business is generally subject to two types of regulations: regulations that apply to how we and our collaborators operate and regulations that apply to products containing our traits. We apply for and maintain the regulatory permits necessary for our operations, particularly those covering our field trials, which we or our collaborators apply for and maintain regulatory approvals necessary for the commercialization of products containing our seed traits. Even if we and our collaborators make timely and appropriate applications for regulatory permits for our field trials, government delays in issuing such permits can significantly affect the development timelines for our traits, particularly if the planting period for a crop growing season expires before the necessary permits are obtained. In most of our key target markets, regulatory approvals must be received prior to the importation of genetically modified products. These regulatory processes are complex. For example, the U.S. federal government's regulation of biotechnology includes, but is not limited to, the USDA, which regulates the import, field testing, and interstate movement of genetically modified plants, and the FDA, which regulates foods derived from new plant varieties. In addition to regulation by the U.S. government, products containing our traits may be subject to regulation in each country in which such products are tested or sold. International regulations may vary from country to country and from those of the United States. The difference in regulations under U.S. law and the laws of foreign countries may be significant and, in order to comply with the laws of foreign countries, we may have to implement global changes to our products or business practices. Such changes may result in additional expense to us and either reduce or delay product development or sales. Additionally, we or our collaborators may be required to obtain certifications or approvals by foreign governments to test and sell the products in foreign countries. The regulatory process is expensive and time-consuming, and the time required to complete the process is difficult to predict and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. We have not completed all phases of the regulatory process for any of our traits in development. Our traits could require a significantly longer time to complete the regulatory process than expected, or may never gain approval, even if we and our collaborators expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval. The time required for regulatory approval, or any delay or denial of such approval, could negatively impact our ability to generate revenues and to achieve profitability and finance our ongoing operations. In addition, changes in regulatory review policies during the development period of any of our traits, changes in, or the enactment of, additional regulations or statutes, or changes in regulatory review practices for a submitted product application may cause a delay in obtaining approval or result in the rejection of an application for regulatory approval. Regulatory approval, if obtained, may be made subject to limitations on the intended uses for which we or our collaborators may market a product. These limitations could adversely affect our potential revenues. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may, among other things, result in fines, suspensions of regulatory approvals, product recalls, product seizures, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecution. Our work with the Smart Carbon Grid for Crops and the T3 Platform has identified promising potential targets for gene editing, and we believe that these approaches may be subject to less regulatory complexity in the U.S. during development and along the path to commercialization. Gene editing techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, which involve making small targeted changes to the DNA of a target organism, have been of interest to the agricultural biotech industry because this approach is believed to have the potential to significantly reduce development costs and regulatory timelines for crop trait development and market introduction. Recent statements by the United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) regarding the regulatory path for genetically edited plants and mushrooms suggest that they will not be subject to regulations typically used for genetically modified crops (i.e., they will not be considered "regulated articles") if the modified organisms do not contain any remaining genetic elements from the procedure used for gene editing. While we believe that these statements suggest that crops that are gene edited may not be subject to certain GMO regulations in the U.S., we cannot assure you that this regulatory path will be found to apply to any of our seed yield traits or that the regulatory agencies will not change this approach to the regulation of genome editing or introduce new regulatory procedures applicable to such technologies. The products of third parties or the environment may be negatively affected by the unintended appearance of our yield trait genes. The potential for unintended but unavoidable trace amounts, sometimes called "adventitious presence," of yield trait genes in conventional seed, or in the grain or products produced from conventional or organic crops, could affect general public acceptance of these traits. Trace amounts of yield trait genes may unintentionally be found outside our containment area in the products of third parties, which may result in negative publicity and claims of liability brought by such third parties against us. Furthermore, in the event of an unintended dissemination of our genetically engineered materials to the environment, we could be subject to claims by multiple parties, including environmental advocacy groups, as well as governmental actions such as mandated crop destruction, product recalls or additional stewardship practices and environmental cleanup or monitoring. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We rely on third parties to conduct, monitor, support, and oversee field trials and, in some cases, to maintain regulatory files for those products in development, and any performance issues by third parties, or our inability to engage third parties on acceptable terms, may impact our or our collaborators' ability to complete the regulatory process for or commercialize such products. We rely on third parties to conduct, monitor, support, and oversee field trials. As a result, we have less control over the timing and cost of these trials than if we conducted these trials with our own personnel. If we are unable to maintain or enter into agreements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or if any such engagement is terminated prematurely, we may be unable to conduct and complete our trials in the manner we anticipate. In addition, there is no guarantee that these third parties will devote adequate time and resources to our studies or perform as required by our contract or in accordance with regulatory requirements, including maintenance of field trial information regarding our products in development. If any of these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to transfer to us any regulatory information in a timely manner, fail to adhere to protocols, or fail to act in accordance with regulatory requirements or our agreements with them, or if they otherwise perform in a substandard manner or in a way that compromises the quality or accuracy of their activities or the data they obtain, then field trials of our traits in development may be extended or delayed with additional costs incurred, or our data may be rejected by the applicable regulatory agencies. Ultimately, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our field trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and with legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our responsibilities. If our relationship with any of these third parties is terminated, we may be unable to enter into arrangements with alternative parties on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Switching or adding service providers can involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus. Delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired development timelines. If we are required to seek alternative service arrangements, the resulting delays and potential inability to find a suitable replacement could materially and adversely impact our business. In addition, recently there has been an increasing trend towards consolidation in the agricultural biotechnology industry. Consolidation among our competitors and third parties upon whom we rely could lead to a changing competitive landscape, capabilities, and strategic priorities among potential service providers, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations. If we lose key personnel or are unable to attract and retain necessary talent, we may be unable to develop or commercialize our products under development. We are highly dependent on our key technical and scientific personnel, who possess unique knowledge and skills related to our research and technology. If we were to lose the services of these individuals, we may be unable to readily find suitable replacements with comparable knowledge and the experience necessary to advance the research and development of our products. Because of the unique talents and experience of many of our scientific and technical staff, competition for our personnel is intense. Our ability to attract and retain qualified employees may be affected by our efforts to manage cash usage, including reductions in total cash compensation. The loss of key personnel or our inability to hire and retain personnel who have the required expertise and skills could have a material adverse effect on our research and development efforts, our business, and our ability to secure additional required financing. Risks Relating to Intellectual Property Patent protection for our technologies is both important and uncertain. Our commercial success may depend in part on our obtaining and maintaining patent protection for our technologies in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as successfully enforcing and defending this intellectual property against third-party challenges. If we are not able to obtain or defend patent protection for our technologies, then we will not be able to exclude competitors from developing or marketing such technologies, and this could negatively impact our ability to generate sufficient revenues or profits from product sales and/or licensing to justify the cost of development of our technologies and to achieve or maintain profitability. Our currently issued patents relate to our historical business and have expiration dates ranging from 2020 through 2030. New outstanding patent applications owned by or licensed to us relating to crop yield improvements have filing dates ranging from 2013 through 2017. Our patent position involves complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. Patents may not be issued for any pending or future pending patent applications owned by or licensed to us, and claims allowed under any issued patent or future issued patent owned or licensed by us may not be valid or sufficiently broad to protect our technologies. Moreover, we may be unable to protect certain of our intellectual property in the United States or in foreign countries. Foreign jurisdictions may not afford the same protections as U.S. law, and we cannot ensure that foreign patent applications will have the same scope as the U.S. patents. There will be many countries in which we will choose not to file or maintain patents because of the costs involved. Competitors may also design around our patents or develop competing technologies. Additionally, any issued patents owned by or licensed to us now or in the future may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. We could incur substantial costs to bring suits or other proceedings in which we may assert or defend our patent rights or challenge the patent rights of third parties. An unfavorable outcome of any such litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Third parties may claim that we infringe their intellectual property, and we could suffer significant litigation or licensing expense as a result. Various U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in areas relevant to our products and processes. We could incur substantial costs to challenge third party patents. If third parties assert claims against us or our customers alleging infringement of their patents or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial costs and diversion of management resources in defending these claims, and the defense of these claims could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in defending against these claims, these third parties may be awarded substantial damages, as well as injunctive or other equitable relief against us, which could effectively block our ability to make, use, sell, distribute, or market our technologies and services based on our technologies in the United States or abroad. Alternatively, we may seek licenses to such third party intellectual property. However, we may be unable to obtain these licenses on acceptable terms, if at all. Our failure to obtain the necessary licenses or other rights could prevent the sale, manufacture, or distribution of some of our products based on our technologies and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Portions of our crop science technology are owned by or subject to retained rights of third parties. We have licensed and optioned from academic institutions certain patent rights that may be necessary or important to the development and commercialization of our crop science technology. These licenses and options may not provide exclusive rights to use such intellectual property in all fields of use in which we may wish to develop or commercialize our technology. If we fail to timely exercise our option rights and/or we are unable to negotiate license agreements for optioned patent rights on acceptable terms, the academic institutions may offer such patent rights to third parties. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these license agreements, or if we are subject to a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. In some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of licensed patent applications or the maintenance of the licensed patents. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications will be prosecuted, maintained and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Furthermore, the research resulting in certain of our licensed and optioned patent rights was funded by the U.S. government. As a result, the government may have certain rights, or march‑in rights, to such patent rights and technology. We may not be successful in obtaining necessary rights to additional technologies for the development of our products through acquisitions and in-licenses. We may be unable to acquire or in-license additional technologies from third parties that we decide we need in order to develop our business. A number of more established companies may also pursue strategies to license or acquire crop science technologies that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater development and commercialization capabilities. Any failure on our part to reach an agreement for any applicable intellectual property could result in a third party acquiring the related rights and thereby harm our business. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire relevant crop science technologies on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. We expect that competition for acquiring and in-licensing crop science technologies that are attractive to us may increase in the future, which may mean fewer suitable opportunities for us as well as higher acquisition or licensing costs. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to suitable crop science technologies on reasonable terms, or at all, our business and financial condition could suffer. The intellectual property landscape around genome editing technology, such as CRISPR/Cas9, is highly dynamic and uncertain, and any resolution of this uncertainty could have a material adverse effect on our business. The field of genome editing, especially in the area of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, is still in its infancy, and no products using this technology have reached the market. We are currently negotiating a license for work in the CRISPR/Cas9 field in order to demonstrate the utility of our yield trait genes in this field. Due to the intense research and development that is taking place by several companies, including us and our competitors, in this field, the intellectual property landscape is in flux, and it may remain uncertain for the coming years. There has been, and may continue to be, significant intellectual property related litigation and proceedings relating to this area in the future. If we obtain a license to certain patent rights using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and it is later determined that such patent rights are invalid or owned by other parties, this could have a material adverse effect on our business. We rely in part on trade secrets to protect our technology, and our failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could harm our business. We rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology and proprietary information, especially where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Litigating a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets would be expensive and time consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. Moreover, if our competitors independently develop similar knowledge, methods and know-how, it will be difficult for us to enforce our rights and our business could be harmed. Risks Relating to Owning our Common Stock Raising additional funds may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies. If we raise additional funds through equity offerings or offerings of equity-linked securities, including warrants or convertible debt securities, we expect that our existing stockholders will experience significant dilution, and the terms of such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may subject us to restrictive covenants that could limit our flexibility in conducting future business activities, including covenants limiting or restricting our ability to incur additional debt, dispose of assets or make capital expenditures. We may also incur ongoing interest expense and be required to grant a security interest in our assets in connection with any debt issuance. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships or licensing agreements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. A material weakness was identified in our internal control over financial reporting, which could impact our business and financial results. Our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and financial results could be harmed and we could fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. For example, in connection with the evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, we determined that our controls over accounting for stock based compensation expense did not operate effectively. Specifically, our procedures did not operate as designed to validate the calculation for stock based compensation expense resulting from an option award modification. We determined that this constitutes a material weakness. Trading volume in our stock is low and an active trading market for our common stock may not be available on a consistent basis to provide stockholders with adequate liquidity. Our stock price may be extremely volatile, and our stockholders could lose a significant part of their investment. Trading volume in our stock is low and an active trading market for shares of our common stock may not be sustained on a consistent basis. The public trading price for our common stock will be affected by a number of factors, including: * any change in the status of our NASDAQ listing; * the need for near term financing to continue operations; * reported progress in our efforts to develop crop related technologies, relative to investor expectations; * changes in earnings estimates, investors' perceptions, recommendations by securities analysts or our failure to achieve analysts' earnings estimates; * quarterly variations in our or our competitors' results of operations; * general market conditions and other factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors; * future issuances and/or sales of our securities; * announcements or the absence of announcements by us, or our competitors, regarding acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments; * commencement of, or involvement in, litigation; * any major change in our board of directors or management; * changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals; * announcements related to patents issued to us or our competitors and to litigation involving our intellectual property; * a lack of, or limited, or negative industry or security analyst coverage; * uncertainty regarding our ability to secure additional cash resources with which to operate our business; * short-selling or similar activities by third parties; and * other factors described elsewhere in these Risk Factors. As a result of these factors, our stockholders may not be able to resell their shares at, or above, their purchase price. In addition, the stock prices of many technology companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. Any negative change in the public's perception of the prospects of industrial or agricultural biotechnology companies could depress our stock price regardless of our results of operations. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our common stock. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and Delaware law may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares of our common stock. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, which generally refers to a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years has owned, 15% or more of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. The existence of the foregoing provisions and anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that our stockholders could receive a premium for their common stock in an acquisition. Concentration of ownership among our officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and depress our stock price. Based on the number of shares outstanding as of May 31, 2017, our officers, directors and stockholders who hold at least 5% of our stock beneficially own a combined total of approximately 69.1% of our outstanding common stock, including shares of common stock subject to stock options and warrants that are currently exercisable or are exercisable within 60 days after May 31, 2017. If these officers, directors, and principal stockholders or a group of our principal stockholders act together, they will be able to exert a significant degree of influence over our management and affairs and control matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of mergers, business combinations or other significant transactions. The interests of one or more of these stockholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other stockholders. For instance, officers, directors, and principal stockholders, acting together, could cause us to enter into transactions or agreements that we would not otherwise consider. Similarly, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company otherwise favored by our other stockholders. As of May 31, 2017, Jack W. Schuler and William P. Scully beneficially owned approximately 47.2% and approximately 10.2% of our common stock, respectively. ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities On July 7, 2017, we completed an offering of our securities. Investors participating in the transaction purchased a total of 570,784 shares of common stock at a price of $4.00 per share and an equal number of warrants with an exercise price of $5.04 per share, exercisable beginning on the six-month anniversary of the date of issuance. The warrants expire on the sixth anniversary of the date that they become exercisable. The shares of common stock sold in the offering are registered under a Form S-3 registration statement that became effective April 12, 2017. The warrants and the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants are not included in the Form S-3 registration statement and were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"). Proceeds from this transaction were approximately $2,012 , net of issuance costs of $272 , and will be used for general corporate purposes, including working capital, and repayment of existing corporate obligations. On July 7, 2017, we issued 4,267 shares of common stock to participants in the Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. 401(k) Plan as a matching contribution. The issuance of these securities is exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(2) of the Act as exempted securities. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities During the three months ended June 30, 2017, there were no repurchases made by us or on our behalf, or by any "affiliated purchasers," of shares of our common stock. ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES. None. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES. Not applicable. ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION. None. ITEM 6. EXHIBITS. 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended (incorporated by reference herein to the exhibits to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 and filed August 11, 2017 (File No. 001-33133)). 31.1 Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of the Principal Executive Officer (filed herewith). 31.2 Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of the Principal Financial Officer (filed herewith). 32.1 Section 1350 Certification (furnished herewith). 101.1 The following financial information from the Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 formatted in XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. YIELD10 BIOSCIENCE, INC. October 6, 2017 October 6, 2017 By: /s/ OLIVER PEOPLES Oliver Peoples President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ CHARLES B. HAASER Charles B. Haaser Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) By: 41 CERTIFICATION I, Oliver Peoples, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A of Yield10 Bioscience, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Dated: October 6, 2017 /s/ OLIVER PEOPLES Name: Oliver Peoples Title: President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) 1 CERTIFICATION I, Charles B. Haaser, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A of Yield10 Bioscience, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Dated: October 6, 2017 /s/ CHARLES B. HAASER Name: Charles B. Haaser Title: Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the quarterly report on Form 10-Q/A of Yield10 Bioscience, Inc. (the "Company") for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), we, Oliver Peoples, President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer of the Company and Charles B. Haaser, Chief Accounting Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to our knowledge that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and 2. The information in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. This certification is being provided pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 and is not to be deemed a part of the Report, nor is it to be deemed to be "filed" for any purpose whatsoever. Dated: October 6, 2017 /s/ OLIVER PEOPLES President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Dated: October 6, 2017 /s/ CHARLES B. 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dius curtipennis has been present in North America as early as 1934 based on specimens from Washington and also occurs in British Columbia and Oregon (Smetana 1971). A separate introduction to the east was detected fi rst by Smetana (1990) based on a New Hampshire specimen collected in 1983. Since then Q. curtipennis has been detected in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Majka and Smetana 2007). Herein we newly report it from Ontario and Vermont (Map 37) from specimens collected as early as 1976 and 2010, respectively. Th e record from Guelph, Ontario represents the earliest known collection in eastern North America. In its native range, Q. curtipennis is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region (Smetana in Löbl and Smetana 2004). Quedius curtipennis has been collected in Ontario mainly in disturbed habitat such as regenerating woodland, fi elds and agricultural crops. Quedius fulgidus (Fabricius, 1793) Materials. CANADA: ON: Huron Co., Seaforth, 7-VII-1955, D. Keys (1). Diagnosis. Quedius fulgidus may be distinguished from other northeastern Quedius by the combination of: elytra evenly punctate; labrum distinctly bilobed; eyes distinctly shorter than temples; antennomeres one to three not distinctly paler than others; distal antennomeres only slightly transverse; pronotum with sublateral row of punctures longer than dorsal row. Th is Palaearctic species was fi rst correctly recognized in North America by Horn (1878) who synonymised Q. iracundus (Say 1834), a species described from North America, with Q. fulgidus; this synonymy was later confi rmed by Smetana (1971). Th e fi rst verifi able specimens from North America were collected in 1874 from Iowa (Smetana) but as Q. iracundus (=Q. fulgidus) was described in 1834 from Indiana, Q. fulgidus has surely been present long before 1874. Currently, Quedius fulgidus is known from Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin (Smetana 1971), and Tennessee (Smetana 1978). Herein we newly record this species from eastern Canada (Ontario) (Map 38). Th is species is strongly synanthropic in North America (Smetana 1971) but occurs regularly in caves in the more southern portion of its range (Peck and Th ayer 2003). In its native range Q. fulgidus is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region (Smetana in Löbl and Smetana 2004). Quedius fulgidus appears to be uncommon in the northeastern extreme of its range compared to its close relative Q. cruentus, another exotic species that was recently established on the continent (see above) and has since become extremely common. General discussion Curation of over 32,000 staphylinids deposited in the University of Guelph Insect Collection resulted in the discovery of thirty-fi ve new provincial or state records, six new Canadian records, one new record for the United States and two new records for eastern Canada. Many of these specimens were aleocharines and a future publication is planned to report on the discoveries made while curating this subfamily. Th e majority of the records presented herein involved species of which were included in recent revisions (after 1970), suggesting that even of 'well-known' groups, our knowledge of staphylinid distributions remains incomplete. Two boreal beetles, Porrhodites fenestralis and B. cephalicus were newly recorded in Ontario, joining previous records from adjacent provinces to suggest a transcontinental distribution. Six staphylinid species were newly discovered in Canada at the northern extreme of their range, two of which are apparently entirely restricted in Canada to the Carolinian ecoregion (S. versicolor and E. parcus). Th is relatively small area of southernmost Ontario is the most biodiverse region in Canada (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 2010) and has yielded a multitude of new records for Canada in other insect groups (e.g., Orthoptera: Marshall et al. 2004; Hemiptera: Paiero et al. 2003; and aculeate Hymenoptera: Buck 2003, Buck et al. 2005); however it is heavily impacted by agriculture and development (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 2010). Th e distributions of four rare or infrequently collected species (S. campbelli, T. browni, E. tristis, and B. cephalicus) in northeastern North America were previously fragmentary and were augmented by new data presented herein. Ten exotic species for which we give new state, or provincial, or national records are apparenly appear to be expanding their range in northeastern North America, and have the potential to become widespread across the continent. One of these species, T. corticinus, was fi rst collected in North America in 1967 but now dominates autumn leaf litter staphylinid assemblages in Ontario woodland fragments where it can comprise up to 47% of all individuals (A. Brunke, unpublished data). Levesque and Levesque (1995) found that this species made up as much as 18% of all staphylinid individuals in Québec raspberry plantations. Th e impact of this abundance on native North American biodiversity is unknown but may be substantial. New collection data for Q. curtipennis establishes its presence in eastern North America as early as 1976, seven years earlier than previously known. Th e results of this paper demonstrate the key role of curated insect collections in understanding biodiversity in the boreal region, the imperilled 'Carolinian' region in Canada, and northeastern North America in general. An improved understanding of rare or or potentially rare insect species, and the eff ective detection of exotic species, depends on the routine identifi cation of specimens in collections and the regular implentation of regional insect surveys. We recommend increased support for these activities to develop and maintain a clear picture of biodiversity, and biodiversity change, in northeastern North America. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Alan and Anne Morgan (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) for their donation of the AAMC, and the Southern Crop Protection Research Group (London, Ontario, Canada) for the donation of their collection. We thank Tom Murray (Groton, Massachusetts) for his donation of specimens to DEBU. Ales Smetana (Canadian National Collection of Insects) kindly verifi ed the identity of G. amulius and Margaret Th ayer (Field Museum of Natural History) provided the initial identifi cation of O. repandum. We thank the Nature Conservancy of Canada and rare Charitable Research Reserve for their assistance with and permission to conduct surveys on their properties. We would also like to acknowledge the Ontario parks and protected areas, especially Bruce Peninsula National Park, Rondeau Provincial Park, Ojibway Provincial Nature Reserve, and Point Pelee National Park that have encouraged our survey work and collecting. 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Levesque C, Levesque G-Y (1995) Abundance, Diversity and Dispersal Power of Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in a Raspberry Plantation and Adjacent Sites in Eastern Canada. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 68: 355–370. Lundgren RW (1998) Family Staphylinidae. In: A distributional checklist of the beetles of Florida. In: Peck SB, Th omas MC (Eds) Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. 16:1–180. Majka CG, Smetana A (2007) New records of introduced species of Quedius Stephens, 1829 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Maritime provinces of the Canada. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 427–434. Majka CG, Klimaszewski J (2008a) Introduced Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Maritime provinces of Canada. Th e Canadian Entomologist 140: 48–72. Majka CG, Klimaszewski J (2008b) Adventive Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada: further contributions. ZooKeys 2: 151–174. 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JICA Climate Change Initiatives and Sustainable, Climate Resilient Development Akihiro MIYAZAKI Deputy Director General, Global Environment Department Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Even if countries achieve their current voluntary commitments, the temperature increase from pre-industrial times will exceed 1.5°C. Climate migration in North Africa is estimated to reach 13.0 million, or 6.0 percent of the total population of the sub-region by 2050. To achieve the 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement, CO₂ emissions must fall by 45% by 2030. Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), "Emissions Gap Report 2021" (2021Year). International Energy Agency (IEA), "World Energy Outlook 2021" (2021Year) How to address challenges? JICA Global Agenda: JICA's cooperation strategies for global issues Contributing to the goals of UNFCCC and building sustainable and resilient societies through • strengthening capacity development to respond to climate change • promoting co-benefit that pursue both development issues and climate change measures. Approach 1: Promote implementation of the Paris Agreement Approach 2: Co-benefits of climate change Main Targets: • Finance climate change projects worth 1 trillion yen/year in total by 2025 • Double the contribution to climate change adaptation by 2030 • GHG emission reductions by 2030 (2 million CO₂eq tons/year) Provide support to implement Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and obligations under the Paris Agreement Specific Efforts - Support national and local level climate change action plans - Strengthening institutional and implementation capacity - Capacity building for process of NDCs - Policy and institutional improvements to promote private sector activity and investment - Support access to climate funds Status of NDC updates and increasing ambition (As of Dec 2021) Source: https://climateactiontracker.org/climate-target-update-tracker/ Analysis by Climate Action Tracker (European research organization): 128 countries have submitted their NDCs - Green: Countries with stronger NDC targets: 23 - Red: Countries that did not increase ambition: 12 - Blue: Not analyzed submitted: 93 Comprehensive Support: Zero-Emission and Build Climate-Resilient City Policy framework Bangkok Master Plan on Climate Change 2013-2023 Bangkok Master Plan on Climate Change (2015) - The MP aims to reduce the amount of GHG emissions by 13.57% by 2020, compared to the BAU scenario in the 4 sectors (Transportation, Energy, Waste and Wastewater, and Green Urban Planning). - Established the strategy office for climate change. Strengthening the organization to implement the MP - Supporting to monitor and evaluate the progress of the MP Promoting to implement the mitigation plan defined in the MP - Supporting to formulate the new MP of BMA Scientific Data ADAP-T: Collaborative research to identify appropriate technologies and measures for adaptation strategies, contributing to the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. Infrastructure Urban railways & Smart Transport Technology (next slide) Capacity building Establishment of Climate Change International Technical and Training Center (CITC) A one-stop technical training center and network hub, offering a variety of training courses on climate change Southeast Asian countries & Thailand Transition Towards Zero-Emission City Urban railways Blue Line - Opened in 2004 - Total Project Cost: 358 Billion JPY - ODA Loan Amount: 222 Billion JPY - Civil Work, Depot, Track by ODA Loan - E&M, O&M by Private Investment Purple Line - Opened in Aug 2016 - Total Project Cost: 210 Billion JPY - ODA Loan Amount: 79 Billion JPY - Civil Work, Depot, Track by ODA Loan - E&M, O&M by Private Investment Red Line - Under construction (to be opened in Nov 2021) - Total Project Cost: 332 Billion JPY - ODA Loan Amount: 268 Billion JPY - Civil Work, Depot, Track, E&M by ODA Loan Smart Transport Technology The Project of Smart Transport Strategy for Thailand 4.0 Background - Traffic congestion, air pollution and GHG emission in Bangkok - Announcement of Thailand 4.0 Technologies - Proposal of Smart mobility strategic integration method - Implementation of Smart Transport System (Sukhumvit Model) Expected outcome By implementing the Smart mobility strategic integration method, - traffic congestion will be resolved - Quality of Life will be enhanced (with new travel behaviors and life styles) Smart City where QOL is enhanced How to address challenges? : Approach 2 Co-benefits of climate change Mitigation Greenhouse gas emissions reduction and enhancement of absorption - Energy Sustainable use of stable and affordable energy (Transmission and distribution networks, renewable energy, energy conservation) - Urban development, transportation and traffic Low-carbon and environmentally friendly cities (Public transportation systems, comprehensive services from planning to infrastructure development) - Conservation of forests and other natural environments Biodiversity conservation and prevention of desertification (Conservation of the natural environment and forests) How to address challenges? : Approach 2 Co-benefits of climate change Adaptation Building a climate change resilient society Examples for this approach - Disaster risk management Flood risk assessment based on climate change impact projections - Water resource management Planning for comprehensive water resource management based on climate risk - Groundwater conservation - Drought-resilient water supply system - Agriculture - Participatory Irrigation Management - Diversifying livelihood options through multi-crop cultivation and multiple management - Introducing agricultural insurance Clean energy, transportation and building low-emission, climate resilient infrastructures will have a significant effect on climate change. Specific Efforts - Improving energy efficiency (power generation, power loss reduction, energy conservation) - Development and use of renewable energy sources - Expansion of public transportation - Support for cities to develop and implement plans to achieve carbon neutrality [Loans] Delhi Mass Rapid Transport System Project (India) [Loans] Kampala Flyover Construction and Road Upgrading Project (Uganda) [Loans] Olkania V Geothermal Power Plant (Kenya) [Loans] Tsogttsetsii wind farm project Project (Mongolia) Co-benefits of Climate Change Adaptation Assessment of climate risks and enhancement of adaptation measures Specific Efforts - Capacity building and facility development for - Climate risk assessment - Prediction and early warning - Rapid response preparedness - Proactive investments in - Climate risk prevention and reduction - Infrastructure development - Resilience contributing to Build Back Better - Develop risk financing Improvement of meteorological radar system (Mauritius) [Grant] The Project for the Improvement of Water Reservoir at Majuro Atoll (Marshall Islands) Introduction of weather index insurance to reduce the risks on agriculture in areas with low-rainfall to strengthen small farmers’ resilience to climate change Pilot project of weather index-based crop insurance promotion (Ethiopia) Strengthening conservation and management of forests and natural ecosystems (mitigation and adaptation measures) Reduce GHG emissions from deforestation and land use, and to protect and restore natural habitats such as forests as sinks. Specific Efforts - Mitigation measures - Strengthening sustainable forest management through REDD+, - Community based Sustainable forest management, etc. - Adaptation measures - Eco-DRR (ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction) - Strengthening climate resilience (combating desertification), etc. Early Warning to reduce illegal logging using satellites (JICA-JAXA collaboration) project (JJ-FAST) (Brazil) Support forest conservation and livelihood improvement through certified forest coffee production and fair trade. Japanese company (UCC) also participates. (Ethiopia) Assessment of carbon dynamics and biodiversity conservation in Amazonian forest (both in Brazil) (SATREPS, Kyoto University, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute) Community-based landscape management for reducing deforestation (the first JICA proposed-project approved by GCF (Timor-Leste) Collaborating with Partners Mobilize Various Types of Finance and Work in Partnership with Public and the Private Sector Utilizing Japan’s knowledge and technologies with private sector and local governments (e.g. Transport, Energy, Agriculture, Waste Management, Disaster Risk Reduction) Examples of financing schemes with partners - Private Sector Investment and Finance (PSIF) Scheme - Co-financing with Private Financial Institutions and MDBs Others - Mobilizing a variety of funds - Green Climate Fund - Private funds through the issuance of bonds JICA Global Agenda: Four Segments to achieve the Global Target Non-finance/Intangible Resource Mobilization - Agenda Setting - Issues Conceptualization - Market Creation - Partnership with Private Companies - JCCI Seminar - Knowledge Creation (Platform) - Generalizing Solutions Finance/Tangible Resource Mobilization - Program/Project Development - Climate Change - JICA Clean City Initiative - Project Implementation - TCP, Grant, Yen Loan - C2P2: Clean City Partnership Program - Finance Mobilization - Data Analyzing - Partnership with International Organizations Creating “core values” and a framework for resource mobilization MOEJ and JICA, in partnership with other key stakeholders, roll out a Clean Cities Partnership Program (C2P2), which: - Mobilize engagement of multi-stakeholders on target cities. - Provide a comprehensive and synergetic support to urban agenda including climate change, environmental pollution and circular economy. - Collaborate with ongoing and new city initiatives by G7 members and MDBs. MOEJ - City-to-City Collaboration Program - Africa Clean City Platform (ACCP) - Project finance by JCM - Relevant climate tools – AIM, PaSTI - Private sector engagement through JPRSI JICA - Technical and financial assistance - JICA Clean City Initiative (JCCI) - Africa Clean City Platform (ACCP) - Public-Private Partnership Program Business entities - Provide business solutions - Public-private partnership Financial institutions - Provide financial tools including ESG, green finance, and transition finance City governments - Share policies, practices and knowhow - Capacity development and project development Like-minded agencies (G7, MDBs..) - Collaborate with other city initiatives Target Cities - Develop action plans and regulations - Introduce technologies and infrastructures, etc. Catalyzing mobilization of Technical and financial resources Source: Ministry of Environment JICA Global Agenda ~20 Targets to impact on Global Issues~ - Promote dialogue with partner countries, International organizations - Maximize development impact through “PLATFORM” - Enhance accountability: Visualize impact / outcomes through annual monitoring and reporting Impact to global issues Outcome with other development partners Outcome and Output through JICA’s finance and Investment Cooperation, and Grants JICA’s Technical Cooperation Set as targets of JICA Global Agenda. Partners include donors, NGO, private sector, academic institutes, local gov. etc. JICA Clean City Initiative To benefit 500 million citizens in 50 countries by 2030! To Developing Countries; - Human Security: Ensure safe and healthy living environment - Quality growth: Realize economic growth which is inclusive, sustainable and resilient - With/Post COVID-19: Reduce infection risk through maintenance & improvement of sanitary urban environment To Global Environment; - Marine Plastic Pollution: Prevent the discharge of plastic waste into rivers / oceans, toward realization of “Osaka Blue Ocean Vision” (aims to reduce additional pollution by marine plastic litter to zero by 2050) - Climate Change: Prevent the generation of greenhouse gas (e.g. methane) through proper waste treatment - Biodiversity: Prevent further environmental pollution thereby conserving ecosystems To SDGs 3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 6 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION 8 DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 9 INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION 13 CLIMATE ACTION 14 LIFE BELOW WATER Thank you for your kind attention MIYAZAKI Akihiro Deputy Director General, Group Director for Environmental Management Director, Office for Climate Change Global Environment Department, JICA	fd717133-a969-4add-bb29-f804dfb308ce	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.iges.or.jp/sites/default/files/inline-files/15_P3_S2-2_Miyazaki_JICA%20GA%20climate%20JCCI%20Rev.pdf	2024-12-05T10:11:57+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-51/subset=warc/part-00072-b392068a-8e35-4497-8fab-a691b1a71843.c000.gz.parquet	749,489,089	2,699	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.796583	eng_Latn	0.891828	[ "dag_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 197, 729, 1392, 2193, 3381, 4522, 5202, 5832, 6498, 7337, 8474, 9036, 9685, 11010, 11585, 12637, 12831 ]
A MERMAID'S TALE IN A WHEELCHAIR BUT KATHRYN KEEPS SINGING SETH SETS SAIL ON A MAYFLOWER MISSION PLUS LISTINGS, REVIEWS, NEWS AND VIEWS £1.50 SATURDAY 25TH APRIL 2020 7:30pm CARA DILLON Cara Dillon, one of the most outstanding performers on the UK folk scene, makes her third visit to Flavel. Born in County Derry, Cara, accompanied by husband and musical partner Sam Lakeman, has risen to be one of the best loved performers in any genre. She has had several successful albums and tours extensively. Cara has won countless awards and accolades including “Album of the Year” at the BBC Radio 2 folk awards. Cara has also been featured in many remarkable projects including singing the title track for the film “Tinkerbell and the Great Fairy Rescue” and appearing on Mike Oldfield’s Tubular Bells 3. TUESDAY 9TH JUNE 7:30pm FAIRPORT CONVENTION Folk at the Flavel are proud to welcome to the Flavel one of the most iconic bands of all time, Fairport Convention. Fairport have been entertaining music lovers for over half a century and they still maintain a busy touring schedule and of course the famous annual Fairport Convention Cropredy Festival which has just celebrated its 40th year. They have just released their latest album ‘Shuffle & Go’. Fairport Convention, who have won a BBC Lifetime Achievement Award, features the long established line up of Simon Nicol on guitar and vocals, Dave Pegg on bass guitar, Ric Sanders on violin, Chris Leslie on fiddle, mandolin and vocals, and Gerry Conway on percussion. SATURDAY 27TH JUNE 7.30pm NANCY KERR AND JAMES FAGAN Folk at the Flavel welcome for a first visit one of the most celebrated duos in the folk world, Nancy Kerr and James Fagan. Nancy has to date won six BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards including Folk Singer of the Year in 2015. Her recent work has included the multi-award-winning “The Full English” band. James and Nancy have been playing together since 1995 and together they have released six albums. James hails from Sydney, Australia and is a multi-instrumentalist and singer, specialising in bouzouki, guitar and mandolin. Nancy and James formed the Melrose Quartet in 2010 and were nominated for Best Group at the 2014 Folk Awards. James is in great demand as a session player and appears on albums by among others Cara Dillon and Martin Simpson. TICKETS FROM THE FLAVEL BOX OFFICE ON 01803 839530 OR ONLINE AT THEFLAVEL.ORG.UK How a mermaid turned tragedy into a triumph Despite a crippling illness, Kathryn Collings manages to keep singing At first sight it might seem a slightly tacky gimmick: a pirate and a mermaid singing sea songs together. Something you might see at a Hide-Hi holiday camp rather than a folk club or festival. But Kathryn Collings’ costume hides a painful story. For like the mermaid of legend, whose every step felt like sharp knives were cutting her feet, she struggles to walk. At the age of 22, a malevolent cocktail of illnesses have more or less confined her to a bulky wheelchair. Despite being in almost constant pain, Kathryn still goes out with her father, Steve, to sing. And when her soaring, soulful soprano fills a room, audiences quickly realise that there is far more to her than a gimmick. Kathryn is a fine example not only of the power of music but also of how the human spirit can overcome adversity. She came to music through her father, a long established performer in the folk world. Steve is a solo singer and a member of Teignmouth’s Back Beach Boyz shanty crew. Now he also appears with his daughter as CASK – Collings’ Acapella Shanty Krew. His voice perfectly complements his daughter’s. Together they perform material ranging from shanties and folk songs to patter songs and contemporary ballads. They have appeared at shanty festivals and folk clubs in the south-west but Kathryn has to be careful about her choice of venue because of her medical condition. She lives in Teignmouth but now dare not come out to the town’s annual folk festival, an event she used to love because morris dancers are everywhere and the tinkling of their bells can throw her into painful spasms. The sharp jangling of tambourines is another trigger for these attacks. Even someone tapping her on the shoulder unexpectedly can cause a bad reaction her muscles can suddenly twist her away from the friendly gesture. In the folk world it’s par for the course for friends to greet each other with hugs or slaps on the back. But if you see Kathryn, curb your enthusiasm when you greet her. Her body reacts unnaturally due to Functional Neurological Disorder, (FND), a condition in which patients can experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement disorders, sensory symptoms and blackouts. Her brain can suddenly send the wrong signals to her muscles, causing them twist her body into agonising shapes. She has also been diagnosed with Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) a rheumatoid disorder of the muscles and bones that causes pain and fatigue. Sufferers feel as if their muscles have been pulled or overworked. Sometimes the muscles twitch or burn. As if that were not enough, she has also been diagnosed with complex PTSD, possibly due to incidents of bullying at school, and she can have “emotional flashbacks” to painful situations she suffered years ago. But only three years ago she was doing very well in an accountancy apprenticeship and performing on stage in her spare time. Then her illness started to get the better of her. As she put it, she would go to rehearsals and the next day feel “pretzelized” by involuntary spasms. She had to drop the apprenticeship and the stage work. Even walking became a problem. Kathryn tried getting about with a rollator but this wasn’t much help. Then, thanks to folk music, she had a stroke of good fortune. She and her father had gone to a mobility shop where they were recognised by a fellow shanty singer, a member of Missin’ Tackle, who worked there. Through him they managed to acquire the wheelchair she now uses which was being sold off at a knockdown price. It’s a dream model which not only gets her about but can also raise her up so she is almost at eye level with her father when she sings with him. It’s like having a portable stage. It always grabs the audience’s attention when she comes on stage and is then “elevated”. But Kathryn admits to being mischievous at a shanty festival when she was sitting right in front of an artist who was singing Stan Rogers’ Mary Ellen Carter. When he came to the stirring “Rise again, rise again” chorus, she flipped the switch on her wheelchair and rose up in front of him. “He couldn’t stop laughing,” she said. Her dad already had a pirate costume from a Pirate and Parrot evening with the Back Beach Boyz. Kathryn’s mermaid costume not only complements it but also makes a virtue out of the fact that she has to sit down all the time. She made it herself but Steve was a little critical at first because it has a hexagonal pattern rather than fish scales. “It’s not real,” he complained. Kathryn rolls her eyes when she tells the story. “Real! What, you mean like a ‘real’ mermaid? Come on, dad.” The mermaid may not be real but the singing is as you can discover if you catch them at Perranporth’s Loudest Shout on Saturday April 18. They’ll also be at the Teign Maritime Shanty Festival in September (see the next issue of What’s Afoot for more details of that event). Kathryn and Steve are also regular performers at Gidsong in Gidleigh Village Hall. But if you go to see Cask, judge them on their music. When Kathryn sings she is like the stricken vessel in Stan Rogers’ song Mary Ellen Carter and rises again. It’s a reminder to us, as the song says: “And you, to whom adversity has dealt the final blow With smiling bastards lying to you everywhere you go Turn to, and put out all your strength of arm and heart and brain And like the Mary Ellen Carter, rise again.” John Foxen Totnes Folk Club Dartmouth Inn, The Plains Totnes, TQ9 5EL 2nd Thursday in the Month – 8pm 9th April – GUEST NIGHT Geoff Lakeman & Rob Murch 14th May – Singers Night 11th June – Singers Night 9th July – Feature Spot ‘Ploughman’s Joy’ For more information phone Steve & Anne Gill 01803 290427 or Andy Clarke 01803 732312 LAUNCESTON FOLK DANCE CLUB 2019 - 20 Tuesday Club Nights 8.00 – 10.00 pm (Not July & August) St. John Ambulance Hall Saturday Dances 8.00 – 11.30pm Launceston Town Hall, PL15 7AR Saturday 25th April 2020 Centenary of Folk Dancing in Launceston with Sarah Bazeley & The Dartmoor Pixie Band Bring and share supper Saturday 8th November 2020 Jerry & Alison Tucker calling with ‘StringAccord’ For further information ring Rosemary Phillips 01566 774491 It’s time to get behind the Plough THE Plough Arts Centre has been a strong supporter of folk music over the years, hosting concerts for local names such as Jim Causley and Mad Dog Mcrea and national stars such as The Tannahill Weavers and the Asken Sisters. But despite rising attendance and audience figures have reached their highest point in the centre’s 45-year history – the Plough is facing financial difficulties. As What’s Afoot went to press it was holding a fund-raising appeal to cover a £30,000 shortfall. The Plough’s director Richard Wolfenden Brown said: “Despite a thriving arts and community programme, excellent customer feedback, and audiences for films and live events that have grown by 35 per cent over the past five years, The Plough has experienced a recent dramatic rise in overheads coupled with a reduction in core funding which has created the perfect storm in our delicate finances. “We are tightening our belts and seeking ways to save money, including reducing staff hours in order to try to stabilise finances. But to survive the short term we need your help.” Money is tight for most people right now, but if you can afford to help out, even in a small way, visit www.crowdfunder.co.uk/power-the-plough. There are some rewards for helping out. A £10 donation will get your name on the arts centre’s roll of honour on its website while a donation of £25 will put you into a draw for a GOLDEN TICKET valid for a year and worth more than £500. For £150 or more you can sponsor a seat. A plaque will be fixed to a seat in the Plough theatre bearing a short message of your choice, for example a dedication to a loved one. The seat will display your plaque for 10 years. What’s Afoot has made a small contribution by giving the Plough a free advert on the back page of this issue. The Devon Folk Association will probably discuss offering more aid at its AGM. Here’s hoping that the Plough can overcome its difficulties and continue providing top class entertainment. If you can’t afford to donate, try to get along to the events and show your support. Seth sets sail on Mayflower 400 Lakeman’s album tells both sides of the Pilgrims’ story “It’s an incredible story. I’m surprised there isn’t some massive Hollywood movie about it,” says Seth Lakeman, commenting on the 400th anniversary of the sailing of the Mayflower. But if Timbuktu hasn’t taken the trouble to commemorate this historic anniversary then Seth has, by producing The Pilgrim’s Tale, a concept album that follows the ballad opera tradition of Fairport Convention’s John Babyloncombe Lee and Peter Bellamy’s The Transports. His starting point was a record released 50 years ago: Cyril Tawney’s A Mayflower Garland. Cyril released his album to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the Mayflower’s voyage (for details about it, see Bill Murray’s article in issue 120 of What’s Afoot). Seth says: “It’s a wonderful record but it didn’t really go far enough, I wanted to go a bit further… and flesh out the story.” Coming from Buckland Monachorum and having grown up steeped in Plymouth’s maritime traditions and music, Seth was well equipped for such a project. But it took a trip to North America (on tour with rock legend Robert Plant) to give him a starting point. He spent some time with members of the Wampanoag tribe, the Native Americans who saved the Pilgrim Fathers from starvation by sharing food and showing them how to farm in the New World. A rosy picture of this cooperation is painted every Thanksgiving Day in the US but Seth’s meeting with the Wampanoag showed him a darker side. “The surprise to me was the forced alliances between the settlers and the Native Americans,” he says. The Wampanoag, who had inhabited the area we know now as New England for 10,000 years, had been ravaged by disease brought by English explorers and fishermen. They needed European weapons to fend off a rival tribe. But the uneasy alliance would eventually lead to them being forced into a small corner of their land. Says Seth: “After I came back from America, I wanted to tell both sides of the story. You feel a responsibility.” So the first song on the album, Watch Out, recounts the dream of a Wampanoag girl who foresees the coming of the settlers and tries to warn her parents about the strangers with fire in their eyes. As history has shown, she was right to be fearful. Today, the Wampanoag inhabit only a small corner of their land. But The Pilgrim’s Tale is even-handed with Seth’s songs also relating the hardships suffered by the Pilgrims and highlighting the courage of the seamen who took them to the New World. Seth says that once he started writing, the songs came thick and fast. On the album they are linked by spoken introductions written by Nick Stimson, a writer and producer from Devon who is also Associate Director of The Theatre Royal, Plymouth. “The narrator is Paul McGann,” says Seth. “He’s done Hornblower and Doctor Who of course. He’s a big history fan. He really enjoyed the songs and the flow of it all so it’s come together really well.” The album was recorded at Seth’s home studio near Yelverton with Benji Kirkpatrick adding vocals, bouzouki, guitar, and side drum to Seth’s vocals, violin, viola, E tenor guitar, bouzouki, drums and harmonium. They worked very fast, cramming the recording into about 48 hours – some bands need that time just to record one track. Seth is pleased there are barely any overdubs which gives the album a very natural feel. He did call in father, Geoff and sister-in-law Cara Dillon to add vocals and Ben Nicholls on double bass and jews harp. The result is a powerful work that tells a story economically and with impact. “Hopefully, it’s a window to the era and the subject,” says Seth. “A good way of people finding about it.” The songs throw light on some incidents that many may not know. The Great Iron Screw, for example, tells how the main bean of the Mayflower split but was repaired thanks to the iron screw the settlers had brought for housebuilding. When What’s Afoot spoke to Seth about his project he was about to set off on an unconventional tour, taking the songs to places connected with the Pilgrim Fathers. “It’s a concept tour in itself as well. It’s quite a challenge to go into some of these venues. A lot of it’s in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, Southampton Dartmouth and Plymouth. It’s not a normal tour. Generally, you would spread yourself evenly throughout the territory. This one – in Lincolnshire you can see it five times.” The tour... took in Harwich, where the Mayflower’s captain Christopher Jones lived. The song Westward Bound portrays him by the shore, contemplating the momentous voyage and its dangers. The tour ended in Plymouth in February but there’s a chance to see a spectacular version of the project at Plymouth’s Theatre Royal in June. Performed by citizens of Plymouth and members of the Wampanoag tribe, with text by Nick Stimson and Seth’s songs, This Land is the story of The Mayflower and the impact of its arrival. It runs from June 16 to the 20. The big question about a concept album is: are the songs good enough to stand alone? One that might find a regular place in Seth’s concert repertoire is Bury Nights, the lament of a despairing settler who feels all the promises of a better life in America were false. Seth performed a poignant solo version on Radio 4’s Loose Ends which stunned the other guests. The haunting Mayflower Waltz that concludes the album certainly ought to find a place in session. Pilgrim Brothers is a song of religious hope but the stomping tune could be picked up by a border morris side. Sailing Time is a blistering reworking of the Padstow Farewell well suited to the bustle on a ship leaving harbour. At some point Seth hopes to take the show to America but he’s got a lot on his plate with his other touring work and the festival season (you can catch him at Sidmouth this summer). He has other projects and one is particularly tantalising: an album based on Laurie Lee’s book As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning. It tells of the young Laurie leaving his home in the Cotswolds and walking first to London, then across Spain from north to south. On his way he earns his living by playing his violin. Who better than Seth to set this story to music? --- Blue Jewel Ceilidh Band “The most enjoyable and happy party we have ever had. We danced our hearts out!” www.bluejewel.info --- The Joiners Arms Market Place, Bideford, EX30 2DR Friendly weekly club – bring a song or tune, join in or just sit and listen. Everyone welcome. Singarounds most weeks with about eight guest years. Upstairs in the skittle alley 7.30 for 8.00pm 23rd April - Guest Night Maggie Duffy 21st May – Guest Night Harbour Lights Website: www.bidefordfolkclub.com John Purser 01237 424286 firstname.lastname@example.org --- Exeter Ceilidhs Mar 28th Chris Toyne's Big Band April 25th Mischief and Mayhem May 30th Stick The Fiddle June 27th Amber Fire Kenn Centre, Kennford 8pm – 11pm £8 07969 297 633 www.exeterceilidhs.net --- The Mooncoin Ceilidh Band South Devon based band playing lively dance music with a strong Irish flavour. Own Caller Instruments include Melodeon, Guitar, Bouzouki, Fiddle, Bodhran, Whistle & Uilleann Pipes Available for Weddings, Barn Dances Anniversaries, Conferences etc. To book the band please contact Anne & Steve Gill 01803 290427 email@example.com --- Jeremy Child Barn Dance Caller Experienced caller provides lively dancing to recorded music or live band. “So many people said it was the best wedding do they’d ever been to. You really made our day – thank you” Barry & Sue Wakefield “A superb caller and a bundle of fun to boot - he made our party go with a swing” John Kelly “Everyone had a great time from young to old and it was a great way for our guests to mingle and break the ice. Jeremy was a brilliant and enthusiastic caller.” Alex and Rhan Hamilton 01392 422119 firstname.lastname@example.org www.barndancecaller.net Well I’ve been busy, calling in Paris and (by the time you read this) Ireland. It’s interesting calling where there are language issues (my French is low grade schoolboy and my Gaelic doesn’t go beyond craic and slainte - although they’re both really useful words!) I found (by trial and error) that the most effective way of communicating the dance was to get out and demonstrate. They understood and if they wanted to see it again they said so. Surprisingly my French which does not extend to Ladies Chain or Right Hand Star, did turn out to be useful. “Assseyz-vous” (sit down) and “Regardez” (watch) were used multiple times. Of course, many folk dance, and particular contra dance, terms come from French (going back to when the language of court was French) such as Dosey Do (dos-a-dos), Promenade, Pousette. Allemande also comes from France but not as (the urban myth goes) from “a la main (to the hand), but from the French for German. At one time (16th-17th century), many German dances came across the border to France and they had a lot of arm turns in them. They became known as “allemande” (German) dances and from that the signature arm turn became an Allemande Turn, shortened over time to Allemande. It occurred to me that we could use demonstration far more when calling in English. Although, in theory, we all speak the same language, in practice there are multiple small (and not so small) differences in meaning and understanding. Dance is a physical medium, so what better way to instruct than physically? Some interesting times simple instructions have failed. “Dosey do, go back to back with your partner” ends up with them standing back to back. “Put your right hands in for a Right Hand Star, put your left hands in for a Left Hand Star” ends up with them putting their left hands in but not taking their right ones out. Those of us who call barn dances for complete beginners are used to demonstrating dosey dos, but for ceilidhs with regular attendees this just isn’t necessary. Maybe we should be expanding the range of moves used – perhaps throw in a dos-paso or a flutterwheel? For the beginners it makes no difference as everything is new. For the more experienced dancers, it’s a chance to try something new and different. I do get a bit fed up with dances that have the same moves just in a different order - and with ceilidhs that never try anything new or exciting. Exeter Ceilidhs are going well with a record attendance at our last dance to the wonderful Dartmoor Pixies. Slightly too many in fact, perhaps having such a popular band on Burns Night wasn’t the best idea in the world. Another learning opportunity. I now have a third season all lined up – details soon. One of the (numerous) reasons for starting Exeter Ceilidhs was to provide eventually a feed of dancers to local folk dance groups. If you run such a group, send me flyers or bring them along. For my next overseas trip I’ll be flying off to Dublin. I’m not looking forward to the three hour plus drive when I get there. The festival is at Lisdoonvarna, on the Western coast of Ireland. It’s a small town of about 800 people where every year, for about a month, more than 40,000 people descend for Europe’s largest romantic matchmaking festival – and you think Sidmouth gets overcrowded! That’s not when I’m going though – I’m there for a bluegrass festival. I’ll let you know how I get on… 22nd Teignmouth Folk Festival 19th – 21st June 2020 Martyn Wyndham-Read & Iris Bishop The Wilson Family. Fox Amongst the Chickens Ceilidh Band The Old Gaffers Shanty Crew The City of Plymouth Pipe Band Dance displays and lots more to be confirmed www.teignmouthfolk.co.uk Contact: Anne Gill 01803 290427 It’s spring and the outdoor events are beginning to blossom. Here’s a round-up of what’s on offer. BOVEY TRACEY GREEN MAN SATURDAY, 25 APRIL 2020 FROM 09:30-17:30 THE festival, organised by the town and Grimspound Morris, spreads along Fore Street with plenty of dancing, stalls and other entertainment. Last year’s event was nearly blown away by high winds but hardy morris dancers kept it going. So don’t be put off if the weather looks doubtful, the morris won’t be. Expect a full day of music, dancing, eating, drinking, may pole dancing, mummers plays, a Town Crier and story telling). There will be a procession through the town by the Green Man (accompanied by his Twiglets). MAY HEYDAYS FRIDAY 1 MAY TO SUNDAY 3 AFTER 44 years, Eastbourne International Folkdance Festival will be relocating to Evesham in the Midlands. For more details, see the advert in this issue or visit www.mayheydays.org.uk LUSTLEIGH MAY DAY SATURDAY 2 MAY THE village of Lustleigh still celebrates May in the time-honoured way, complete with the crowning of the May Queen on the hillside above Wreyland. Tradition has it that after the plagues of the 1300s left the village unscathed, the inhabitants decided to celebrate their salvation by holding special festivities on May Day. The tradition gradually died out but was resurrected in the early 1900s. PIRATES A-PLENTY BRIXHAM PIRATE FESTIVAL - SATURDAY 2 MAY TO SUNDAY 3 THE Government’s VE Day celebrations have forced this popular event to cut down from three days to two but a mini festival is promised on the Monday for those who can take the day off. Details were sparse as we went to press so keep an eye on brixhampirates.com PIRATES WEEKEND PLYMOUTH 9 MAY 2020 – 10 MAY 2020 If you couldn’t make the Brixham festival or feel that you need even more piracy in your life then Plymouth is offering more buccaneering at the Barbican. There will be shanties galore and dancing from those cutlass-swinging Plymouth Morris Men. HUNTING OF THE EARL OF RONE COMBE MARTIN MAY 22-25 A UNIQUELY Devonian event which dates back to the 17th century when, according the Earl of Tyrone, fleeing from Ireland after an unsuccessful rebellion, landed near Combe Martin and was hunted down. This never happened but it didn’t stop the villagers holding this annual ceremony in which the bizarrely clad “Earl of Rone”, mounted on a donkey is paraded through the streets then taken down to the beach and “shot”. The custom was banned in 1837 by local bylaw due to “licentious and drunken behaviour”. But it was restored by local enthusiasts in the 1970s and now the whole village takes part – even the primary school pupils have their own “Earl”. Saturday is the night of the Combe Martin Strawberry Cake. The village was once famous for producing the first strawberries of the season in the UK, and this is commemorated by the Strawberry Cake - an amazing confection of sponge, whipped cream and fresh strawberries (taking three people about three hours just to assemble) which is paraded in to the Earl of Rone tune while the company joins in with the dance, and then avidly consumed. A full account of this custom, by Tom Brown who helped to restore it, is in What’s Afoot 118 (email email@example.com for a copy). PENNYMOOR SONG AND ALE FRIDAY 5 TO SUNDAY 7 JUNE THIS annual songfest is held at the London Inn, Morchard Bishop EX17 6NW. There is camping in the field next to the inn. There are lunchtime and evening song sessions, a walk on Saturday morning and singing at a local care home in the afternoon. At Saturday’s late-night session you have to stand on the famous wobbly log to sing. £15 for the weekend. Contact sally 01363 85022. Booking essential. TEIGNMOUTH FOLK FESTIVAL FRIDAY 19 JUNE TO SUNDAY 21 A SPLENDID festival by the sea that some morris sides prefer to Sidmouth because there is more room to dance. A special attraction this year is veteran performer Martin Wyndham-Read, accompanied by Iris Bishop, the duet concertina virtuoso who can give our own duet star, Geoff Lakeman, a good run for his money. There are also the fabulous Wilson Family See the advert in this issue for more details and keep an eye on www.teignmouthfolk.co.uk for any last-minute additions to the programme. ANNUAL SOUTH BRENT FOLK DAY SATURDAY 4 JULY A GREAT little festival that punches well above its weight. This year boasts none other than Martin Carthy as the headline act. See the advert in this issue for more details. It might be a good idea to get tickets early. An unusual addition is a tambourine workshop by this magazine’s assistant editor Mab Foxen. Mab was trained in the Salvation Army’s dynamic style of tambourine playing and will be shedding a whole new light on this often underused and abused instrument. For more details of the festival, see the advert in this issue or visit southbrentfolk.org.uk* AND IN THE SUMMER NEW FOREST FOLK FESTIVAL WEDNESDAY 1 JULY TO SATURDAY 5 Our own Phil Beer will be there with his band. See the advert in this issue for more details www.newforestfolkfestival.co.uk WARWICK FOLK FESTIVAL THURSDAY 23RD JULY TO SATURDAY 25TH See the advert in this issue for more details www.warwickfolkfestival.co.uk A turner who took a turn for the worse AFTER a winter of storms, Hillary and Bill Durrant will be hoping for a respite at this year’s Dartmoor Festival. The couple, who were demonstrating pole lathe turning, had their gazebo destroyed by the storm played havoc with Sidmouth FF and threatened to disrupt Dartmoor. The weather was a double blow for the couple. Not only did they need a new gazebo but they raised very little money at the festival for the charity they support, Cardiac Risk In The Young. The Durrants, from Somerset, have been taking pole lathing to events around the country to raise awareness of cardiac risk since their granddaughter, Dr Jenny Bucknell died “out of the blue” in 2011 from an undiagnosed heart condition. She was only 23 and had barely finished at university. Hillary said: “Jenny lived and worked in Cardiff and my daughter accepted her degree certificates. She had just landed a job at Llandovery Hospital in Wales and was so happy telling me all about it over the phone the night before she suddenly died.” Despite the storm, the Durrants kept their sense of humour and offered their “roofless gazebo” for sale. “We did only get an offer of a pound,” said Hillary. They plan to keep on demonstrating the old craft of pole lathe turning and will be at Dartmoor again. Do drop by and see them and, if you can, help a very worthwhile charity. CHAGSTOCK FESTIVAL FRIDAY 24 JULY TO SATURDAY 25 https://chagstock.info/ SIDMOUTH FOLK WEEK FRIDAY 31 JULY TO FRIDAY 7 AUGUST This is the big one with something to please everybody. See the advert in this issue for more details or visit https://sidmouthfolkfestival.co.uk/ 43RD DARTMOOR FOLK FESTIVAL FRIDAY 7 AUGUST TO SUNDAY 9 AUGUST Bob Cann’s festival has a magic all of its own. It not only offers great music but also sets up unique events such as the Dartmoor step dancing competition. See the advert in this issue for more details or visit www.dartmoorfolkfestival.org.uk/ BEAUTIFUL DAYS FESTIVAL FRIDAY 21 AUGUST TO SUNDAY 23 AUGUST www.beautifuldays.org/ CORNWALL FOLK FESTIVAL FRIDAY 28 AUGUST TO MONDAY 31 AUGUST https://cornwallfolkfestival.com/wp/ LYME FOLK WEEKEND FRIDAY 28 AUGUST TO MONDAY 31 www.lymefolk.com/ TEIGN SHANTY FEST, TEIGNMOUTH SATURDAY 26 SEPTEMBER TO SUNDAY 27 www.teignshantyfestival.co.uk/ BARING-GOULD FESTIVAL OCTOBER. Wren 01837 53754 firstname.lastname@example.org THE latest listings appear in the following section. We try our best to keep up to date but events can be subject to change (especially at folk clubs where a change in pub landlord can lead to venue changes at short notice) so we suggest you check before setting off, either by ringing the organisers or going to the venue’s website. If no contact details have been provided, an excellent reference point is the flaxey-green website www.flaxey-green.co.uk Contact details for clubs, bands and callers and diary dates for regular and specific events are now being coordinated by Trevor Paul. Any information sent to email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.org will be shared between Devon Folk publications (What’s Afoot and website) and the flaxey-green website. The details in this section are believed to be correct at the time of compilation. The editor cannot accept responsibility for subsequent changes by club organisers or because of unforeseen events. Our Devon Folk website www.devonfolk.org.uk has the latest updates that we have been given. Please notify us of any changes to contact details for clubs etc. ### Regular Events #### MONDAY WEEKLY SESSION - Appledore Royal Hotel - Totnes, Bay Horse - DANCE - Bridport FDC . WI Hall. 7.30pm - Monty Crook, 01308 423442. - Chudleigh FDC Town Hall. Term J me., 7pm. Mary Marker 01626 854141 - Kilmington VH, 2-4pm. Janet Bulpin 01297 33019 - Sidford ScoSh at VH #### MONDAY FORTNIGHTLY SESSION - Fremington New Inn, (1st, 3rd) - Totnes Bay Horse (1st, 3rd) 8.30pm - SONG - Kingsteignton, AcousJc - Warehouse, Passage House Inn, (1st, 3rd) 7.30pm. Nigel 07989 180091 #### MONDAY MONTHLY MUSIC - Chilhampton, Bell Inn (2nd). - Topsham, Bridge Inn (1st) - Welcombe, Old Smithy (2nd) - Irish. #### SESSION - Topsham, Bridge Inn (2nd) Blues - Totnes, Bay Horse (4th) Irish. - Cloveley, Red Lion (1st) - Moretonhampstead, The Horse Pub (last) #### TUESDAY WEEKLY SESSION - Appledore, The Champ - DANCE - Exmouth Isca ScoSh Dancers, Sept-May. E East Budleigh CH 7.30pm. VI Tyler, 01395 276913 - Launceston FDC. St John Ambulance Hall. Rosemary 01566 774491 - Plymouth, Country Dance. #### WEDNESDAY WEEKLY SESSION - Appledore, Royal Hotel - Exmouth, Beacon Vaults - Torquay, Ryans Bar - DANCE - Bideford FDC, Northam VH. Chris Jewell, 01237 423554 - GiN sham FDC at VH. 01404 813129 #### TUESDAY FORTNIGHTLY SONG - Bradninch White Lion (1st), Castle (3rd) - Plymouth, ArIlery Arms (1st, 3rd) 8.30pm Marilyn Cowan 01752 309983 - South Brent, Pack Horse (2nd, 4th) 8.30pm Eileen McKee 01364 73699 - MUSIC - Bere Ferrers, Old Plough alt #### SESSION - Exmouth Manor Hotel (3rd, 5th) - Chris AusJn 07812 688432 - DANCE - Kingsteignton FDC. Ch. Jean Foster 01626 363887 (2nd, 4th) - Wiveliscombe FDC, (2nd, 4th). Community Centre. 01984 624595 #### TUESDAY MONTHLY SESSION - Bradninch, West End Hall. (2nd). Colin Wilson 01392 882036 - Calstock, Boot Inn (2nd) Mike 07725 579718 - Frogmore Globe Inn (1st) 8.30pm - Shebbeare, Devil’s Stone (2nd) - SONG - Chipshop (nr Tavistock) Copper Penny Inn (4th) - Coleford, New Inn (last) 01363 84914 - Sandford, Lamb Inn (1st) Paul & Hazel 01363 776275 - Sidmouth AcousJc Folk Club Sidholme Hotel, EX10 8UJ (2nd) 07850163241 #### WED FORTNIGHTLY DANCE Crowcombe Halsway Manor FDG (1st, 3rd) - SONG Totnes, Bay Horse (2nd, 4th) #### WEDNESDAY MONTHLY SONG/MUSIC, Brixham, The Old Coaching Inn.(1st) Sing/Play (3rd) BFC Folk Choir (2nd ,4th) - SONG - Lymptstone, Globe.(2nd) Brian Mather 01395 27859 - Lymptstone, Redwing Inn. (4th) 01395 225075 - Pennymoor Singaround, Cruwys Arms (3rd) 7.30pm Jon Sharpley 01363 83740 - SESSION - Dawlish, South Devon Inn. (last) - Honiton, Beehive Centre, (2nd) 7.30pm - Malborough, Royal Oak, (2nd) - Plymouth, Hyde Inn, (2nd). Alis 01752 662002 - MUSIC Seaton. Eyre Court (3rd) Jurassic Jurassian Adrian 01404 549903 - Swimbridge, Jack Russell Inn (1st) - SONG Sidmouth, Anchor (1st) #### THURSDAY WEEKLY SONG - Bideford FSC, Joiners Arms. John Purser 01237 424286 ## Regular Events Bishopsteignton, Red Rock Brewery 7.30pm. John Morey 07791 054773 Denbury, Union Inn, Steve Basseño, 01803 812537 DANCE - Crewkerne FDC, St Bartholomew’s Church. Jean 01460 72505 - Tavistock FDC, Town Hall. Margaret Holt, 01822 855858 - Newton Poppleford Square Dance class, VH, 2-4.30pm. - SESSION Plymouth, Minerva Inn, 8.30pm THURS FORTNIGHTLY DANCE - Chard FDC, Combe St Nicholas VH. 7.30pm Hillary Durrant 01460 61996 Exmouth FDC (1st, 3rd). - Withycombe Methodist Ch Hall. Chris Miles 01395 275592 Willand FDC at VH. (2nd, 4th) Zena Roberts 01884 253546 MUSIC Willand Club Band at VH. (1st, 3rd) Mary Marker 01626 854141 WEST GALLERY Crediton, St Lawrence Chapel. Sonja Andrews 01363 877216 THURSDAY MONTHLY MUSIC Churchstow, Church House Inn (1st) SESSION - Exmouth, Bicton Inn (3rd) 01395 272589. Frogmore, Globe. (3rd) 8.30pm SONG - Brixham, Quayside Hotel (1st) - Exmouth, Bicton Inn (4th) 01395 272589 - Morchard Bishop, London Inn (1st) Pennymoor Singaround noon-3pm Jon 01363 83740 - Nadderwater, Royal Oak (1st) Exeter Singaround - Teignmouth FSC, Oystercatcher Cafe (last) MUSIC - Totnes Barrel House, Klezmer. (3rd) - South Brent, Pack Horse Inn (3rd) FRIDAY WEEKLY DANCE - Bideford Country Dance Club, Northam VH. John Blackburn 01237 476632 - Dartington FDC at VH. Sheila Chappell, 01392 282156 - Newton Poppleford, American Square Dance classes. VH 10am-12.30pm 01395 578306 SONG - Bodmin FSC, The Old Library, www.bodminfolkclub.co.uk FRIDAY FORTNIGHTLY DANCE Aylesbeare FDC at VH. Ted Farmer 01392 466326 FRIDAY MONTHLY DANCE - Exeter D’accord French, St MaOehws Hall. Mike Long 01392 811593. - Exeter Contra Dance, The Kenn Centre, EX6 7UE, 7.30pm (2nd). Jeremy Child 01392 422119. - South Brent Fest Noz, Palstone Recreà on Hall (1st) SONG - Brixham FSC, Old Coaching Inn. (1st). email@example.com - Carhampton, Butchers Arms. (2nd). Lynda Baker 01643 702994 - Exeter Folk & Acousi c Club, Victoria Tennis Club (last). Peter Cornelius 01392 210983. - Marldon. Old Smokey House (3rd) Folk Plus Acousi c Club. Paul 07894 961010 - Milton Abbot Ma’s FSC at VH (3rd) - SESSION Plympton, Union Inn (last) - Cullompton South West Shape Note Singing (3rd) Steve 07976 605692 or Marj n 07721 451406 SAT MONTHLY SONG - Combe Martin, Shammick Acousi c, Pack Of Cards. (4th). 01271 882366 Brendon, Staghunters. (3rd) - Carole Henderson-Begg, 01769 540581 SESSION West Anstey, Jubilee Inn (1st) 7pm SUNDAY WEEKLY MUSIC Appledore, Coach & Horses, 4pm SONG Lee Mill, Westward Inn. Folk on the Moor. 7.45pm. Anton Horwich 01822 853620 SUNDAY FORTNIGHTLY SONG Bude FSC, Falcon Hotel Vince Jerrison 07787 156210 SESSION Parracombe, Hunter’s Inn. (2nd, 4th) SUNDAY MONTHLY SONG - Bere Ferrers, Old Plough. (3rd) 8.30pm - Cullompton South West Shape Note Singing. (5th) Steve 07976 605692 or Marj n 07721 451406 - Okehampton, Plume of Feathers, Okey Folky. (last) Doug 07770 484025 - S clepeth, Devonshire Inn. (1st) Derek Moore 01837 840316 MUSIC - Winleigh Kings Arms, (3rd) - Pennygroo, Cruwys Arms. (last) Lunch me. Jon Shapley 01363 83740 - Plymouth, Dolphin. (1st) 1.30pm Scorrinton, Tradesman’s Arms. (4th) 7.30pm. 01364 631308 - SESSION Totnes, Bay Horse. (2nd) Bluegrass. CLUBS, DAY UNSPECIFIED DANCE Beacon Wheel Chair Dancers. Sue Cummings 01803 554799 Teign Playford Club. Jean Foster 01626 363887 Further information and updates at www.devonfolk.org.uk, ## Specific Events ### APRIL WEDNESDAY 1ST DANCE - Giò sham Folk Dance Club. Mark Moran, A Tight Squeeze SESSION West Anstey, Jubilee Inn (1st) 7pm SUNDAY WEEKLY MUSIC Appledore, Coach & Horses, 4pm SONG Lee Mill, Westward Inn. Folk on the Moor. 7.45pm. Anton Horwich 01822 853620 SUNDAY FORTNIGHTLY SONG Bude FSC, Falcon Hotel Vince Jerrison 07787 156210 SESSION Parracombe, Hunter’s Inn. (2nd, 4th) SUNDAY MONTHLY SONG - Bere Ferrers, Old Plough. (3rd) 8.30pm - Cullompton South West Shape Note Singing. (5th) Steve 07976 605692 or Marj n 07721 451406 - Okehampton, Plume of Feathers, Okey Folky. (last) Doug 07770 484025 - S clepeth, Devonshire Inn. (1st) Derek Moore 01837 840316 MUSIC - Winleigh Kings Arms, (3rd) - Pennygroo, Cruwys Arms. (last) Lunch me. Jon Shapley 01363 83740 - Plymouth, Dolphin. (1st) 1.30pm Scorrinton, Tradesman’s Arms. (4th) 7.30pm. 01364 631308 - SESSION Totnes, Bay Horse. (2nd) Bluegrass. CLUBS, DAY UNSPECIFIED DANCE Beacon Wheel Chair Dancers. Sue Cummings 01803 554799 Teign Playford Club. Jean Foster 01626 363887 Further information and updates at www.devonfolk.org.uk, ### MAY SUNDAY 3RD SONG Folk on the Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. MONDAY 4TH CONCERT Exeter Corn Exchange EX1 1BW. 7.15pm. The Simon & Garfunkel Story SATURDAY 25TH CONCERT Shammmick Acousi c, Pack o’ Cards, Combe Marj n. Alice Jones DANCE - Exeter Ceilidhs. Kenn Centre, Exeter Road, Kennford, EX6 7UE. 8pm. Gill Spence, Mischief and Mayhem CONCERT Ashburton Arts Centre, West Street, TQ13 7DT. Doors 7pm. Sarah McQuaid FRIDAY 17TH CONCERT Exeter Folk and Acousi c Club, Victoria Park Tennis Club, Lyndhurst Road, St. Leonards, EX2 4NX. 8pm. Mike Silver SATURDAY 4TH DANCE Spring Céilidh, South Brent Village Hall. Doors 7.30pm. Spinach for Norman MONDAY 6TH CONCERT Exeter Corn Exchange Market Street, Exeter, EX1 1BW. 6.45pm. Feast of Fiddles TUESDAY 7TH DANCE Sidford Folk Dance Club. Cancelled WEDNESDAY 8TH DANCE Giò sham Folk Dance Club. Chris Jewell, Home Brew THURSDAY 9TH DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. Peter Howarth, Weston C.D. Band SONG Totnes Folk Song Club, Dartmouth Inn, TQ9 5EL, 8pm. Geoff Lakeman and Rob Murch CONCERT - Ashburton Arts Centre, West Street, Ashburton TQ13 7DT. Doors 7pm. The Askew Sisters - Onertown Mill, Oörtown, nr Budleigh Salterton, EX9 7HG. 8pm. Tom McConville SATURDAY 11TH DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. Village Hall, Gables Road, Willand, EX15 2PL SESSION Totnes, Bay Horse. (2nd) Bluegrass. TUESDAY 14TH DANCE Sidford Folk Dance Club. Simon Maplesden WEDNESDAY 15TH DANCE Giò sham Folk Dance Club. Ray Goodwins, Petronella THURSDAY 16TH CONCERT Ashburton Arts Centre, West Street, TQ13 7DT. Doors 7pm. Sarah McQuaid FRIDAY 17TH CONCERT Exeter Folk and Acousi c Club, Victoria Park Tennis Club, Lyndhurst Road, St. Leonards, EX2 4NX. 8pm. Mike Silver SATURDAY 18TH DANCE - Willand Folk Dance Club. Village Hall, EX15 2PL. 8pm. Simon Maplesden, Jigs for Gigs - Exeter St James CH, Mount Pleasant, EX4 7AH. D’Accord’s French Music and Dance. CONCERT St Mary’s Church, Totnes, TQ9 5NN. 7.30pm. Totnes Early Music Society, JOGLARESA: The Enchantress of Seville SUNDAY 19TH SONG - Folk on Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. Lander Mason - Topsham FC, MaOehws Hall, EX3 0HF. Gigspanner Big Band TUESDAY 21ST DANCE Sidford Folk Dance Club. Jane Thomas, Jigs for Gigs WEDNESDAY 22ND DANCE Giò sham Folk Dance Club. Simon Maplesden, Chris Toyne THURSDAY 23RD DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. SONG Bideford Folk Club. The Joiners Arms, Market Place, EX30 2DR. 8pm. Maggie Duffy TUESDAY 5TH DANCE Sidford Folk Dance Club. Chris Jewell WEDNESDAY 6TH DANCE Giò sham Folk Dance Club. Aileen Wills, Rough Music CONCERT Teignmouth Pavillions The Den Specific Events Crescent, TQ14 8BG. 7.30pm. Sam Sweeney The Plough@StAnne’s, Paternoster Row, Barnstaple EX31 1SX. 8pm. The Rheingans Sisters SATURDAY 9TH DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. VH Gables Road, EX15 2PL. 8pm. Ray Goodswen, Portland Drive Exeter, St James CH, Mount Pleasant, EX4 7AH. 7.15pm. D’Accord’s French Music and Dance Poisson Rouge CONCERT Exeter Folk Acousjc Club. Victoria Park Tennis Club, Lyndhurst Road, St Leonards, EX2 4NX. 8pm. Bob Fox SUNDAY 10TH SONG Folk on the Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. Dipper Malkin TUESDAY 12TH DANCE Sidford Folk Dance Club. Mary Marker WEDNESDAY 13TH DANCE GiO sham FDC. Mary Marker, Dancing Keys THURSDAY 14TH DANCE Willand FDC. Jane Thomas, Quantock Quarenders SONG Totnes Folk Song Club. The Dartmouth Inn 28 Warland, TQ9 5EL. CONCERT Plough@StAnne’s, Paternoster Row, Barnstaple EX31 1SX. 8pm. Nick Hart and Tom Moore on violin FRIDAY 15TH CONCERT Plough@StAnne’s, Paternoster Row, Barnstaple EX31 1SX. 8pm. The Postman Poet: A Celebration of the Life & Songs of Edward Capern SUNDAY 17TH CONCERT Barnfield Theatre, Barnfield Road, EX1 1SN. JUNE WEDNESDAY 3RD DANCE GiO sham FDC. Mary Blackborow, Bridgwater Band 7.30pm. Julie July Band: The Fotheringay Tour 2020 SONG Folk on the Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. Clive Gregson TUESDAY 19TH DANCE Sidford Folk Dance Club. Party night Aileen Wills, Quantock Quarenders. r WEDNESDAY 20TH DANCE GiO sham Folk Dance. Jeremy Child, Jigs for Gigs FRIDAY 22ND CONCERT O’erton Mill, EX9 7HG. Danni Nicholls SATURDAY 23RD CONCERT St Katherine’s Priory, Exeter, EX4 7JY. 7.30pm. Greg Hancock, Alex Seel, Tennison’s Twin “Songwriters Circle Concert” WEDNESDAY 27TH DANCE GiO shamFDC. Jane Thomas, Ivor Hyde and Holly THURSDAY 28TH DANCE Willand FDC, Club Callers, The More The Merrier SATURDAY 30TH CONCERT Shammic Acousjc, Pack o’ Cards, Combe Marj’n. Maggie Lane DANCE Exeter Ceilidhs. Kenn Centre, Exeter Road, Kennford, EX6 7UE. 8pm. Jeremy Child, SJ ck the Fiddle SUNDAY 31ST CONCERT RHS Rosemoor, Torrington, EX38 8PH. 7.30pm. Show of Hands SONG Folk on the Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. Steve Turner. FRIDAY 5TH SONG Pennymoor Song and Ale WEDNESDAY 17TH DANCE GiO sham Folk Dance Club. Graham Knight, Meter Rite firstname.lastname@example.org SATURDAY 6TH DANCE Bridport Ceilidhs, Church House Hall, DT6 3NW. 7.30pm. Gill Spence, Abacus MUSIC Bradninch Musical Gardens. 01392 881566 email@example.com o FRIDAY 19TH-SUN 20TH FESTIVAL Teignmouth Folk FF FRIDAY 19TH CONCERT Exeter Folk Club. Victoria Park Tennis Club, St Leonards, EX2 4NX. 8pm. Crows SATURDAY 20TH DANCE D’Accord’s French . St Mathews Hall, EX1 2LJ SUNDAY 21ST SONG Folk on the Moor, TUESDAY 9TH CONCERT The Flavel, Flavel Place, Dartmouth, TQ6 9ND. 7.30pm. Fairport Convenj on WEDNESDAY 10TH DANCE GiO sham Folk Dance Club. Janet Bulpin, Fresh Aire THURSDAY 11TH DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. Mary Marker, SJ ck The Fiddle SONG Dartmouth Inn, Totnes TQ9 SEL. Totnes Folk Song Club, 8pm. A Devonshire Garland FRIDAY 12TH CONCERT Plough@StAnne’s, Paternoster Row, Barnstaple EX31 1SX. 8pm. Rosa Rebecca + Special Guests. Plough Arts Centre, GT Torrington EX38 8HQ. 8pm ‘he Last Huzzah!’ Jamie Smith’s Mabon SATURDAY 13TH DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. VH Gables Road, EX15 2PL. 8pm. Jane Thomas, Oxford Nags Exeter St James Church Hall, Mount Pleasant, EX4 7AH. 7.15pm. D’Accord’s French SUNDAY 14TH SONG Folk on the Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. Barron Brady WEDNESDAY 24TH DANCE GiO sham Folk Dance Club. Gill Spence, Jigs for Gigs THURSDAY 25TH DANCE Willand Folk Dance Club. Simon Maplesden, Chris Toyne CONCERT O’erton Mill, O’erton, Devon, EX9 7HG. 8pm. Geoff Lakeman and Rob Murch SATURDAY 27TH CONCERT Shammic Acousjc, Pack o’ SUNDAY 28TH SONG Folk on the Moor, Westward Inn, Lee Mill, 7.45pm. Steve Tilston --- General Information MAGAZINES FOLK IN CORNWALL John Tremaine, 7, The Moors, Lostwithiel, PL22 0BX 01208 872124 firstname.lastname@example.org FOLKLIFE Sam Simmons, 16, BarreÖ Rise, Malvern, WR14 2UJ. 01684 561378 email@example.com www.folklife.org.uk, www.folklife-directory.uk FOLK LONDON Email: firstname.lastname@example.org www.folklondon.co.uk FOLK SOUTH WEST Eddie Upton, Church Farm, Leigh, Sherborne, DT9 6HL. 01935 873889 email@example.com SOMERSET & DORSET www.folkmusicsomerset.co.uk www.sadfolk.co.uk Tony & Peter’s Folk Diary; firstname.lastname@example.org BEDS, HERTS, CAMBS Unicorn, Simon Bailes, email@example.com NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS English Folk Dance & Song Society Cecil Sharp House, 2, Regents Park Road, London, NW1 7AY 020 7485 2206. firstname.lastname@example.org,www.efds.org THE MORRIS FEDERATION Fee Lock,28, Fairstone Close, Haslins, Sussex.01424 436052. www.morrisfed.org.uk THE MORRIS RING Jon Melville, 57, Shakespeare Drive, Nuneaton, CV11 6NW. 02476 345543 email@example.com www.themorrisring.org OPEN MORRIS Jen Cox, email: firstname.lastname@example.org National Youth Folklore Troupe of England* Dave Leverton, Manor Farm Coöage, Chewtown Keynsham, Bristol BS31 2SU 01179 866316 or 07831 101755, email@example.com --- Stick The Fiddle Folk Band Experienced & Lively Trio Fiddle – Guitar – Bass (Caller Available) Dances – Ceilidhs – Concerts Background music at Weddings, Parties or any event where you’d like live music! More info + YouTube links at www.stickthefiddle.co.uk or call Sue 07790760462 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Clubs and Sessions Pennymoor Pennymoor Singaround* 3rd Wed. Cruwys Arms, Last Sunday Music session Cruwys Arms. Jon Shapley 01363 83740 Plymouth 2nd Wed. Plymouth Folk Roots Hyde, Mutley. Ali 01752 662002 1st and 3rd Tues. The Arillery Arms. Song and music session Marilyn Cowan 01752 309983 Sandford 1st Tue. Lamb Inn. Mostly song. Paul & Hazel 01363 776275 Scoriton 4th Sun. 7.30pm. Tradesman’s Arms, Sue & Simon Williams, Scorriton Farmhouse, TQ11 0JB 01364 631308. Seaton Jurassic Folk, Eyre Court, 2, Queen Street. 3rd Wed: Jam session. Adrian 01404 549903 Sidmouth 2nd Tues Sidmouth AcousJc Folk Club, Sidholme Hotel, The Lounge Elysian Fields EX10 8UJ, 07850163241 South Brent Pack Horse Inn Alt. Tues. 8.30pm. Song. Eileen Kckee 01364 73699 Pack Horse Inn 3rd Thursday, 8pm. Mixed session South Zeal 3rd Mon music session email@example.com Sucklepath (Okehampton) 1st Sun. Devonshire Inn. Derek Moore 01837 840316 Swimbridge 1st Wed, The Jack Russell, Swimbridge Nr Barnstaple, firstname.lastname@example.org Teignmouth Last Thurs. Teignmouth Folk Club. Oystercatcher Cafe, Northumberland Place. Martyn Hillstead, 01626 778071. Topsham* Tues. Singers nights at the Bridge Inn. 7.30pm. John Stephens 01392 875332 www.topshamfolkclub.org Torquay 3rd Mon Open Mic. Arjzan Gallery, Robert Spence 01803 428626. Totnes 2nd Thurs Folk Song Club. Dartmouth Inn. Steve & Anne Gill, 01803 290427. 1st & 3rd Mon, open session (English) 2nd & 4th Mon, open session (Irish). 2nd & 4th Wed. mostly trad/ish ongual song unaccompanied Bay Horse Willand Willand Club Band Workshop Alt. Thurs. Willand Chapel, Gables Road. Mary Marker 01626 854141 Ritual & Display Groups (F: Morris Federal on, R: Morris Ring, Open Morris member) Day indicates regular prac ce night/dance out night Alive & Kicking (F) Appalachian. Jo Wright 01392 462531 Angletwitch (F) Elizabeth Wozniak 01271 325425 Beltane (F) Border, Harriet White. email@example.com Bideford Phoenix Morris (F) Frances Hall, 01409 281877 Blackawton Morris (F) Chris Janman, 01803 712362 Black Bess (F) Jayne Thomas 01626 366844 firstname.lastname@example.org Borderline (F) email@example.com Bovey Tracey Mummers (R) Rod Wilkins 01803 812581 Bradinhill Morris (F) Duncan Harrington 01884 855270 Cat’s Eye Border (F) firstname.lastname@example.org www.catseyemorris.co.uk Cogs & Wheels (F) Donna Tombs email@example.com (Thurs) Dartmoor Border (F) Mark Tregaskis 01752 299700 Darlington Morris Men (R) Marj n Jones firstname.lastname@example.org (Fri) Exeter Morris Men (R) Mike Painter, 01392 660444. (Thurs) email@example.com Exmoor Border Morris (F) Marlene Cann, firstname.lastname@example.org (Wed) Firestone (Appalachian & Irish). Email email@example.com Glory of the West Morris (F) Carol Mantell, 01647 252740 (Wed) Great Western Morris Men (F) Mike Boston firstname.lastname@example.org (Mon) Green Willow Clog (F) Jacqueline 07748 121093 Grimsound Border Morris (F) Lee Merry, email@example.com Harberton Navy (F) firstname.lastname@example.org Heather & Gorse (F) Maggie Anderson email@example.com Ilfracombe Red PeN coats (F) Linda Corcoran, firstname.lastname@example.org Isambard Gasket Rats (F) Debs : 01626 770238 email@example.com Kings Arms Pace Egg & Mummers Dave Denford, The CoOage, Ramsley, SouthZeal, EX10 2LD Lodestone Border (F) firstname.lastname@example.org Lyme Morris www.facebook.com/LymeMorris Newton Bushel Morris (F) Rod Shute, 01803 403153 email@example.com Old Town Twelves Alison Chapman, 07541 385463 Oner Morris firstname.lastname@example.org Plymouth Maids (O) Sue Hawes, 01752 345054 email@example.com Plymouth Morris firstname.lastname@example.org www.plymouthmorrismen.org.uk Raddon Hill Clog Morris (F) Barry Lewis 01395 443408 Rough Diamonds Appalachian 01460 220607 Shuffle The Deck (F) Appalachian. Kathy Houlihan 01752 893335 or 07719652885 Sidmouth Steppers NW Morris (F) email@example.com Sidmouth Traditional Mummers Henry Piper, 01404 811491 firstname.lastname@example.org Tinners Morris Men (F) email@example.com Trigg Morris Men (R) Roger Hancock, 01208 73907 Tudor Dance Group Elizabeth Thurgood, 01404 812185. Winkleigh Morris (F) Angela Haines, 01837 83219 firstname.lastname@example.org (Tues) Wreckers Border (F) email@example.com --- A wake-up call for the hardier sides THERE’S a rude awakening for Morris sides on May 1st as the dancers and musicians rise to greet the sun. If you fancy seeing them as they welcome in the summer, here’s a list of some of the spots where they will be dancing. Beltane Morris: 4.30-6.30am Haytor car park. They may be joined by Isambard Gasket Rats. Dartmoor Border Morris. Sunrise at Leedon Tor Car park Plymouth Morris: 5am The Hoe Promenade, above Smeaton’s Tower, Plymouth Hoe. Wreckers Border Morris. 5am Kit Hill car park, Cornwall. Darlington Morris: 5.30am-6.30am Totnes Castle Bideford Phoenix Morris. 05.30am Kingsley Statue, Bideford Quay. Newton Bushel Morris, 5am Labrador Bay, nr Teignmouth And if your side has been missed off the list, remember to keep us up to date with what you’re up to by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org Mining Dartmoor for old melodies BILL MURRAY reveals how he managed to build up his extensive repertoire by ferreting out material that the real old singers loved but that purist collectors once scorned. For many years now I have introduced myself as a Dartmoor Entertainer in preference to a Folk Singer because most of the songs that I sing regularly in concerts at village halls these days are not strictly folk songs. Several of the songs I learnt over the years from the older singers are in fact popular songs written in the period from 1905 to 1925 and printed in broadsheet form by music publishers with familiar names such as Boosey and Co, Chappell & Co and JH Larway. In the words of Charlie Laycock (1879-1943) the folk song recorder from Moretonhampstead who also collected printed music, “some are very good, some fairly good and others indifferent”. The early folk song revival provided the impetus for song writers and musicians to put their heads together and to compose songs that imitated the traditional folk song. “I have written several rustic songs,” wrote Fred E Weatherly (who wrote the lyrics for Danny Boy) “humbly endeavouring to copy the old humorous songs … the music of which exactly reproduces the style and spirit of the old English folk songs.” The homely philosophy of his family’s gardener was the inspiration behind his song Stonecracker John (not to be confused with Martin Graebe’s more recent composition of the same name). It was published in 1909 with music by Eric Coates (1886-1958), composer of The Dam Busters March and the Desert Island Discs theme Sleepy Lagoon. Weatherly claimed “that if it had not been for the reference to motor cars and the label of his name, critics would not have detected the modern origin of the song”. When the grand folks go by on their wild-cat machinery, They kicks up a dust an’ they spoils all the greenery, Oh whack fol the riddle oh, I chuckle and say, I’d crack ‘em an’ whack ‘em, if I had my way. So I would, now; Yes I would, now; If I had my way! Fifty years ago, the better compositions were still being sung by a few of the older men and occasionally women, in the pubs and village halls in our area. These singers “owned” their songs and they were usually quite protective of them. Most were humorous. They certainly amused me and from the moment I heard George Edworthy of Willand, sing Bread and Cheese and Cider at the cellar folk club in Burton Hall, North Tawton, it has been my mission to search out and recover as many as possible of these old songs. It is worth recording that George had been brought to Burton Hall by that bastion of the Exeter traditional folk scene, The Jolly Porter Folk Club, and he certainly would not have been allowed to sing his songs in that club were they not considered to be from the English tradition. I do not think George had any of the sheet music or 78rpm records for the songs he sang and that was probably true of most of the old singers I knew. One exception was Gordon Ching of Crookernwell who had the sheet music for most of his songs so he could be accompanied on the piano by his mother or his wife. Gordon was a real entertainer, very much in demand for local events and village hall evenings. It was Gordon who translated Ernest Melvin’s song from the North Country Nowt About Owt into the Devonshire version of Nort About Ort. A few of the songs had a piece of dialogue set in between the verses. One I have come across is Wot’s Ther Price o’ Swedes? (1924) and finding this song, which must have been quite popular in its day, did answer the question as to why, 50 years later, when one of Gregory Transport’s lorry drivers delivered vegetables to the old Covent Garden Market, one of the merchants would invariably shout out: “Wot’s Ther Price o’ Swedes in Devon?” I was joyful when I found the 78rpm recording of this in the Hospicecare charity shop in South Street, Exeter. The prolific Fred E Weatherly also tried his hand at writing sea songs, for example, The Place For Jack, which is printed in this issue in the hope that one of our local shanty groups might take it into their repertoire. The next phase of songs that appealed to the old singing friends came during the period from 1925 to 1935. With the new availability of the wind-up gramophone, people could play and learn the songs from the 78rpm Zonophone recordings of country rustics such as Albert Richardson. His renderings of Buttercup Joe, The Old Sow and Farmer’s Boy were very popular and his Kentish brogue was easy enough to translate into the Devonshire accent. At about this time, Roy Hutchings from Drewsteignton was learning some wonderful American cowboy songs from the radio which he would occasionally sing in the pub. His favourite was The Strawberry Roan, which I remember him singing at The Baring Gould Festival when he was in his late eighties. The third group of songs from that period I remember hearing the old singers perform were those of our most prolific Devonshire dialect writers, William Weeks, who wrote The Mortal Unluck Old Chap and That Quare Feelin’ and of course Jan Stewer (AJ Coles) with his very well know songs Out Come Mother And Me and What About A Little Drop of Cider. Before the internet, searching out copies of the sheet music and recordings of these old songs was very difficult. I spent many long hours in second-hand bookshops looking through the piles of dusty paper, usually without success. Occasionally, something would turn up and if it did then it was quite likely others from the same source would be found. Charles Laycock, whom I mentioned earlier, did produce a list of ‘modern West-country songs’ that appeared in The Devonian Year Book for 1915. In the Devonshire section, he lists 35 songs including Down Ome By Kirton Town by FC Smale (which I heard an elderly gentleman from Crediton sing quite recently), Young Tom o’ Devon and The Wonnerful Wise Man o’ Tawton which I am pleased to say, I have, at long last, managed to obtain from the British Library. However, it did cost me £28! I would issue a warning to people to be careful when ordering music and other documents from The British Library and to read the wording on their website carefully. They will not give quotations and in paying by card on-line the money is deducted from your account before you know the cost. Many of you will know Tavystock Goozey Vair which, allegedly, was written by C John Trythall and published by JH Larway in 1912. A search has been made to find out exactly who this man was and where he lived. A person of the same name who hailed from Torquay but was working for a railway company in London does appear in the census at about that time but my strong feeling is that it was Charles Laycock who penned the words and also those of Down Pon Ole Dartymoor which was published in 1916. (A full account of Bill’s hunt for the identity of the Goozey Vair songwriter plus his adventures singing the song in Tavistock was published in What’s Afoot... The other song attributed to C John Trythall was The Dinky Farm Nigh Burrator and very recently I have managed to obtain a copy of this. For quite a long time I, somewhat illogically, did not consider that a folk club was the right place to sing the more formal songs of this period, such as Devon, Glorious Devon, Devonshire Cream And Cider and Drake’s Drum. These days, just to hear Jim Caulsley’s highly amusing introduction to the former is wonderful and to listen to Steve Collings’ rendering of Devonshire Cream And Cider always give me great pleasure. What am I looking for now? I once heard at The Post Inn, Whiddon Down, an old chap singing a song with the chorus Everything in our House Goes Underneath the Bed. I have not been able to find the words for this song which I thought was well worth learning. Perhaps you have a copy tucked away in a dusty old box underneath the bed. From Bill’s Archives IN PREVIOUS issues of What’s Afoot we have published songs collected from Devon musicians by Baring-Gould and Cecil Sharp. These are classed as “real folk songs” by some “purists”, even though some of them came from printed broadsides and were probably composed by penny-a-line writers. But as Bill Murray tells us: the real old singers had no worries about “purity”. If they liked a song they sang it. So in this issue, we present a song written by the prolific Fred Weatherly which Bill managed to unearth and hopes will be taken up by shanty crews in the county. So far Bill has not been able to find all the music so there has been a little “reconstruction”, a speeded-up version of the folk process. If somebody can lay their hands on a complete copy of the song, please let us know. I make no apologies for including a “composed” song. After all, Fiddler’s Green has been printed as a traditional Irish song more times than John Conolly can count while Rolling Down The River has been taken up round the world by people who have never heard of its composer, the late great Jack Forbes and its location has often been changed from Essex to suit wherever it is being sung. So if you like this song then take it up and “Devonise” it if you like it. --- The Place For Jack Words: Fred E Weatherly Music: Fred W Sparrow Chosen and recovered from obscurity by Bill Murray As we went down by Gosport Hard, Strolling along the quay, We met with a bunch o’ the prettiest gals As ever you want to see, Saying: “Where be going to, Johnny? Where be going to, Jack?” And what’ll ye do without ‘ee, Until you all comes back?” “It’s sailing we must go, my dears, “Over the spanking foun’; “If we were to stay with you and play, “What would they do at home? “It’s perfectly clean you’re sweet and dear, “An’ exactly to our minds, “But what ever we do we must be true “To the gals we leave behind.” Going aboard my ship, my gal, Going aboard my ship! Whether it’s out on a fighting spell, Or only a cruising trip, Whether it’s bones for Davy Jones, Or whether we all comes back, The sea is the place for Jack, my gal, For rollicking, rolling Jack. An’ when we got back to shore once more. Over the ocean wide, There were the gals we’d left behind, And plenty more beside, Saying: “When are you going to marry us, Jack?” What can a chap do then? Why give ’em a kiss all round, my lads, An’ off to sea agen. Off to sea agen, my lads, Lest danger you befall. For tho’ you may love the lot, my lads, You can’t well marry ’em all, But tho’ you may sail thro’ sharks and whales, Or out on the mermaids’ track, The sea is the safest place, my lads, For rollicking, rolling Jack. FOLK AND ACOUSTIC MUSIC The Pack O’ Cards, High St., Combe Martin, EX34 0ET Usually 4th Saturday in the month at 8 p.m. www.shammickacoustic.org.uk enquiries: 01271 882366 Apr. 25 Alice Jones, seriously impressive singer & multi-instrumentalist, deeply rooted in both the English & American traditions with an engaging stage presence. May 30 Magpie Lane, 5-piece band, with powerful vocals and vigorous dance tunes, inventive arrangements on a variety of instruments. Jun. 27 Sandy Brechin & Ewan Wilkinson, exceptional musicianship & great singing, from trad. and modern songs to rip-roaring tunes. Jul. 25 Geoff Lakeman & Rob Murch, Devonshire lads, seriously skilled on their chosen instruments of duet concertina, voice & banjo, with a variety of styles. Pennymoor Singaround Song and Music Session - 3rd Wednesday 7.30pm Music Session - last Sunday 12 noon Cruwys Arms Nr Tiverton, EX16 8LF NEW DAYTIME SESSION 1st Thursday – 12 midday to 3pm The London Inn, Morchard Bishop EX17 6NW Contacts: Facebook: Pennymoor Singaround Biddy Mallabone: 01271 373305 – email@example.com Jon Shapley: 01363 83740 – firstname.lastname@example.org Also run by Pennymoor members: The Lamb, Sandford, Nr Crediton - 1st Tuesday Contact: Hazel or Paul 01363 776275 The Devonshire Inn, Sticklepath - 1st Sunday Contact: Derek 01837 840316 The New Inn, Coleford - Last Tuesday Contact: Dave 01363 84914 Pennymoor’s folk matinee SOMETIMES you’re told to sing for your supper, but the Pennymoor folk are now asking you to bring lyrics for your lunch. They have started a lunchtime session on the first Thursday of the month after finding that some people were reluctant to drive at night (hardly surprising given the weather we’ve had so far this year). The venue is The London Inn, Morchard Bishop EX17 6NW and the first session was held in March, just as What’s Afoot was going to press. The session runs from noon until 3pm and the organisers mention that the pub serves excellent food (the editors of this magazine can vouch for that). The Pennymoor organisers say that they have found people have been leaving sessions early because they have a long way to travel and have wondered if other clubs are finding the same. Certainly when What’s Afoot visited the excellent Exmouth Club at the Manor Hotel recently with punters pleading that they had long journeys to make. There seems no easy solution to this. A lunchtime session is fine for those who are retired or get a regular day off during the week but harder for those in gainful employment. Clubs could try starting and finishing earlier in the evening but then they could face complaints from those who can’t get away from work until late in the day. We’d be interested to hear from any club that has managed to strike the right balance. Called to the bar THE monthly session, run by Pennymoor members Paul and Hazel, at the Lamb in Sandford (first Tuesday of the month) has recently had its eighth birthday and is now moving into the main bar of the pub at the request of the landlord. After a successful Wassail sing he said: “It’s too good not to share with others” and feels that the music shouldn’t be squashed into the side bar where people might feel there’s not room to join or be nervous about coming in. It’s good to have a landlord who’s interested in folk and keen to promote it. ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE DEVON FOLK COMMITTEE PRESIDENT Terry Underhill VICE PRESIDENTS Jo Trapnell Aileen Wills TREASURER Brian Chappell 2 Penstone Barns, Lease Hill, Hele, Exeter EX5 4QA. 01392 882156 CHAIR Anne Gill Maleth, 11 Cleveland Road, Torquay, TQ2 5BD. 01803 290427 VICE CHAIR/PUBLICITY Colin Andrews Bonny Green, Morchard Bishop, Crediton EX17 6PG 01363 877216 SECRETARY Eileen Conway 151 Kingsdown Crescent, Dawlish EX7 0HB. 01626 862312 MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Sheila Chappell 2 Penstone Barns, Lease Hill, Hele, Exeter EX5 4QA 01392 882156 WHAT’S AFoot EDITOR John Foxen email@example.com WEBMASTER Trevor Paul firstname.lastname@example.org MINUTES SECRETARY Jean Foster 1 Lowicke House, Ringslade THE 2020 Devon Folk AGM was held on Saturday 14th March at 10.15am in Ide Community Hall, Ide. Devon Folk supported a music and dance workshop in Chudleigh on Saturday March 28.. Devon Folk is, as ever, grateful for all donations which help in the sponsorship of local events. Donations have been received from Mr and Mrs B Durrant, Mr J Hendon and Bideford Folk Dance Club. Financial support has been provided to South Brent, Teignmouth and Dartmoor Folk Festivals. Devon Folk Committee still has several vacancies and is always pleased to welcome new members. A nomination form is provided here. Nominations are welcome from those in every area of folk and from all parts of Devon. Full committee meetings are usually held at Ide near Exeter four times a year on a Saturday morning, in addition to the business meeting after the AGM. DEVON FOLK COMMITTEE NOMINATION FORM Nominee Proposed by Seconded by I, the undersigned, am willing to stand for election to the Devon Folk Committee. Name Address Telephone Email Please return this form to: E. Conway, 151 Kingsdown Crescent, Dawlish, Devon, EX7 0HB. Email: email@example.com DEVON FOLK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM PLEASE complete and return to the Devon Folk Membership Secretary, Mrs Sheila Chappell, 2 Penstone Barns, Lease Hill, Hele, Exeter EX5 4QA I wish to pay the annual subscription of £6 for four issues. I wish to claim free membership of Devon Folk through my subscription. I wish to join Devon Folk for the annual fee of £2. I understand this does not entitle me to the magazine. Our club wishes to join Devon Folk for the annual subscription of £12. Our club is affiliated to EFDSS. Individual or first nominated club member Name Address Postcode Telephone Email I enclose a cheque (payee: Devon Folk) I wish to pay by bank transfer (details will be sent by email) Magazine to be sent by Post Email Second nominated club member Name Address Postcode Telephone Email Magazine to be sent by Post Email I/We agree to Devon Folk contacting me/us as indicated above and for occasional notifications. Devon Folk will not pass your email to any third party. DEVON FOLK MEMBERSHIP Is available free to - Anyone paying the annual subscription for What’s Afoot magazine - Any EFDSS member living in Devon - Two nominated members of any Devon club affiliated to EFDSS And is also available to: - Anyone paying an annual fee of £2 - To two nominated members of any club paying an annual subscription of £12 Only individuals or clubs paying the annual subscription of £6 or £12 respectively are entitled to receive the magazine. It is now possible to receive What’s Afoot by email and pay for subscriptions by bank transfer. Application forms are on our website www.devonfolk.org.uk SPECIAL OFFER TO EFDSS MEMBERS Free membership of Devon Folk used to be granted automatically to any member of the English Folk Dance and Song Society living in Devon because Cecil Sharp House passed on names and addresses to Devon Folk. Due to Data Protection Legislation they can no longer do this. If, as an EFDSS member, you would like free membership of Devon Folk, send your name, address and EFDSS membership number to: Mrs Sheila Chappell, 2 Penstone Barns, Lease Hill, Hele, Exeter, EX5 4QA or email firstname.lastname@example.org Side wassails five times in one month DARTMOOR Border Morris have had a busy wassail season, dancing at five events in a month. On New Year’s Day, they turned out at the Cornwood Inn at Ivybridge, a pub that was saved from closure by community action. On Sunday 5th they were out again at at to wassail Buckland Abbey where they also performed their mummers play, an updated version which, instead of St George fighting the dragon, has Sir Francis Drake fighting King Phillip of Spain. At the event, the side collected £132 for the Dartmoor Rescue group, their chosen charity for this year. The following weekend, the side travelled up to Stroud in Gloucestershire for wassail, where with the aid of another 30 Morris sides, more than £1,800 was collected for the foodbank in Stroud and a housing charity. On Saturday, January 18, Dartmoor members wassailed in Bere Ferrers, at an event organised by the Tavy and Tamar Apple Group, who put on a apple day in Bere Ferrers on the first Saturday in October. They held their last wassail of 2020, at Shaugh Prior Village Hall on Sunday, January 26. Despite pouring rain, members still did some Morris dancing, then blessed the apple trees in the two orchards. Are there any sides out there who can beat this record for wassailing? Date change for Lyme dance day LYME Morris has had to change the date of its annual day of dance due to a council error in booking the day. The recently renamed side (formerly Uplyme Morris) will hold their third day of dance on the weekend of July 18th-19th. Saturday will be a programmed day of dance, starting with a procession through the Dorset town down to the sea front. This will be followed by dancing at various allocated areas throughout the day. A special feature will be a horse show – with sides invited to bring their hobby horse mascots and other creatures. The annual horse trials at the Sidmouth Festival have certainly proved very popular with sides and the public over the years. On Saturday evening, sides taking part are being treated to a free barbecue. There will also be an open mic session. On Sunday, sides are invited to dance or to relax on the beach. If your side would like to take part, email email@example.com Reviews ‘FORTYFIVED’ THE OLD SWAN BAND www.wildgoose.co.uk THE Old Swan Band are no strangers to the English Dance scene, having been around longer than almost all the other bands put together, 45 years as the title suggests. If you are looking for the no frills, safe tunes which are easy to dance to then look no further. On the other hand, if you love to listen to a band on your home equipment, as I often do, then because of the “all bullets fired from the first bar” approach, a trade mark of English music, you might find the Old Swan Band rather predictable. With such a line-up and featuring so many instruments, it would have been more to my taste if they had started the tunes more sparsely and then let rip. This is a very happy album and I find it hard to single out any track but when they play The Kings of Kerry as an English jig instead of an Irish slide – don’t go there. I did enjoy track six the Swedish waltz. Steve Gill SLEEP DEPRIVATION Vicki Swan and Jonny Dyer Available from swan-dyer.co.uk A STUNNING set of tunes from two of the finest musicians on the scene. Vicki and Jonny, who have almost become fixtures at Halsway workshops, have produced a compilation that proves not only can they write catchy melodies but they are also very clever arrangers. You will be beguiled by the lead lines but take the time to really listen to what is going on underneath – particularly Jonny’s excellent keyboard work. Thanks to multi-tracking we are treated to Vicki on nyckelharpa, flute and double bass and Jonny on piano, bouzouki, guitar and mandolin. They offer a selection of jigs, waltzes, reels and even a chapellose (and the sheet music can be downloaded from their website). For me, a standout track is Caucaisia with Jonny’s wailing vocal. It’s certainly an album for dancing but it can also be driven to. “Sleep Deprivation” refers to the hours musicians spend on the road and it can be played as one continuous “drive-time” track. A little while back, Jonny and Vicki dropped in on us in Tavistock during a marathon tour which had taken them to Penzance and would take them back home to Essex via Halsway. Mab Foxen mentioned she used their Purcell’s Polyphonic Party CD to soothe me out of road rage during long trips. This album serves the same purpose. John Foxen It’s all change at topsham folk club - we were very sorry to leave The Globe Hotel after nearly 28 years but delighted to be welcomed by The Bridge Inn for our singers’ nights which we now hold on Tuesday evenings. Our concerts remain at Matthews Hall on Sunday evenings and our monthly instrumental sessions at The Bridge are now held on the first Monday. Sunday evening concerts at Matthews Hall Fore Street • Topsham EX3 0HF Gigspanner Big Band Sunday 19 April 2020 £20 adv/ £22 door Buy tickets online at www.topshamfolkclub.org or on singers’ nights or at concerts all enquiries 01392 875332 www.topshamfolkclub.org www.facebook.com/topshamfolkclub Instrumental session (mainly English) at The Bridge Inn, Topsham on the first Monday every month from January 2020 [not August] 8pm- 10.30pm The Plough Arts Centre The place in North Devon for superb live entertainment, theatre, films, live satellite screenings, exhibitions, workshops ... and delicious local food! Summer Highlights The Animals at RHS Garden Rosemoor Saturday 18 May 8pm Show of Hands at RHS Garden Rosemoor Sunday 19 May 8pm The Beach Boys Tribute Band at RHS Garden Rosemoor Wednesday 22 May 8pm Alan Johnson: My Life Saturday 1 June 8pm Albert Lee & His Band Friday 7 June 8pm Alistair McGowan Saturday 6 July 8pm Sounds Like The Seekers Friday 9 August 8pm at Lynton Town Hall Saturday 10 August at The Plough Arts Centre Plus our Open-Air Theatre Programme May - August 36 Events in 14 Venues throughout Devon/Somerset For further information please call our Box Office on 01805 624624 or visit our website: theploughartscentre.org.uk	11dbdc2f-8080-4ef1-b944-cffdcefd4c8e	CC-MAIN-2025-05	http://devonfolk.org/media/other/792/WA123.pdf	2025-01-18T19:49:56+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2025-05/subset=warc/part-00047-88b30a59-3c73-48ba-a167-077611bfd245.c000.gz.parquet	8,467,797	21,098	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.877078	eng_Latn	0.995194	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 143, 2402, 7918, 10789, 15267, 18781, 22186, 22492, 24482, 30099, 34393, 42136, 47992, 53454, 60484, 64100, 65507, 67464, 71524, 76081, 76884, 77713 ]
Jefferson Digital Commons Center for Teaching and Learning [x] Maximize the impact of your publications [x] Reach new audiences [x] Appear in Google and other search engines [x] Create and manage your own electronic journal WHAT IS THE JEFFERSON DIGITAL COMMONS (JDC?) * DATABASE OF FACULTY PUBLICATIONS -- Both full-text and descriptions * UNIVERSITY PRESS for journals, reports, lectures, and conference proceedings * DISSERTATION LIBRARY for Jefferson theses and doctoral dissertations (via UMI) * LIVING ARCHIVE AND PUBLIC RECORD of Jefferson's intellectual output HOW DOES THE JDC PROMOTE FACULTY PUBLICATIONS? Most publishers allow scholars to deposit full-text copies of accepted articles on an institutional website soon after publication in a subscription journal. Placing an article in the Commons allows ALL Internet users to read and download it for free. They can find your article using common search engines like Google. Wider exposure leads to earlier citations and more citations than articles which are restricted to journal subscribers.* As studied by ISI and librarians in 2004 [x] Meets Open Access Standards ALL FORMATS WELCOME The Jefferson Digital Commons can accept: Word documents * PDF files * Images * Video clips * Sound segments * Data sets * PowerPoint files PEER REVIEW PROCESSES Easy-to-use technology allows you to set up and manage peer review of materials efficiently. WHO MAY CONTRIBUTE? * All Jefferson faculty * Jefferson students * Jefferson administrative units, departments, centers Non-Jeffersonians may contribute articles to electronic journals or conference proceedings sponsored by Jefferson. CTL Staff are available to: * Demonstrate the technology * Determine your rights or restrictions for contributing articles * Upload your articles * Describe your articles FIND RESEARCH IN GOOGLE For more information, contact: You can now deposit your published articles* in one easy location. Let The Center for Teaching & Learning describe and preserve them and provide free access to the full article worldwide. Your papers will appear in Google and other search engines, often months before traditional channels. *Subject to publishers' contracts Dan Kipnis, MSI Senior Education Services Librarian Editor, Jeﬀerson Digital Commons dan.kipnis@jeﬀerson.edu 215.503.2825 January 2017	<urn:uuid:e14c7ff5-67ed-4c2d-a9c4-b8b4033ad1d2>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=help	2018-04-22T06:21:56Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945497.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422061121-20180422081121-00604.warc.gz	164,802,648	489	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.981737	eng_Latn	0.981826	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1141, 2355 ]
CINNAMON ALMOND BUTTER SWIRL DIP DETAILS Yield: 6 servings Prep Time: 5 minutes INGREDIENTS 8 ounces cream cheese (regular or light) 2 1/2 tablespoons milk 1 1/4 teaspoons cinnamon 1 1/2 tablespoons powdered sugar 1/3 cup almond butter (or any other nut butter) Food Should Taste Good™ Sweet Potato Tortilla Chips Sliced apples and bananas DIRECTIONS In a food processor combine cream cheese, milk, cinnamon and powdered sugar. 1. Add to a bowl, then add almond butter. 2. Fold almond butter in with a spatula so that a swirl is created. 3. Spoon into a clean entertaining bowl and serve with chips & fruit. 4. Recipe and photography courtesy of Amanda Paa, founder of heartbeetkitchen.com.	<urn:uuid:373e0321-b4b7-4061-9315-6c96a6282ee8>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.foodshouldtastegood.com/recipes/cinnamon-almond-butter-swirl-dip.pdf	2019-05-22T05:52:37Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256763.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522043027-20190522065027-00284.warc.gz	795,264,054	191	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.989811	eng_Latn	0.989811	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 698 ]
I. CALL TO ORDER The Regular Meeting of the Parks and Recreation Advisory Board was called to order by Chairman Ken Kraft at 5:45 p.m., in City Hall, Room #112, 2250 Las Vegas Blvd. North, North Las Vegas, NV 89030. II. CONFIRMATION OF POSTING Madeleine Jabbour, Recording Secretary, confirmed the meeting was posted in accordance with NRS 241, The Open Meeting Law. III. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE The Pledge of Allegiance was not performed as there was no flag in the room. Chairman Ken Kraft requested a flag be available at the next meeting. IV. ROLL CALL PRESENT: Chairman Ken Kraft Vice Chairman Rick Lemmon Board Member Michael Flores Board Member Jon Oats Board Member G. Stephen Shoaff Board Member Cinthia Zermeno (15 min. late) ABSENT: Board Member Tony Winsor CITY OF NORTH LAS VEGAS STAFF: Mary Ellen Donner, Director Claudia Aguayo, Senior Deputy City Attorney Johanna Murphy, Principal Planner Jennifer Doody, Deputy Director, Public Works Madeleine Jabbour, Recording Secretary PUBLIC FORUM There were no speakers Business A. Approval of the August 12, 2014 Regular Meeting Agenda (Motion) Board Member Shoaff introduced a motion to approve the August 12, 2014 Regular Meeting Agenda. The vote favoring approval was unanimous. The motion carried. B. Update on the Kiel Ranch Historic Park. (Non-Action) Staff member, Johanna Murphy, presented a Site Plan, Phasing Plan, some historical photos of the Kiel Ranch Park, and a brief history of the park. This park will act as a neighborhood park. The park development was divided into four phases. These phases were funded from different sources. All phases are being designed at the same time. It is anticipated that Phase 1 will be going out to bid in September and construction is anticipated to start in January or February of 2015. Phase 1 will take approximately a year to be completed. Phase 2 is in the design phase. It is expected that construction of Phase 1 and 2 will be completed at the same time. There is not enough funding for Phase 3 at this time, so the design was slightly modified. Funding for Phase 4 has not been identified. Phase 1 will be opened as soon as construction is completed, with a possible limited opening hours compared to other parks. During this conversation, Councilman Barron stopped by and thanked everyone for their efforts. C. Craig Ranch Vendor Policy Presentation (Non-Action) Mary Ellen Donner distributed Craig Ranch Regional Park Vendor Policy (see attachment). Vendors will be required to submit an application along with all documentation. Incomplete applications will not be accepted. Vendors will be required to provide a CNLV Business License and Health Certificate. A list of vendors will be established. The submitted packet will be date and time stamped. There will be an allocation meeting in November. The time frame that these vendors will be working is from January through July and August through December, a 6-month period. This will ensure that no vendor will have all the best or worst months. The City will be looking not to duplicate products. Once the vendor is selected for 6 months, the payment will be made in full. Trash pickup and electricity is not included. Vendors will be required to have all documentations that were submitted with the application, on site. The concession stand is a separate item in the park and will be competitively bid. D. Update on Capital Projects within Leisure Services (Non-Action) Deputy Director of Public Works, Jennifer Doody, presented an update of parks capital projects. The construction schedule of Kiel Ranch was reviewed. Various capital projects were presented. There was an update regarding the Park Conversion Project. This project is located at Cheyenne Ave. and N. 5th Street and is in the design phase. A fire station was constructed on park land, that park now needs to be replaced. The City is working with the State Park land department and Federal Park Service on a proposal to replace the park at Windsor Park. Windsor Park property is surrounded by residential and it is anticipated the park will be heavily used. Lone Mountain Pedestrian Bridge is under construction. This bridge is located on Lone Mountain and Losee Road and is about 30% complete. The Amphitheatre at Craig Ranch about 10% complete. The City is working on a scope of work outlining playground improvements at Eldorado. This scope will be finalized by next week, and a consultant will be hired to do the work. E. Update on upcoming special events (Non-Action) The following is the list of activities scheduled for the fall. - A Back to School BBQ will be held at Neighborhood Recreation Center Thursday, August 28, 2014 from 3:30 to 5:00 pm. - A visit to Putt-Putt & Laser tag will be sponsored by the Neighborhood Recreation Center on October 31, 2014 from 9:30 AM – 2:00 pm. - The Mayor’s Soccer Challenge will be held November 22 & 23 at Tropical Breeze Park. This tournament is for non-competitive, recreational teams. - The Farmers Market at Craig Ranch will begin on September 28 on Sundays. - Dash’N Splash will be held Saturday August 23 at Craig Ranch from 8:00 am – 2:00 pm. - Craig Ranch Action Sports Competition will take place on August 30 from 4:00 pm – 10:00 pm. The event will include BMX bikes, Scooters, and skateboards. The top three competitors from this event will go to Freemont Street and compete in the Hometown Heroes on September 1. - North Las Vegas Century Ride will begin and end at the Craig Ranch. This ride will be held October 18. - Get Outdoors Nevada Day will be held on Saturday October 25 from 9:00 am – 3:00 pm. This event is designated as a Nevada 150th event. Staff Comments – no staff comments Board Members’ Comment – Member Flores asked if the 3rd of July event numbers were ready. Ms. Donner replied that the numbers are not available as of yet, but will be available by next meeting. Member Flores asked for this item to be placed on the agenda for the next meeting. Member Flores inquired about the basketball hoops at the Desert Horizons Park not being up until the prior week. He also commented on not ignoring the low income area parks. Vice Chairman Lemmon recommended that perhaps there could be a Board sponsored cleanup or basketball tournament that the city wanted to do at some of the other smaller parks. He recommended that this subject be added to the agenda for discussion at the next meeting. Chairman Kraft asked that John Runiks be present at the next meeting to talk about maintenance, levels of service, and the type of outreach that can be done in the low-income communities. Chairman Kraft also asked that representative from the Police Department be present at the next meetings to discuss crime rate statistics. Previously the Police Department only provided the data with not context or discussion. Public Forum There were no speakers Adjournment (Action Item) Board Member Oats introduced a motion to adjourn the August 12, 2014 regular meeting. The vote favoring approval was unanimous. The motion carried. There being no further business to come before the Board Member Lemmon adjourned the meeting at 7:08 p.m. RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED, [Signature] Madeleine Jabbour, Minutes Clerk Craig Ranch Regional Park Vendor Policy Purpose To provide a variety of goods and services to park patrons that contribute to the park experience in a clear and consistent manner; maximize the enjoyment of park patrons and food and beverage vendors at the Craig Ranch Regional Park. Policy The Neighborhood and Leisure Services Department has established a vendor/mobile vendor policy along with Municipal Code 5.30 (Mobile Vendors) to assist business owners that wish to conduct private business within the Craig Ranch Regional Park and to ensure a positive experience for all users. Definitions: Park-Complex: Craig Ranch Regional Park Vendor: Provider of food, beverage, and equipment. Vendor must hold a valid City of North Las Vegas business license, State of Nevada Tax ID, certificate of general liability insurance, a park vendor certificate and all other applicable permits required by the State, City and/or Department. Items must be present when selling in Craig Ranch Regional Park and may not be duplicated. Special Event Vendor: Permit issued for a single day or multiple day use in conjunction with a community event or sports tournament. Mobile Vendor: Permit issued for a six month period and may only provide concession services at Craig Ranch Regional Park locations. Vendor must be mobile and fully self-contained. Certificate is not valid during special events, sports tournaments or at youth sports leagues where a seasonal vendor is in possession of an active certificate. Seasonal Vendor: Certificate issued to youth sports organizations wishing to sell prepackage products for fund-raising purposes. Certificate to be issued for current season at allocated field site, during game/practice only. Concession Stand Vendor: Approved vendor to lease a permanent on site concession stand for one year period with the option to renew for two additional periods. Power and water included in annual lease fees. Procedure A. GENERAL PROCEDURES 1. Visit Craig Ranch Regional Park (CRRP) office at 851 W. Lone Mountain Road or www.cityofnorthlasvegas.com to obtain a vendor application packet. 2. Complete the application and return to the CRRP office with a valid City of North Las Vegas Business License and applicable documents as outlined in section B. 3. of this document. Incomplete applications will not be accepted. 3. Vendors will be placed on the official interest list according to the received time stamped date. 4. All mobile vendors will be required to attend an allocation meeting held in mid-November. 5. Mobile vendors will be selected based on time stamp and non-product duplication. 6. Specific areas of the park will be available for the time frame of January through June and July through December. Vendors are not guaranteed a specific site. 7. Payment, in full, is required at the time a vendor is selected. This fee is non-transferrable and non-refundable. Special event vendor applications will be reviewed and selected based on the following and may include specific event requirements: a. Product Quality b. Uniqueness c. Overall Presentation / displays d. Customer Service and demand e. Served 20,000 + per event f. Variety of cuisines g. Space requirements h. Meets safety standards i. No sponsor conflict j. References k. Health Code violations or record of complaints Concession Stand vendors will be sought through a formal bid process. B. VENDOR RULES & REGULATIONS 1. A vendor must obtain a Craig Ranch Regional Park vendor certificate prior to conducting business in the City of North Las Vegas park system. 2. The vendor is required to post a menu that includes all items for sale with an associated fee schedule. 3. Vendor is required to obtain the following documents before a certificate is issued. a. City of North Las Vegas Business License b. State of Nevada Tax Identification Number c. Southern Nevada Health District Health Permit (when applicable) d. A certificate of general liability naming the City as additional insured. e. Pay in full all applicable fees. 4. The vendor is required to have all original documents listed above in their possession and available for review at all times while on park property. 5. The vendor is responsible for general maintenance and cleanliness of area. Vendor is required to provide trash receptacles and trash removal. 6. The vendor is responsible for their power and water needs. Special Event Vendors may be excluded. 7. All certificate fees are non-refundable and non-transferable. To replace a lost, stolen or damaged vendor certificate contact the CRRP office. 8. The vendor is subject to Park and Recreation Department rules, regulations and policies. Violations of these rules may result in permit revocation and/or permanent ban (Trespass). Violations may carry additional fines and/or incarceration. 9. The vendor is responsible for the collection and disposal of all waste produced during the course of business (grey water, grease, hot coals, etc.). Dump sites are not available in the park system. 10. The vendor is responsible for any damage they may cause in a park-complex and may be liable for repair/restoration. 11. The vendor vehicle must be in good working order. Noise and air pollution will not be tolerated. 12. The vendor may not use loud speakers and/or amplified sound within the park. 13. The vendor may not distribute literature outside vendor space. Fees will be assessed as outlined in Exhibit A. Document Reference This document will serve as the department’s written policy outlining the basic procedures regarding vendors. \| VENDOR TYPE \| FEE \| \|-----------------------------\|----------------------------\| \| Special Event Vendor \| Varies (set by event) \| \| Mobile Vendor \| $1,200 per six months \| \| Seasonal Vendor \| $200 per month \| \| Concession Stand Vendor \| Varies (by site) \| \| Permit Replacement \| $50 \| Disclaimer: Fees are subject to change without notice.	<urn:uuid:19c9d1a1-0a57-4d8f-9dc3-30091c825ef7>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.cityofnorthlasvegas.com/MeetingsAndAgendas/PDFs/ParksRecreation/Minutes/2014/PRMinutes081214.pdf	2022-08-14T06:45:32+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-33/subset=warc/part-00197-d466b69e-be2b-4525-ac34-1b10d57329da.c000.gz.parquet	59,746,338	2,809	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.982469	eng_Latn	0.996856	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown" ]	false	docling	[ 1269, 4480, 6887, 7241, 9584, 11696, 12845, 13330 ]
INSTALLATION MANUAL Spider X Input Cable Kit Please read this guide carefully. It is important that all installation requirements are followed. Installation must be completed by a suitably qualified person (check your local regulatory requirements). Refer all servicing to Spidertracks qualified service personnel. Servicing is required when the apparatus has been damaged in any way. Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. ## Contents 1. Getting Started 3 - 1.1 Overview 3 - 1.2 What's included? 4 2. Install 4 - 2.1 Connect to Spider X 4 - 2.2 Connect to power lead 4 - 2.3 Wire discrete inputs 4 - 2.3.1 Circuit Identification 4 - 2.3.2 Wiring Guide 6 - 2.3.3 Cautions and Limits 7 - 2.3.4 Final Assembly 8 3. Configure 9 - 3.1 Prepare to Configure 9 - 3.2 Update and Confirm Configuration 10 4. Help 10 - 4.1 Contact 10 - 4.2 Warranty 12 - 4.3 Disposal and Returns 13 5. Specifications 13 1 Getting Started 1.1 Overview This optional cable kit enables up to four discrete digital (high/low) inputs to be connected to the Spider X telemetry solution. These inputs can be used to detect different states of the aircraft. A typical application has two inputs; an oil pressure input to detect engine state and a collective/weight-on-wheels input to detect takeoff/landing. This cable is simply connected in line with the power lead (2000PWR602) supplied with the Spider X. A field wireable 25 D-sub connector provides options for a qualified avionics engineer to wire discrete signals from digital high/low aircraft sensors or switches. ⚠️ NOTE: The Spider X Input Cable is not supported if a Spider X Keypad is already in use. The Spider X only supports one external peripheral at a time. 1.2 What's included? The following items are included: - 1x Spider X breakout cable assembly (Two M8 and one 25 D-Sub Male connectors) - 1x 25 D-Sub Female with backshell for field wiring 2 Install 2.1 Connect to Spider X Connect to Spider X power input. 2.2 Connect to power lead Connect to Spider X power lead (2000PWR102 or 2000PWR105). 2.3 Wire discrete inputs The supplied 25 D-Sub Female Socket Connector with backshell includes a breakout board for technician field wiring. The following sections detail how to wire inputs into this board. 2.3.1 Circuit Identification Identify the circuit type that is generating the signal from the table below: \| Low side switch \| High side switch \| \|-----------------\|------------------\| \| (Signal switched to chassis) \| (Signal switched to aircraft power rail) \| \| ![Low side switch diagram](image1.png) \| ![High side switch diagram](image2.png) \| \| Switch open: Signal ‘High’ (>10 V) \| Switch open: Signal ‘Low’ (<7 V) \| \| Switch closed: Signal ‘Low’ (<7 V) \| Switch closed: Signal ‘High’ (>10 V) \| Other Scenarios If the switch is isolated (dry contact), one of the switch contacts must be connected to a reference potential (auxiliary power rail or chassis). After this is implemented, the circuit will now match one of the above scenarios. Please contact Spidertracks support for further guidance on other scenarios, including where electrical isolation needs to be achieved. 2.3.2 Wiring Guide The four input channels are electrically isolated and functionally identical. Each can be configured independently. The included breakout board simplifies correct termination of wires coming from aircraft input circuits. The breakout board is arranged in four regular sections (one per input channel). Follow the sections below according to the signal type identified in 2.3.1 to correctly wire a signal into the Input Cable (shown for Channel 0): Low side switch (Signal switched to chassis) --- ⚠️ NOTE 1: If the same switch is powering a load (e.g. indicator, instrument) then Jumper C should NOT be fitted. If there is no load, Jumper C should be fitted. ⚠️ NOTE 2: When Jumper C is fitted, signals should NOT be wired to IN+ of the same channel to avoid unexpected circuit operation caused by protection circuits. High side switch (Signal switched to aircraft power rail) Fit Jumper B. See NOTE 3 Signal wire to IN+ ⚠️ NOTE 3: When Jumper B is fitted, signals must NOT be connected to IN- of the same channel to avoid shorting signals to aircraft chassis/ground via the Spider X power supply. 2.3.3 Cautions and Limits Each channel has IN+ and IN- terminals. The Input Cable recognises signals as either ‘Low’ or ‘High’ according to the voltage measured across these terminal pairs. - <7 V between IN+ and IN- is interpreted as a ‘Low’ signal level - >10 V between IN+ and IN- is interpreted as a ‘High’ signal level - +/- 36 V is the max voltage between IN+ and IN- before surge protection is activated All signals wired from the aircraft must be able to sink or source 3 mA to ensure the input channel operates within specification. The breakout board pre-assembly is RoHS compliant. Terminations should use lead free solder for compatibility. 2.3.4 Final Assembly After configuration is complete (Refer section 3), finish the physical installation as follows: 1. Fit a cable tie (not included) to secure the signal wires. 2. Select the appropriate cable entry grommet. The included selection spans diameters from 4 mm to 10.2 mm as shown on the right: 3. Fit half of the grommet into one half of the 25 D-sub backshell. 4. Place the breakout board into the backshell. 5. Attach the top half of the grommet over the wires (or cable). 6. Fit the top half of the backshell. Check the wires are suitably restrained. 7. Apply Loctite 222 or similar (not included) to the screw threads, then install and tighten to with 60 cN.m of torque. 3 Configure 3.1 Prepare to Configure All input channels (0-3) are configured to ‘Unused’ by default. Channels must be configured to match the installation to enable correct event type and state detection. Before configuring channels, please ensure: - The Input Cable is connected to a Spider X and powered on - You have installed and logged into the Spidertracks mobile app - You have paired the mobile app with the Spider that the Input Cable is connected to For support with pairing to your Spider, see: https://support.spidertracks.com/knowledge/pairing-your-phone-with-a-spider Under the Spider Connection page, navigate to the Advanced Setup page. The Input Cable will be automatically detected as an attached peripheral if there is no other peripheral already selected. Press the icon next to the Input Cable device name ( for iOS, 📡 for Android) to enter the channel configuration screen. 3.2 Update and Confirm Configuration Expand each channel (press v), review the current configuration and update as needed: Select the installed Input Type from the drop down list for each channel. Leave unused channels as ‘Unused’. Use the Circuit State real-time feedback to confirm the Input Cable channel is detecting changes as expected when the switch/sensor is toggled. Use the Output State real-time feedback to review how the current circuit state is being interpreted by the Spider X. The Output State should match the real world state. Invert any incorrect outputs using the Invert Output setting. NOTE: Configuration changes are saved in real-time and stored in the Input Cable. 4 Help 4.1 Contact For service and support: Support Documentation: https://support.spidertracks.com Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Phone: \| Country \| Phone Number \| \|---------------\|-----------------------\| \| Australia \| +61 1800 461 776 \| \| Canada \| +1 800 491 2895 \| \| Mexico \| +52 55 4169 3149 \| \| New Zealand \| +64 9 222 0016 \| \| South Africa \| +27 87 550 3970 \| \| United Kingdom\| +44 20033 31519 \| \| United States \| +1 800 491 2895 \| Address: Spidertracks 205/150 Karangahape Road Auckland, 1010 New Zealand 4.2 Warranty This item comes with a 12 month warranty from date of purchase. You must notify Spidertracks as soon as a defect is discovered. If the device needs to be returned for repair, a return merchandise authorisation (RMA) will be issued. Spidertracks will replace your item with a new or refurbished item. You are responsible for all return shipping costs of the device under RMA. Any attempt to repair or open the device, water damage, or physical damage beyond normal wear and tear will void the warranty. Australia Our goods and services come with guarantees that cannot be excluded under the Australian Consumer Law. For major failures with the service, you are entitled: - to cancel your service contract with us; and - to a refund for the unused portion, or to compensation for its reduced value. You are also entitled to choose a refund or replacement for major failures with goods. If a failure with the goods or a service does not amount to a major failure, you are entitled to have the failure rectified in a reasonable time. If this is not done you are entitled to a refund for the goods and to cancel the contract for the service and obtain a refund of any unused portion. You are also entitled to be compensated for any other reasonably foreseeable loss or damage from a failure in the goods or service. 4.3 Disposal and Returns Spidertracks is committed to reducing waste. EU Contact our support team on how to return or dispose of your device. The European Union (EU) has developed the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive to ensure that systems for collection, treatment and recycling of electronic waste will be in place throughout the European Union. This directive requires manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment who sell into EU countries to encourage consumers of such equipment to appropriately recycle the equipment at the end of their lifespan. Global Contact our support team on how to return or dispose of your device. ## Specifications \| Part number \| 2000GPI102 \| \|-------------\|------------\| \| Weight \| 400 g (14.1 Oz) \| \| Length \| 2 m (6' 6.75") \| ### Interfaces - M8 Male 4-pin: Connection only to Spider X Power lead (2000PWR102 or 2000PWR105) - M8 Female 4-pin: Connection only to Spider X (6000SX) - 25 Male D-Sub: Discrete digital inputs for Spider X ### Power - Voltage: Class 1 energy source 14 VDC ±15% or 28 VDC ±15% - Consumption: 400mW nominal (3A, max) - Protection: Spider X power cable includes 3A normal (fast) blow fuse. Only use approved spare parts. ### Inputs - Max Rating: +/- 60 V - Operating Voltage: 12 V to 36 V - Switching Threshold: 10 V Low to High, 7 V High to Low - Current Sink/Source: 3 mA excluding customer-fitted impedance ### Environmental - Operating temperature: -30°C to +60°C (-22°F to 140°F) - Storage temperature: -40°C to +85°C (-40°F to 185°F) - Operation and storage: Indoor, not water resistant	c7a7a00e-0f4b-4f93-abf0-f720c5209704	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://spidertrackshelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-nz/article_attachments/8473656659215	2024-12-09T03:55:00+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-51/subset=warc/part-00210-b392068a-8e35-4497-8fab-a691b1a71843.c000.gz.parquet	484,399,570	2,605	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.928643	eng_Latn	0.995818	[ "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 45, 534, 1059, 2055, 2418, 3306, 4163, 5105, 5808, 6724, 7441, 8040, 10042, 11043 ]
Obituary Prof. Dr. Muzaffer Ahmad (1920–2016) With great sorrow and profound grief, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences announces the sad demise of its Senior Fellow Dr. Muzaffer Ahmad who breathed his last on November 22, 2016 at the age of 97. He was Professor Emeritus of Zoology at University of the Punjab, Lahore, which he joined in 1949 and retired form there in 1980 as Mian Afzal Hussain Professor of Zoology. As Professor Emeritus, he continued to go to his Department at the University till his death. Prof. Dr. Muzaffer Ahmad was elected Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences as early as in 1970. first Editor of Pakistan Journal of Zoology and The Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology and then their Editor-in-Chief. He piloted the scheme recommended by the committee appointed by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Dr. Ahmad was born in India on 20 th September 1920 and opted for Pakistan in 1947 while he was studying in USA as a Government of India scholar. He studied at the University of the Lucknow, India; Muslim University, Aligharh; and The University of Chicago. Dr. Ahmad was recipient of several awards, including Aizaz-i-Kamal from the President of Pakistan, Gold Medal (Fellowship), Gold Medal (research publications) and Felicitation from Pakistan Academy of Sciences; Gold Medal jointly awarded by USDA and PARC and Life-time Achievement Award from the Zoological Society of Pakistan. Dr. Ahmad made valuable contributions to promote the science of Zoology in Pakistan. He was Founder of the Zoological Society of Pakistan and The Pakistan Congress of Zoology. He was the Government of Pakistan to establish a museum of Natural History at Islamabad, which is now a fullfledged institution. He built up one of the world's finest termite collections, mostly from South-East Asia (Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo). Dr. Ahmad's decades-long research on termites has been prominently included (with hisphotograph) in the 7-volume, 2704-page Treatise on the Isoptera of the World, published by the American Museum of Natural History, New York. According to the Treatise "his 1950 consideration of termite phylogeny remains as one of the most cited and classic works of the Isoptera". May the departed soul rest in peace. Aameen. Prof. Dr. A.R. Shakoori, FPAS Pakistan Academy of Sciences	<urn:uuid:5e9be0d6-299b-4fd9-a9bc-629e45a463b5>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://www.paspk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Muzaffar-Ahmed.pdf	2022-01-23T09:19:39+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-05/subset=warc/part-00070-1e2959d8-5649-433a-b76e-f1b876a6479d.c000.gz.parquet	982,935,142	542	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.987986	eng_Latn	0.987986	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2388 ]
STATEMENT OF TOWN COUNCIL AND ORDINANCE AMENDING THE OFFICIAL ZONING DISTRICT MAP OF THE TOWN OF APEX TO CHANGE THE ZONING OF APPROXIMATELY 132.11 ACRES LOCATED AT 104 NC HWY 751, 106 OFF NC HWY 751, AND OFF NC HWY 751 FROM CHATHAM COUNTY RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT 1 (R-1) TO LIGHT INDUSTRIAL-CONDITIONAL ZONING (LI-CZ) #22CZ02 WHEREAS, Maggie Houston, Beacon Development, owner/applicant (the "Applicant"), submitted a completed application for a conditional zoning on the 1st day of January 2022 (the "Application"). The proposed conditional zoning is designated #22CZ02; WHEREAS, the Director of Planning and Community Development for the Town of Apex, Dianne Khin, caused proper notice to be given (by publication and posting) of a public hearing on #22CZ02 before the Planning Board on the 14 th day of March 2022; WHEREAS, the Apex Planning Board held a public hearing on the 14 th day of March 2022, gathered facts, received public comments and formulated a recommendation regarding the application for conditional zoning #22CZ02. A motion was made by the Apex Planning Board to recommend approval; the motion passed unanimously for the application for #22CZ02; WHEREAS, pursuant to N.C.G.S. §160D-601 and Sec. 2.2.11.E of the Unified Development Ordinance, the Director of Planning and Community Development caused proper notice to be given (by publication and posting), of a public hearing on #22CZ02 before the Apex Town Council on the 22 nd day of March 2022; WHEREAS, the Apex Town Council held a public hearing on the 22 nd day of March 2022. Amanda Bunce, Current Planning Manager, presented the Planning Board's recommendation at the public hearing; WHEREAS, all persons who desired to present information relevant to the application for #22CZ02 and who were residents of Apex or its extraterritorial jurisdiction, or who owned property adjoining the property for which the conditional zoning is sought, were allowed to present evidence at the public hearing before the Apex Town Council. No one who wanted to speak was turned away; WHEREAS, the Apex Town Council finds that the approval of the rezoning is consistent with the 2045 Land Use Plan and other adopted plans in that: The 2045 Land Use Map designates this area as Industrial Employment. This designation on the 2045 Land Use Map includes the zoning district Light IndustrialConditional Zoning (LI-CZ) and the Apex Town Council has further considered that the proposed rezoning to Light Industrial-Conditional Zoning (LI-CZ) will maintain the character and appearance of the area and provide the flexibility to accommodate the growth in population, economy, and infrastructure consistent with that contemplated by the 2045 Land Use Map; WHEREAS, the Apex Town Council finds that the approval of the rezoning is reasonable and in the public interest in that: approval of the rezoning is reasonable and in the public interest because the proposed Light Industrial-Conditional Zoning (LI-CZ) district will allow for non-residential development in an area that anticipates non-residential uses, provides a dedication of right-of-way for the future interchange planned for US Hwy 64 and NC 751, and will allow development that will generate jobs and increase the tax base.; and WHEREAS, the Apex Town Council by a vote of ___ to ___ approved Application #22CZ02 rezoning the subject tract located at 104 NC Hwy 751, 106 Off NC Hwy 751, Off NC Hwy 751 from Chatham County Residential District 1 (R-1) to Light Industrial-Conditional Zoning (LI-CZ). NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF APEX Section 1: The lands that are the subject of the Ordinance are those certain lands described in Attachment "A" – Legal Description which is incorporated herein by reference, and said lands are hereafter referred to as the "Rezoned Lands." Ordinance Amending the Official Zoning District Map #22CZ02 Section 2: The Town of Apex Unified Development Ordinance, including the Town of Apex North Carolina Official Zoning District Map which is a part of said Ordinance, is hereby amended by changing the zoning classification of the "Rezoned Lands" from Chatham County Residential District R-1 (R-1) to Light Industrial-Conditional Zoning (LI-CZ) District, subject to the conditions stated herein. Section 3: The Director of Planning and Community Development is hereby authorized and directed to cause the said Official Zoning District Map for the Town of Apex, North Carolina, to be physically revised and amended to reflect the zoning changes ordained by this Ordinance. Section 4: The "Rezoned Lands" are subject to all of the following conditions which are imposed as part of this rezoning: Limitation of Uses: The Rezoned Lands may be used for, and only for, the uses listed immediately below. The permitted uses are subject to the limitations and regulations stated in the UDO and any additional limitations or regulations stated below. For convenience, some relevant sections of the UDO may be referenced; such references do not imply that other sections of the UDO do not apply. Permitted Uses and Limitations: 1. Government Service 2. Communication Tower, Commercial (S) 3. Communication Tower, Public Safety (S) 4. Utility, Minor 5. Wireless Support Structure 6. Wireless Communication Facility 7. Broadcasting Station (radio & television) 8. Radio and Television Recording Studio 9. Commissary 10. Restaurant, General 11. Dispatching Office 12. Medical or Dental Office or Clinic 13. Medical or Dental Laboratory 14. Office, Business or Professional 15. Pilot Plant 16. Research Facility 17. Parking Garage, Commercial Use Conditions: 1. Machine or welding shop: This use is allowed with the exception of welding associated with automobiles. 2. Building supplies, wholesale: This use shall not exceed 200,000 square feet and shall not include more than 15% of the building's square footage as outdoor storage. 3. The use Glass Sales shall be all indoors except what is stored on trucks. Outdoor truck parking must be fully screened from any public right-of-way. Environmental Conditions: 1. Existing trees greater than 18" in diameter that are removed by site development shall be replaced by planting a 1.5" caliper native tree from the Town of Apex Design and Development Manual Page 2 of 5 18. Parking Lot, Commercial 19. Glass Sales 20. Health/Fitness Center or Spa 21. Truck Terminal 22. Building Supplies, Wholesale 23. Laboratory, Industrial Research 24. Machine or Welding Shop 25. Warehousing 26. Woodworking or Cabinetmaking 27. Wholesaling, General 28. Brewery 29. Distillery 30. Manufacturing and Processing 31. Manufacturing and Processing, Minor 32. Microbrewery 33. Microdistillery Ordinance Amending the Official Zoning District Map #22CZ02 either on-site or at an alternative location approved by Town Planning Staff, above and beyond standard UDO requirements. 2. Post-development peak runoff shall not exceed pre-development peak runoff for the 24-hour, 1year, 10-year, and 25-year storm events in accordance with the Unified Development Ordinance. 3. The project shall install at least one (1) sign per SCM about not using fertilizer near an SCM drainage area. The sign(s) shall be installed in locations that are publicly accessible, such as adjacent to amenity centers, sidewalks, greenways, or side paths. 4. The project shall preserve a minimum of 15% of the existing tree canopy. Preserved areas may include, but are not limited to, RCA, perimeter buffers, riparian buffers, and/or common area in the development. 5. To improve energy efficiency, the project shall plant evergreen trees on the northern side of all buildings to act as a windbreak. This shall not apply where loading docks are proposed along a building facade. 6. To improve energy efficiency, a combination of large and small deciduous shade trees shall be planted on the southern side of any buildings. This shall not apply where loading docks are proposed along a building facade. 7. The project shall plant only drought tolerant native plants. Landscaping shall be coordinated with and approved by the Planning Department at the time of Site Plan or Master Subdivision Plan review. 8. At least (1) information sign or other marking shall be provided at the boundary of an area dedicated as Resource Conservation Area (RCA) indicating that the area beyond the sign is RCA and is not to be disturbed. 9. The project shall install light timers or other smart lighting technology on at least 50% of the fixtures in the parking lot so they are automatically turned off or reduced in level of lighting when the business is closed. 10. Outdoor lighting shall be shielded in a way that focuses lighting to the ground. Architectural Conditions - Industrial 1. EIFS or synthetic stucco shall not be used in the first four feet above grade and shall be limited to only 25% of each building façade. 2. The building shall have more than one parapet height. 3. Windows and glazing shall be divided to be either square or vertical in proportion so that each section is taller than it is wide. 4. The main entry shall be human scaled and emphasized through the use of features such as, but not limited to, columns, piers, windows, recessed entries, sheltering elements, rooflines, trim, color change, material change and masonry patterns. Recessed arcades, entries flush with the building face and small entries without adjacent windows shall be avoided. Architectural Conditions - Commercial 1. Buildings shall have vertical proportions. Expanses of blank wall shall not exceed sixty (60) feet in width without being interrupted with an architectural feature such as, but not limited to, a column, recess in or projection from the building façade. Permitted setbacks can be used to articulate bays of a building to break up its width. Architectural features such as, but not limited to, columns, piers, rooflines, and brick patterns can be used to divide and create vertical orientation on building facades. This would also include reveals in concrete tilt construction with integrated thin brick and contrasting paint colors, which add visual interest. The percentage of brick required on the facades will be 65 percent for a single story building, 50 percent for a two story building, and only the first floor for a three story building. 2. The main entry shall be human scaled and emphasized through the use of features such as, but not limited to, columns, piers, windows, recessed entries, sheltering elements, rooflines, trim, color Page 3 of 5 Ordinance Amending the Official Zoning District Map #22CZ02 change, material change and masonry patterns. Recessed arcades, entries flush with the building face and small entries without adjacent windows shall be avoided. 3. Buildings on corners are to be treated as gateways with quality design. 4. Corner buildings shall match or exceed the height of adjacent buildings. 5. Corner buildings shall have two facades which maintain a relationship to each other although they do not need to be identical. 6. The orientation of drive-thru lanes, pick-up windows, and other utilitarian building functions should not be oriented toward or located adjacent the street. If drive-thru lanes must be located adjacent to a street, they shall be screened through the use of low walls and/or landscaping. Pick-up windows shall be de-emphasized through screening and/or architectural elements. 7. Each façade shall have a rhythm that is repeated through the pattern of wall and openings. The building façade shall have an identifiable base, body, and cap with horizontal elements separating these components. The body of the building shall constitute a minimum of 50% of the total building height. Buildings shall not have blank side walls creating a false front appearance. 8. The street level of the facades shall provide human scaled entries including, but not limited to, recessed entries, sheltering elements and adjacent storefront windows. Facades shall incorporate a minimum of two (2) continuous details refined to the scale of twelve (12) inches or less within the first ten (10) feet of the building wall, measured vertically at street level. Recessed arcades, entries flush with the building face, and small entries without adjacent windows shall be avoided. 9. Windows and storefront glazing shall be divided to be either square or vertical in proportion so that each section is taller than it is wide. 10. Simple parapet roof edges with varying coping shall be used on most buildings. The roofline height shall vary from building to building as well as within buildings with wide street frontage. 11. The building shall have more than one parapet height. 12. Roof features may include hip roofs or awnings with metal or shingle roofs. 13. Buildings shall be architecturally compatible by way of colors and use of materials. The building exterior shall have more than one material color. 14. The exterior materials shall include a combination of building materials. The primary (front) façade of the main buildings to be considered include: a. Brick masonry b. Decorative concrete block (either integrally colored or textured) c. Stone accents d. Aluminum storefronts with anodized or pre-finished colors. e. EIFS cornices and parapet trim. f. Precast concrete g. Concrete tilt with a base wall paint color in conjunction with varying complimentary accent paint colors and integral thin brick, with associative percentages as outlined in item 1 above. 15. Exterior materials that shall not be allowed are as follows: a. Vinyl siding b. Painted, smooth faced concrete block (decorative blocks are acceptable) c. Metal walls 16. EIFS or synthetic stucco shall not be used in the first four feet above grade and shall be limited to only 25% of each building façade 17. Soffit and fascia materials shall be EIFS, architectural metal panels (ACM), or tongue and groove wood. Transportation Conditions 1. Development shall dedicate public right-of-way for the future interchange at US 64 and NC 751 consistent with the area shown in Exhibit 1. This area is based on the outermost limit of interchange concepts evaluated by the North Carolina Department of Transportation at the time of rezoning. This dedication shall be included in development plans and occur at the time of Page 4 of 5 Ordinance Amending the Official Zoning District Map #22CZ02 Subdivision Final Plat or Site Plan Final Plat, whichever occurs first, for any parcel(s) adjacent to US 64 and NC 751 as applicable. If NCDOT has approved an interchange design prior to the first Subdivision Final Plat or Site Plan Final Plat that is less than shown on Exhibit 1, the development shall only be required to dedicate the right-of-way shown in the approved interchange design. 2. Development shall dedicate a 60 foot right-of-way with 30' Public Road Construction Easement on each side for a public roadway extending from NC 751 to the eastern boundary of the rezoned parcels. The location of the connection to NC 751 is subject to NCDOT and Town review and approval. The terminus at the eastern edge of the rezoned parcels is subject to Town review and approval. The right-of-way and Public Road Construction Easement shall be directly adjacent to the highway buffer of the right-of-way dedicated accommodating the future interchange at US 64 and NC 751. The development shall contribute a $1,000,000 payment-in-lieu for the future construction of the collector road. 3. All lots within the development shall have frontage on a public street. The development shall construct a minimum of two stub street connections to adjacent parcels that have no frontage along public streets or only have frontage along NC 751. The location of the stub streets shall be subject to Town review and approval. Section 5: The "Rezoned Lands" shall be perpetually bound to the conditions imposed including the uses authorized, unless subsequently changed or amended as provided for in the Unified Development Ordinance. Site plans for any development to be made pursuant to this amendment to the Official Zoning District Map shall be submitted for site plan approval as provided for in the Unified Development Ordinance. Section 6: This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its adoption. Motion by Council Member___________________________________ Seconded by Council Member__________________________________ With ____ Council Member(s) voting "aye." With ____ Council Member(s) voting "no." This the _____ day of _________________ 2022. TOWN OF APEX Mayor ATTEST: Interim Town Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Town Attorney Page 5 of 5	<urn:uuid:fcec8825-cc78-4f13-9fa6-c28f76775469>	CC-MAIN-2024-30	https://mccmeetingspublic.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/apexnc-meet-83c75642136b4f85b74da88611324af7/ITEM-Attachment-001-aa70122b0a1d410f9562bc70d15b2867.pdf	2024-07-14T13:15:14+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00039-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet	342,938,933	3,587	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.984043	eng_Latn	0.991096	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3834, 6712, 10553, 14340, 16667 ]
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Plus, you can build your Accelerated Value Program contract to create a combination of services that fits your needs and budget. The Accelerated Value Program team works with their clients to achieve productivity savings, reduced risk, increased in-house skills, and expedited problem resolution. We deliver this value by: - Providing a single point of contact and trusted advisor for software technical needs. - Focusing on proactive support to help clients avoid known software issues and to communicate best practices for implementing solutions. - Researching and communicating technotes and product features applicable to your business. - Delivering problem management and reactive support for unexpected situations that arise. - Partnering IBM experts with clients to become familiar with client environments, infrastructure, staff, and requirements. The image below shows some of the key added features and benefits of the Accelerated Value Program and how they enhance IBM standard Software and Subscription service. The IBM Difference After first gaining an understanding your needs, IBM can work with you to design a customized support plan to help you better manage risk and increase productivity and profitability. Your assigned technical service professional can even be an advocate for you to proactively address support issues. By reducing the need for you to manage system issues on your own, you have more time to focus on strategically important IT projects and priorities. Organizations that develop a technical support relationship with IBM can do so with confidence. As a leading service provider and technology innovator, IBM will continue to deliver quality support performance driven by a deep commitment to meeting your needs, both today and tomorrow. For more information To learn more about the IBM Software Accelerated Value Program, please visit the following website: ibm.com/software/support/acceleratedvalue. © Copyright IBM Corporation 2016 IBM Corporation Software Group Route 100 Somers, NY 10589 Produced in the United States of America August 2016 IBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. If these and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with a trademark symbol (® or ™), these symbols indicate U.S. registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. Other product, company or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the web at "Copyright and trademark information" at ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml This document is current as of the initial date of publication and may be changed by IBM at any time. Not all offerings are available in every country in which IBM operates. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions. THE INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND ANY WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF NON-INFRINGEMENT. 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Graduate Elementary Internship & Program Evaluation Summary Fall 2019 Question Comments What aspects of your internship did you feel most prepared for? Explain. * Planning ELA lessons * I felt most prepared for being in the classroom and learning the routines. We have done this every semester and it was very easy to transition into getting to know the school and the students. * Classroom management What aspects of your internship did you feel least prepared for? Explain. * Writing a Math lesson plan. * Throughout the four blocks, we have consistently created our own lessons from scratch and adapted them into the appropriate templates. This is how we taught our required lessons in each block. Now, in internship, we are required to teach out of a book or a teacher's guide and not use that template. I understand that the template familiarizes us with all the parts of a lesson and why they are important, but I had never taught out of a teacher's guide and tried to adapt a lesson from its original format before. I also believe that during foundations block we should be required to teach just one lesson. This is a smoother transition to 3 and then 9 lessons. I am only just now feeling comfortable adapting lessons from a teacher's guide towards the last 5 weeks of my internship. * Lesson plans Other comments: * The Advanced Ed. Psych was not a great fit for education majors. * I wish there was a course specifically for completing edTPA that could be taken during preinternship. I did not feel prepared enough for what was coming, and it was very hard for me to feel present in my classroom during internship while I was thinking about completing tasks. Doing the tasks during pre-internship on live text helped a lot, but I do not think they were graded as hard as they should have been. My only consistent feedback was making sure I had the correct file names during pre-internship. Then I would score 4s and 5s. I don't think that feedback was sufficient enough for preparation of edTPA. I believe that Montevallo prepares teachers to the very best of their ability, but I wouldn't mind being even MORE prepared going into internship.	<urn:uuid:f8a21027-2c98-4074-b8a6-3ff25bec1751>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.montevallo.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Internship-Program-Evaluation-_Alt-A-Elem-F19.pdf	2021-03-03T01:48:30+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-10/subset=warc/part-00060-dbb5a216-bcb2-4bff-b117-e812a7981d21.c000.gz.parquet	940,421,565	447	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998776	eng_Latn	0.9989	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 909, 2164 ]
OMNIBUS SERVICES ACT, 1972 N.R.C.D. 71 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Omnibus Licensing Authority 1. Establishment of Omnibus Licensing Authority. 2. The governing body. 3. Proceedings of the Council. 4. Acts by the Licensing Authority. 5. Other functions of the Licensing Authority. 6. Staff. Licensing of Omnibuses 7. Application for licence. 8. Issue of licence. 9. Application of the Road Traffic Regulations, 1970. The Omnibus Services Authority 10. The Omnibus Services Authority. 11. Object of the Services Authority. 12. The Board. 13. Tenure of office of members. 14. Remuneration of members. 15. Meetings of the Board. (i) Ministry of Interior, and (ii) Ministry of Transport and Communications, (b) the managing director of the Licensing Authority, and (c) three other persons nominated by Minister, one of whom shall be the chairman. (2) The members of the Council shall be appointed by the President in accordance with article 70 of 16. Advisory committees. 17. Composition of an advisory committee. 18. Management. 19. Staff of the Services Authority. 20. Secretary of the Services Authority. 21. Internal auditor. 22. Board members not to sponsor appointment. Financial Provisions 23. Staff welfare fund. 24. Depreciation fund. 25. Borrowing powers. gp 26. Books of account. 27. Audit. 28. Financial year. 29. Approval of contracts. 30. Estimates. Miscellaneous 31. Quarterly reports. 32. Annual report. 33. Powers of direction. 34. Insurance and exemption from taxes. 35. Handing over operations. 36. Regulations. 37. Interpretation. 38. Repeal. N.R.C.D. 71 OMNIBUS SERVICES ACT, 19721(1) AN ACT to establish an omnibus services authority and to provide for related matters. Omnibus Licensing Authority 1. Establishment of Omnibus Licensing Authority There is hereby established a body to be known as the Omnibus Licensing Authority which is responsible despite anything in any other enactment to the contrary, for the licensing of motor vehicles intended for use as omnibuses within a prescribed area. 2. The governing body (1) The governing body of the Licensing Authority is a Council consisting of (a) one representative each of the the Constitution. (3) The terms and conditions of service of the chairman and the other members of the Council including their remuneration or allowances shall be stated in their letters of appointment. 3. Proceedings of the Council (1) The Council shall meet for the performance of its functions under this Act in the place and at the times designated by the Minister. (2) The chairman shall preside at meetings of the Council and in the absence of the chairman a member elected by the other members from among their number shall preside. (3) Three members of the Council form a quorum. (4) A member of the Council who has an interest in a vehicle or an organisation in respect of which an application is made to the Council shall declare that interest in writing to the Council and is not qualified to sit at a meeting at which the application is considered. (5) A member of the Council who fails to make the declaration required by sub-section (4) commits a misconduct and is liable to be removed from the membership of the Council. 4. Acts by the Licensing Authority (1) The Licensing Authority shall act through the Council, the chairman or any other member designated by the other members to act in place of the chairman. (2) The use of the seal of the Licensing Authority shall be authenticated by the chairman or any other member of the Council so designated. 5. Other functions of the Licensing Authority In addition to its functions under section 1, the Licensing Authority shall, (a) with the approval of the Minister, make and publish in the Local Government Bulletin, by-laws prescribing (i) the routes and parking places of omnibuses owned by public or private organisations or individuals; (ii) the fares to be paid by passengers on omnibuses owned by public or private organisations or individuals; (iii) the types of omnibuses to operate on particular routes in a prescribed area; (iv) the code of conduct to be observed by passengers in omnibuses; (v) the offences and penalties with regard to a matter specified in this paragraph; and (b) examine and report to the Minister on a matter referred to it by the Minister or taken up by itself with a view to the improvement of omnibus services within the prescribed areas.2(2) 6. Staff The President shall, in accordance with article 195 of the Constitution, assign, and where necessary arrange to be seconded, to the Authority an adequate number of suitably qualified staff to assist the Authority in the performance of its functions under this Act. Licensing of omnibuses 7. Application for licence An application for the issue of an omnibus licence authorising a motor vehicle, duly registered under the Road Traffic Act, to stand and ply for hire as an omnibus within a prescribed area, shall be made to the Licensing Authority in the prescribed form. 8. Issue of licence (1) An omnibus licence issued under this Act is subject to the conditions prescribed under section 5. (2) The Licensing Authority shall not issue a licence in respect of (a) a vehicle having a body work the whole or part of which is made of wood, (b) a vehicle having a body work with open sides, or (c) a vehicle whose condition, in the opinion of the Licensing Authority, renders it unsafe or unsuitable for the conveyance of passengers, or which does not conform to the requirements of any other law relating to it. 9. Application of the Road Traffic Regulations, 1970 In addition to the conditions prescribed by section 8, Regulations 53, 54, 56 and 57 of the Road Traffic Regulations, 1970 (L.I. 675) (which state general conditions under which omnibus licences may be issued) shall apply to the issue of an omnibus licence under this Act with the modifications that are necessary. The Omnibus Services Authority 10. The Omnibus Services Authority (1) There is hereby continued in existence under the same name the body which immediately before the coming into effect of this Act was known as the Omnibus Services Authority. (2) The Services Authority is a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal and may sue and be sued in its corporate name. (3) The Services Authority may, for the effective performance of its functions acquire, hold movable or immovable property, and dispose of the property and enter into a contract or any other transaction. (4) Where there is a hindrance to the acquisition of property under subsection (3), the property may be acquired for the Services Authority under the State Property and Contracts Act, 1960 (C.A. 6) or under the State Lands Act, 1962 (Act 125), and that Act shall apply with respect to the acquisition with the modifications that are necessary to provide for the vesting of the property acquired in the Services Authority and for the cost of the acquisition to be defrayed by the Services Authority. 11. Object of the Services Authority The object of the Services Authority is to provide omnibus transport service in the areas formerly served by the omnibus transport operations of councils established under the Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462) and in any other areas prescribed by the Minister. 12. The Board (1) The governing body of the Services Authority is a board, consisting of (a) one representative of the Ministry of Local Government, (b) the managing director appointed under section 18, and (c) three other members nominated by the Minister. (2) The chairman and the other members of the Board shall be appointed by the President in accordance with article 70 of the Constitution. 13. Tenure of office of members (1) The members of the Board, other than the representative of the Ministry of Local Government and the managing director, shall hold office for a term of one year. (2) A member of the Board may by writing addressed to the Minister resign from office or may be removed from office for proven disability, neglect of duty or misconduct. (3) A member of the Board on ceasing to hold office is eligible for re-appointment. 14. Remuneration of members There shall be paid out of the funds of the Services Authority to the members of the Board as well as persons co-opted by the Board subsistence, travelling and any other allowances at the rates determined by the Board with the approval of the Minister responsible for Finance. 15. Meetings of the Board (1) The Board shall meet at least once in every month for the despatch of business at the times and at the places appointed by the chairman. (2) The chairman shall preside at meetings of the Board and in the absence of the chairman a member of the Board appointed by the members present from among themselves shall preside. (3) Questions proposed at a meeting of the Board shall be decided by a majority of the votes of the members present and in the event of an equality of votes the person presiding shall have a second or casting vote. (4) Three members of the Board form a quorum at a meeting of the Board. (5) The Board may co-opt a person to act as an adviser at any of its meetings, but a person so coopted is not entitled to vote at the meeting on a matter for decision by the Board. (6) Minutes of the proceedings of the meetings of the Board shall be regularly entered in a book to be kept for that purpose and shall, after approval, be signed at the next ensuing meeting by the chairman or by the member presiding at that meeting. (7) The chairman may, and shall at the request in writing of three members of the Board, call a special meeting of the Board. (8) The validity of the proceedings of the Board shall not be affected by a vacancy among its members or by a defect in the appointment of any of them. (9) A member of the Board who has a financial interest in a company or an undertaking with which the Services Authority proposes to enter into a contract, or who has a financial interest in a contract which the Services Authority proposes to make, shall disclose to the Board in writing the nature of the interest and is disqualified from participating in the deliberations of the Board on the contract or voting in a decision of the Board on that contract. (10) A member of the Board who contravenes subsection (9) is liable to be removed from the Board. 16. Advisory committees (1) There shall be established for each area of the Services Authority's operations an advisory committee which shall advise the Board, through the managing director, generally, on the efficient conduct or management of the Services Authority's operations, and on the appointment, promotion, remuneration or allowances, discipline and dismissals of staff in the area for which the advisory committee is appointed. (2) An advisory committee shall advise on any other matters submitted to it by the Board. 17. Composition of an advisory committee An advisory committee shall consist of (a) a representative of the council in charge of the area of the Services Authority's operations who shall be chairman, (b) a senior labour officer, (c) the manager of the Services Authority stationed in the area, and (d) the senior police officer in charge of the area or the representative of that officer. 18. Management (1) The Board shall, subject to this Act, have the sole management of the property, operation, income and funds of the Services Authority and the control of the affairs of the Services Authority as regards general policy. (2) The Services Authority shall have a managing director. (3) The managing director shall be appointed by the President in accordance with article 195 of the Constitution and shall hold office on the terms and conditions specified in the letter or instrument of appointment. (4) The managing director is responsible, subject to this Act to the Board for the day to day administration of the affairs of the Services Authority. 19. Staff of the Services Authority (1) The Services Authority may engage any other employees necessary for the proper and efficient conduct of the business, and the performance of the functions, of the Services Authority. (2) The Services Authority may engage the services of consultants and advisers as determined by the Board on the recommendations of the managing director. (3) The employees of the Services Authority shall be appointed by the President in accordance with article 195 of the Constitution. (4) Subject to the Regulations, the employees, consultants and advisers of the Authority shall be engaged on the terms and conditions determined by the Board, on the recommendations of the managing director. (5) Public officers may be transferred or seconded to the Services Authority or may otherwise give assistance to the Authority. 20. Secretary of the Services Authority (1) The Services Authority shall have an officer to be designated as the secretary of the Omnibus Services Authority. (2) The secretary shall act as secretary to the Board and shall, subject to the directions of the Board, arrange the business for and record and keep minutes of the meetings of the Board. (3) The secretary is responsible for the legal matters relating to the Services Authority and shall also perform any other functions directed in writing by the Board or as the managing director may by writing delegate, and shall be assisted in those functions by the staff of the Services Authority directed by the Board on the recommendations of the managing director. 21. Internal auditor (1) The Authority shall have an internal auditor.3(3) (2) Subject to this Act, the internal auditor is responsible to the managing director for the performance of his functions. (3) As part of the functions of the internal auditor under this Act, the internal auditor shall, at intervals of three months, prepare a report on the internal audit work carried out during the period of three months immediately preceding the preparation of the report, and submit the report to the managing director. (4) Without prejudice to the general effect of subsection (3), the internal auditor shall make in each report the observations that are necessary, as to the conduct of the financial affairs of the Services Authority during the period to which the report relates. (5) The internal auditor shall send a copy of each report prepared under this section to the Minister and to (a) the Minister responsible for Finance, (b) the Auditor-General, and (c) the chairman and each of the other members of the Board. 22. Board members not to sponsor appointment (1) A member of the Board shall not personally sponsor an application for the employment of a person with the Services Authority. (2) A member who infringes subsection (1) is liable to be removed from the Board. Financial provisions 23. Staff welfare fund (1) The Authority shall have a staff welfare fund. (2) At the end of each financial year, the Services Authority shall transfer to the staff welfare fund a sum of money not exceeding five percent of the net profits of the Services Authority as determined by the Board. (3) The Services Authority may, with the approval of the Minister, use the staff welfare fund for the provision of staff welfare facilities such as canteens, low interest bearing staff welfare loans and for any other purposes aimed at enhancing the welfare of the staff of the Services Authority. (4) The operation of the staff welfare fund shall be subject to the specific rules or regulations made by the Board. 24. Depreciation fund (1) The Services Authority shall have a depreciation fund and for this purpose the Services Authority shall open a depreciation reserve account with the Bank of Ghana. (2) At the end of each financial year, the Services Authority shall transfer to the credit of the depreciation reserve account the amounts charged to profit and loss account in respect of depreciation of buildings, plant and equipment, fixtures and any other fixed assets. (3) Amounts transferred to the depreciation reserve account shall be utilised only to replace fixed assets and equipment which are worn out or have become obsolete. (4) Expenditure in respect of current repairs and in respect of purchases of spare parts shall not be met out of the depreciation reserve account but shall be charged to the income and expenditure account of the Services Authority for the financial year during which the expenditure is incurred. 25. Borrowing powers (1) Subject to article 181 of the Constitution, the Services Authority may obtain loans and any other credit facilities on the guarantee of the Government from the National Investment Bank or from any other bank approved by the Minister and the Minister responsible for Finance. (2) In addition to subsection (1) the Authority may, with the prior approval of the Minister and the Minister responsible for Finance, borrow from any other source. (3) For the purposes of a technical arrangement in connection with the raising of a loan under subsection (2), the Services Authority shall, if the National Investment Bank agrees, use the services of that Bank. (4) The Services Authority may borrow temporarily by way of overdrafts or otherwise the sums of money it requires for meeting its current obligations or performing its functions. (5) The Minister responsible for Finance may, on behalf of the Government, guarantee the performance of an obligation or undertaking by the Services Authority under this section. (6) The Minister responsible for Finance may prescribe the maximum sums of money which the Services Authority may borrow under subsection (1) or (2). 26. Books of account The Services Authority shall keep proper books of account and proper records relating to the accounts in the form approved by the Auditor-General. 27. Audit (1) The books and accounts of the Services Authority shall each year be audited by the Auditor-General, who shall have access to the books, records, stores, and any other matters relating to the accounts, and who shall in the report draw attention to irregularities in the accounts. (2) The Services Authority shall pay in respect of the audit the fees agreed on between the Auditor-General and the Board or in the case of failure to agree, the fees determined by the Minister. (3) The Board shall as soon as possible, on receiving the report of the Auditor-General under this section, forward a copy of the report to the Minister. (4) The Minister shall as soon as practicable on receipt, lay a copy of the Auditor-General's report forwarded under this section, before Parliament. 28. Financial year (1) The Services Authority's financial year shall end on the 30th day of June, in each year. (2) Spent.4(4) 29. Approval of contracts A contract worth not less than one million cedis shall not be executed unless with the prior approval in writing of the Board. 30. Estimates (1) The detailed estimates of revenue and expenditure of the Services Authority for the next ensuing financial year shall be approved by the Board at the time and in the manner directed by the Board. (2) An expenditure shall not be incurred by the Services Authority on anything for which the Board has not given its approval in the estimates. Miscellaneous 31. Quarterly reports The managing director shall prepare and submit to the Board, as soon as possible after the end of each quarter, a report on the operations of the Services Authority during that quarter. 32. Annual report (1) The Services Authority shall, as soon as possible after the expiration of each financial year, but within six months after the termination of that financial year, submit to the Minister an annual report dealing generally with the activities and operations of the Services Authority within that year. (2) The annual report shall include (a) a copy of the audited accounts of the Services Authority together with the Auditor-General's report on the accounts, (b) each report submitted by the internal auditor under section 21, (c) each report submitted by the managing director under section 31, (d) a statement of the directions given by the Minister to the Services Authority under section 33 within that year, and (e) any other information requested in writing by the Minister. (3) A copy of the annual report shall be sent by the Board to the Minister responsible for Finance, and the Government Statistician. (4) The Minister shall, as soon as possible after receiving the annual report lay a copy of the report before Parliament. (5) The Services Authority shall submit to the Minister any other reports on its operations that the Minister may in writing reasonably request. 33. Powers of direction The Minister may, subject to this Act, give directions of a general nature to the Services Authority concerning the general policy of the Authority including financial management, and the Services Authority shall comply with the directions. 34. Insurance and exemption from taxes (1) The Services Authority shall insure itself, its property or staff against risks. (2) The Services Authority shall be exempted from the payment of the taxes, rates and duties that the Minister responsible for Finance may in writing direct with the prior approval of Parliament under clause (2) of article 174 of the Constitution. 35. Handing over operations The Minister, on the recommendations of the Board may, by legislative instrument, hand over to a council the control and management of the omnibus transport operations of the Services Authority within the area of authority of that council where the council is desirous of, and is shown to be capable of, taking over that control and management. 36. Regulations (1) The Minister may, by legislative instrument, make Regulations for carrying into effect the principles and provisions of this Act. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the Minister may, by legislative instrument, make Regulations governing the terms and conditions of service of the employees of the Services Authority. 37. Interpretation In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, "Auditor-General" includes an auditor appointed by the Auditor-General; "Board" means the governing body of the Omnibus Services Authority; "Council" means the governing body of the Licensing Authority; "Licensing Authority" means the Omnibus Licensing Authority established by section 1; "Minister" means the Minister responsible for Local Government; "prescribed" means prescribed by Regulations made under section 36; "prescribed area" means any area prescribed by the Minister; "Regulations" means the Regulations made under this Act; "Services Authority" means the Omnibus Services Authority continued in existence under section 4. The section provided that, "(2) For the purposes of this section, the period extending from the commencement of this Decree to the 10. 38. Repeal Spent.5(5) Endnotes 1 (Popup - Footnote) 1. This Act was issued as the Omnibus Services Decree, 1972 (N.R.C.D. 71) made on the 30th day of May, 1972 and notified in the Gazette on 2nd June, 1972. 2 (Popup - Footnote) 2. Amended by the Omnibus Services (Amendment) Decree, 1973 (N.R.C.D. 181) made on the 20th day of June, 1973 and notified in the Gazette on 29th June, 1973. 3 (Popup - Footnote) 3. This section shall be read and construed as one with the Internal Audit Agency Act, 2003 (Act 658) and where there is a conflict, the provisions of the Act shall prevail. 4 (Popup - Footnote) 30th day of June, 1972 shall be deemed to be a financial year." 5 (Popup - Footnote) 5. 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Reddaway Driving Academy Provides Driver Training Apprenticeships July 29, 2019 TUALATIN, Ore., July 29, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reddaway (NASDAQ: YRCW), an industry-leading less-than-truckload (LTL) service provider in the western United States and Canada, is proud to announce the Reddaway Truck Driving Apprenticeship. The apprenticeship is a one-year training program where interested individuals can earn a Class A license and driving experience while being paid a wage that includes benefits. After students successfully complete the apprenticeship, they have a job at Reddaway as a professional truck driver. As the nation struggles with a severe truck driver shortage, trucking companies are trying different tactics to attract drivers. Some have driving schools, but Reddaway takes training to a higher level with this apprenticeship. As Reddaway's initial data confirms, successful completion of the training program leads to safer drivers (accidents for drivers with less than one year of experience are down 30%). Reddaway's apprenticeship program is open to Class A holders with less than one year of experience or no experience and individuals interested in a career as a professional truck driver. "Our driver training program is open to anyone looking for a career in trucking," said Bob Stone, president of Reddaway. "The goal is to produce safe, quality drivers and address the driver shortage. The program takes place in three sections over a one-year period. There are four weeks within a dedicated school environment. Then three weeks with a trainer in a live environment and follow-up through one year. Reddaway currently has just over 70 certified driver trainers. Apprentices are trained in Reddaway's safety first culture." "We expect to train over 180 drivers this year at the Reddaway Driving Academy. The initial four weeks of training are held at one of our four school locations: Los Angeles, California; Medford, Oregon; Portland, Oregon or Salt Lake City, Utah. This is so apprentices can focus solely on learning," said Jared Smith, Reddaway Sr. Director of Human Resources. "A designated area gives apprentices a safe open space to practice and enhance their skills. Remaining training occurs at Reddaway terminals throughout our network. During the initial four weeks of training, apprentices attend classes, practice their driving on the skills development course, and receive on-the-road training. Apprentices are paid and meals are provided during the four-week training. Instructors work one-on-one with apprentices to personalize a learning plan to ensure their success. Find out more." Reddaway also received a grant of $40,000 from FASTPORT to support the apprenticeship program. FASTPORT is a veteran employment software company with a mission to connect veterans to career opportunities. Looking to switch careers? Leaving the military? Just entering the job market? Looking for good pay and benefits? Looking to earn a commercial driver's license (CDL)? Are you a dockworker who would like to drive? The Reddaway Truck Driving Apprenticeship is the place for you. As a Military Friendly Employer, Reddaway welcomes veterans into the apprenticeship as well. Reddaway expects VA approval for its apprenticeship, allowing veterans to receive GI Bill benefits while enrolled. If you are interested and 21 years old or older, apply at reddaway.com/careers or call 1-866-582-1320. About Reddaway Reddaway provides reliable Next-Day Delivery throughout the Western United States and parts of Canada. Founded in 1919 in Oregon City, Oregon, Reddaway is celebrating its centennial this year (1919-2019). The industry leader operates 49 service centers, employs over 2,800 shipping professionals and boasts an impressive on-time delivery rate. Award-winning service offerings from Reddaway include Guaranteed and Expedited Delivery, Cross-Border Canada shipping, Ocean services to Alaska and Hawaii, Retail, Freeze Protection and more. With its reliable next-day shipping, a tradition of safety and a commitment to customer satisfaction, Reddaway Makes Next-Day Happen. YRC Worldwide Inc. (NASDAQ: YRCW), headquartered in Overland Park, Kansas, is the holding company for a portfolio of less-than-truckload (LTL) companies including Holland, New Penn, Reddaway and YRC Freight, as well as the logistics company HNRY Logistics. Please visit our website at reddaway.com for more information or connect with us on our social channels: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and YouTube. Media Contact: Mike Kelley 913-696-6121 YRC Worldwide Inc. firstname.lastname@example.org SOURCE: YRC Worldwide, Reddaway	<urn:uuid:2130d69b-6ed3-48c3-adcc-b1c3c4cb83a6>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	http://investors.yrcw.com/node/27361/pdf	2019-08-25T00:09:54Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00298.warc.gz	98,714,782	973	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.997557	eng_Latn	0.997557	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4635 ]
SUBSTANCE ABUSE REHABILITATION FACILITY Pages 1 – 7 and the Fraud Statement must be completed by all Applicants Applicant’s name: ____________________________________________________________ Website address: ___________________________________________________________ ☐ Non Profit ☐ For Profit Number of years: ______ In operation: ______ Under present management: ______ Is the Applicant’s organization more than 25% owned by a private equity fund structure? ☐ Yes ☐ No If yes, provide name of private equity firm: _______________________________________ Accreditations: ☐ Joint Commission ☐ CARF ☐ ACHC ☐ Other: ______________________ Are facilities licensed by a regulatory authority? ☐ Yes ☐ No If Yes, please attach current copy of license for each facility. Risk Management Contact: _____________________________________________________ Risk Management’s Phone: _____________________________________________________ Risk Management Email: _______________________________________________________ REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMISSION • Completed ACORD Application(s) • Statement of Values • Brochures and / or website information • Currently valued insurance company loss runs for the current policy period plus three (3) prior years • Copy of all current licenses SECTION I – GENERAL APPLICANT INFORMATION 1. Applicant’s annual operating budget: $__________________ Applicant’s annual payroll: $__________________ 2. Total number of clients: ___________________________ Total number of methadone-only clients: ______________ 3. Have there been any mergers or operations under another name within the past 5 years? ☐ Yes ☐ No 4. Are any mergers or changes in operation anticipated? If Applicant answered yes to either question #3 or #4 above, please explain on a separate sheet. 5. Has the Applicant’s license ever been suspended, revoked, or placed under conditional status? ☐ Yes ☐ No 6. a. Have there been any claims that allege negligence or failure to comply with regulatory standards? ☐ Yes ☐ No b. Have there been any substantiated incidents? If yes, please send a copy of the most current federal, state or agency complaint investigation report. 7. Has the Applicant discontinued any programs in the past five years? ☐ Yes ☐ No If yes, please explain: 8. Facility director information: Name: __________________________________________________________ Education level: ______________________ Number of years’ experience: ______________________ Number of years at this facility: ______________________ 9. Is treatment individual or group? ______________________ SECTION II – AGENCY SERVICES AND PROGRAMS 1. \| Level \| Service Provided \| % \| Level \| Service Provided \| % \| \|-------\|----------------------------------------\|----\|-------\|------------------------------------------------------\|----\| \| 0.50 \| Early Intervention \| \| 3.30 \| Clinically Managed Population Specific High Intensity Residential Services \| \| \| 1.00 \| Outpatient Services \| \| 3.50 \| Clinically Managed High Intensity Residential \| \| \| 2.10 \| Intensive Outpatient \| \| 3.70 \| Medically Monitored Intensive Inpatient \| \| \| 2.50 \| Partial Hospitalization \| \| 4.00 \| Medically Managed Intensive Inpatient \| \| \| 3.10 \| Clinically Managed Low Intensity Residential \| \| OTS \| Opioid Treatment Services \| \| 2. Does the Applicant provide integrated behavioral health and primary medical care services? □ Yes □ No If yes, please describe the Applicant’s program model: 3. Does the Applicant’s program include involuntary treatment (other than alcohol-related traffic offenders)? □ Yes □ No If yes, what % of the Applicant’s overall operation? ________% Voluntary ________% Involuntary 4. Does the Applicant’s program include providing services for Correctional Facilities? □ Yes □ No If yes, what percent of your overall operation? ________% 5. Does the Applicant provide or utilize telemedicine or telehealth services? □ Yes □ No If yes, please provide the following: a. Complete description of the services: b. Include the names and qualifications of all health professionals involved i. ____________________________________________________________ ii. ____________________________________________________________ 6. Methadone Treatment – is there a methadone treatment program? □ Yes □ No a. Is the program maintenance only? □ Yes □ No b. Is there a methadone detox program? □ Yes □ No c. Where is the methadone stored? ____________________________________________________________ d. Number of methadone-only clients: ____________________________________________________________ e. Number of clients with take home privileges: ____________________________________________________________ f. Does the facility maintain a Diversion Control plan? □ Yes □ No If yes, please describe measures the Applicant employs to guard against the diversion of methadone by employees and/or clients: 7. If detoxification unit is operated, is it Social or Medical? _______________________________ If Medical detox is operated please provide copies of all intake and discharge procedures related to medical detox. 8. If “Medical”, does the Applicant accept clients with a history of delirium tremens (DTs) or seizures? □ Yes □ No 9. If clients are experiencing DTs or seizures, does the Applicant treat them, or refer them to a hospital? □ Yes □ No 10. Does the Applicant perform any “rapid detox” or any detox under general anesthesia? □ Yes □ No 11. What is the number of staff involved in the first 72 hours of medical detoxification? # of Physicians: ________# of Nurses RN: ________# of Nurses L.P.N.:_______# of Nurse Practitioners:_________ SECTION III – RISK ASSESSMENT 1. Has the Applicant implemented an evidence-based program? □ Yes □ No If yes, please provide the name of the program(s) you have implemented: a. ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ 2. Please provide the following percentages for the clients served: \| Client \| Percentage \| \|-------------------------------\|------------\| \| Male \| % \| \| Female \| % \| \| Previously participated in detox programs \| % \| \| Violent Offenders \| % \| 3. Does the Applicant’s organization have formal risk management guidelines for Applicant’s practitioners to follow? □ Yes □ No 4. Are the guidelines reviewed every two years? □ Yes □ No 5. Does the Applicant’s staff receive job descriptions? □ Yes □ No 6. Is formal training provided to staff? □ Yes □ No 7. What is the Applicant’s de-escalation/physical restraint policy? ____________________________________________________________ 8. Is more than one person responsible for the welfare of any single patient? □ Yes □ No 9. During intake, are screening practices written and clearly communicated to all practitioners to quickly identify how well the individual matches the organization’s services? □ Yes □ No 10. Are written instructions and training provided to the Applicant’s staff that: a. Identify urgent need? □ Yes □ No b. Ensure a prompt response to emergency situations? □ Yes □ No c. Provide timely initiation of services? □ Yes □ No d. Provide measurement and feedback to management? □ Yes □ No 11. Do the Applicant’s intake procedures include a risk assessment that identifies specific characteristics of the individual served for potential suicide? □ Yes □ No 12. Do the Applicant’s intake procedures include physical examination and complete bio-psycho-social documentation? □ Yes □ No 13. Do the Applicant’s intake procedures include blood tests? If yes, are the blood tests used for any purpose outside of drug testing? □ Yes □ No If yes, please describe any other uses and possible disclosures from blood tests: 14. Have any of the Applicant’s clients attempted or committed suicide? □ Yes □ No If yes, please indicate: \| Year \| # of Clients \| \|------\|--------------\| \| \| \| 15. Does the Applicant use a no suicide contract? □ Yes □ No 16. Does the Applicant administer medications? If yes, please complete the following questions: a. At the time the individual enters the Applicant’s organization, is a complete list of medications he or she is taking created and documented? □ Yes □ No b. At the time the individual is transferred within or outside the Applicant’s organization, does the current provider inform and document the receiving provider about the medication list? □ Yes □ No c. At the time an individual leaves the Applicant’s organization, is a current list of medications provided and explained to the individual, family and the individual’s primary care provider? □ Yes □ No 17. Does the Applicant’s risk management program include instructions for medical record documentation? If yes, is there a quality improvement program in place to monitor the documentation? □ Yes □ No 18. Does the Applicant maintain all medications in a locked area? □ Yes □ No 19. Does the Applicant have incident reporting procedures and/or committee reviews? □ Yes □ No 20. Are written agreements in place with independent contractors? □ Yes □ No 21. Are certificates of liability insurance obtained and maintained for all contracted service providers/independent contractors? If yes, please indicate the limit of liability required: $_____________________ 22. Does the Applicant operate a medical clinic? □ Yes □ No If yes, is it open to the public? 23. Does the Applicant sponsor any fund raising activities? □ Yes □ No If yes, on a separate sheet please provide a list with a description of each. SECTION IV – PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY 1. Does the Applicant’s current insurance program include coverage for Professional Liability? □ Yes □ No If yes, please provide carrier information. 2. Prior carrier: \| Company \| Limits of Liability \| Effective Dates \| Annual Premium \| Claims Made or Occurrence \| Retroactive Date (Claims Made Only) \| \|---------\|---------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\|--------------------------\|-----------------------------------\| \| \| $ \| \| $ \| \| \| \| \| $ \| \| $ \| \| \| \| \| $ \| \| $ \| \| \| \| \| $ \| \| $ \| \| \| 3. Has any company declined, canceled or refused to renew any of the Applicant’s Professional Liability insurance? □ Yes □ No 4. Annual Staffing – Employees, Independent Contractors and Volunteers Total number of: Full time employees: ___________ Part Time Employees: ___________ Volunteers: ___________ \| Staffing \| # of Employees \| # of Contracted \| Total Annual Volunteer Hours Worked \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|----------------\|-----------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| \| FT \| PT \| FT \| PT \| \| Psychologist \| \| \| \| \| \| Medical Director (Admin Only) \| \| \| \| \| \| Nurse Practitioner \| \| \| \| \| \| Physician Assistant \| \| \| \| \| \| Pharmacist \| \| \| \| \| \| Paramedic EMT \| \| \| \| \| \| Psychiatrist \| \| \| \| \| \| Physician-Hospice \| \| \| \| \| \| Pediatrician \| \| \| \| \| \| Physician-No Surgery \| \| \| \| \| \| Dentist \| \| \| \| \| \| Optometrists/Ophthalmologist \| \| \| \| \| \| Licensed Social Worker \| \| \| \| \| \| Sociologist \| \| \| \| \| \| Registered Nurse (RN) \| \| \| \| \| \| Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) \| \| \| \| \| \| Physical Therapist \| \| \| \| \| \| Optician \| \| \| \| \| \| Orthotics & Prosthetics (O&P) \| \| \| \| \| \| Certified Practitioner \| \| \| \| \| \| Counselor (Guidance, Vocational) \| \| \| \| \| \| Social Worker \| \| \| \| \| \| Occupational Therapist \| \| \| \| \| \| Speech Therapist \| \| \| \| \| \| Clergy / Rabbi / Pastor \| \| \| \| \| \| O&P Certified Technician \| \| \| \| \| \| Teacher \| \| \| \| \| \| Nutritionist / Dietician \| \| \| \| \| \| Residential Manager \| \| \| \| \| \| Home Health Aide \| \| \| \| \| \| Day Care Worker \| \| \| \| \| \| O&P Certified Fitter \| \| \| \| \| \| O&P Certified Assistant \| \| \| \| \| \| Adoptions \| \| \| \| \| \| Foster Care \| \| \| \| \| \| Other (describe): \| \| \| \| \| \| Other (describe): \| \| \| \| \| FT = Full Time – over 20 hours per week/ P/T = Part Time – up to 20 hours per week. Please describe “other” staff positions not listed in the above chart in the provided area. 5. If the Applicant is requesting primary medical professional coverage for any of above noted Physicians, Psychiatrists, Dentists or Opticians, the Applicant must submit a completed and signed Medical Professional application. Coverage for such professional is subject to Underwriting review and approval. 6. If the above noted employed or volunteer Physicians, Psychiatrists, Dentists or Opticians carry their own medical malpractice insurance, we may provide vicarious medical professional coverage for the entity as respects the professional services rendered on the insured’s behalf. Coverage for the entity will require the following: The Professional’s name, medical license number, medical specialty and proof that the professional carries adequate limits of insurance (at least $1 million limit of liability). Proof of insurance may be satisfied by submitting a copy of the professional’s declaration page and/or certificate of insurance. 7. Is the Applicant aware of any circumstances which may result in any claim or suit, including request for medical records? (If Yes, show all professional claims on a separate sheet) 8. Does the Applicant’s psychiatrist, employed or contracted, prescribe experimental drugs or treatment? ☐ Yes ☐ No SECTION V – HIRING AND SCREENING 1. Check methods used for all employees, independent contractors or volunteers: - Criminal Background Checks: - Federal - State - Validate Driver’s License - Drug Testing - Validate Education - MVR - Validate Personal Auto Insurance and Limits - Personal Interview - Validate Work History - Reference Checks - Verification of current certification/professional license - Sexual Abuse Registry - Other: _______________________ 2. How are references checked? - Written - Verbal - Both 3. Are all methods completed before an offer of employment is made? - Yes - No 4. Does the Applicant have a formal volunteer program? - Yes - No 5. Does the Applicant verify if potential employees and individual contractors have ever had their license revoked or suspended, or disciplinary action taken against them? - Yes - No 6. What is the staff turnover rate for the last 12 months? 7. Are any staff members or volunteers under 21 years of age? - Yes - No SECTION VI – BUILDING INFORMATION (Please complete for each location) 1. Does the property have aluminum wiring? - Yes - No If yes, has it been retrofitted by a licensed electrician? - Yes - No Indicate which method: - COPALUM crimp - AlumniConn - CO/ALR Devices - Pigtailed 2. Sprinklers? - Yes - No If yes, area of coverage: _______________________ 3. Are all areas of buildings with wet pipe sprinkler systems (hidden or unhidden) maintained at a minimum temperature of 40° F, and / or provided with proper insulation or heat tracing to prevent pipe freeze-ups? - Yes - No 4. Is cooking conducted on the premises? - Yes - No If yes, is equipment: - Residential - Commercial If commercial, are the installation, inspection and maintenance in accordance with the standards and requirements of NFPA 96 standards? - Yes - No 5. Are swimming pools located on the premises? - Yes - No If yes, are all swimming pools & spas compliant with Virginia Graeme Baker Pool & Spa Safety Act? - Yes - No 6. Emergency lighting? - Yes - No 7. Fire alarms? - Yes - No 8. Smoke Detectors? - Yes - No If yes: - Battery operated - Hard-wired 9. Carbon Monoxide Detectors? - Yes - No 10. Are evacuation routes posted throughout the building? - Yes - No 11. In the event of an evacuation, has a central meeting point outside the building been established? - Yes - No 12. Are exit signs illuminated? - Yes - No 13. Are fire drills held? - Yes - No 14. Are there at least two exit doors per building? - Yes - No 15. Are exit doors equipped with panic hardware? - Yes - No 16. Are handrails on all ramps and steps? - Yes - No 17. Is smoking permitted inside the building? - Yes - No 18. Have all buildings built before 1971 been inspected for lead paint? - Yes - No 19. Type of security provided: - Guards - Video Camera - Other: _______________________ SECTION VII – RESIDENTIAL FACILITY (Please complete for each residential facility) Facility address: ____________________________________________________________ Licensed capacity - number of beds: ________________ # of stories: ________________ Year built: ________________ 1. Referral Source: - Community agencies - Extended care facility - Physicians office - Court ordered - Hospital - Suicide Intervention - Detox Program - Hotline - Other: _______________________ 2. Are residents screened by a physician prior to admission? - Yes - No If no, on a separate sheet please describe the procedure that determines who is eligible for admission. 3. Resident age groups: - Under 18: ____ % - 18 – 65: ____ % - Over 65: ____ % Male: _____ % Female:_____ % Co-ed: _____ % How are residents separated? _________________________________________________ 4. Number of beds: ________________ Average occupancy: ________________ Average length of stay: ________________ 5. Number of non-ambulatory clients: __________________________________________ 6. Are resident's rooms located on the ground floor? □ Yes □ No 7. Are formal sign-in and sign-out procedures in place? □ Yes □ No 8. Does the Applicant control entrance and exit of residents? □ Yes □ No 9. Does the Applicant control entrance and exit of visitors? □ Yes □ No 10. Does the Applicant allow guests/visitors to stay overnight? □ Yes □ No 11. Does the Applicant have 24-hour supervision? If so, please describe: 12. Are there locks on doors to sleeping areas? □ Yes □ No 13. On a separate sheet, please describe discharge policy 14. What is the staff-to-client ratio for each program? \| Program \| Staff \| Clients \| Staff-to-Client Ratio required by Regulatory Authority (If Applicable) \| \|---------\|-------\|---------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| \| \| \| \| 15. What percentage of residents requires medication to maintain stable mental condition? _______ % 16. Has the Applicant developed written procedures for a standardized "handoff" process to ensure accurate communication of essential elements of care between shift changes? □ Yes □ No 17. Bed check procedures: a. Time intervals: _______________________________________________________ b. Qualifications of staff performing: _______________________________________ c. Documentation procedures: _____________________________________________ d. Video surveillance: ____________________________________________________ 18. Water heater temperature setting: ________________ Are anti-scald devices installed? □ Yes □ No SECTION VIII – RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES □ N/A 1. Is a waiver required to be signed by the participant, or the parent or guardian of the participant prior to participation in all athletic activities? □ Yes □ No If yes, has your waiver been reviewed by legal counsel? Please attach copy of waiver. 2. Please indicate all of the recreation activities offered by the Applicant’s program. □ Aerobics and other aerobic activities □ Horse Back Riding □ Rock Climbing / Rappelling □ Archery □ Kayaking □ Scuba □ Baseball/softball/basketball/soccer □ Motorized vehicles (ATVs, etc.) □ Shooting Ranges □ Bicycling □ Obstacle Course(s) □ Skiing □ Football -- Flag / Tackle □ Paintball □ Snorkeling □ Other: ____________________ □ Other: ____________________ □ Other: ____________________ 3. Please describe each of the activities indicated above the safety controls in place: SECTION IX – ABUSE AND MOLESTATION 1. Does the Applicant’s employment process include verification of whether the individual has ever been convicted of any crime, including sex-related or child abuse related offense, before an offer of employment is made? □ Yes □ No 2. Are background checks performed on Independent Contractors who have access to children and clients or who perform operations where they will be physically touching another person? □ Yes □ No 3. Does the Applicant have a plan of supervision that monitors staff in day-to-day relationships with clients both on and off premises? □ Yes □ No 4. Has the Applicant’s organization ever had an incident which resulted in an allegation of sexual abuse? a. Was a claim made against the organization? □ Yes □ No b. Was a claim made against any employee? □ Yes □ No If yes, is that individual still employed with the Applicant’s organization? □ Yes □ No c. Was the case settled? □ Yes □ No d. What changes were made to prevent reoccurrence? □ Yes □ No On a separate sheet, please describe all claims. 5. Does the Applicant have written abuse and molestation procedures and are they clearly communicated to all employees, independent contractors and volunteers? □ Yes □ No 6. Does the Applicant’s current insurance program include coverage for Abuse and Molestation? □ Yes □ No If yes, please provide carrier information. 7. Prior carrier: \| Company \| Limits of Liability \| Effective Dates \| Annual Premium \| Claims Made or Occurrence \| Retroactive Date (Claims Made Only) \| \|---------\|---------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\|--------------------------\|-----------------------------------\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| SECTION X - AUTOMOBILE 1. What percentage of employees/volunteers use their own vehicles regularly for agency business? Employees: _______ % Volunteers: _______ % 2. Does the Applicant have a driver safety training program? □ Yes □ No 3. Would the Applicant be willing to participate in Online Driver Training provided by PHLY? □ Yes □ No 4. Does the Applicant have a vehicle maintenance program? □ Yes □ No 5. Does the Applicant transport clients? □ Yes □ No 6. Does the Applicant allow clients or peers to operate the Applicant’s motor vehicles? □ Yes □ No 7. Is training provided for new employees prior to their transporting clients? □ Yes □ No 8. If transporting more than five clients, are two employees required to be present? □ Yes □ No 9. Does the Applicant transport clients/consumers for other private or government agencies? □ Yes □ No If yes, please explain: If yes, for a fee? 10. Does the Applicant require employees and volunteers to carry and show evidence of personal insurance? □ Yes □ No If yes, what limits are required? $ ____________ 11. Does the Applicant’s organization utilize GPS fleet telematics devices? □ Yes □ No If yes, please check off the fleet telematics being utilized: □ Plug in □ Hard wired □ Mobile Phone □ Other: ____________ 12. What percentage of the Applicant’s fleet is provided with these fleet telematics devices? __________% 13. Estimated annual mileage of transportation provided: ________________________________ Estimated annual transportation trips: _________________________________________ 14. Percentage of transportation is provided by? Owned autos: _______% Non-owned autos: _______% Hired Autos: _______% SECTION XI – CLAIMS MADE Notice: This section is being completed as an application for a Claims-Made policy. Only claims which are first made against the Applicant and reported to us during the policy period or Extended Reporting Period will be covered, subject to policy provisions. Various provisions in the policy restrict coverage. Read the entire policy carefully to determine the Applicant’s rights, duties and what is and is not covered. □ N/A (Please proceed to signature section) Policy Effective Date: ___________________________________________________________ Line of Business: _______________________________________________________________ 1. Within the past 5 (five) years has the Applicant given written notice under the provisions of any current or prior policy providing similar insurance of any claim or of any specific facts or circumstances which might give rise to a claim being made against the Applicant? □ Yes □ No If yes, please provide details: 2. With respect to the coverages applied for, upon inquiry of any of person qualifying as a Named Insured under the proposed policy, are there any facts, circumstances, or situations which might give rise to a claim under the coverage(s) for which the Applicant is applying? □ Yes □ No If yes, please provide details: WINTER WEATHER FREEZE-UP PROTECTION This section must be completed by all risks that have a location in one of the following states: AR, CT, DC, DE, GA, IL, IN, KY, ME, MD, MA, MI, MO, NH, NY, NJ, NC, OH, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VT, VA, WV, WI 1. Fire Protection and Testing a. Is the building provided with an Automatic Fire Sprinkler System (AS)? □ Yes □ No □ N/A i. If yes, approximately what percentage (%) of the building is sprinklered? __________ % ii. If yes, what type of sprinkler system is installed? □ Wet-Pipe □ Dry-Pipe □ Both iii. If yes, when possible, is the sprinkler piping primarily run within conditioned areas designed to ensure the temperature remains above the 45°F minimum temperature? □ Yes □ No □ N/A 1. If no, please describe freeze prevention measures (e.g. temperature monitoring, heat trace, full insulation on piping or roof): ________________________________________________________________ iv. If yes, is the testing & inspection by qualified sprinkler contractor completed within past 12 months & includes a formal winterization review? □ Yes □ No □ N/A v. If yes, are the alarms tied to a 24 hour UL listed monitoring company? □ Yes □ No □ N/A 2. Emergency Water Response (domestic and AS water lines) a. Are water shutoff valves (domestic and AS water lines) marked and readily accessible? □ Yes □ No □ N/A b. Are water shutoff valves exercised (closed and reopened) at least annually? □ Yes □ No □ N/A c. Is the staff qualified to respond and shut off the water main during normal business hours and off hours? □ Yes □ No □ N/A 3. Automatic Water Shutoff Devices a. For domestic water lines, is there a water flow detection, notification and automatic shutoff? □ Yes □ No □ N/A 4. Unused/Vacant Spaces a. Does Applicant have a formal process to turn off and drain domestic water lines for these spaces? □ Yes □ No □ N/A 5. Unheated Areas (attics, crawl spaces, exterior wall joists) a. Are all domestic water lines located in areas heated to at least 45°F? □ Yes □ No □ N/A i. If no, please describe freeze prevention measures (e.g. temperature monitoring, heat trace, full insulation): ________________________________________________________________ 6. General Comments: ________________________________________________________________ FRAUD STATEMENT AND SIGNATURE SECTIONS The Undersigned states that he/she is an authorized representative of the Applicant and declares to the best of his/her knowledge and belief and after reasonable inquiry, that the statements set forth in this Application (and any attachments submitted with this Application) are true and complete and may be relied upon by Company in quoting and issuing the policy. If any of the information in this Application changes prior to the effective date of the policy, the Applicant will notify the Company of such changes and the Company may modify or withdraw the quote or binder. The signing of this Application does not bind the Company to offer, or the Applicant to purchase the policy. *Company refers collectively to Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance Company and Tokio Marine Specialty Insurance Company VIRGINIA APPLICANT: READ YOUR POLICY. THE POLICY OF INSURANCE FOR WHICH THIS APPLICATION IS BEING MADE, IF ISSUED, MAY BE CANCELLED WITHOUT CAUSE AT THE OPTION OF THE INSURER AT ANY TIME IN THE FIRST 60 DAYS DURING WHICH IT IS IN EFFECT AND AT ANY TIME THEREAFTER FOR REASONS STATED IN THE POLICY. FRAUD NOTICE STATEMENTS ANY PERSON WHO KNOWINGLY AND WITH INTENT TO DEFRAUD ANY INSURANCE COMPANY OR OTHER PERSON FILES AN APPLICATION FOR INSURANCE CONTAINING ANY MATERIALLY FALSE INFORMATION OR CONCEALS, FOR THE PURPOSE OF MISLEADING, INFORMATION CONCERNING ANY FACT MATERIAL THERETO COMMITS A FRAUDULENT INSURANCE ACT, WHICH IS A CRIME AND SUBJECTS THAT PERSON TO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL PENALTIES (IN OREGON, THE AFOREMENTIONED ACTIONS MAY CONSTITUTE A FRAUDULENT INSURANCE ACT WHICH MAY BE A CRIME AND MAY SUBJECT THE PERSON TO PENALTIES). (IN NEW YORK, THE CIVIL PENALTY IS NOT TO EXCEED FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($5,000) AND THE STATED VALUE OF THE CLAIM FOR EACH SUCH VIOLATION). 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City executives must do more with less while at the same time figure out ways to harness the power of new technologies and react to a globalized world and economy. It is no wonder then that even great managers can fail at urban administration. To succeed, they must understand the nature of community values, the pitfalls of bureaucratic inertia, and the craft of leadership—that is, the politics of urban management. Morgan, England, and Pelissero offer a forwardlooking account of this new urban management environment. In a comprehensive update, the authors have reorganized the book's structure to better fit the challenges facing today's cities, and make even greater use of systems theory as an analytic framework. Featuring discussions of the New Public Managing Urban America 7th Edition Political Cities5. The Evolution of Administrative Cities6. The Evolution of the Model City Charter7. The Discovery of Adapted Cities8. Probing the Complexities of Adapted Cities9. 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U.S. cities are diverse in terms of their political and economic development, demographic makeup, governance structures, and public policies. Yet there are some durable patterns across American cities, too. Despite differences in governance and/or geographic size, most cities face similar challenges in the management of public finances, the Managing Urban America 7th Edition administration of public safety, and education. And all U.S. cities have a similar legal status within the federal system. This reference guide will help students understand how American cities (from old to new) have developed over time (Part I), how the various city governance structures allocate power across city officials and agencies (Part II), how civic and social forces interact with the organs of city government and organize to win control over these organs and/or their policy outputs (Part III), and what patterns of public goods and services cities produce for their residents (Part IV). The thematic and narrative structure allows students to dip into a topic in urban politics for deeper historical and comparative context than would be possible in either an A-to-Z encyclopedia entry or in an urban studies course text. FEATURES: Approximately 40 chapters organized in major thematic parts in one volume available in both print and electronic formats. Front matter includes an Introduction by the Editors along with biographical backgrounds about the Editors and the Contributing Authors. Back matter includes a compilation of relevant topical data or tabular presentation of major historical developments (population grown; size of city budgets; etc.) or historical figures (e.g., mayors), a bibliographic essay, and a detailed index. Sidebars are provided throughout, and chapters conclude with References & Further Readings and Cross References to related chapters (as links in the e-version). This Guide is a valuable reference on the topics in urban politics and policy in the United States. The thematic and narrative structure allows researchers to dip into a topic in urban politics for a deeper historical and comparative context than would be possible in either an A-to-Z encyclopedia entry or in an urban studies course text. Resources in Education Rowman & Littlefield Winner, 2017 Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award A thorough and captivating exploration of how mass incarceration and law and order policies of the past forty years have transformed immigration and border enforcement Criminal prosecutions for immigration offenses have more than doubled over the last two decades, as national debates about immigration and criminal justice reforms became headline topics. What lies behind this unprecedented increase? From Deportation to Prison unpacks how the incarceration of over two million people in the United States gave impetus to a federal immigration initiative—The Criminal Alien Program (CAP)—designed to purge non-citizens from dangerously overcrowded jails and prisons. Drawing on over a decade of ethnographic and archival research, the findings in this book reveal how the Criminal Alien Program quietly set off a punitive turn in immigration enforcement that has fundamentally altered detention, deportation, and criminal prosecutions for immigration offenses. Patrisia MacasRojas presents a "street-level" perspective on how this new regime has serious lived implications for the day-today actions of Border Patrol agents, local law enforcement, civil and human rights advocates, and for migrants and residents of predominantly Latina/o border communities. Permanent Study Group CQ Press Many contemporary skills and approaches have emerged as the result of researching and working with diverse Managing Urban America 7th Edition global partnerships, teams, networks, companies, and projects. Due to the increasingly innovative global community, it is necessary adapt to these developments and aspire to those most important for their particular involvement. Approaches to Managing Organizational Diversity and Innovation presents a variety of practical tools, skills, and practices that demonstrate effective ways to positively impact the global community through effective management practice. Demonstrating different ways to manage diversity and innovation, this publication provides models and approaches capable of transforming societies, citizens, and professionals so they are better prepared to embrace diversity. This reference work is particularly useful to academicians, professionals, engineers, and students interested in understanding how globalization impacts their discipline or practice. Subject Guide to Books in Print NYU Press In the third edition of this definitive book, Richard N. L. Andrews looks back at four centuries of American environmental policy, showing how these policies affect contemporary environmental issues and public policy decisions, and identifying key policy challenges for the future. Andrews crafts a detailed and contextualized narrative of the historical development of American environmental policies and institutions. This volume presents an extensively revised text, with increased detail on the 50-year history of the modern environmental policy era and updated through the Obama and Trump administrations. Missing Middle Housing Cornell University Press The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics is an authoritative volume on an established subject in political science and the academy more generally: urban politics and urban studies. The editors are all recognized experts, and are well connected to the leading scholars in urban politics. The book covers the major themes that animate the subfield: the politics of space and place; power and governance; urban policy; urban social organization; citizenship and democratic governance; representation and institutions; approaches and methodology; and the future of urban politics. Given the caliber of the editors and proposed contributors, the volume should set the intellectual agenda for years to come. Management Springer Nature Public opinion polls consistently reveal the lack of confidence, disillusionment, and mistrust that citizens feel toward government. Daniels and his contributors believe that the relationship between citizens and their governments can be changed by facilitating greater citizen collaboration with government, particularly through local sustainable programs. As the case studies show, often sustainable community programs are created through grassroots movements that are initiated and managed by citizens themselves, bringing them in contact with their local elected and appointed officials. Unlike traditional programs that are administered by local officials on behalf of their citizens, once sustainable Managing Urban America 7th Edition community programs are created, citizens administer their own programs in collaboration with local officials. The case studies look at a variety of sustainable programs, primarily in the United States, that help to deal with issues such as recycling, transportation, microcredit, site redevelopment, pollution, health care, and hunger. Creating Sustainable Community Programs is the first book on sustainable programs that is intended for an audience of public administration scholars, researchers, and students as well as practitioners who are searching for ways to change the relationship between citizens and their governments. Introduction to Governance, Government and Public Administration Jones & Bartlett Publishers The local public sector is deeply steeped in history. Studying the historic patterns of urban settlements helps us to understand the development of local priorities: zoning to separate residential areas by class and race, establishing police and fire departments to protect lives and property, building roads and canals to make transportation more efficient, and setting up school systems to educate students for work and adulthood. In this new book, the reader is guided through premodern conditions in order to identify paradigmatic changes that differentiate the premodern age from the modern age. The well-known contours of that transformation are then used to highlight trends that signal movements toward postmodernity. A great variety of books cover politics, policies, and governance at the local level. This book invites a more comprehensive look in that it structures the analysis around six basic themes: economics, politics and government, organization of work, education, human nature plus related practices, and criminal justice; the book invites a historical perspective by using the six themes to clarify paradigmatic shifts from premodernity to modernity and now postmodernity. The paradigmatic changes are examined to ask important questions: What can local governments learn from premodernity and modernity to promote desirable developments and avert unfavorable trends in postmodernity? What are progressive and regressive strategies? What social, cultural, and economic principles and practices are worth promoting and which ones to discourage? The broad nature of the book makes it relevant to students, scholars, and experts of urban politics and policies, as well as city planning, economic planning, ethics, and related fields. State & Local Government Review Routledge This professional book introduces an analytical framework of urban informality perspectives in the Middle East that is aligned with the Global South. The context of Egypt, Lebanon, and Jordan—in the Middle East— is the transregional focus of this book. In these contexts, the book opens a new arena of academic discussion on the theory and practice of urban informality. Urban Informality: Experiences and Urban Sustainability Transitions in Middle East Cities Managing Urban America 7th Edition questions urban informality, "as a site of transitions", interrelated and interlinked with urban sustainability transitions in speedy changes in a given environment. The book presents 'urban informality sustainability transitions' regarding resilience and adaptability that require shifts in urban systems. Shifts from a static process to a dynamic process that eradicates the fragmentation between the tensions, anxieties, and pressures of four modes of production, reproduction, consumptions, and distribution of goods and services in the city and its practices. Finally, through eleven chapters, the concluding remarks explore to what extent and how can urban informality transitions be sustainable. From Deportation to Prison CQ Press Open government initiatives have become a defining goal for public administrators around the world. As technology and social media tools become more integrated into society, they provide important frameworks for online government and community collaboration. However, progress is still necessary to create a method of evaluation for online governing systems for effective political management worldwide. Open Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source that explores the use of open government initiatives and systems in the executive, initiatives. Urban and Regional Policies for Metropolitan Livability Routledge Managing Urban America guides students through the challenges, politics, and practice of urban management—including managing conflict through politics, adapting to demographic and social changes, balancing budgets, and delivering a myriad of goods and services to citizens in an efficient, equitable, legislative, and judiciary sectors. It also examines the use of technology participatory, and transparent public- and responsive manner. The Eighth Edition has been thoroughly updated to include a discussion of the difficulties cities confront as they deal with the lingering economic challenges of the 2008 recession, the concept of egovernment and how it affects the theory and practice of management, and the implications of environmental issues for urban government management. Managing the Environment, Managing OurselvesCQ Press It is my honor to welcome all of you to Chicago, USA to participate in the 2014 International Conference on Social Managing Urban America 7th Edition in creating a more affordable, sector management models for greater citizen and community involvement in public affairs. Highlighting a range of topics such as data transparency, collaborative governance, and bureaucratic secrecy, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for government officials, leaders, practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and academicians seeking current research on open government Science and Management (ICSSM2014) which will be held during March 15 to 16, 2014. The ICSSM2014 is co-sponsored by Advanced Information Science Research Center (AISRC), Khon Kaen University, Dalhousie University and University of Stirling. The conference proceeding is published by DEStech Publications, Inc. ICSSM2014 provides an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Social Science and Management. The conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the modern Social Science and Management in theoretical and Application aspects. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the global researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the fields. This ICSSM2014 proceedings tends to collect the up-to-date, comprehensive and worldwide state-of-art knowledge on social science and management, including sociology, law, information management, innovation management, engineering management, etc. All of accepted papers were subjected to strict peer-reviewing by 2–4 expert referees. The papers have been selected for this volume because of quality and the relevance to the conference. We hope this book will not only provide the readers a broad overview of the latest research results, but also provide the readers a valuable summary and reference in these fields. ICSSM2014 organizing committee would like to express our sincere appreciations to all authors for their contributions to this book. We would like to extend our thanks to all the referees for their constructive comments on all papers; especially, we would like to thank to organizing committee for their hard working. Journal of Arboriculture Springer Nature The authors combine research & practical experience to explain how to balance the dual role--enforcer & protector--performed by police in an ever-changing society. The Adapted City CQ Press With the dawn of electronic databases, information technologies, and the Internet, organizations, now more than ever, have easy access to all the knowledge they need to conduct their business. However, utilizing and detecting the beneficial information can pose as a challenge. Enhancing Knowledge Discovery and Innovation in the Digital Era is a vibrant reference source on the latest research on student education, open information, technology enhanced learning (TEL), and student outcomes. Featuring widespread coverage across a range of applicable perspectives and topics, such as engineering education, data mining, and 3D printing, this book is ideally designed for professionals, upper-level students, and academics seeking current research on knowledge management and innovation networks. Forthcoming Books Penguin In today's public policy arena the regional level is gaining increased attention as problems in policy and service delivery continue to spill over traditional urban government boundaries. This authoritative work focuses on the growing role of regions in addressing and resolving local governance problems."Urban and Regional Policies for Metropolitan Livability" provides a concise, up-todate, and systematic treatment of the problems and issues involved in urban and regional policy concerns. Each policy chapter is written by a Managing Urban America 7th Edition respected expert in the area, and the book covers all the key policy issues that confront contemporary metropolitan areas, including transportation, the environment, affordable housing, crime, employment, poverty, education, and regional governance. Each chapter outlines an issue, which is followed by current thinking on problem diagnosis and problem solving, as well as the prognosis for future policy success. The Cumulative Book Index IGI Global This undergraduate textbook introduces students to the subjects of public administration, government and governance. It provides an accessible and informative overview of the various substantive areas that comprise the study of public administration, drawing on examples and case studies from around the world. The opening chapters outline some of the basics of the politicaladministrative institutional arrangements for governing. The following chapters introduce students to the fundamentals of public administration. Study questions, supplemental guidance for instructors, and a glossary of terms will be useful for both students and teachers. Policing Urban America Taylor & Francis This handbook presents the great contemporary challenges facing cities and urban spaces in Latin America and the Caribbean. The content of this multidisciplinary book is organized into four large sections focusing on the histories and trajectories of urban spatial development, inequality and displacement of urban populations, contemporary debates on urban policies, and the future of the city in this region. Scholars of diverse origins and specializations analyze Latin American and Caribbean cities showing that, despite their diversity, they share many characteristics and challenges and that there is value in systematizing this knowledge to both understand and explain them better and to promote increasing equity and sustainability. The contributions in this handbook enhance the theoretical, empirical and methodological study of urbanization processes and urban policies of Latin America and the Caribbean in a global context, making it an important reference for scholars across the world. The book is designed to meet the interdisciplinary study and consultation needs of undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, urban design, urban planning, sociology, anthropology, political science, public administration, and more. Enhancing Knowledge Discovery and Innovation in the Digital Era Yale University Press In Managing Urban America, Eighth Edition, the authors guide students through the politics of urban management—doing less with more while managing conflict, delivering goods and services, responding to federal and state mandates, adapting to changing demographics, and coping with economic and budgetary challenges. This revision: highlights the difficulties cities confront as they deal with the lingering economic challenges of the 2008 Recession evaluates the concept of e-government, and offers numerous examples in both theory and practice considers environmental issues and the implications for urban government management includes new case studies, including some with a Managing Urban America 7th Edition global perspective as the authors examine the management of international cities thoroughly updates all data and scholarship.	<urn:uuid:9b035159-ea5e-4091-aa8b-902aefa570c7>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://ahecdata.utah.edu/stated/data-bank/Managing%20Urban%20America%207th%20Edition/context?n=IRUBJC	2024-12-07T08:29:19+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-51/subset=warc/part-00150-b392068a-8e35-4497-8fab-a691b1a71843.c000.gz.parquet	75,099,708	4,225	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.995962	eng_Latn	0.996226	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2703, 6172, 9679, 12453, 15549, 18629, 21790, 24074 ]
EMOTIONS OF PRESCHOOLERS The preschooler is full of emotions that contradict themselves. One minute they feel one way, the next minute they feel just the opposite. They cannot always control these emotions. It is the responsibility of the adult working with the child to help the child learn to control these emotions. INDEPENDENCY/DEPENDENCY: Preschoolers go through times when they want to be and insist on being independent. They refuse help from adults and others. There are other times when they are very dependent and want to be helped. Parents and caregivers should show unconditional love and respect for the child's feelings and strive to recognize when to help and when to step back. Simple measures, such as arranging the home in such a way that make it easy for preschoolers to be independent help to eliminate power struggles; e.g., low coat hooks for children to hang their coats on, small chairs for their size, etc. FEAR/ANXIETY: Fear and anxiety are a natural human protector against danger. However, too much or too little fear and anxiety are not healthy. Preschoolers' fears usually become more intense than during the toddler years. They show fear of the unknown or they imagine monsters, vampires, etc., that are associated with the dark. They often fear injury and pain. To deal with these fears, a parent or caregiver should: - Listen to and accept the child's fears. - Resolve or handle one fear at a time. - Assure the child that you will protect him/her and keep them/her safe. - Be a role model of courage. (Don't pass on your own fear of things, such as animals or thunderstorms, to the child.) ANGER/AGGRESSION: Anger and aggression become specific during the preschool years. Instead of general anger and aggression displayed during the toddler years. Anger is a feeling, an emotion that is expressed if they fall off a bike or do not get to play with a certain toy, etc. Aggression is an attempt to hurt someone or something. Aggression is seen when another person takes away a toy and the child hits, kicks, or bites the individual. Anger, the emotion, should be contained or stopped. Preschoolers need to learn how to get rid of and deal with their feelings of anger in socially acceptable ways. Aggression, on the other hand, does need to be contained because it could be harmful to another human being. A child's aggressive acts should NEVER be disciplined with aggressive forms of punishment, such as spanking. This only demonstrates that a person can get what they want by hitting. The best way to limit aggressive acts is to prevent them from occurring; e.g., eliminate competition, encourage cooperation, and redirect activities that begin to get "heated" before they turn into a problem. JEALOUSY/SIBLING RIVALRY: Jealousy occurs when a child recognizes that he/she must share the love and attention of an adult with another person. When that other person is a sibling, often times sibling rivalry occurs. Preschoolers, like toddlers, may resort to crying, sucking a bottle, clinging, wetting their pants, and signs of dependence to express their jealousy. These are called regressive behaviors. Parents should discuss the child's feelings. The parent and child should spend their own special time together going to the zoo or to the store. If the jealousy is over a new baby, provide a doll for the older child to play with. This helps him/her limit the feelings of jealousy. Having the child help with the needs of the new baby may cause increased jealousy and sibling rivalry. GRIEF: Preschool-age children are just beginning to understand the concept of death and, therefore, begin to have feelings of grief over a death of a person and/or pet. If the child asks about death, at anytime, parents should talk about it and answer his/her questions openly and honestly. If a terminal illness occurs or a death occurs, the parents or adult should explain, truthfully, their personal belief concerning death. This should be on the child's level. The child should be encouraged to ask questions. Children also sometimes blame themselves for a death. This belief should always be addressed by the parent or adult to make sure the child does not feel this way. Most importantly, the child should be encouraged to talk about the memories of the person (or animal) that died, as well as ask questions and discuss death for a long time after the death. Children should know it is OK to feel sad or to cry. Adults should allow the child to see them cry or feel sad at times. Decisions concerning the child's presence at funerals or viewing services should be based on the child's age, the child's wishes, and the belief of the family. For example, some believe that the child actually seeing the body and coffin and grave sight help the child to say good-bye and make the death more real. Others believe it is too much for the child and that the child should remember the person as living. If the child is to attend the services, the rituals and things that the child will see should be explained in advance and discussed afterwards as well. 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Patchogue-Medford High School NAVY (SEAL) LT MICHAEL P. MURPHY CAMPUS BOARD OF EDUCATION Kelli Anne Jennings, President Marc A Negrin, First Vice President Diana Andrade Teresa Baldinucci-Greenberg Thomas P. Donofrio Jennifer A. Krieger Bernadette M. Smith Donna Jones, Ed.D., Superintendent of Schools Dennis M. Logan, District Clerk Randy E. Rusielewicz, Ed.D., Principal 181 Buffalo Avenue Medford, New York 11763 (631) 687-6500 (631) 687-6599 FAX Guidelines for the Positive Alternative to Student Suspensions (P.A.S.S.) PROGRAM The P.A.S.S. Program is an alternative program that is designed to assure continuity of instruction for students that are suspended out-of-school. The details are as follows: * The P.A.S.S. Program will take place Monday thru Friday. * Alternate instruction will be provided for the amount of days your child is suspended. * Alternate instruction will take place between the hours of 2:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m. at Patchogue-Medford High School in Room 109. * Transportation will be provided. Students requiring transportation will be picked up and dropped off at their home address. Students may be dropped off by parents. (All entry for P.A.S.S. will be at the south entrance - back of building in the south parking lot near the field). Students are prohibited from driving their personal vehicles to and from school for P.A.S.S. even if they have approval to park during the day with a vehicle. * Work for students assigned to P.A.S.S. will be provided by their classroom teachers directly to the P.A.S.S. teachers, but students are also asked to bring any work that they have with them each day they are in attendance. * Students who fail to attend these alternate instruction sessions will still be responsible for missed class work and will be graded accordingly. No other instruction will be provided. Revised August 2021 ________________________________________________________________________________	<urn:uuid:efc10461-2d9d-4373-bad4-11db92a31c61>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://www.pmschools.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=14061&dataid=31826&FileName=PASS%20Guidelines%2021-22.pdf	2022-07-04T12:47:58+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-27/subset=warc/part-00220-48f675b2-7fd4-43af-adb3-2a4ea7f82193.c000.gz.parquet	976,112,282	442	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.997188	eng_Latn	0.997188	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1949 ]
Backwell School Special Educational Needs Information Report 2017-2018 Our School Backwell School caters for secondary students aged 11-18 and we value every child as an individual. The school recognises that all students have individual and diverse strengths, challenges and learning needs. Some students have been identified with difficulties that require additional and targeted provision and support; such as dyslexia, Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), social, emotional and mental health issues. The school is committed to the inclusion of all children into the school's curriculum and activities, unless their special educational needs are so severe or complex that the school does not have the resources, facilities, curriculum or expertise to meet them. Our Staff In addition to our subject teachers we have a full time SENCO (Special Educational Needs coordinator), Mrs Melissa Osborne. We also have one other part-time teacher of SEN needs and twelve Teaching Assistants both full and part-time. Our Curriculum and Teaching Students follow a broad, balanced, inclusive curriculum which is differentiated according to need. This is delivered at an appropriate pace and depth, where teaching styles and strategies, learning tasks and materials are modified according to the level of interest and needs. We believe enjoying and being able to access learning is key to students achieving success and we therefore offer a curriculum that aims to inspire, stimulate and motivate every student. Students are taught in mainstream classes but on occasion students with a specific educational need will be removed from some lessons for additional support. If this is a requirement, then interventions are put in place for an intense period mainly to support literacy and numeracy. The progress of these students is carefully monitored both during and after the intervention period. Teachers are responsible and accountable for the progress and development of all students in their class, in accordance with the new Code of Practice 2014, with the SENCO and Education Support team working in a supporting role. Teaching Assistants are deployed mainly on a subject specific basis. They attend departmental meetings so that information is exchanged and advice given to ensure that students can be supported appropriately. We are an inclusive school and we encourage all students to be involved with clubs and activities. Every summer Key Stage 3 students have the choice of activities in which to participate over a five day period, some of these are residential. All activities and experiences are open to each student regardless of any additional need. Interventions On entry to the school all Year 7 students are given a reading and spelling test. If a student's reading and/or spelling age is below 10 then appropriate interventions are put in place. These comprise of literacy withdrawal groups, tutor-time spelling and maths booster classes. Access arrangements are applied for in Key Stage 4 and Key Stage 5 to ensure that students with an additional educational need are not disadvantaged in public examinations. If a student has an Education Health and Care Plan or they have a significant level of need, an Annual Review will be held for them. Parents, pastoral staff, relevant outside agencies and the students themselves will attend and progress and outcomes will be discussed. Outside Agencies The school works with a range of outside agencies who are requested to work with a student when required and in consultation with parents. The SENCO, after consultation with the student's Head of House and parents will apply for the appropriate provision to support the child. We work closely with outside agencies to ensure the correct person carries out any required intervention. All communication from outside agencies detailing parent information, is displayed in the Education Support page accessed through Frog. Useful contacts for parents are 'Supportive Parents' www.supportiveparents.org.uk For families with disabled children: 'Our Voice Counts' www.ourvoicecounts.org.uk and 'Contact a Family' www.cfamily.org.uk Emotional and Social Development All students are placed in a tutor group of about thirty students with a tutor who will normally stay with that group during Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4. Students with a severe level of need are also assigned a key link person from the Education Support teaching staff, who will be the first point of contact should parents or staff have an SEN issue regarding the student. All other issues should be through the SENCO. Students with an EHCP (Education Health and Care Plan) are often withdrawn on a 1:1 basis with this key person to monitor educational and social development. This key person will also listen to any concerns raised by the student and act as appropriate liaising with key staff within school or outside agencies if appropriate. The school has a strict anti-bullying policy which enables any concerns raised by students to be dealt with swiftly and effectively by the relevant staff. There are opportunities for all students to be involved in school life and the wide range of activities which Backwell School offers its students. Opportunities to help at parents' evenings, school induction and be a member of the school council are open to all students. Our Approach to Behaviour A positive rewards-focused behaviour management system is used consistently throughout the school. Behaviour is supported by a system of rules, rewards and sanctions which are understood by all students and staff and can be adapted to the individual needs of specific students. Positive reinforcement is the key focus in Backwell School. A Return to Learning base has been created to work with students who need more help to access mainstream school and its various lessons. Please see Backwell School Behaviour Policy available on the school website. A paper copy of the policy is available on request. Academic Progress Students' academic progress is tracked continuously and is regularly monitored by subject teachers and analysed by the Heads of Department and Heads of Unit. Reports are published twice each year and staff also feedback to parents at parents' evenings. Interventions are put in place for those students who fail to make progress. These can comprise: mentoring, SLT controlled homework catch-up sessions, in-class support or personal support plans. The Education Support Department also monitors the progress of those students receiving extra school support and reading, comprehension and spelling ages are analysed twice each year. The Education Support Department also monitors the progress of those Year 7 students receiving extra numeracy support. The SEN Department In-class support is provided by subject strength as all Teaching Assistants have a main strength in a particular area. The Education Support Department informs other teaching staff of students' SEN needs through a Year 7 SEN Information booklet, Personal Plans, Information on FROG and SIMS, training and an 'open door policy' within the Education Support Department. Regular information bulletins for staff are located on the Department web-page and information for parents is regularly uploaded on the notices page. As part of the school's self-evaluation process, the Education Support Department is subject to an annual self-review process. The Department Development Plan allows the SENCO to gather evidence from a number of sources such as student voice, learning walks and progress checks, to evaluate the effectiveness of provision for SEN students. This process is overseen by the Deputy Head-teacher for Curriculum. Transition The Education Support Department organises a transition programme every year for vulnerable Year 6 students. The SENCO contacts the primary schools who identify students who would benefit from this extra transition work. The Year 6 students visit the school on three occasions at the end of the summer term in addition to the regular Induction Day. On these days activities are organised to familiarise the students with the school and to encourage social co-operation. The SENCO also visits the primary schools with the Head of Year 7 to gain information from the Year 6 teachers and primary SENCOs. There is an opportunity for parents to meet the SENCO during the Year 6 parents' evening following Induction Day. With older students' transition, appropriate pathways are discussed with the students and relevant parties, e.g. 6 th form team, colleges, apprenticeships with ongoing advice from the Careers service. Working with Families and Young People We feel we have a strong partnership between home and school and actively involve parents and carers in decisions concerning their children. We inform parents and carers when interventions are to be put in place and when students have reached their literacy and numeracy targets. Progress reports home are provided twice a year and a year group parents' evening once a year. Complaints There are rare occasions when parents, carers and others connected with Backwell School may have a concern they need to raise. To encourage resolution of such situations, we have a clear complaints policy and procedure that aims to resolve problems quickly and informally, be straightforward to understand and use, provide confidentiality and allow problems to be handled swiftly, fully and efficiently. Full details are on our website. The Local Offer The school uses the services provided by North Somerset and if appropriate, co-operates fully with decisions made by the Authority. The Local Offer is available on the North Somerset Website.	<urn:uuid:b630cf22-9ec6-41af-b29c-c64a0356e2ae>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://backwellschool.net/MainFolder/Governors-Policies/SEN-Information-Report-2017.pdf	2018-01-18T04:04:08Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887065.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118032119-20180118052119-00066.warc.gz	32,595,016	1,791	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998592	eng_Latn	0.998709	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2152, 5222, 7713, 9723 ]
18 STEVE MAXWELL Maxwell The Water Industry: A Closer Look at the Numbers It's been quite a few years since we talked specifics in this column about the changing size and general characteristics of the water market itself. Because this is after all the "Market Outlook" column, perhaps it's time to take another look at the water market—how to define or draw a boundary around the water business, the outlook and growth characteristics of the business, and how it is expanding or changing as time marches forward. A DISPARATE BUSINESS Although we commonly talk about the "water industry," strictly speaking, of course, there is really no such thing. What there really is instead is a broad and diverse group of fundamentally quite different business sectors—all of which have something to do with delivery of clean water. All of these business sectors collectively add up to what we call the water industry, but they can't all be classified under any single heading. The water industry includes * a broad array of infrastructure-related companies (from steel and concrete pipe manufacturers to valve makers); * tank manufacturers; * specialty chemical producers that supply various aspects of the primary and wastewater treatment process; * businesses that measure, monitor, and test the water; * treatment equipment manufacturers that supply a diverse range of products from sand filters to lamps for ultraviolet radiation to membranes for reverse osmosis filtration; * new technology developers of all concceivable stripes; * manufacturer's representatives who play the role of middlemen and who sell, install, and maintain all these varied technologies and systems; * engineers, consultants, and contractors who design, build, and sometimes operate all manner of water supply, treatment, distribution, and processing systems; and * water utility agencies and companies that actually deliver the water directly to users and the wastewater treatment works that treat used water before returning it to the environment. This is a broad spectrum of "subindustries" and different types of companies that can obviously be quite different from one another. Yet all of these companies are somehow involved somewhere in the process of MAY 2011 \| JOURNAL AWWA 2011 © American Water Works Association providing clean water, and some way of aggregating them must be found in order to study the market characteristics, growth, and profitability potential of the water industry. A diffuse and fragmented industry such as the water business is difficult to classify and analyze. In turn— and perhaps more critically from the perspective of business planners and marketing professionals—when it is difficult to accurately define an industry, it is even more difficult to accurately estimate its size, growth characteristics, and other market attributes. This is the real reason there is such a paucity of good, reliable market research data and intelligence for the water business. Although detailed market research studies have been conducted for various specific niches of the broader water industry, there are few thorough and reliable overarching studies of the entire business. Newcomers to the water industry, potential investors, and students of the business are uniformly surprised and frustrated by the lack of good market information about the water industry, and only gradually are we beginning to develop a decent understanding of just how large this total industry is and how fast it is growing. Nevertheless, there are a few conventional wisdoms and rough market statistics for the overall water-related business. The size of the domestic US water and wastewater industry today is typically estimated at about $130 billion per year, as summarized in Table 1 (EBI, 2010). THE US WATER INDUSTRY At first glance, the data in Table 1 appear to be fairly simple. (These data were assembled by a supplyside aggregation approach—identifying the key larger companies in each sector, adding up their annual reve- TABLE 1 Global water industry growth by segment Modified from EBI, 2010 20MAY 2011 \| JOURNAL AWWA nues, estimating the magnitude and rough revenue size of the remaining smaller players, and then calculating the total.) A more thorough analysis of these summary figures and the more detailed assumptions and data behind them, however, reveal some interesting insights about the industry. First, the fees that individuals and businesses pay to utility organizations (whether municipally or investorowned) for primary drinking water and sewage services comprise about two thirds of the estimated annual total spending on water in the United States (i.e., the last two lines in Table 1). From a business perspective, it is critical to remember and understand that the majority of these revenues are paid to municipal and public agencies—some 55,000 water utilities and about 16,000 wastewater utilities—not private companies. Only about 12–15% of US citizens receive their drinking water from private companies, and the back-end wastewater treatment sector of the business is represented by a far lower percentage. Thus, these dollars for the most part are not really "private industry" revenues—that is, they aren't available to private companies or investors, at least over the short-term. One way, therefore, of thinking about the water industry might be to divide it into a "public" sector and a private or "commercial" sector in which the former is roughly twice the size of the latter. Nonetheless, many new observers or potential investors simplistically and incorrectly assume that because the US water market is so large, at about $130 billion per year, there must be plentiful opportunities to find and invest in large and exciting companies These assumptions ignore the fact that a large percentage of these revenues flow through publicly owned or managed organizations. Second, notice that the right column of Table 1 emphasizes the sectoral variability that was mentioned. Projected longer-term growth rates for different sectors of the numerous water-related industries show considerable variation. The fastest-growing sector is projected to be the water utility industry itself—the largely publicly owned water delivery agencies. (This is primarily a manifestation of the rising water rates and prices previously discussed in this column.) Even though Table 1 breaks out a number of sectors of the water business, each line actually comprises a number of "subniche" areas that are not broken out and that may also have widely differing characteristics. For example, the category of water treatment equipment in Table 1 is estimated to be growing at a rate of 4.6% per year. However, within that broad subcategory, there are different types of treatment technologies that may be growing at much higher rates. A recent report by the Union Bank of Switzerland, for example, estimated the following growth rates for various treatment technology subsectors. Activated carbon treatment was estimated to be growing at 5.5% annually, 2011 © American Water Works Association ozonation at 8%, reverse osmosis treatment at 10%, ultraviolet radiation disinfection at 13%, microfiltration and ultrafiltration membrane treatment at 15%, and membrane bioreactors at 20%. This same qualification would apply to many of the other sectors in Table 1—underscoring again the variability and complexity of the water industry when it is explored at a deeper level. Another key observation is that the growth rates of these individual sectors are themselves changing as the industry changes—as water scarcity and quality problems become more severe, as technologies evolve and improve, and as public awareness of and demand for new products grow. For example, even though water treatment chemicals compose a fairly large piece of the commercial market, many observers believe that the average growth rate of this sector will gradually decline as chemical treatment methods fall out of favor. In the same vein, 10 years ago Table 1 would have shown contract operations as one of the fastest-growing segments of the commercial industry; however, with growing public opposition to privatization, forecasts for this sector have dropped off considerably. Nonetheless, as more and more public utilities—particularly the roughly 50,000 smaller ones—face daunting technological and regulatory challenges as well as fiscal squeezes, this trend in growth may reverse again in the future. Growth rates in traditionally less glamorous sectors, such as the infrastructure equipment business, are likely to increase in the future. Sectors such as in situ pipe rehabilitation, advanced infrastructure diagnostics, and water loss management, are likely to exhibit increasing growth rates as more and more capital is poured into maintaining and upgrading the nation's infrastructure. If you look at the US Environmental Protection Agency's estimates of future capital expenditure requirements, it is clear that a high percentage of future spending will be going into such products as steel and concrete pipe, pumps and valves, and storage tanks. This may not be the "sexy" side of the business—and the companies in this sector are not yet attracting as much attention from Wall Street analysts—but there is little doubt that this is where many of the dollars will be spent. is also increasingly clear that the water market in many other countries or regions is showing faster growth than in the United States. Simply put, opportunities abound for water companies in the rest of the world. Conventional wisdom seems to suggest that the total world market is about four to five times the size of the US market. Companies such as General Electric have pegged the level of world business at around this level. Global Water Intelligence (GWI, 2010) recently valued the global water market at roughly $500 billion per year. EMERGENCE OF NEW SECTORS Even though the water industry is already a wonderfully diverse hodgepodge of different products and services, it seems that new businesses and new opportunities continue to emerge all the time—and some are gradually evolving into what we might consider to be new sectors of the water industry. New companies continue to develop, and established companies continue to refashion new products or services or to redefine themselves as water players. New treatment technologies continue to be developed, and existing technologies from other industries continue to be applied for the first time to water treatment applications. A review of startup and venture capital–backed technology companies in this industry can be dizzying including such processes as electrocoagulation, sonication, cavitation, demineralization, electrodeionization, biocidal disinfection, electrodialysis reversal, and multistage bubble aeration. Few of these new technologies are expected to revolutionize the industry, but many of them may have a critical role to play in the future. Promoters of "better mousetrap" technologies— and, unfortunately, many opportunists and "snake oil" salesmen—are pervasive across the industry. Water loss management services and control technologies—products and services geared to locating, measuring, and repairing the vast water losses that occur because of decaying underground infrastructure— seems to be one emerging and coalescing sector of the market. Another sector appearing with increasing frequency is "advanced infrastructure diagnostics." The types of products in this emerging sector include surface leak detection systems, robotic and video pipeline monitoring technologies, high-precision flow monitoring and metering technologies, and pipeline rehabilitation systems. Several companies have focused their strategic growth plans in this area on the assumption that as water becomes more scarce and more valuable, one of our most immediate solutions is simply to not lose so much of the already treated water in the system. Innovative irrigation systems and technologies for measuring and implementing more efficient agricultural water use are also starting to coalesce into a more specific—and increasingly critical—subsector of the water industry. This also includes products and services such What about the broader global water industry? If data for the US market are sparse, then information for most of the rest of the world is truly speculative. Although the United States is clearly the world’s largest individual country market, it 22MAY 2011 \| JOURNAL AWWA 2011 © American Water Works Association as advanced soil-moisture monitors, laser-leveling techniques for agricultural fields, and all manner of advanced underground drip and capillary-action irrigation systems. The reasons behind the growing interest in this sector are pretty clear: In many arid parts of the world, agriculture is responsible for a high percentage of total water consumption—80% or more in many arid western states. Better conservation and small percentage efficiency gains here can free up a lot of water that can result in large percentage increases available for municipal and industrial use. So it's hardly surprising that this should be an emerging sector of the business. Yet, even just a few years ago, most observers thought of the irrigation equipment business as part of the agricultural equipment industry—not part of the world water business. Other companies that were scarcely thought of as water firms a few years ago—such as the Toro Company—are more and more often being classified as water industry players. The agricultural equipment manufacturer John Deere has made several significant acquisitions in this area in the past few years and clearly has designs on becoming a leading player in the irrigation marketplace. Not surprisingly, as a result of their very arid climate, Israeli companies are among the leaders in this emerging sector as well. It's not just more efficient treatment or application systems that are of interest here—better monitoring and measurement capabilities are critical as well. Real-time and wireless types of microlevel soil-moisture monitoring can improve agricultural productivity, save energy, reduce fertilizer use, cut waste, and free up scarce water for other uses. Another area that is emerging and beginning to distill into a specific investment area or sector of the marketplace is the ownership, trading, and marketing of actual, physical water rights—particularly in the western United States, and other regions where scarce water consumption or usage rights are starting to be allocated by various types of market mechanisms. The ownership and trading of water rights has generally been restricted to the more arid Great Plains and southwestern regions of the country where the "prior appropriation" legal doctrine of water ownership is used. Most of the business transacted in water rights ownership has been between farmers or mining enterprises who originally held the historical water right and municipal agencies, which desperately need that water today. Now a few private companies and investment groups are getting involved in this area—attempting to bring private capital to bear in the allocation process for scarce water rights and the development of public water supply and management projects. A handful of tiny public companies purport to play in this area, including Pico Holdings, Purecycle, and Cadiz Development. Although all of these players are taking advantage of investor interest in the sector, which has bid up their stock prices, none of them are what could really be called significant players. There are also some companies that previously tried and failed to get into this aspect of the water business— the former public company Western Water and US Filter's experience with massive water rights investments in Southern California more than a decade ago are good examples. Some of these efforts may have been ahead of their time in trying to capitalize on water as a long-term store of value. This area is fraught with both market and political uncertainties, and is subject to the ongoing controversy around the intersection of public and private approaches to water resource management. Nonetheless, more and more companies are looking at the possible opportunities here. There is no doubt we will see other new areas and sectors emerge within the water industry in the longer-term future. A GROWING AND COALESCING INDUSTRY Many "Johnny-come-lately" and ill-informed analysts have airily predicted exploding growth for the overall water industry in the near future. In certain narrow sectors of the industry, this is certainly accurate. However, in most sectors of the water business, the real situation has been more one of unspectacular but very consistent growth—a sort of dependable "tortoise" situation, rather than a volatile and occasionally speedy growth "hare" situation. There can be no doubt that fundamental supply and demand considerations around world water resources ensure continuing—and likely somewhat accelerating—growth into the long-term future. Indeed, it is difficult to construct any kind of future scenario in which this industry will be characterized by anything other than steady and sustained growth. However, would-be investors in this business need to understand that only a few subsectors are growing at the 15–20% annual rates that are often bandied about. The growth of the overall "business" will probably continue in the neighborhood of 5–7% a year— or, generally speaking, a little in excess of the gross national product or population growth rates. For strategic planning and market analysis purposes, it is much more meaningful to talk about the growth and profitability characteristics of individual market sectors than to try to peg growth rates or profit potential in the overall industry. Certain conventional wisdoms have taken hold within the industry, but it is difficult to document growth rates or market size estimates without solid market data. Many studies have tried to calculate this value, but even when all of these individual sectors are precisely defined and carefully totaled up, we still 24MAY 2011 \| JOURNAL AWWA 2011 © American Water Works Association Tools for happier customers higher revenues Simple solutions that deliver affordable plans to your customers and incremental revenue to your bottom line — all with no ﬁnancial or operational risk to you. Afﬁnity Home Warranty and Repair Plans 1-888-777-1175 email@example.com HomeServeUSA.com Visit our booth #104 at ACE11 JOURNAL AWWA welcomes comments and feedback at firstname.lastname@example.org. MAY 2011 \| JOURNAL AWWA 2011 © American Water Works Association 26 don't have a very good idea of just how big this pie really is. The world water market is huge, and in the final analysis, debating or trying to pin down the actual figure is probably not productive. For most firms, rough estimates of specific end-markets in certain geographical areas are much more meaningful— and thus more useful in terms of good business planning. Perhaps more important to recognize is that many of the key geographic markets, such as China, are at an earlier and much more rapid stage of growth than is the United States. With a total market value that is generally agreed to be somewhere in the range of hundreds of billions of dollars per year and given the truly critical underlying human needs and factors that are driving this market, individual firms don't really need to worry whether the annual world market size is $400 billion or $500 billion. As water resource challenges are more broadly recognized and understood and as more companies start to provide goods and services to help solve critical water needs, there is anecdotal but increasing evidence that this balkanized "industry" will begin to consolidate or coalesce into a more distinct and more definable whole. As that happens and as more and more researchers, scholars, and policy-makers turn their attention toward water, better market information should eventually become available. —Steve Maxwell is managing director of TechKNOWLEDGEy Strategic Group, a Boulder, Colo.–based management consultancy specializing in merger and acquisition advisory services and strategic planning for the water and broader environmental industries. Maxwell is the editor of the annual Water Market Review, a comprehensive summary of trends and developments in the world water industry. He is also the author of a new book published by AWWA—The Future of Water. Maxwell has advised dozens of water firms on strategy and transactional issues, and he can be reached at (303) 442-4800 or email@example.com. REFERENCES EBI (Environmental Business International), 2010. Water and Wastewater. Envir. Business Jour., XXIII:11:2. GWI (Global Water Intelligence), 2010. Is Water Technology Investing Strictly for Insiders? www.globalwaterintel.com/insight/ water-technology-investing-strictly-insiders.html?source=email (accessed Apr. 8, 2011).	<urn:uuid:d75979c5-b6e0-470b-86d7-dc937bb21861>	CC-MAIN-2024-30	https://www.tech-strategy.com/pdf/AWWA%20-%20Water%20-%20A%20Look%20at%20the%20Numbers.pdf	2024-07-21T11:29:47+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00244-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet	871,009,090	4,016	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.997411	eng_Latn	0.997902	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2479, 7485, 13421, 18279, 21092 ]
COLLOQUIUM SCHEDULE (22 October) 36 th TESOL France Annual Colloquium Friday, 17th November Registration opens at 15:00. Please arrive early to avoid long queues. Registration will also continue throughout the conference. \| 15:00-16:00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 16:00-17:15 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Rooms & Sessions \| Estaunie \| B312 \| B316 \| Opale \| Rubis \| Emeraude \| Saphir \| \| 17:30-18:30 Session A \| Patricia de Griese Emotional Intelligence in the Classroom MANGT & TTD \| Roy Bicknell The Imagined Classroom BE & AL \| Liam Tyrrell Getting honest feedback from learners AL & TTD \| Anne McDonald ITC: an interactive approach to writing TTD & WR \| George Wilson (British Council) Preparing students for university study in English HE & ESP \| Daniel Kelly & Michael Harlow The undead classroom MAT \| Danielle Bergez & Matthew Wilson Planning for success in an online TESOL program TTD & HE \| \| 18:30-19:00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 19:00-20:00 20:15 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| AL: Adult Learners BE: Business English DRAM: Drama-based Lessons ESP: English for Specific Purposes FrL: French Learners GV: Grammar & Vocabulary HE: Higher Education HUM: Humour in the Classroom IntC: Intercultural Issues LIST: Listening Skills MANGT: Classroom Management MAT: Materials Design and Publishing MLev: Multilevel Classroom PRON: Pronunciation PRIM: Primary School Learners READ: Reading Skills SPEAK: Speaking Skills TECH: Technology in the Classroom TEST: Testing and Assessment TTD: Teacher Training & Development WCond: Working Conditions WR: Writing Skills YA: Young Adult Learners Promoting a particular book or product Saturday, 18 th November Registration opens at 8:30 am and continues throughout the day. Please arrive early to avoid long queues. Rooms & Sessions 9:00 - 10:00 Session B 10:15 - 11:15 11:15 - 11:45 11:45 - 12:45 Session C 12:45 - 14:00 13:15 - 14:00 14:00 - 15:00 Session D Saphir Daniel Zuchowski Taking the Task- Based Approach to the Extreme AL & TTD Janine Bray-Mueller How to find students (And why you don't) TTD & WCond RESERVED Saturday, 18 th November - continued Registration continues throughout the day until 18:00 Rooms & Sessions 15:15 - 16:15 Session E 16:15 - 16:45 16:30 - 16:45 16:45 - 17:45 Session F 18:00 - 19:00 Session G 19:00 - 19:30 19:30 - 20:30 20:30 - 22:00 Saphir Gladys Focho Connecting students through cultural competence Natalia Gunina Product-Process Model of Teaching Academic Writing ESP & WR Julie Dell-Jones Multimodal personal narrative as shared experience AL & TTD \| Nick Boisseau (Delta Publishing) Online teacher development * TTD \| Aymen Elsheikh & Okon Effiong Connecting language practitioners in Africa through tea- chers’ associations \| Rachael Harris (IATEFL IP & SEN SIG) Assessment in the Inclusive Practices workshop TEST & TTD \| Stephen Ryan Q & A Session \| Judith Logsdon-Dubois (The Academy) From Gibberish to .... Wow! * LIST & FrL \| Ma. Sandra Peña Cervel The acquisition of constructions by Spanish speakers: A case study SPEAK \| Liana Berkowitz (ETS Global) Explore the TOEFL® MOOC with your class MANGT & TECH \| Helen Cherry Using coaching techniques in EFL TTD & BE \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Panel Discussion The ‘native/ non-native teacher debate’: opening up the discussion. led by Susan Holden & Andreas Grundtvig \| RESERVED \| Julia Alivertis & Jeffrey Doonan In each other’s shoes – Empathy in the ELT world IntC \| Gerard McLoughlin (TESOL Spain) The ‘eyes’ have it! IntC & AL \| Maha Hassan DIY (Do it yourself) Online Assessment TTD & MANGT \| Louisa Dunne (British Council) IELTS Writing Task1 – How to help with maps and processes HE & TEST \| Yoko Asari The Effect of Written Feedback and Modified Output WR & AL \| George Kokolas (Express Publishing) Specialization in the 21st Century Workforce * ESP & AL \| \| Forum on linking African teachers and ELT teachers in France and Europe - come and get involved! Roger Bekolo Bekolo Mouhamadou Diouf Aymen Elsheikh Okon Effiong Gladys Focho Catherine Moto Zeh Jane Ryder \| Damian Corcoran Beating Stress HE & TTD \| Ed Pegg (Macmillan) Is this word worth teaching? GV \| Saida Akbarova & Liliya Makovskaya Soft skills for report writing WR & YA \| Encarna Pérez Pulido & M. José García Berzosa Full TILT GV & AL \| Pascal Archimede Music in professional language training * AL & FrL \| John Hession (British Council) All things to all students? WCoond & TTD \| Olga Isabel Díez Velasco & Marta García Alamán Singing English out of a barrel IntC & ESP \| Sunday, 19 th November Registration opens at 9:00 am and closes at 12:00 pm. 1	<urn:uuid:4ad4990c-6a34-40a6-9998-2da06d643432>	CC-MAIN-2024-30	https://www.tesol-france.org/uploaded_files/files/Colloquium17_Schedule_22Oct%281%29.pdf	2024-07-15T07:44:38+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00248-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet	901,522,844	1,377	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.924813	eng_Latn	0.938839	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1683, 2147, 4611, 4693 ]
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 13, Issue 2 (February 2017), PP.01-08 Comparative Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Rectangular And Interruped Louvered Fins (Newly Designed) in Internal Combustion Engine Using Cfd Tool Monusinghchauhan,Ganesh Khandoori 1 ,M M Bahuguna 2 1 Department Of Thermal Engineering,Uttarakhand Technical University 2 Department Of Physics, Jbit, Uttarakhand Technical Universitydehradun(Uk) Abstract: To increase the heat transfer rate of heat exchanger through fins in compact regionthe louvered interrupted plate fins has designed for increasing fins surface area. FLUENT and Multi-physics software are used in order to develop a 3-D numerical model for investigation ofinterrupted louvered fins. ILF analyzed by CFD tool, on the basis of geometrical parameters the compact relationship for Nusselt Number exhibits enhancement of thermal performance. Fin-plate weight reduces while surface area increases. Air is taken as the working fluid andThe flow regime is assumed to be turbulence, and the mean velocity is such that the Reynolds numbers of interest are above the critical Reynolds number. This study gives a performance data for a rectangular fin in simple and ILF in a plate-fin heat exchanger. In order to evaluate the performance, bulk temperature and combined span wise average Nusselt number (Nusa) are calculated. The heat transferenhancement is observed with the use of different interruption angles of 30 0 , 40 0 and 50 0 Keywords: force convection air cooling; thermal management; heat transfer; fluid flow; CFD Modling heatsink design; radiator modeling. Interrupted Louvered Fins (ILF) I. INTRODUCTION A heat exchanger is a device which is used to transfer thermal energy between two sources. In recent years there has been great demand for high performance, lightweight, 'compact, and economical heat transfer components. The fins are recognized as one of the most effective means of increasing the heat dissipation. The design criteria of fins are different for various applications, but the primary concern is heat transfer rate, weight and cost. Therefore it is highly desirable to optimize on a CFD tool for optimum design of fin which have maximum heat transfer rate and low weight and size of fins. The optimum dimensions are those for which maximum heat is dissipated for a given weight or mass of the fin. The most effective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by surface area extension of fins. The purpose of this study is to determine heat transfer capacity of new designed fin and compare with rectangular fin and the optimum dimensions and shapes for rectangular longitudinal fins and interrupted louvered fins by including transverse heat conduction. Furthermore, the present study investigates the effect of a variable heat transfer coefficient on the optimum dimensions of the aforementioned fins. The variable heat transfer coefficient is generally expressed in the form h=hc(Ts-Tf)m/Lcn where h, is a Dimensional constant, L, is the characteristic length, and m and n aredimensionless constants, the values of which depend on the type of heat transfer (such as radiation in space, free convection, forced convection, nucleate boiling, or film boiling) and the nature of the flow (such as laminar or turbulent flow). Using an integral approach, we determine the optimum heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate of three dimensional interrupted louvered fins and compare them with the three-dimensional and the exact two dimensional solutions for the case of constant length. After establishing the validity of theintegral approach in determining the heat transfer rate rectangular longitudinal fins,technique is applied to interrupted louvered fins by considering a variable no. of interruptions and velocity. The fin performance has been obtained in an analytical form so that classical techniques can be adopted for optimization. In the present paper, a method has been suggested for optimizing longitudinal finsbased on a CFD. II. GOVERNING AND CFD EQUATION The following assumptions are made in theanalysis: (1) Steady state holds; (2) The material is homogeneous and isotropic; (3) The temperature of the surrounding fluid isconstant; (4) There is no heat source in the fin; (5) The base temperature is uniform; (6) The thermal properties of the fin, such as density,specific heat, and conductivity, are constant. 1 Consider a volume element of a fin at location x having a length of Δx, cross sectional area of Ac, and a perimeter of p, as shown in Fig 1. Under steady Conditions, the energy balance on this volume element can be expressed as (Rate of heat conduction into the element at x) = (Rate of heat conduction from the element at x+Δx ) + ( Rate of heat convection from the element) orQcond. x= Qcond. x+Δx+ Qconv. Where, Qconv= h (p Δx) (T- TΔ) Problem description: The present work focuses on computational fluid domain (CFD) study of the flow structure and heat transfer characteristics of the fluid flowing in a plate-fin heat exchanger with interrupted louvered fins and Rectangular fins mounted on the base plate of heat exchanger and internal combustion engine.The geometry of the proposed design is shown in Figure 3.1(a).Two different shapes of the fins i.e. rectangular fins, and interrupted louvered fins investigated for heat transfer enhancement potential in a plate-fin heat exchanger Geometry of rectangular fins Geometrical parameters of the base plate fins Fin pitch 15 mm Fin Thickness 3 mm Number of horizontal fin 2 Length of fins =97mm Base plate thickness =3mm Range of geometrical parameters used for parametric analysis Interrupted louvered fin geometry parameters Fin pitch 15 mm Fin Thickness 3 mm Number of horizontal fin 2 Length of fins =97mm Base plate thickness =3mm Interruption pitch=30mm Interruption angle=case1=30 0 ,40 0 ,50 0 2 For two interruption Interruption plate length=6mm,8mm, Model Generation (Creo Software) The model is generated with the help of CREO and SOLID WORKS ModelingSoftware. Model has five parts 1. Solid Base 2 Solid Fin Surface 3.solid interruption plate 4. Louvered area, 5.Enclosure. All were creating separately and assembled and nomenclature as part 1, part 2 and part 3 part 4 part 5. The length of fin was kept same for all models and size of louvered also was kept same for all case of fin. But the length of interruption fins varied with the distance of fin tip and fin pitch also was remains constant and surface area was increased with the changing of geometry and height (Length) of two fins was also same. Thereafter these two fins are mounted on a single solid base and putted in enclosure for extra work. If we consider "L" as the length of the rectangular fin ,the surface area can easily calculated from The following formulas:Surface Area = Areas of top and bottom +Area of the side Surface Area of interrupted louvered fin = Area of top and bottom of fin -Area of top and bottom of hole + Area of front and back of interruption plate +area of side of interruption fin +Area of four inside louvered face + Area of the side of the fin Boundary Conditions for the Confining Surfaces (a) Velocity Boundary Conditions at the No-Slip Planes X=Y=Z=O (b) Velocity Boundary Conditions at the Plane The U velocity is taken symmetric along the plane Y = Z = 0 (c) Inflow Boundary Conditions at the Channel Inlet The inflow velocity is taken as constant X = -150 (8.5) 0R (10.5) Y=+45 3.4.2 Boundary Conditions for the interrupted fin The interruption fins is a part of 1mm thickness. Since it is a no-slip In the surface the velocity boundary conditions on the surface of the interruption fin are X= 1 ,Y = Z = 0 Mesh independency test A mesh independency study has been performed for a continuous fin case, there was modeling case size length x=0.2015m, length y=0.006m and length in z direction=0.0035m shown in figure .this case is meshed with seven different mesh size, in that there was tetrahedral meshing and triangular meshing. There was maximum size 5.3407 * 10 -5 m and minimum size of mesh 5.340710 -3 m. Interrupted louvered fin The computational domain, shown in Figure for the length of mesh is 0.2015 m and width of this in z direction 4.35e-002 m and height of this in y direction 6.4e-002 m, choosing a mesh number of 1.0759e-002 and put many down value of mesh no.and found 5.3793e-003 this is optimum value for meshing in the ANSYS meshing, used 357069 nodes and 2119091 elements more than these nodes and elements there was very less percentage change in nusselt number.so these value is prefable for all calculation and investigation purpose. III. SIMULATION SOLUTION AND DISCUSSION In this chapter discussed comparative study of rectangular fin to interrupted louvered fin at velocity 8.5m/s and different interruption angle like 30 0 ,40 0 and 50 0 and with 2 interruption plate. A commercial finite volume analysis package, ANSYS FLUENT 16.0 selected to perform numerical analysis on the model. The realizable green-gauss cell based turbulence modelwith standard wall function was set for each model. The Segregated 3D solver with an implicit formulation was set to solve the models Performance of rectangular fin and heat transfer rate at 8.5m/s \| s.no. \| length from base \| T fin (K) \| vel.(m/s) \| p (pa) \| h \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| 10 \| 728 \| 16.9 \| 258 \| 122 \| \| 2 \| 20 \| 681 \| 14.7 \| 249 \| 85 \| \| 3 \| 30 \| 641 \| 13 \| 237 \| 79 \| \| 4 \| 40 \| 607 \| 11.9 \| 226 \| 74 \| \| 5 \| 50 \| 578 \| 11.2 \| 219 \| 72 \| \| 6 \| 60 \| 553 \| 10.8 \| 215 \| 70.7 \| \| 7 \| 70 \| 533 \| 10.5 \| 212 \| 70 \| \| 8 \| 80 \| 516 \| 10.4 \| 210 \| 83 \| \| 9 \| 90 \| 503 \| 10 \| 213 \| 161 \| \| 10 \| 100 \| 458 \| 11 \| 216 \| 527 \| Velocity contourTemperature contour 4… Performance of interrupted louvered fins and heat transfer rate at 8.5m/s with 2 interruption plate. 5 Temperature contour at 40 Velocity contour at 40 0 0 In this I find the value along the length of fin at 10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm 50mm 60mm 70mm 80mm 90mm and 100 mm or tip of the fin, along the vertical plane of these point and horizontal plane mid of fins. In this model base plate temperature of is given by us is 773 k. Performance of interrupted louvered fin and heat transfer rate at 8.5m/s with 2 interruption at 30 0 \| 1 \| 10 \| 717 \| 10 \| 112.3 \| 105 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2 \| 20 \| 665 \| 10.5 \| 109 \| 147 \| \| 3 \| 30 \| 626 \| 13.5 \| 108 \| 284 \| \| 4 \| 40 \| 592 \| 13.6 \| 107.2 \| 149 \| \| 5 \| 50 \| 505 \| 13.9 \| 105 \| 183 \| \| 6 \| 60 \| 475 \| 15 \| 94.3 \| 671 \| \| 7 \| 70 \| 459 \| 14.7 \| 85 \| 179 \| \| 8 \| 80 \| 436 \| 15.4 \| 95 \| 116 \| \| 9 \| 90 \| 427 \| 15.3 \| 128 \| 72 \| \| 10 \| 100 \| 423 \| 16 \| 130 \| 329 \| Comparative tabular data of interrupted louvered fin at 8.5m/s at 30 0 40 0 and 50 0 Comparative temperature and heat transfer coefficient of interrupted louvered fin at 30 0 40 0 50 0 \| 1 \| 10 \| 717 \| 717 \| 714 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2 \| 20 \| 665 \| 655 \| 659 \| \| 3 \| 30 \| 626 \| 613 \| 619 \| \| 4 \| 40 \| 592 \| 575 \| 582 \| \| 5 \| 50 \| 505 \| 489 \| 498 \| \| 6 \| 60 \| 475 \| 460 \| 469 \| \| 7 \| 70 \| 459 \| 453 \| 453 \| \| 8 \| 80 \| 436 \| 421 \| 431 \| \| 9 \| 90 \| 427 \| 412 \| 423 \| IV. CONCLUSION The performance of the heat exchangers and internal combustion engine canbe improved by mounting of interrupted louvered fin on the Surface of heat exchanger and internal combustion engine. The surface geometries, which are popular in different industrial applications, are wavy fins, off-strip fins, perforated and louvered fins. Somewhat different concept for the reduction of thermal resistance and enhancement in heat transfer is the use of Interrupted louvered fins. The conclusions drawn from the research work are: The interrupted louvered fin mounted on the heat exchanger and internal combustion engine Disturbs the flow structure and creates more turbulence. At the same, geometry parameter of fin more efficient at interruption angle 40 0 and the combined span wise average Nusselt number (Nusa) And heat transfer coefficient is max at this angle between 30 0 40and 50 0 .Nusselt number (w.r.t plane duct) increases from 5.5% at 40 0 with an increase in angle of interruption this will start to reduce. * After making louvere and attach interruption plate area increase 19% (with 2 interruption) and mass reduce 9.6 %(with 2 interruption) and so fin cost will economical. Table -5.1 \| s.no. \| Fins \| base plate tem (k) \| Fin tip tem. \| Nusselt no. \| h surface \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| rectangular fin \| 773 \| 458 \| 59 \| 1.43 \| \| 2 \| interrupted louvered fin at 30° \| 773 \| 423 \| 56.3 \| 1.36 \| \| 3 \| interrupted louvered fin at 40° \| 773 \| 408 \| 62.07 \| 1.51 \| \| 4 \| interrupted louvered fin at 50° \| 773 \| 419 \| 62 \| 1.5 \| As we know that heat transfer rate in fin is combination of heat conduction and heat convection as per this study base and tip temperature difference is more in interrupted louvered fin heat so conduction rate in interrupted louvered fin will be more. Create more cooling effect on the base plate as compare to rectangular fin.According to these analysis and compare all cases with rectangular fin. in first case of interrupted louvered fin case nussult no is less then rectangular fin so can say convection rate is low as compare to rectangular fin .but after increasing angle of interruption plate nussult no is increased and max at 40 degree angle so we can say that so we can say convection heat transfer rate will be more in these case so we can say fin is more effective as compare to simple rectangular fin As we can see in graph due to geometry change the value of convective coefficient increased.in this interrupted louvered fin at 40 degree is more sufficient. Scope for Future Work In the present computation, constant temperature boundary conditions are considered along the walls. The model presents an idealized situation. A more accurate model could be to consider the finite thickness of the plates of the plate-fin exchanger and the interrupted louvered fin and solve the conjugate heat transfer problem. The solution of the conjugate heat transfer problem can be expected to yield predictions that are more exact. The computations can further be performed comparing different typestype of fin shapes. * The present work can be further extended for different geometries of the inserts (fins) being used between the plates of the compact heat exchanger. * The computations are performed assuming the flow regime to be turbulence model and force convection. And changes of geometry make in only rectangular fin may be similar type of geometry can change in different geometry shape. REFERENCES [1]. MukeshDidwania, Gopal Krishna and Ravikant 2013 Study and Analysis of Heat Transfer through Two Different Shape Fins using CFD Tool (IJIEASR) ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 2, No. 4, April 2013 [2]. Munishgupta 2010 numerical study of heat transfer enhancement in a plate-fin heat exchanger using rectangular winglet type vortex 2k06-nitk-phd-1098-M [3]. Edwards, F. J., and Alker, C. J. R., 1974. The Improvement of Forced Convection Surface [4]. Heat Transfer Using Surface Protrusions in the Form of (a) Cubes and (b) Vortex [5]. Generators. In: Proc Fifth Int. Heat Transfer Conf. JSME Tokyo 2, 2244-2248 [6]. Natural Convective Heat Transfer fromInterrupted Rectangular Fins byGolnooshMostafavi [7]. University of Tehran, 2010 [8]. Experimental and parametric studies of a louvered fin and flat tube compact heat exchanger using computational fluid dynamics [9]. P. Karthika, V. Kumaresanb, R. Velraj 2015 [10]. 3D CFD Simulation of Thermal Hydraulic Performances on Louvered Fin Automotive Heat [11]. Exchangers S. Ben Saad, F. Ayad, and H. Damotte [12]. Performance & Thermal Analysis of Heat Sink with Fins of Different Configuration Using CFD 2 [13]. SantoshKansal, PiyushLaad [14]. S. Ben Saad, F. Ayad, and H. Damotte 2013 3D CFD Simulation of Thermal Hydraulic Performances on Louvered Fin Automotive Heat Exchangers 1999.8/4773 [15]. Pvijayasagar and k kiranchand 2015 thermal analysis of an automobile radiator with and without louvered fins NECICRTME-2K15 [16]. Hiechan Kang, Hyeonsik Oh,MinkyooLee,Anthony M. J acobi,Jin H o KimAir-Side H eat T ransfer P erformance of Louver Fin and Multi-Tube Heat Exchanger for Fuel-Cell Cooling Application 2538 [17]. Xiaoping TU, Huahe LIN, Xiangfei LIANG 2010 CFD Simulation and Experimental Study on Air-side Performance of MCHX 2143	<urn:uuid:e891aa40-8865-453b-bf0a-e9bdc84a01b4>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	http://ijerd.com/paper/vol13-issue2/Version-2/A13220108.pdf	2024-02-29T17:29:16+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-10/subset=warc/part-00199-d9675c6d-5c8d-45bb-9c98-c56e42022a4d.c000.gz.parquet	19,267,082	4,399	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.969521	eng_Latn	0.985684	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4504, 5985, 8246, 9910, 10015, 11297, 13680, 16570 ]
## ACTIVITY INFORMATION \| Activity type/name: \| \| \|---------------------\|---\| \| Venue/Beach: \| \| \| Date: \| / / \| \| Time: \| AM / PM \| \| Number of participants: \| \| ## RISK ASSESSMENT As a minimum, the following factors must be assessed when determining water safety: - Surf conditions - Weather conditions - Skill/competency levels of participant/s - Number of participants - Patrol on duty and rescue equipment available for use - Local knowledge of the beach and area to be used - Other location specific hazards ### Potential Risk: (Please tick if risk has been identified) \| Potential Risk \| Specific Details \| Comments \| \|----------------\|------------------\|----------\| \| Surf conditions are considered dangerous \| Swell □ Wave type□ Water depth□ Tides/Current□ \| \| \| Weather conditions are considered inclement \| Wind□ Temperature□ Storms□ \| \| \| Skill/competency levels of participant/s is low or unknown for the type of activity \| No level of skill/competency□ Limited level of skill/competency□ Mixed level of skill/competency□ \| \| \| Number of participants is high \| >40□ >60□ >100□ \| \| \| No patrol on duty and/or limited rescue equipment available \| No patrol on duty□ Limited access to equipment□ \| \| \| No/limited knowledge of the beach \| No knowledge of beach□ \| \| \| Other location specific hazards \| Stingers□ Exposed rocks□ Jetty/wharf□ Debris□ \| \| TOTAL NUMBER ✓: /7 ## RISK RATING A risk management plan must be implemented if low, moderate or high risk is identified: \| Key risk factors: \| Level of risk: \| \|-------------------\|---------------\| \| 0-2 ticks apply to the activity \| Low risk \| \| 3-5 ticks apply to the activity \| Moderate risk \| \| 6-7 ticks apply to the activity \| High risk \| ## MINIMUM RATIOS (Please circle corresponding ratio) \| RISK ASSESSMENT (water safety personnel : participants) \| Low risk is assessed \| Moderate risk is assessed \| High risk is assessed \| N/A \| \|---------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\|--------------------------\|-----------------------\|-----\| \| UNQUALIFIED PARTICIPANTS \| 1:5 \| 1:4 \| Activity to be cancelled \| Participant number is under 5. Only water safety supervisor required. \| \| QUALIFIED PARTICIPANTS (SRC/BM Holders) \| 1:12 \| 1:12 \| Activity to be cancelled \| Participant number is under 12. Only water safety supervisor required. \| ## RISK MANAGEMENT If any of the above points are assessed as risks, the water safety supervisor must employ actions to minimise or eliminate the risk. Please tick the action undertaken to minimise risk \| Action \| Comments \| \|--------\|----------\| \| Increasing the minimum standard ratios \| ✓ / * \| \| Moving the event to another location that presents less risk \| ✓ / * \| \| Delaying, postponing or cancelling the event \| ✓ / * \| \| Ensuring a full patrol is available \| ✓ / * \| \| Increasing the number of rescue power craft (as appropriate) \| ✓ / * \| \| Other (Please state) \| ✓ / * \| \| Other (Please state) \| ✓ / * \| ## WATER SAFETY SUPERVISOR INFORMATION \| Water Safety Supervisor Name: \| \|-------------------------------\| \| Water Safety Supervisor Signature: \|	<urn:uuid:f2f7ef11-88be-41a7-9362-ad70a88ac585>	CC-MAIN-2018-30	http://surflifesavingsydney.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Aquatic-Activity-Risk-Assessment-and-Management-Form.pdf	2018-07-22T18:37:15Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593438.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722174538-20180722194538-00493.warc.gz	340,447,950	740	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.893006	eng_Latn	0.902471	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 1435, 3289 ]
PROMOTING INCLUSION OF MYANMAR SMALL AND MEDIUM EMPOWER CONNECT ADVOCATE ENTERPRISES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY President: Lyn Buckley Vice President: Caroline Snow Treasurer: Paula Ivanovic Recording Secretary: Noela O'Donnell State Coordinator: Marilyn Oulds Celebrating 111 years Affiliated with the National Council of Women of Australia Inc. Ltd and the International Council of Women Patron: His Excellency Paul de Jersey AC Governor of Queensland NCWQ Annual Dinner NCWQ members and guests gathered for the 2017 NCWQ Annual Dinner held at Parliament House in March. Sallyanne Atkinson, the guest speaker, inspired everyone with her entertaining speech about her time as Lord Mayor, her career as a journalist and other life experiences. The dinner was an opportunity to honour women, past and present, and their achievements that have improved our society. Ailsa Scurr was named as Honorary Life Member for her commitment to NCWQ for more than 30 years during which time Ailsa worked hard to raise issues of the day and bring about change. Tracy Davis MP, Member for Aspley, hosted the dinner and was joined by other members of Parliament and local government including Fiona Simpson MP and Ros Bates MP and Cr Vicki Howard. Barbara Baikie, President of National Council of Women Australia and her husband, Peter, also attended. In conversation with Sallyanne Atkinson As this year's NCWQ Annual Dinner keynote speaker, Sallyanne Atkinson has a wealth of experience in government, business, social affairs and the community. As someone who has been directly involved in Local Government, State Government and the Commonwealth Government, she is uniquely placed to understand government from the bureaucratic perspective as well the political. Her 20-year business career has seen the evolution of changes in Australian companies and management and built on her role as leader of Australia's largest and most multifunctional local authority. Best known as Brisbane's first woman Lord Mayor from 1985 to 1991, she has also been the Australian Government's Senior Trade Commissioner in France, Belgium, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and the Queensland Government's Special Representative in South East Asia. 'My greatest professional highlight was definitely being Lord Mayor. I found it to be a very creative role, with an opportunity to shape a city and really nurture it – as well as the lives of the people in it. This was very rewarding'. Read our full interview with Sallyanne here! Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily coincide with those of the NCWQ. www.ncwq.org.au NCWQ Newsletter, March 2017 PROMOTING INCLUSION OF MYANMAR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY NCWQ 2017 Bursary Program It is a busy peak in the bursary program timeline as we finalise the sponsorships for the 2017 bursaries, and complete all the behindthe-scene preparations for the launch on 3 April 2017. With the addition of a couple of new sponsors, it is significant that there are now four affiliated organisations of NCWQ who now sponsor bursaries. A warm welcome to Forum Communicators and Soroptimist International Moreton North Inc with their sponsorship in the 2017 bursary program. ESA International was the first, sponsoring now for several years. With their considerable involvement with organisations like the Leukaemia Foundation and the Cancer Council, their bursary is for a female tertiary student with an immediate family member diagnosed with cancer. Soroptimist International, Region of South Queensland, next came on board as a sponsor, with their bursary for an Indigenous female student undertaking a course in the medical field – enrolled nurse, registered nurse, or other allied health field. Forum Communicators are sponsoring a bursary for a female tertiary student who has a track record of public speaking, school debating. This reflects their organisational goals of increasing skills in this area. Soroptimist International Moreton North Inc are sponsoring a bursary for a female student in the creative industries. This bursary is focusing on assisting the student towards the end of their studies when assessment requires them to stage some type of production, exhibition etc. This is often a financial burden on the struggling student. This is a new study area for the bursaries program to address. As bursary applications will be closed by the time of the next newsletter, please note these dates: Monday 3 April – Applications open Monday 5 June – Applications close Saturday 1 July – Moderation Selection Panels Wednesday 26 July – Presentation Function The success of the bursary program relies on the applicants. Although we send out over 1,000 emails, the assistance of all affiliated organisations and members to spread the word through their networks is just as vital. Full details will be on the website over the next few weeks at www.ncwq.org.au or email me at firstname.lastname@example.org From Kathy Cavanagh, NCWQ Bursary Program Coordinator PROMOTING INCLUSION OF MYANMAR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Newest Honorary Member: Ailsa Scurr Ailsa Scurr was a member of the 1985 – 1986 National Council of Women of Queensland (NCWQ) Executive Committee. Daphne Buckley was the President, Mollie-Jean Hunt was one of the five Vice-Presidents and the Honorary Treasurer was Zita Sidaway. Others on the Committee were Val Cocksedge, Yvonne Herbert and Dr Laurel Macintosh. Advisers at that time included Val Cocksedge, (Home Economics); Georgina Pickers, (Women and Employment); and Daphne Buckley, (Education). Ailsa was a delegate of the Liberal Party of Australia (Queensland) Women's State Council. During 1986 – 87, under the presidency of Yvonne Bain, Ailsa was one of the members involved in the Colonial George Street Day. NCWQ opened Harris Terrace for a Victorian themed display and Ailsa coordinated the hot dog stall. Over 1,000 hot dogs were sold making over $700.00 profit for the Bicentennial Fund. The following year Ailsa stepped into a Vice-President's role. The annual report for that year tells us the Bicentennial Project, Ballard Cottage, received accreditation. "The project is to furnish the cottage and to provide vignettes on the lives of early Queensland women in written form to provide a history of Queensland through the experiences of women from diverse areas and walks of life, for the perusal of Queensland schoolchildren and other interested parties." Ballard Cottage is one of the original homes in the area being reerected on the Mt. Elphinstone Site of the Pullenvale Field Study Centre of the Department of Education by the Apex Club." Ailsa was a donor to this project. Also during this year "Vice-President Ailsa Scurr, willingly undertook a major research project to fulfil the requirements of the National Council of Women of Australia for a 'Smoking Report on Girls 14 – 25 Years', in such a manner that the Council could apportion some of the grant to provide Drug Arm Prevention Kits in two schools." Ailsa was appointed a member of the Board of Drug Arm. As one of the five Vice-Presidents in 1989-90 Ailsa attended the Heritage Day at Pullenvale Field Study Centre where Ron Tooth instructed members on the work of our pioneer women and their children in the 1880's and 1890's. The Minutes of the General Meeting held on June 27 1991 tell us that Ailsa Scurr presented a report on the MBF Luncheon. At the same meeting, she "gave up-to-date information on Drug Arm initiatives which include a new high school kit to be placed in every school in Australia, which includes a video made at Ferny Grove High School." In August of that year, she agreed to act as convenor for outside activities connected with the Colonial George Street Day. She also brought to the attention of the meeting the plight of farmers and their families. Mrs Scurr spoke of this and the existing inequality which precludes farmers with little or no income from receiving financial relief. Mrs Scurr agreed to frame a resolution on this topic, with supporting background, to be brought to the next meeting. To read Ailsa's full story and involvement with NCWQ, CLICK HERE! Nutrition Report, March 2017 Child and Family Report, March 2017 U.N. Decade – General Assembly decides 2016-2025 will be the Decade of Action on Nutrition, recognising the need to eradicate hunger and prevent all forms of malnutrition worldwide, particularly undernourishment, stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight in children under five years of age……[to read more, click here] In February I received an email from the CEO of the Lady Musgrave Trust, Karen Lyon Reid which read in part as follows." Today we are proud to announce that The Lady Musgrave Trust is launching 'The Handy Guide' mobile website application…..[to read more, click here] PROMOTING INCLUSION OF MYANMAR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Featured Posts Consumer Affairs Report, March 2017 Arts and Letters Report, March 2017 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) urged businesses to adopt the new industry code designed to reduce the number of deaths and injury resulting from children swallowing button batteries in Australia…….[to read more, click here] An update: Erin Cunningham, past bursary recipient Erin Cunningham was the recipient of the inaugural Moreton Bay Regional Council bursary. She became quite involved with NCWQ – organising a group of Leos to help at the Children's Conference. Erin was kind enough to share an update with us – to read her blog, click here! Lisbon is new to me. It is like a huge Museum which one could explore for many, many days or weeks! – here there are not only male chubby cherubs, but girl angels as well – in the main city squares, flanked by or flanking beautiful, proud, brave female 'marbles' (statues)!!.…….[to read more, click here] Habitat Report, March 2017 International Relations & Peace Report, March 2017 South East Queensland comprises 6 cities, 17 urban centres, 47 towns and many rural centres, inside an area equivalent to the Netherlands. SEQ is benchmarked against 25 other regions over the past 20 years and our performance has been variable, ..…….[to read more, click here] While the feminist heart in me wanted Hilary Clinton to finally break the most powerful 'glass ceiling' in political history, my pragmatic head had to concede, that as distasteful as many remarks made during the election campaign.…….[to read more, click here] PROMOTING INCLUSION OF MYANMAR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Arts and Letters Report, February 2017 In a place of beauty, extraordinary legacies, change, and vibrant histories, indelible ghosts hover, whisper and smile……the Arts are still highly valued, not as fluffy stuff, nonsense, flippant and unnecessary, but as essential..…….[to read more, click here] Saying goodbye to Marjorie Royce UNAA Economic Empowerment of Women and Girls Report When the National Council of Women was formed in Queensland in 1905 one of the affiliate organisations was the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). The organisation closed its Queensland operation in 2012. From 2001 to 2011, Marjorie Royce represented WCTU………[to read more, click here] As an organisation that promotes the values and the work of the United Nations, the United Nations Association of Australia (UNAA) sees the economic empowerment of women and girls as central to the protection and fulfillment of human rights.……… [to read more, click here] Young Women's Forum: Leading Social Change Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from all of us at NCWQ! Best wishes The Young Women's Forum is fast coming up on Tuesday 9 th May, from 4:30-6:30pm in the Barbara Fielding Room at Brisbane Girls Grammar School. This year's event theme is 'leading social change'. We will be sharing an event flyer very soon! For more information, contact Steph Carter @ email@example.com or +61 410 157 477. for the holiday season.	<urn:uuid:accd6e7b-ef59-4cf9-9578-cad403d88174>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	http://ncwq.org.au/2012/wp-content/uploads/NCWQ-March2017-Newsletter_final.pdf	2018-12-13T22:24:29Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00222.warc.gz	210,734,328	2,672	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.995945	eng_Latn	0.996328	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2648, 5040, 8218, 9937, 12066 ]
To, OWNERS/MANAGERS, DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS (DCS), COMPANY SECURITY OFFICERS (CSOS), MASTERS, RECOGNIZED ORGANIZATIONS (ROS) SUBJET: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE, 1992 1. Purpose The purpose of this Circular is to inform all parties concerned that this Administration has ratified the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992, since January 15th 2001, and is issuing Certificates of Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (CLCs). 2. Application All registered vessels under this Administration carrying more than 2,000 tons of oil in bulk as cargo are required to maintain insurance or other financial security, by the sums fixed by applying the limits of liability prescribed in Article V, paragraph 1 of the Convention to cover their liability for pollution damage, therefore a Certificate – CLC – attesting that the requirements of this Convention have been complied with is mandatory. 3. General 3.1. Compulsory Certification for insurance purposes liability, shall not transcend the limits calculated in accordance with the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 (LLMC 1976), as amended by the 1996 Protocol, as it is provided for by this Convention. 3.2. Vessels registered in a Non-Member State of the Convention operating in countries that are Parties should obtain a certificate from a Member State; this Administration is able to issue CLCs to owners of vessels registered in Non-Member States of this Convention. 3.3. CLCs must be carried on board at all times. 4. Procedure for CLC Application - Each application for CLC should be submitted by the Owner or Managing Company to any DC or this Administration’s Head Office. - Each application for CLC should be accompanied by clear scanned copies of the following documentation: - Application Form, duly completed, - Valid Certificate of Registry, - Valid Blue Card issued by a recognized P&I Insurance Company1 addressed to this Administration, - Confirmation of payment / acceptance of quote. - CLCs are issued within 48 hours after completed applications are submitted. 5. Contact Should you require any additional information, you may contact our Technical Department as provided below: PIC: Ayaz Burud E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Tel. (Office hours): +2697739779 Emergency: +2693437145 We take this opportunity to reassure that human life, marine environment and property are always considered as a priority for the Maritime Administration of Comoros which is committed to the safety of the maritime industry and the users around the world. [Signature] Maritime Affairs Department Said Salim Registrar	b06e644f-0005-44db-9b00-fc9bf278d18c	CC-MAIN-2021-04	http://bihlyumov.com/wp-content/uploads/Circular%2023%20International%20Convention%20On%20Civil%20Liability%20For-Oil%20Pollution%20Damage,%201992.pdf	2021-01-17T00:08:20+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-04/subset=warc/part-00177-364a895c-5e5c-46bb-846e-75ec7de82b3b.c000.gz.parquet	11,509,082	578	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.909874	eng_Latn	0.910324	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 1576, 2686 ]
Expectation-Maximization for GMMs Jason Corso (If equation fonts are garbled in your reader, please use Adobe Reader; not sure why this happened...) Expectation-Maximization for GMMs - Expectation-Maximization or EM is an elegant and powerful method for finding MLE solutions in the case of missing data such as the latent variables $z$ indicating the mixture component. Expectation-Maximization for GMMs - Expectation-Maximization or EM is an elegant and powerful method for finding MLE solutions in the case of missing data such as the latent variables $z$ indicating the mixture component. - Recall the conditions that must be satisfied at a maximum of the likelihood function. Expectation-Maximization for GMMs - Expectation-Maximization or EM is an elegant and powerful method for finding MLE solutions in the case of missing data such as the latent variables $z$ indicating the mixture component. - Recall the conditions that must be satisfied at a maximum of the likelihood function. - For the mean $\mu_k$, setting the derivatives of $\ln p(X\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ w.r.t. $\mu_k$ to zero yields \[ 0 = -\sum_{n=1}^{N} \frac{\pi_k N(x\|\mu_k, \Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^{K} \pi_j N(x\|\mu_j, \Sigma_j)} \Sigma_k (x_n - \mu_k) \tag{20} \] \[ = -\sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk}) \Sigma_k (x_n - \mu_k) \tag{21} \] Expectation-Maximization for GMMs - Expectation-Maximization or EM is an elegant and powerful method for finding MLE solutions in the case of missing data such as the latent variables $z$ indicating the mixture component. - Recall the conditions that must be satisfied at a maximum of the likelihood function. - For the mean $\mu_k$, setting the derivatives of $\ln p(X\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ w.r.t. $\mu_k$ to zero yields \[ 0 = -\sum_{n=1}^{N} \frac{\pi_k N(x\|\mu_k, \Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^{K} \pi_j N(x\|\mu_j, \Sigma_j)} \Sigma_k (x_n - \mu_k) \tag{20} \] \[ = -\sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk}) \Sigma_k (x_n - \mu_k) \tag{21} \] - Note the natural appearance of the responsibility terms on the RHS. Multiplying by $\Sigma_k^{-1}$, which we assume is non-singular, gives $$\mu_k = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})x_n$$ \hspace{1cm} (22) where $$N_k = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})$$ \hspace{1cm} (23) Multiplying by $\Sigma_k^{-1}$, which we assume is non-singular, gives $$\mu_k = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})x_n$$ \hspace{1cm} (22) where $$N_k = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})$$ \hspace{1cm} (23) We see the $k$th mean is the weighted mean over all of the points in the dataset. Multiplying by $\Sigma_k^{-1}$, which we assume is non-singular, gives $$\mu_k = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})x_n$$ \hspace{1cm} (22) where $$N_k = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})$$ \hspace{1cm} (23) We see the $k$th mean is the weighted mean over all of the points in the dataset. Interpret $N_k$ as the number of points assigned to component $k$. Multiplying by $\Sigma_k^{-1}$, which we assume is non-singular, gives $$\mu_k = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})x_n$$ \hspace{1cm} (22) where $$N_k = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})$$ \hspace{1cm} (23) We see the $k$th mean is the weighted mean over all of the points in the dataset. Interpret $N_k$ as the number of points assigned to component $k$. We find a similar result for the covariance matrix: $$\Sigma_k = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})(x_n - \mu_k)(x_n - \mu_k)^T.$$ \hspace{1cm} (24) We also need to maximize $\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ with respect to the mixing coefficients $\pi_k$. We also need to maximize $\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ with respect to the mixing coefficients $\pi_k$. Introduce a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the constraint $\sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k = 1$. $$\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma) + \lambda \left( \sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k - 1 \right)$$ (25) We also need to maximize $\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ with respect to the mixing coefficients $\pi_k$. Introduce a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the constraint $\sum_k \pi_k = 1$. $$\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma) + \lambda \left( \sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k - 1 \right)$$ Maximizing it yields: $$0 = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1} \gamma(z_{nk}) + \lambda$$ We also need to maximize $\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ with respect to the mixing coefficients $\pi_k$. Introduce a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the constraint $\sum_k \pi_k = 1$. $$\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma) + \lambda \left( \sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k - 1 \right)$$ Maximizing it yields: $$0 = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{\gamma(z_{nk})} + \lambda$$ After multiplying both sides by $\pi$ and summing over $k$, we get $$\lambda = -N$$ We also need to maximize $\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma)$ with respect to the mixing coefficients $\pi_k$. Introduce a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the constraint $\sum_k \pi_k = 1$. $$\ln p(\mathbf{X}\|\pi, \mu, \Sigma) + \lambda \left( \sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k - 1 \right)$$ Maximizing it yields: $$0 = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{\gamma(z_{nk})} + \lambda$$ After multiplying both sides by $\pi$ and summing over $k$, we get $$\lambda = -N$$ Eliminate $\lambda$ and rearrange to obtain: $$\pi_k = \frac{N_k}{N}$$ Solved...right? - So, we’re done, right? We’ve computed the maximum likelihood solutions for each of the unknown parameters. Solved...right? - So, we’re done, right? We’ve computed the maximum likelihood solutions for each of the unknown parameters. - Wrong! Solved...right? - So, we’re done, right? We’ve computed the maximum likelihood solutions for each of the unknown parameters. - Wrong! - The responsibility terms depend on these parameters in an intricate way: \[ \gamma(z_k) \doteq p(z_k = 1 \| x) = \frac{\pi_k N(x \| \mu_k, \Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^{K} \pi_j N(x \| \mu_j, \Sigma_j)} \] Solved...right? - So, we’re done, right? We’ve computed the maximum likelihood solutions for each of the unknown parameters. - Wrong! - The responsibility terms depend on these parameters in an intricate way: \[ \gamma(z_k) \doteq p(z_k = 1 \| x) = \frac{\pi_k N(x \| \mu_k, \Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^{K} \pi_j N(x \| \mu_j, \Sigma_j)} \] - But, these results do suggest an iterative scheme for finding a solution to the maximum likelihood problem. 1. Choose some initial values for the parameters, $\pi, \mu, \Sigma$. 2. Use the current parameters estimates to compute the posteriors on the latent terms, i.e., the responsibilities. 3. Use the responsibilities to update the estimates of the parameters. 4. Repeat 2 and 3 until convergence. (a) (a) (b) (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) $L = 1$ (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) $L = 1$ (d) $L = 2$ (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) $L = 1$ (d) $L = 2$ (e) $L = 5$ (a) Two classes of data points, each with a circular support region. (b) The same data points as in (a), but now with a larger support region for each class. (c) The same data points as in (b), but now with a smaller support region for each class. (d) The same data points as in (c), but now with an even smaller support region for each class. (e) The same data points as in (d), but now with an even smaller support region for each class. (f) The same data points as in (e), but now with an even smaller support region for each class. Some Quick, Early Notes on EM - EM generally tends to take more steps than the K-Means clustering algorithm. Some Quick, Early Notes on EM - EM generally tends to take more steps than the K-Means clustering algorithm. - Each step is more computationally intense than with K-Means too. Some Quick, Early Notes on EM - EM generally tends to take more steps than the K-Means clustering algorithm. - Each step is more computationally intense than with K-Means too. - So, one commonly computes K-Means first and then initializes EM from the resulting clusters. Some Quick, Early Notes on EM - EM generally tends to take more steps than the K-Means clustering algorithm. - Each step is more computationally intense than with K-Means too. - So, one commonly computes K-Means first and then initializes EM from the resulting clusters. - Care must be taken to avoid singularities in the MLE solution. Some Quick, Early Notes on EM - EM generally tends to take more steps than the K-Means clustering algorithm. - Each step is more computationally intense than with K-Means too. - So, one commonly computes K-Means first and then initializes EM from the resulting clusters. - Care must be taken to avoid singularities in the MLE solution. - There will generally be multiple local maxima of the likelihood function and EM is not guaranteed to find the largest of these. Given a GMM, the goal is to maximize the likelihood function with respect to the parameters (the means, the covariances, and the mixing coefficients). 1. Initialize the means, $\mu_k$, the covariances, $\Sigma_k$, and mixing coefficients, $\pi_k$. Evaluate the initial value of the log-likelihood. Given a GMM, the goal is to maximize the likelihood function with respect to the parameters (the means, the covariances, and the mixing coefficients). 1. Initialize the means, $\mu_k$, the covariances, $\Sigma_k$, and mixing coefficients, $\pi_k$. Evaluate the initial value of the log-likelihood. 2. E-Step Evaluate the responsibilities using the current parameter values: $$\gamma(z_k) = \frac{\pi_k \mathcal{N}(x \| \mu_k, \Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^{K} \pi_j \mathcal{N}(x \| \mu_j, \Sigma_j)}$$ Given a GMM, the goal is to maximize the likelihood function with respect to the parameters (the means, the covariances, and the mixing coefficients). 1. Initialize the means, $\mu_k$, the covariances, $\Sigma_k$, and mixing coefficients, $\pi_k$. Evaluate the initial value of the log-likelihood. 2. E-Step Evaluate the responsibilities using the current parameter values: $$\gamma(z_k) = \frac{\pi_k N(x \| \mu_k, \Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^{K} \pi_j N(x \| \mu_j, \Sigma_j)}$$ 3. M-Step Update the parameters using the current responsibilities $$\mu_k^{\text{new}} = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk}) x_n$$ \hspace{1cm} (29) $$\Sigma_k^{\text{new}} = \frac{1}{N_k} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})(x_n - \mu_k^{\text{new}})(x_n - \mu_k^{\text{new}})^T$$ \hspace{1cm} (30) $$\pi_k^{\text{new}} = \frac{N_k}{N}$$ \hspace{1cm} (31) where $$N_k = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \gamma(z_{nk})$$ \hspace{1cm} (32) 4. Evaluate the log-likelihood \[ \ln p(\mathbf{X} \| \mu^{\text{new}}, \Sigma^{\text{new}}, \pi^{\text{new}}) = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \ln \left[ \sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k^{\text{new}} N(x_n \| \mu_k^{\text{new}}, \Sigma_k^{\text{new}}) \right] \] (33) 4. Evaluate the log-likelihood \[ \ln p(X \| \mu^{\text{new}}, \Sigma^{\text{new}}, \pi^{\text{new}}) = \sum_{n=1}^{N} \ln \left[ \sum_{k=1}^{K} \pi_k^{\text{new}} N(x_n \| \mu_k^{\text{new}}, \Sigma_k^{\text{new}}) \right] \] (33) 5. Check for convergence of either the parameters of the log-likelihood. If the convergence is not satisfied, set the parameters: \[ \mu = \mu^{\text{new}} \] (34) \[ \Sigma = \Sigma^{\text{new}} \] (35) \[ \pi = \pi^{\text{new}} \] (36) and goto step 2. A More General View of EM - The goal of EM is to find maximum likelihood solutions for models having latent variables. The goal of EM is to find maximum likelihood solutions for models having latent variables. Denote the set of all model parameters as $\theta$, and so the log-likelihood function is $$\ln p(X\|\theta) = \ln \left[ \sum_Z p(X, Z\|\theta) \right]$$ \hspace{1cm} (37) A More General View of EM - The goal of EM is to find maximum likelihood solutions for models having latent variables. - Denote the set of all model parameters as $\theta$, and so the log-likelihood function is $$\ln p(X\|\theta) = \ln \left[ \sum_Z p(X, Z\|\theta) \right]$$ \hspace{1cm} (37) - Note how the summation over the latent variables appears inside of the log. - Even if the joint distribution $p(X, Z\|\theta)$ belongs to the exponential family, the marginal $p(X\|\theta)$ typically does not. The goal of EM is to find maximum likelihood solutions for models having latent variables. Denote the set of all model parameters as $\theta$, and so the log-likelihood function is $$\ln p(X\|\theta) = \ln \left[ \sum_Z p(X, Z\|\theta) \right]$$ \hspace{1cm} (37) Note how the summation over the latent variables appears inside of the log. Even if the joint distribution $p(X, Z\|\theta)$ belongs to the exponential family, the marginal $p(X\|\theta)$ typically does not. If, for each sample $x_n$ we were given the value of the latent variable $z_n$, then we would have a complete data set, $\{X, Z\}$, with which maximizing this likelihood term would be straightforward. However, in practice, we are not given the latent variables values. However, in practice, we are not given the latent variables values. So, instead, we focus on the expectation of the log-likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variables. However, in practice, we are not given the latent variables values. So, instead, we focus on the expectation of the log-likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variables. In the E-Step, we use the current parameter values $\theta^{\text{old}}$ to find the posterior distribution of the latent variables given by $p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}})$. However, in practice, we are not given the latent variables values. So, instead, we focus on the expectation of the log-likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variables. In the E-Step, we use the current parameter values $\theta^{\text{old}}$ to find the posterior distribution of the latent variables given by $p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}})$. This posterior is used to define the expectation of the complete-data log-likelihood, denoted $Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}})$, which is given by $$Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}}) = \sum_Z p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}}) \ln p(X, Z\|\theta)$$ \hspace{1cm} (38) However, in practice, we are not given the latent variables values. So, instead, we focus on the expectation of the log-likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variables. In the E-Step, we use the current parameter values $\theta^{\text{old}}$ to find the posterior distribution of the latent variables given by $p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}})$. This posterior is used to define the expectation of the complete-data log-likelihood, denoted $Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}})$, which is given by $$Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}}) = \sum_Z p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}}) \ln p(X, Z\|\theta) \quad (38)$$ Then, in the M-step, we revise the parameters to $\theta^{\text{new}}$ by maximizing this function: $$\theta^{\text{new}} = \arg \max_{\theta} Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}}) \quad (39)$$ However, in practice, we are not given the latent variables values. So, instead, we focus on the expectation of the log-likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variables. In the E-Step, we use the current parameter values $\theta^{\text{old}}$ to find the posterior distribution of the latent variables given by $p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}})$. This posterior is used to define the expectation of the complete-data log-likelihood, denoted $Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}})$, which is given by $$Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}}) = \sum_Z p(Z\|X, \theta^{\text{old}}) \ln p(X, Z\|\theta) \quad (38)$$ Then, in the M-step, we revise the parameters to $\theta^{\text{new}}$ by maximizing this function: $$\theta^{\text{new}} = \arg \max_{\theta} Q(\theta, \theta^{\text{old}}) \quad (39)$$ Note that the log acts directly on the joint distribution $p(X, Z\|\theta)$ and so the M-step maximization will likely be tractable.	<urn:uuid:dfe38231-feed-460c-b2a2-c746d4e28b9a>	CC-MAIN-2024-33	http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~jjcorso/t/598F14/files/em_fitting_gmm.pdf	2024-08-04T17:51:37+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-33/subset=warc/part-00291-4f628544-3cdf-4526-86aa-bdfa0b33cdc9.c000.gz.parquet	33,223,831	4,716	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.835127	eng_Latn	0.946521	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", ...	false	docling	[ 150, 374, 687, 1318, 2020, 2238, 2539, 2908, 3438, 3550, 3844, 4207, 4658, 5182, 5309, 5445, 5780, 6520, 6525, 6535, 6562, 6602, 6655, 7197, 7308, 7486, 7759, 8097, 8565, 8865, 9366, 10284, 10525, 11017, 11138, 11404, 11913, 12589, 12658, ...
REQUEST FOR EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST CONSULTING SERVICES Selection # as assigned by e-Tool : RG-T3516-P003 Selection Method: Simplified Competitive Selection Country: Regional Sector: Sector de Infraestructura y Energía Funding – TC # : ATN/CN-17506-RG Project #: RG-T3516 TC name: CANEF: Promoting Environmentally Responsible Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean Description of Services: The objective of this consultancy is to develop scenarios to 2030 and 2050 for key minerals and metals demand associated with a global transition to low carbon energy and digital technologies and its impact on LAC countries. The methodology should map future demand of key metals and minerals to support the transition to the renewable energy and digital technologies necessary for keeping a global temperature rise this century at 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, per the Paris Climate Agreement. Link to TC document: https://www.iadb.org/en/project/RG-T3516 The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is executing the above-mentioned operation. For this operation, the IDB intends to contract consulting services described in this Request for Expressions of Interest. Expressions of interest must be delivered using the IDB Portal for Bank Executed Operations (http://beo-procurement.iadb.org/home) by: February 4, 2020 at 5:00 P.M. (Washington D.C. Time). The performance of the consulting services ("the Services") will require an estimated timeframe of 4 months. Eligible consulting firms will be selected in accordance with the procedures set out in the Inter-American Development Bank: Policy for the Selection and Contracting of Consulting firms for Bank-executed Operational Work - GN-2765-1. All eligible consulting firms, as defined in the Policy may express an interest. If the Consulting Firm is presented in a Consortium, it will designate one of them as a representative, and the latter will be responsible for the communications, the registration in the portal and for submitting the corresponding documents. The IDB now invites eligible consulting firms to indicate their interest in providing the services described below in the draft summary of the intended Terms of Reference for the assignment. Interested consulting firms must provide information establishing that they are qualified to perform the Services (brochures, description of similar assignments, experience in similar conditions, availability of appropriate skills among staff, etc.). Eligible consulting firms may associate in a form of a Joint Venture or a subconsultancy agreement to enhance their qualifications. Such association or Joint Venture shall appoint one of the firms as the representative. Special requirements according to the Donor Trust Fund (DTF), if applicable. Interested eligible consulting firms may obtain further information during office hours, 09:00 AM to 05:00 PM, (Washington D.C. Time) by sending an email to: firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com. Infrastructure and Energy Sector Natascha Nunes da Cunha, Team Leader E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web site: www.iadb.org 1300 New York Ave, NW, Washington DC 20577, USA Draft Summary of Terms of Reference Selection process # RG-T3516-P003 TERMS OF REFERENCE Supply and Demand Scenarios for Impact of Low Carbon and Digital Technologies for LAC's Mining Sector REGIONAL ATN/CN-17506-RG RG-T3516 https://www.iadb.org/en/project/RG-T3516 Promoting Environmentally Responsible Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean 1. Background and Justification 1. Minerals and metals are the building blocks for many of the basic goods we rely on such as computers, mobile phones, cars, medical devices, homes, roads, schools, and other infrastructure essential for modern society. As the global population continues to grow and urbanize, demand for metals and other raw materials is predicted to increase drastically. The United Nations projects that, without innovation, urbanization alone will cause global raw materials consumption to increase from 40 billion tones in 2010 to about 90 billion tones in 2050. Even the large-scale deployment of the renewable energy technologies needed to combat climate change such as solar, wind, and the batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage, will increase minerals and metals demand in the future. 2. In fact, recent studies show that the technologies needed for a future with low carbon emissions (e.g. wind and solar energy, hydrogen, batteries and electric vehicles) are more mineral-intensive than traditional energy systems. Metals that could see a growing market include alumina (and bauxite), cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, nickel, manganese, platinum metals, rare earths, silver, titanium, and zinc. 3. Such an increase in demand for metals presents an opportunity for many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The region is in an excellent position to provide the raw materials necessary for a global energy transition as it has a key strategic advantage in copper, iron ore, silver, lithium, nickel, manganese, and zinc. 4. The mining sector also provides many countries and communities with opportunities to advance economic and social development. For many LAC countries, mining and related natural resource sectors are important engines for economic growth. LAC is among the top regions with the largest proven reserves and production of key metals in the world, including copper, gold, iron ore, lithium, and silver. Rents from mining in the region average over 2% of GDP—though they are between 8 and 16% of GDP in Chile, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname. 5. At the same time, Latin America and Caribbean is home to some of the most pristine and diverse ecosystems in the world. Yet the region faces serious challenges in the coming decades, including climate change and environmental degradation, which can be exacerbated by natural resource extraction. LAC could lose an average 4% of its GDP by 2030 due to the impacts of climate change, causing up to 2 million people to fall into extreme poverty. 6. To ensure that the future development of the sector is environmentally sustainable, minerals and metals extraction and consumption need to fundamentally adapt to also be low-carbon and low-impact. The objective of this consultancy is to generation, exchange, and dissemination of knowledge related to the economic and environmental implications for LAC of future metals demand resulting from a global transition to low-carbon energy technologies. 2. Objectives 1. The objective of this consultancy is to develop scenarios to 2030 and 2050 for key minerals and metals demand associated with a global transition to low carbon energy and digital technologies and its impact on LAC countries. The methodology should map future demand of key metals and minerals to support the transition to the renewable energy and digital technologies necessary for keeping a global temperature rise this century at 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, per the Paris Climate Agreement. 3. Scope of Services 1. The scenarios should consider the following technologies (but not be limited to these): solar, wind, battery storage for grid management, and battery storage for electric mobility uses, as well as digital technologies. The scenarios should consider potential impact of increased demand for specific LAC countries, including but not limited to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, and Peru. 4. Key Activities 1. Develop workplan for study. 2. Develop methodology outlining technologies considered and rationale, comparing selections with other industry scenarios. 3. Map material-intensity of technologies considered and rationale, comparing assumptions with other industry scenarios. 4. Develop demand scenarios to 2030 and 2050 for key minerals and metals associated with chosen technologies, comparing results with other industry scenarios. 5. Develop potential supply scenarios to 2030 and 2050, mapping these to specific LAC mineral and metalproducing countries. 6. Calculate potential economic benefits from selected supply and demand scenarios for LAC. 7. Analyze potential sector policies that should be considered to take advantage of new demand, while preventing conflict, securing the environment, and guaranteeing inclusive benefits to communities and countries. 5. Expected Outcome and Deliverables 1. Completed workplan. 2. Completed and accepted methodology with selected technologies and their associated material-intensity. 3. Completed and accepted demand scenarios. 4. Completed and accepted supply and economic impact paper with policy implications for LAC. 6. Project Schedule and Milestones 1. Submit workplan 5 working days from signing of contract. 2. Submit methodology within 30 working days from signing of contract. 3. Submit demand scenarios within 60 working days from signing of contract. 4. Submit supply and economic impact scenarios within 90 working days from signing of contract. 7. Reporting Requirements 1. The reports should be submitted in Word and Excel format and written as a working paper, with each deliverable added as a new section. Two in-person workshops will be arranged to present results and discuss methodology: one at completion of methodology and associated mineral-intensity of technologies, and the other upon completion of supply and economic impact section. The reports should be written in English. 8. Acceptance Criteria 1. Report should be in Word format, with any graphs, tables, and related data in Excel format. All methodologies, assumptions, and data sources used should be clearly outlined. 9. Other Requirements 1. N/A 10. Supervision and Reporting 1. Division Leader or Coordinator: Natascha Nunes da Cunha (INE/INE) (e-mail: email@example.com), with copy to Estefania Marchan (INE/INE) (email: firstname.lastname@example.org) 11. Schedule of Payments 1. Payment terms will be based on project milestones or deliverables. The Bank does not expect to make advance payments under consulting contracts unless a significant amount of travel is required. The Bank wishes to receive the most competitive cost proposal for the services described herein. 2. The IDB Official Exchange Rate indicated in the RFP will be applied for necessary conversions of local currency payments.	<urn:uuid:e11eb810-9d45-49db-8f5d-48a99ab78485>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=EZSHARE-216035289-13	2020-02-25T13:15:40+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-10/subset=warc/part-00252-ce9ee7ea-c51e-4aaf-9912-52adddf9c929.c000.gz.parquet	69,202,285	2,097	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.970771	eng_Latn	0.986879	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3173, 6889, 9501, 10383 ]
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION November 1, 2020 AmericaFirst Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund Class A: ABRFX Class U: ABRUX Class I: ABRWX AmericaFirst Income Fund Class A: AFPAX Class U: AFPUX Class I: AFPIX AmericaFirst Defensive Growth Fund Class A: DGQAX Class U: DGQUX Class I: DGQIX AmericaFirst Large Cap Share Buyback Fund Class A: SBQAX Class U: SBQUX Class I: SBQIX 300 Harding Blvd., Suite 215 Roseville, CA 95678 This Statement of Additional Information ("SAI") is not a prospectus. It should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus, as may be supplemented from time to time, of the AmericaFirst Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund, AmericaFirst Income Fund, AmericaFirst Defensive Growth Fund, and AmericaFirst Large Cap Share Buyback Fund (each a "Fund" and together the "Funds") dated November 1, 2020, and as supplemented from time to time (the "Prospectus") and the Funds' Annual Report dated June 30, 2020 ("Annual Report"). The Prospectus is incorporated by reference into this SAI. The Funds are a separate series of AmericaFirst Quantitative Funds (the "Trust"), an open-end management company organized as a Delaware statutory trust. The financial statements and notes contained in the Annual Report are incorporated by reference into this SAI. No other part of the Annual Report is hereby incorporated by reference. The Annual Report, Prospectus or the SAI can be obtained upon request and without charge by writing to the above address or calling 877-217-8363. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE AMERICAFIRST QUANTITATIVE FUNDS AmericaFirst Quantitative Funds ("the Trust"), a Delaware statutory trust, is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as an open-end management investment company (or mutual fund). The Trust was formed by a Certificate of Trust on January 25, 2012. The Trust Agreement permits the Trustees to issue an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest of separate series. The AmericaFirst Defensive Growth Fund (the "Defensive Growth Fund"), AmericaFirst Income Fund (the "Income Fund"), AmericaFirst Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund (the "Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund"), and AmericaFirst Large Cap Share Buyback Fund (the "Buyback Fund") are each separate series of the Trust. The Buyback Fund is non-diversified. Each other Fund is diversified. The Defensive Growth Fund, Income Fund, and Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund previously operated as series of Mutual Fund Series Trust (the "Predecessor Funds"). On January 4, 2013, substantially all of the assets of each of the Predecessor Funds were transferred to the Defensive Growth Fund, Income Fund, Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund, respectively, in a tax-free reorganization (the "Reorganization"). As a result of the Reorganization, the performance and accounting history of the Predecessor Funds was assumed by the Defensive Growth Fund, Income Fund, and Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund, respectively. Financial and performance information included herein prior to January 4, 2013 is that of the Predecessor Funds. The Trust does not issue share certificates. All shares are held in non-certificate form registered on the books of the Trust and the Trust's transfer agent for the account of the shareholder. Each share of a series represents an equal proportionate interest in the assets and liabilities belonging to the applicable class of that series and is entitled to such dividends and distributions out of income belonging to the applicable class of that series as are declared by the Trustees. The shares do not have cumulative voting rights or any preemptive or conversion rights, and the Trustees have the authority from time to time to divide or combine the shares of any series into a greater or lesser number of shares of that series so long as the proportionate beneficial interest in the assets belonging to that series and the rights of shares of any other series are in no way affected. In case of any liquidation of a series, the holders of shares of the series being liquidated will be entitled to receive as a class a distribution out of the assets, net of the liabilities, belonging to that series. Expenses attributable to any class of a series are borne by that class, and thus the net asset values per share of the classes may differ. There can be no assurance that a series will grow to an economically viable size, in which case the Trustees may determine to liquidate the series at a time that may not be opportune for shareholders. Any general expenses of the Trust not readily identifiable as belonging to a particular series are allocated by or under the direction of the Trustees in such manner as the Trustees determine to be fair and equitable. No shareholder is liable to further calls or to assessment by the Trust without his or her express consent. Each Fund offers multiple classes of shares: Class A, Class U and Class I Shares for the Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund, Income Fund, Defensive Growth Fund, and Buyback Fund. Each share class represents an interest in the same assets of the respective Fund, has the same rights and is identical in all material respects except that (i) each class of shares may bear different distribution fees; (ii) each class of shares may be subject to different (or no) sales charges; (iii) certain other class specific expenses will be borne solely by the class to which such expenses are attributable; and (iv) each class has exclusive voting rights with respect to matters relating to its own distribution arrangements. On any matter submitted to a vote of the shareholders, each shareholder shall be entitled to one vote for each dollar (and fractional vote for each fractional dollar) of net asset value standing in such shareholder's name on the books of each Fund and Class in which such shareholder owns shares which are entitled to vote. The Board of Trustees may classify and reclassify the shares of the Funds into additional classes of shares at a future date. AmericaFirst Capital Management, LLC ("AFCM" or the "Advisor"), acts as advisor to the Funds. INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS The following investment restrictions are fundamental policies of the Funds and cannot be changed unless the change is approved by the lesser of (a) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting of shareholders if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares of a Fund are present or represented by proxy or (b) more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares of a Fund. As a matter of fundamental policy, the Funds may not: (a) borrow money, except as permitted under the 1940 Act, and as interpreted or modified by regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time; (b) issue senior securities, except as permitted under the 1940 Act, and as interpreted or modified by regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time; (c) engage in the business of underwriting securities issued by others, except to the extent that a Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities; (d) purchase or sell real estate, which does not include securities of companies which deal in real estate or mortgages or investments secured by real estate or interests therein, except that the Funds reserve freedom of action to hold and to sell real estate acquired as a result of the Fund's ownership of securities; (e) purchase physical commodities or forward contracts relating to physical commodities; (f) make loans to other persons, except (i) loans of portfolio securities, and (ii) to the extent that entry into repurchase agreements and the purchase of debt instruments or interests in indebtedness in accordance with a Fund's investment objective and policies may be deemed to be loans; (g) invest 25% or more of its total assets in a particular industry or group of related industries other than other investment companies. The 25% limitation is not applicable to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies and instrumentalities or repurchase agreements with respect thereto. OTHER INVESTMENT POLICIES The following investment policies are not fundamental and may be changed by the Board without the approval of the shareholders of the Funds: (a) The Funds will not purchase securities or evidences of interest thereon on "margin." This limitation is not applicable to short-term credit obtained by the Funds for the clearance of purchases and sales or redemption of securities, or to arrangements with respect to transactions involving futures contracts, and other permitted investments and techniques; (b) The Funds will not mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or in any manner transfer, as security for indebtedness, any assets of a Fund except as may be necessary in connection with permitted borrowings. Each Fund will not mortgage, pledge or hypothecate more than 1/3 of its assets as collateral for such borrowing, and immediately after such borrowing the Fund shall maintain asset coverage of 300% of all borrowing. Margin deposits, security interests, liens and collateral arrangements with respect to transactions involving options, futures contracts, short sales, securities lending and other permitted investments and techniques are not deemed to be a mortgage, pledge or hypothecation of assets for purposes of this limitation; (c) The Funds will not purchase any security while borrowings (including reverse repurchase transactions) representing more than one third of its total assets are outstanding. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENTS AND RISKS Unless restricted by the fundamental policies of the Funds, the following policies supplement the investment objective and policies of the Funds as set forth in the Prospectus. Common Stocks. The Funds may invest in common stocks, which include the common stock of any class or series of domestic or foreign corporations or any similar equity interest, such as a trust or partnership interest. These investments may or may not pay dividends and may or may not carry voting rights. Common stock occupies the most junior position in a company's capital structure. The Funds may also invest in warrants and rights related to common stocks. Investments in Small and Unseasoned Companies. Unseasoned and small companies may have limited or unprofitable operating histories, limited financial resources, and inexperienced management. In addition, they often face competition from larger or more established firms that have greater resources. Securities of small and unseasoned companies are frequently traded in the overthe-counter market or on regional exchanges where low trading volumes may result in erratic or abrupt price movements. To dispose of these securities, the Funds may need to sell them over an extended period or below the original purchase price. Investments by the Funds in these small or unseasoned companies may be regarded as speculative. Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Funds may invest in securities issued by other investment companies. Each Fund intends to limit its investments in accordance with applicable law or as permitted by an SEC rule or exemptive order. Among other things, such law would limit these investments so that, as determined immediately after a securities purchase is made by the Fund: (a) not more than 5% of the value of its total assets will be invested in the securities of any one investment company (the "5% Limitation"); (b) not more than 10% of the value of its total assets will be invested in the aggregate in securities of investment companies as a group (the "10% Limitation"); (c) not more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of any one investment company will be owned by the Fund; and (d) not more than 10% of the outstanding voting stock of any one closed-end investment company will be owned by the Fund together with all other investment companies that have the same advisor. Under certain sets of conditions, different sets of restrictions may be applicable. As a shareholder of another investment company, each Fund would bear, along with other shareholders, its pro rata portion of that investment company's expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses would be in addition to the advisory and other expenses that the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. Investment companies in which the Funds may invest may also impose a sales or distribution charge in connection with the purchase or redemption of their Shares and other types of commissions or charges. Such charges will be payable by the Fund and, therefore, will be borne directly by Shareholders. The Funds may rely on Rule 12d1-3, which allows unaffiliated mutual funds to exceed the 5% Limitation and the 10% Limitation, provided the aggregate sales loads any investor pays (i.e., the combined distribution expenses of both the acquiring fund and the acquired funds) does not exceed the limits on sales loads established by FINRA for funds of funds. The Funds intend to rely on Section 12(d)(1)(G) and Rule 12d1-2 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 to invest in other investment companies (including registered unit investment trusts) beyond the above-described limits to the extent the other investment companies (including registered unit investment trusts) are members of the same group of investment companies. Exchange Traded Funds. The Funds may invest in a range of exchange-traded funds ("ETFs"). An ETF is an investment company that offers investors a proportionate share in a portfolio of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies or other securities. Like individual equity securities, ETFs are traded on a stock exchange and can be bought and sold throughout the day. Traditional ETFs attempt to achieve the same investment return as that of a particular market index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. To mirror the performance of a market index, an ETF invests either in all of the securities in the index or a representative sample of securities in the index. Some ETFs also invest in futures contracts or other derivative instruments to track their benchmark index. Unlike traditional indexes, which generally weight their holdings based on relative size (market capitalization), enhanced or fundamentally weighted indexes use weighting structures that include other criteria such as earnings, sales, growth, liquidity, book value or dividends. Some ETFs also use active investment strategies instead of tracking broad market indexes. Investments in ETFs are considered to be investment companies, see "Securities of Other Investment Companies" above. When a Fund invests in ETFs, it is subject to the specific risks of the underlying investment of the ETF. These risks could include those associated with small companies, illiquidity risk, sector risk, foreign and emerging market risk, as well as risks associated with fixed income securities, real estate investments, and commodities. ETFs in which the Fund invests will not be able to replicate exactly the performance of the indices or sector they track because the total return generated by the securities will be reduced by transaction costs incurred in adjusting the actual balance of the securities. In addition, the ETFs in which the Funds invest will incur expenses not incurred by their applicable indices. Certain securities comprising the indices tracked by the ETFs may, from time to time, temporarily be unavailable, which may further impede the ETFs' ability to track their applicable indices. When a Fund invests in sector ETFs, there is a risk that securities within the same group of industries will decline in price due to sector-specific market or economic developments. If the Fund invests more heavily in a particular sector, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect that sector. As a result, the Fund's share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of industries. Additionally, some sectors could be subject to greater government regulation than other sectors. Therefore, changes in regulatory policies for those sectors may have a material effect on the value of securities issued by companies in those sectors. The sectors in which the Fund may be more heavily invested will vary. To offset the risk of declining asset prices, the Funds may invest in inverse ETFs. Inverse ETFs are funds designed to rise in price when asset prices are falling. Inverse ETF index funds seek to provide investment results that will match the inverse of the performance of a specific benchmark on a daily basis. For example, if an inverse ETFs current benchmark is the inverse of the Russell 2000 Index and the ETF meets its objective, the value of the ETF will tend to increase on a daily basis when the value of the underlying index decreases (e.g., if the Russell 2000 Index goes down 5% then the inverse ETF's value should go up 5%). The Funds may also invest in leveraged ETFs. A leveraged ETF typically uses daily futures contracts to magnify the exposure to a particular index. It does not amplify the annual returns of an index; instead, it follows the daily changes. Using the example of a leveraged fund with a 2:1 ratio, this would mean that each dollar of investor capital used is matched with an additional dollar of invested debt. During a given day, if the underlying index returns 1%, the fund would theoretically return 2%. The 2% return is theoretical, as management fees and transaction costs diminish the full effects of leverage. Leveraged ETFs may also be inverse ETFS. Under the 1940 Act, a Fund may not acquire shares of another investment company (ETFs or other investment companies) if, immediately after such acquisition, the Fund and its affiliated persons would hold more than 3% of the ETF's or investment company's total outstanding stock ("3% Limitation"). Accordingly, a Fund is subject to the 3% Limitation unless: (i) the ETF or the Fund has received an order for exemptive relief from the 3% Limitation from the SEC that is applicable to the Fund; and (ii) the ETF and the Fund take appropriate steps to comply with any conditions in such order. The SEC has issued such an exemptive order to iShares Trust and iShares, Inc. which permits investment companies to invest in the various series of the iShares Trust and iShares, Inc. ("iShares Funds") beyond the 3% Limitation, subject to certain terms and conditions, including that such investment companies enter into an agreement with the iShares Funds. The Fund may seek to qualify to invest in iShares Funds in excess of the 3% Limitation. To the extent the 3% Limitation applies to certain ETFs, that limitation may prevent a Fund from allocating its investments in the manner that the Fund's advisor, considers optimal, or cause the Fund to select a similar index or sector-based mutual fund or other investment company ("Other Investment Companies"), or a similar basket of stocks (a group of securities related by index or sector that are pre-selected by, and made available through, certain brokers at a discounted brokerage rate) ("Stock Baskets") as an alternative. The Funds may also invest in Other Investment Companies or Stock Baskets when the advisor believes they represent more attractive opportunities than similar ETFs. The Funds' investments in Other Investment Companies will be subject to the same 3% Limitation described above. Closed-End Investment Companies. The Funds may invest in "closed-end" investment companies (or "closed-end funds"), subject to the investment restrictions set forth below. Each Fund, together with any company or companies controlled by the Fund, and any other investment companies having a sub-adviser as an investment adviser, may purchase only up to 10% of the total outstanding voting stock of any closed-end fund. Typically, the common shares of closed-end funds are offered to the public in a onetime initial public offering by a group of underwriters who retain a spread or underwriting commission. Such securities are then listed for trading on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter markets. Because the common shares of closed-end funds cannot be redeemed upon demand to the issuer like the shares of an open-end investment company (such as the Funds), investors seek to buy and sell common shares of closed-end funds in the secondary market. The common shares of closed-end funds may trade at a price per share which is more or less than the NAV per share, the difference representing the "market premium" and the "market discount" of such common shares, respectively. There can be no assurance that a market discount on common shares of any closed-end fund will ever decrease. In fact, it is possible that this market discount may increase and the Funds may suffer realized or unrealized capital losses due to further decline in the market price of the securities of such closed-end funds, thereby adversely affecting the NAV of that fund's shares. Similarly, there can be no assurance that the common shares of closed-end funds which trade at a premium will continue to trade at a premium or that the premium will not decrease subsequent to a purchase of such shares by the Funds. The Funds may also invest in preferred shares of closed-end funds. Some closed-end funds are business development companies ("BDCs"). BDCs may carry risks similar development to those of a private equity or venture capital fund. BDCs company risk are not redeemable at the option of the shareholder and they may trade in the market at a discount to their net asset value. A BDC is a form of investment company that is required to invest at least 70% of its total assets in securities (typically debt) of private companies, thinly traded U.S. public companies, or short-term high quality debt securities. BDCs usually trade at a discount to their net asset value because they invest in unlisted securities and have limited access to capital markets. BDCs may leverage their portfolios through borrowings or the issuance of preferred stock. While leverage often serves to increase the yield of a BDC, this leverage also subjects a BDC to increased risks, including the likelihood of increased volatility and the possibility that a BDC's common share income will fall if the dividend rate of the preferred shares or the interest rate on any borrowings rises. An investor in the Funds should recognize that he may invest directly in closed-end funds and that by investing in closed-end funds indirectly through the Fund he will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating costs and investment advisory and administrative fees) but also, indirectly, similar fees of the underlying closed-end funds. An investor may incur increased tax liabilities by investing in the Funds rather than directly in the underlying funds. Options on Securities. The Funds may purchase put options only on equity securities (including securities of ETFs) held in its portfolio and write call options and put options on stocks only if they are covered, as described below, and such call options must remain covered so long as the Fund is obligated as a writer. Option transactions can be executed either on a national exchange or through a private transaction with a broker-dealer (an "over-the-counter" transaction). The Funds may write (sell) "covered" call options and purchase options in a spread to hedge (cover) written options, and to close out options previously written by it. A call option gives the holder (buyer) the "right to purchase" a security at a specified price (the exercise price) at any time until a certain date (the expiration date). So long as the obligation of the writer (seller) of a call option continues, the writer may be assigned an exercise notice by the broker-dealer through whom such option was sold, requiring the writer to deliver the underlying security against payment of the exercise price. This obligation terminates upon the expiration of the call option, or such earlier time at which the writer effects a closing purchase transaction by purchasing an option identical to that previously sold. To secure the obligation to deliver the underlying security upon exercise of a call option subject to the Options Clearing Corporation ("OCC"), a writer is required to deposit in escrow the underlying security or other assets in accordance with the OCC rules. The purpose of writing covered call options is to generate additional premium income for the Funds. This premium income will serve to enhance a Fund's total return and will reduce the effect of any price decline of the security involved in the option. Covered call options will generally be written on securities which, in the opinion of the advisor, are not expected to make any major price moves in the near future but which, over the long term, are deemed to be attractive investments for the Funds. The Funds may write only call options that are "covered" or for which a Fund has segregated liquid assets equal to the exercise liability of the option that are adjusted daily to the option's current market value. A call option is "covered" if a Fund either owns the underlying security or has an absolute and immediate right (such as a call with the same or a later expiration date) to acquire that security, In addition, the Funds will not permit the call to become uncovered without segregating liquid assets as described above prior to the expiration of the option or termination through a closing purchase transaction as described below. If a Fund writes a call option, the purchaser of the option has the right to buy (and the Fund has the obligation to sell) the underlying security at the exercise price throughout the term of the option. The initial amount paid to the Fund by the purchaser of the option is the "premium." A Fund's obligation as the writer of a call option to deliver the underlying security against payment of the exercise price will terminate either upon expiration of the option or earlier if the Fund is able to effect a "closing purchase transaction" through the purchase of an equivalent option. There can be no assurance that a closing purchase transaction can be effected at any particular time or at all. The Funds would not be able to effect a closing purchase transaction after it had received notice of exercise. Fund securities on which call options may be written will be purchased solely on the basis of investment considerations consistent with the Fund's investment objective. The writing of covered call options is a conservative investment technique believed to involve relatively little risk (in contrast to the writing of naked or uncovered options, which a Fund will not do unless the Fund arranges to have its Custodian segregate sufficient cash or liquid assets as described above), but capable of enhancing the Fund's total return. When writing a covered call option, the Fund, in return for the premium, gives up the opportunity for profit from a price increase in the underlying security above the exercise price, but retains the risk of loss should the price of the security decline. Unlike one who owns securities not subject to an option, a Fund has no control over when the Fund may be required to sell the underlying securities, since it may be assigned an exercise notice at any time prior to the expiration of its obligation as a writer. If a call option which the Fund has written expires, the Fund will realize a gain in the amount of the premium; however, such gain may be offset by a decline in the market value of the underlying security during the option period. If the call option is exercised, the Fund will realize a gain or loss from the sale of the underlying security. The security, cash or other liquid assets covering the call will be maintained either in a segregated status by the Fund's Custodian or on deposit in escrow in accordance with the OCC rules. The premium received is the market value of an option. The premium a Fund will receive from writing a call option will reflect, among other things, the current market price of the underlying security, the relationship of the exercise price to such market price, the historical price volatility of the underlying security, and the length of the option period. Once the decision to write a call option has been made, the advisor, in determining whether a particular call option should be written on a particular security, will consider the reasonableness of the anticipated premium and the likelihood that a liquid secondary market will exist for such option. The premium received by the Fund for writing covered call options will be recorded as a liability in the Fund's statement of assets and liabilities. This liability will be adjusted daily to the option's current market value which is the mean of the closing bid and asked prices, after closing rotation is completed (i.e., after such closing prices are computed, currently at 4:02 p.m. and 4:15 p.m., depending on the type of contract), the closing prices as of the time at which the net asset value per share of the Fund is computed (the close of the New York Stock Exchange). The liability will be extinguished upon expiration of the option, the purchase of an identical option in a closing transaction, or delivery of the underlying security upon the exercise of the option. Closing transactions will be effected in order to realize a profit on an outstanding call option, to prevent an underlying security from being called, or to permit the sale of the underlying security. Furthermore, effecting a closing transaction will permit the Funds to write another call option on the underlying security with either a different exercise price or expiration date or both. If a Fund desires to sell a particular security from its portfolio on which it has written a call option, and it does not wish to segregate cash or other liquid assets equal in value to the exercise liability of the option adjusted daily to the option's current market value, the Fund will seek to effect a closing transaction prior to, or concurrently with, the sale of the security. There is, of course, no assurance that the Funds will be able to effect such closing transactions at a favorable price. If the Fund cannot effect such a closing transaction, and it does not wish to segregate cash or other liquid assets equal in value to the exercise liability of the option adjusted daily to the option's current market value, the Fund may be required to hold a security that it might otherwise have sold, in which case it would continue to be at market risk on the security. The Funds will pay transaction costs in connection with the writing of options to close out previously written options. Such transaction costs are normally higher than those applicable to purchases and sales of portfolio securities. Call options written by the Funds will normally have expiration dates of less than nine months from the date written. The exercise price of the options may be below, equal to, or above the current market values of the underlying securities at the time the options are written. From time to time, the Funds may purchase an underlying security for delivery in accordance with an exercise notice of a call option assigned to the Funds, rather than delivering such security from its portfolio. In such cases, additional costs will be incurred. The Funds will realize a profit or loss from a closing purchase transaction if the cost of the transaction is less or more than the premium received from the writing of the option. It is possible that the cost of effecting a closing transaction may be greater than the premium received by the Funds for writing the option. Because increases in the market price of a call option will generally reflect increases in the market price of the underlying security, any loss resulting from the purchase of a call option is likely to be offset in whole or in part by appreciation of the underlying security owned by the Fund. In order to write a call option, the Funds are required to comply with the OCC rules and the rules of the various exchanges with respect to collateral requirements. The Funds may also purchase put options so long as they are listed on an exchange. If a Fund purchases a put option, it has the option to sell the subject security at a specified price at any time during the term of the option. Purchasing put options may be used as a portfolio investment strategy when the advisor perceives significant short-term risk but substantial long-term appreciation for the underlying security. The put option acts as an insurance policy, as it protects against significant downward price movement while it allows full participation in any upward movement. If a Fund is holding a stock that the advisor feels has strong fundamentals, but for some reason may be weak in the near term, it may purchase a listed put on such security, thereby giving itself the right to sell such security at a certain strike price throughout the term of the option. Consequently, the Funds will exercise the put only if the price of such security falls below the strike price of the put. The difference between the put option's strike price and the market price of the underlying security on the date the Fund exercises the put, less transaction costs, will be the amount by which the Fund will be able to hedge against a decline in the underlying security. If, during the period of the option the market price for the underlying security remains at or above the put option's strike price, the put will expire worthless, representing a loss of the price the Fund paid for the put, plus transaction costs. If the price of the underlying security increases, the profit the Fund realizes on the sale of the security will be reduced by the premium paid for the put option less any amount for which the put may be sold. The Funds may write put options on a fully covered basis on a stock the Fund intends to purchase or where the Fund arranges with its Custodian to segregate cash or other liquid asset equal in value to the exercise liability of the put option adjusted daily to the option's current market value. If a Fund writes a put option, the purchaser of the option has the right to sell (and the Fund has the obligation to buy) the underlying security at the exercise price throughout the term of the option. The initial amount paid to the Fund by the purchaser of the option is the "premium." The Fund's obligation to purchase the underlying security against payment of the exercise price will terminate either upon expiration of the option or earlier if the Fund is able to effect a "closing purchase transaction" through the purchase of an equivalent option. There can be no assurance that a closing purchase transaction can be effected at any particular time or at all. In all cases where a put option is written, that is not covered by the Fund's having an immediate and absolute right to sell such securities, it will segregate with its Custodian, or pledge to a broker as collateral any combination of "qualified securities" (which consists of cash, U.S. Government securities or other liquid securities) with a market value at the time the option is written of not less than 100% of the exercise price of the put option multiplied by the number of options contracts written times the option multiplier, which will be adjusted daily to the option's current market value. The Funds may purchase a call option or sell a put option on a stock (including securities of ETFs) it may purchase at some point in the future. The purchase of a call option or sale of a put option is viewed as an alternative to the purchase of the actual stock. The number of option contracts purchased multiplied by the exercise price times the option multiplier will normally not be any greater than the number of shares that would have been purchased had the underlying security been purchased. If a Fund purchases a call option, it has the right but not the obligation to purchase (and the seller has the obligation to sell) the underlying security at the exercise price throughout the term of the option. The initial amount paid by the Fund to the seller of the call option is known as the "premium." If during the period of the option the market price of the underlying security remains at or below the exercise price, the Fund will be able to purchase the security at the lower market price. The profit or loss the Fund may realize on the eventual sale of a security purchased by means of the exercise of a call option will be reduced by the premium paid for the call option. If, during the period of the call option, the market price for the underlying security is at or below the call option's strike price, the call option will expire worthless, representing a loss of the price the Fund paid for the call option, plus transaction costs. Stock Index Options. Except as described below, the Funds will write call options on stock indexes only if on such date it holds a portfolio of stocks at least equal to the value of the index times the multiplier times the number of contracts or the Fund arranges with its Custodian to segregate cash or other liquid assets equal in value to the exercise liability of the call option adjusted daily to the option's current market value. When a Fund writes a call option on a broadly-based stock market index, it will segregate with its custodian, and/or pledge to a broker as collateral for the option, any combination of "qualified securities" (which consists of cash, U.S. Government securities or other liquid securities) with a market value at the time the option is written of not less than 100% of the current index value times the multiplier times the number of contracts. If at the close of business on any business day the market value of such qualified securities so segregated or pledged falls below 100% of the current stock index value times the multiplier times the number of contracts, the Fund will so segregate and/or pledge an amount in cash or other liquid assets or securities equal in value to the difference. However, if a Fund holds a call on the same index as the call written where the exercise price of the call held is equal to or less than the exercise price of the call written or greater than the exercise price of the call written if the difference is maintained in cash, short-term U.S. Government securities, or other liquid securities (including common stocks) in a segregated account with the Custodian, it will not be subject to the requirements described in this section. Risks of Transactions in Stock Options. Purchase and sales of options involves the risk that there will be no market in which to effect a closing transaction. An option position may be closed out only on an exchange that provides a secondary market for an option of the same series or if the transaction was an over-the-counter transaction, through the original broker-dealer. Although the Funds will generally buy and sell options for which there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange will exist for any particular option, or at any particular time, and for some options no secondary market on an exchange may exist. If a Fund, as a covered call or put option writer, is unable to effect an offsetting closing transaction in a secondary market, and does not arrange with its Custodian to segregate cash or other liquid assets equal in value to the Fund's exercise liability of the option adjusted daily to the option's current market value, it will, for a call option it has written, not be able to sell the underlying security until the call option expires and, for a put option it has written, not be able to avoid purchasing the underlying security until the put option expires. Risks of Options on Stock Indexes. The Funds' purchase and sale of options on stock indexes will be subject to risks described above under "Risks of Transactions in Stock Options." In addition, the distinctive characteristics of options on stock indexes create certain risks that are not present with stock options. Since the value of a stock index option depends upon the movements in the level of the stock index, rather than the price of a particular stock, whether the Fund will realize a gain or loss on the purchase or sale of an option on a stock index depends upon movements in the level of stock prices in the stock market generally or in an industry or market segment rather than movements in the price of a particular stock. Accordingly, successful use by the Funds of options on stock indexes is subject to the advisor's ability to correctly predict movements in the direction of the stock market generally or of a particular industry or market segment. This requires skills and techniques different from predicting changes in the price of individual stocks. Stock index prices may be distorted if trading of certain stocks included in the stock index is interrupted. Trading in the stock index options also may be interrupted in certain circumstances, such as if trading were halted in a substantial number of stocks included in the stock index. If this occurred, a Fund would not be able to close out options that it had purchased or written and, if restrictions on exercise were imposed, might not be able to exercise an option that it was holding, which could result in substantial losses to the Fund. It is the policy of the Funds to purchase or write options only on stock indexes that include a number of stocks sufficient to minimize the likelihood of a trading halt in the stock index, for example, the S&P 100 or S&P 500 index option. Trading in stock index options commenced in April 1983 with the S&P 100 option (formerly called the CBOE 100). Since that time, a number of additional stock index option contracts have been introduced, including options on industry stock indexes. Although the markets for certain stock index option contracts have developed rapidly, the markets for other stock index options are still relatively illiquid. The ability to establish and close out positions on such options will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that this market will develop in all stock index option contracts. The Funds will not purchase or sell stock index option contracts unless and until, in the advisor's opinion, the market for such options has developed sufficiently that the risk in connection with these transactions is no greater than the risk in connection with options on stock. Hedging. Hedging is a means of transferring risk that an investor does not wish to assume during an uncertain market environment. Each Fund is permitted to enter into these transactions solely: (a) to hedge against changes in the market value of portfolio securities and against changes in the market value of securities intended to be purchased, (b) to close out or offset existing positions, or (c) to manage the duration of a portfolio's fixed income investments. Hedging activity in the Funds may include buying or selling (writing) put or call options on stocks, shares of exchange traded funds ("ETFs") or stock indexes, entering into stock index futures contracts or buying or selling options on stock index futures contracts or financial futures contracts, such as futures contracts on U.S. Treasury securities and interest related indices, and options on financial futures. The Funds will buy or sell options on stock index futures traded on a national exchange or board of trade and options on securities and on stock indexes traded on national securities exchanges or through private transactions directly with a broker-dealer. The Fund may hedge a portion of its portfolio by selling stock index futures contracts or purchasing puts on these contracts to limit exposure to an actual or anticipated market decline. The Fund may hedge against fluctuations in currency exchange rates, in connection with its investments in foreign securities, by purchasing foreign forward currency exchange contracts. All hedging transactions must be appropriate for reduction of risk and they cannot be for speculation. The Funds may engage in transactions in futures contracts and options on futures contracts. The Advisor, with respect to each Fund, has filed with the National Futures Association, a notice claiming an exclusion from the definition of the term "commodity pool operator" under the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, and Rule 4.5 of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission promulgated thereunder, with respect to each Fund's operations. Accordingly, neither the Funds nor the Advisor are subject to registration or regulation as a commodity pool operator. Convertible Securities. The Funds may invest in convertible securities, including debt securities or preferred stock that may be converted into common stock or that carry the right to purchase common stock. Convertible securities entitle the holder to exchange the securities for a specified number of shares of common stock, usually of the same company, at specified prices within a certain period of time. They also entitle the holder to receive interest or dividends until the holder elects to exercise the conversion privilege. The terms of any convertible security determine its ranking in a company's capital structure. In the case of subordinated convertible debentures, the holder's claims on assets and earnings are generally subordinate to the claims of other creditors, and senior to the claims of preferred and common stockholders. In the case of convertible preferred stock, the holder's claims on assets and earnings are subordinate to the claims of all creditors and are senior to the claims of common stockholders. As a result of their ranking in a company's capitalization, convertible securities that are rated by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations are generally rated below other obligations of the company and many convertible securities are not rated. Preferred Stock. The Funds may invest in preferred stock. Preferred stock, unlike common stock, offers a stated dividend rate payable from the issuer's earnings. Preferred stock dividends may be cumulative or non-cumulative, participating, or auction rate. If interest rates rise, the fixed dividend on preferred stocks may be less attractive, causing the price of the preferred stocks to decline. Preferred stock may have mandatory sinking fund provisions, as well as call/redemption provisions prior to maturity, a negative feature when interest rates decline. Warrants. The Funds may invest in warrants. The Funds may purchase warrants issued by domestic and foreign companies to purchase newly created equity securities consisting of common and preferred stock. Warrants are securities that give the holder the right, but not the obligation to purchase equity issues of the company issuing the warrants, or a related company, at a fixed price either on a date certain or during a set period. The equity security underlying a warrant is authorized at the time the warrant is issued or is issued together with the warrant. Investing in warrants can provide a greater potential for profit or loss than an equivalent investment in the underlying security, and, thus, can be a speculative investment. At the time of issue, the cost of a warrant is substantially less than the cost of the underlying security itself, and price movements in the underlying security are generally magnified in the price movements of the warrant. This leveraging effect enables the investor to gain exposure to the underlying security with a relatively low capital investment. This leveraging increases an investor's risk, however, in the event of a decline in the value of the underlying security and can result in a complete loss of the amount invested in the warrant. In addition, the price of a warrant tends to be more volatile than, and may not correlate exactly to, the price of the underlying security. If the market price of the underlying security is below the exercise price of the warrant on its expiration date, the warrant will generally expire without value. The value of a warrant may decline because of a decline in the value of the underlying security, the passage of time, changes in interest rates or in the dividend or other policies of the company whose equity underlies the warrant or a change in the perception as to the future price of the underlying security, or any combination thereof. Warrants generally pay no dividends and confer no voting or other rights other than to purchase the underlying security. United States Government Obligations. The Funds may invest in obligations issued or guaranteed by the United States Government, or by its agencies or instrumentalities. Obligations issued or guaranteed by federal agencies or instrumentalities may or may not be backed by the "full faith and credit" of the United States. Securities that are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States include Treasury bills, Treasury notes, Treasury bonds, and obligations of the Government National Mortgage Association, the Farmers Home Administration, and the Export-Import Bank. In the case of securities not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, the Fund must look principally to the agency issuing or guaranteeing the obligation for ultimate repayment and may not be able to assert a claim against the United States itself in the event the agency or instrumentality does not meet its commitments. Securities that are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States include, but are not limited to, obligations of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal National Mortgage Association and the United States Postal Service, each of which has the right to borrow from the United States Treasury to meet its obligations, and obligations of the Federal Farm Credit System and the Federal Home Loan Banks, both of whose obligations may be satisfied only by the individual credits of each issuing agency. Foreign Government Obligations. The Funds may invest in obligations of foreign sovereign governments or of their agencies, instrumentalities, authorities or political subdivisions. These securities may be denominated in United States dollars or in another currency. Sovereign debt may be issued by foreign developed and emerging market governments and their respective subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, government sponsored enterprises and supranational government entities. Supranational entities include international organizations that are organized or supported by one or more government entities to promote economic reconstruction or development and by international banking institutions and related governmental agencies. Investment in sovereign debt can involve a high degree of risk. The governmental entity that controls the repayment of sovereign debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of the debt. A governmental entity's willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entity's policy toward the International Monetary Fund, and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Governmental entities also may depend on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a governmental entity's implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtor's obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties' commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtor's ability or willingness to service its debts in a timely manner. Consequently, governmental entities may decide to default on their sovereign debt in whole or in part. Holders of sovereign debt (including a Fund) may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental entities. There is no known bankruptcy proceeding by which sovereign debt on which governmental entities have defaulted may be collected in whole or in part. See also "Foreign Investment Risk." Bank Obligations. The Funds may invest in bank obligations such as bankers' acceptances, certificates of deposit, and time deposits. Bankers' acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange typically drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are "accepted" by a bank, meaning, in effect, that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on maturity. Investments will be in bankers' acceptances guaranteed by domestic and foreign banks having, at the time of investment, capital, surplus, and undivided profits in excess of $100,000,000 (as of the date of their most recently published financial statements). Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or a savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return. Commercial Paper. Commercial paper consists of unsecured promissory notes, including Master Notes, issued by corporations. Issues of commercial paper normally have maturities of less than nine months and fixed rates of return. Master Notes, however, are obligations that provide for a periodic adjustment in the interest rate paid and permit daily changes in the amount borrowed. Master Notes are governed by agreements between the issuer and the advisor acting as agent, for no additional fee, in its capacity as advisor to the Fund and as fiduciary for other clients for whom it exercises investment discretion. The monies loaned to the borrower come from accounts maintained with or managed by the advisor or its affiliates pursuant to arrangements with such accounts. Interest and principal payments are credited to such accounts. The advisor, acting as a fiduciary on behalf of its clients, has the right to increase or decrease the amount provided to the borrower under an obligation. The borrower has the right to pay without penalty all or any part of the principal amount then outstanding on an obligation together with interest to the date of payment. Since these obligations typically provide that the interest rate is tied to the Treasury bill auction rate, the rate on Master Notes is subject to change. Repayment of Master Notes to participating accounts depends on the ability of the borrower to pay the accrued interest and principal of the obligation on demand which is continuously monitored by the advisor. Master Notes typically are not rated by credit rating agencies. The Funds may purchase commercial paper consisting of issues rated at the time of purchase within the three highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (an "NRSRO"). The Fund may also invest in commercial paper that is not rated but is determined by the Advisor, under guidelines established by the Trust's Board of Trustees, to be of comparable quality. Other Fixed Income Securities. Other fixed income securities in which the Funds may invest include nonconvertible preferred stocks and nonconvertible corporate debt securities. The Funds may invest in short-term investments (including repurchase agreements "collateralized fully," as provided in Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act; interest-bearing or discounted commercial paper, including dollar denominated commercial paper of foreign issuers; and any other taxable and tax-exempt money market instruments, including variable rate demand notes, that are "Eligible Securities" as defined in Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act). Variable Amount Master Demand Notes. Variable amount master demand notes are unsecured demand notes that permit the indebtedness thereunder to vary and provide for periodic readjustments in the interest rate according to the terms of the instrument. They are also referred to as variable rate demand notes. Because master demand notes are direct lending arrangements between the Fund and the issuer, they are not normally traded. Although there is no secondary market in the notes, the Funds may demand payment of principal and accrued interest at any time or during specified periods not exceeding one year, depending upon the instrument involved, and may resell the note at any time to a third party. The advisor will consider the earning power, cash flow, and other liquidity ratios of the issuers of such notes and will continuously monitor their financial status and ability to meet payment on demand. Variable and Floating Rate Notes. A variable rate note is one whose terms provide for the readjustment of its interest rate on set dates and which, upon such readjustment, can reasonably be expected to have a market value that approximates its par value. A floating rate note is one whose terms provide for the readjustment of its interest rate whenever a specified interest rate changes and which, at any time, can reasonably be expected to have a market value that approximates its par value. Such notes are frequently not rated by credit rating agencies. These notes must satisfy the same quality standards as commercial paper investments. Unrated variable and floating rate notes purchased by a Fund must be determined by the Advisor under guidelines approved by the Trust's Board of Trustees to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase to rated instruments eligible for purchase under the Fund's investment policies. In making such determinations, the advisor will consider the earning power, cash flow and other liquidity ratios of the issuers of such notes (such issuers include financial, merchandising, bank holding and other companies) and will continuously monitor their financial condition. Although there may be no active secondary market with respect to a particular variable or floating rate note purchased by a Fund, the Fund may resell the note at any time to a third party. The absence of an active secondary market, however, could make it difficult for the Fund to dispose of a variable or floating rate note in the event the issuer of the note defaulted on its payment obligations and the Fund could, as a result or for other reasons, suffer a loss to the extent of the default. Variable or floating rate notes may be secured by bank letters of credit. Foreign Investments. The Funds may invest in certain obligations or securities of foreign issuers. Certain of these investments may be in the form of American Depositary Receipts ("ADRs"), European Depositary Receipts ("EDRs"), Global Depositary Receipts ("GDRs"), other similar depositary receipts, and exchange traded funds ("ETFs") or other investment companies that invest in foreign securities, Yankee Obligations, and U.S. dollar-denominated securities issued by foreign branches of U.S. and foreign banks. Foreign investments may subject the Funds to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investment in obligations of U.S. domestic issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, possible seizure, nationalization, or expropriation of foreign investments, less stringent disclosure requirements, the possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source or other taxes, and the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions. Additional risks include less publicly available information, less government supervision and regulation of foreign securities exchanges, brokers and issuers, the risk that companies may not be subject to the accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and requirements of U.S. companies, the risk that foreign securities markets may have less volume and that therefore many securities traded in these markets may be less liquid and their prices more volatile than U.S. securities, and the risk that custodian and brokerage costs may be higher. Foreign issuers of securities or obligations are often subject to accounting treatment and engage in business practices different from those respecting domestic issuers of similar securities or obligations. Foreign branches of U.S. banks and foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Certain of these investments may subject the Fund to currency fluctuation risks. Depositary Receipts. The Funds' investments may include securities of foreign issuers in the form of sponsored or unsponsored ADRs, GDRs and EDRs. ADRs are depositary receipts typically issued by a United State bank or trust company which evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation. EDRs and GDRs are typically issued by foreign banks or trust companies, although they also may be issued by United States banks or trust companies, and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by either a foreign or a United States corporation. Generally, depositary receipts in registered form are designed for use in the United States securities market and depositary receipts in bearer form are designed for use in securities markets outside the United States Depositary receipts may not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as the underlying securities into which they may be converted. Ownership of unsponsored depositary receipts may not entitle the Funds to financial or other reports from the issuer of the underlying security, to which it would be entitled as the owner of sponsored depositary receipts. Emerging Markets. The Funds may invest in securities of issuers located in "emerging markets" (lesser developed countries located outside of the U.S.) or ETFs or other investment companies that invest in emerging market securities. Investing in emerging markets involves not only the risks described above with respect to investing in foreign securities, but also other risks, including exposure to economic structures that are generally less diverse and mature than, and to political systems that can be expected to have less stability than, those of developed countries. For example, many investments in emerging markets experienced significant declines in value due to political and currency volatility in emerging markets countries during the latter part of 1997 and the first half of 1998. Other characteristics of emerging markets that may affect investment include certain national policies that may restrict investment by foreigners in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to relevant national interests and the absence of developed structures governing private and foreign investments and private property. The typically small size of the markets of securities of issuers located in emerging markets and the possibility of a low or nonexistent volume of trading in those securities may also result in a lack of liquidity and in price volatility of those securities. Brady Bonds. The Funds may invest in "Brady Bonds," which are issued by certain Latin American countries in connection with restructurings of their debt. The Brady Bonds are issued in exchange for cash and certain of the country's outstanding commercial bank loans. Brady Bonds do not have a long payment history and, due to the loan default record for Latin American public and private entities, may be considered speculative investments. They may be collateralized or uncollateralized and are issued in various currencies. They are actively traded in the over-the-counter secondary market for debt of Latin American issuers. When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Securities. The Funds may purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis. Delivery of and payment for these securities may take as long as a month or more after the date of the purchase commitment. The value of these securities is subject to market fluctuation during this period and no interest or income accrues to the Fund until settlement. The Funds will maintain with the custodian a separate account with a segregated portfolio of liquid assets consisting of cash, U.S. Government securities or other liquid high-grade debt securities in an amount at least equal to these commitments. When entering into a when-issued or delayed delivery transaction, the Funds will rely on the other party to consummate the transaction; if the other party fails to do so, the Funds may be disadvantaged. It is the current policy of the Funds not to enter into when-issued commitments exceeding in the aggregate 25% of the market value of the Fund's total assets, less liabilities other than the obligations created by these commitments. Lower Rated or Unrated Securities. Securities rated Baa by Moody's or BBB by S&P or lower, or deemed of comparable quality by the advisor, may have speculative characteristics. Securities rated below investment grade, i.e., below Baa or BBB, or deemed of comparable quality by the Advisor, have higher yields but also involve greater risks than higher rated securities. Under guidelines used by rating agencies, securities rated below investment grade, or deemed of comparable quality, have large uncertainties or major risk exposures in the event of adverse conditions, which features outweigh any quality and protective characteristics. Securities with the lowest ratings are considered to have extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing, to have a current identifiable vulnerability to default, to be unlikely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due in the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions, and/or to be in default or not current in the payment of interest or principal. Such securities are considered speculative with respect to the issuer's capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations. Accordingly, it is possible that these types of factors could, in certain instances, reduce the value of such securities held by a Fund with a commensurate effect on the value of its shares. The secondary market for lower rated securities is not as liquid as that for higher rated securities. This market is concentrated in relatively few market makers and participants in the market are mostly institutional investors, including insurance companies, banks, other financial institutions and investment companies. In addition, the trading market for lower rated securities is generally lower than that for higher-rated securities, and the secondary markets could contract under adverse market or economic conditions independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. These factors may have an adverse effect on the Funds' ability to dispose of these securities and may limit its ability to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of determining the value of its assets. If the Funds are not able to obtain precise or accurate market quotations for a particular security, it will become more difficult to value its portfolio, requiring them to rely more on judgment. Less liquid secondary markets may also affect the Funds' ability to sell securities at their fair value. The Funds may invest up to 15% of its net assets, measured at the time of investment, in illiquid securities, which may be more difficult to value and to sell at fair value. If the secondary markets for high yield debt securities are affected by adverse economic conditions, the proportion of the Funds' assets invested in illiquid securities may increase. In the case of corporate debt securities, while the market values of securities rated below investment grade and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities, the market values of certain of these securities also tend to be more sensitive to individual corporate developments and changes in economic conditions than higher-rated securities. Price volatility in these securities will be reflected in the Funds' share value. In addition, such securities generally present a higher degree of credit risk. Issuers of these securities often are highly leveraged and may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. The risk of loss due to default by such issuers is significantly greater than with investment grade securities because such securities generally are unsecured and frequently are subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness. A description of the quality ratings of certain Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NSRSOs) is contained in Appendix A. Zero Coupon Securities. The Funds may invest in "zero coupon" U.S. Treasury, foreign government and U.S. and foreign corporate convertible and nonconvertible debt securities, which are bills, notes and bonds that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons and custodial receipts or certificates of participation representing interests in such stripped debt obligations and coupons. A zero coupon security pays no interest to its holder prior to maturity. Accordingly, such securities usually trade at a deep discount from their face or par value and will be subject to greater fluctuations of market value in response to changing interest rates than debt obligations of comparable maturities that make current distributions of interest. The Funds anticipate that they will not normally hold zero coupon securities to maturity. Redemption of shares of a Fund that require it to sell zero coupon securities prior to maturity may result in capital gains or losses that may be substantial. Federal tax law requires that a holder of a zero coupon security accrue a portion of the discount at which the security was purchased as income each year, even though the holder receives no interest payment on the security during the year. Such accrued discount will be includible in determining the amount of dividends the Funds must pay each year and, in order to generate cash necessary to pay such dividends, the Funds may liquidate portfolio securities at a time when it would not otherwise have done so. Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. The Funds may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts in connection with its investments in foreign securities. A forward contract may be used by the Funds only to hedge against possible variations in exchange rates of currencies in countries in which it may invest. A forward foreign currency exchange contract ("forward contract") involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward contracts are traded in the interbank market directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades. Futures Contracts. The Funds may invest in futures contracts and options thereon (stock index futures contracts, interest rate futures contracts or currency futures contracts or options thereon) to hedge or manage risks associated with the Funds' securities investments. When a futures contract is executed, each party deposits with a futures commission merchant ("FCM") or broker, or in a segregated custodial account, a specified percentage of the contract amount, called the initial margin, and during the term of the contract, the amount of the deposit is adjusted based on the current value of the futures contract by payments of variation margin to or from the FCM or broker or segregated custodial account. In the case of options on futures, the holder of the option pays a premium and receives the right, upon exercise of the option at a specified price during the option period, to assume the option writer's position in the futures contract and related margin account. If the option is exercised on the last trading day, cash in an amount equal to the difference between the option exercise price and the closing level of the relevant index, interest rate or currency price, as applicable, on the expiration date is delivered. As required by the 1940 Act, the Funds may purchase or sell futures contracts or options thereon only if the Funds' liability for the futures position is "covered" by an offsetting position in a futures contract or option thereon, or by the Funds' segregating liquid assets equal to the Funds' liability on the futures contract or option thereon, which are adjusted daily to equal the current market value of Funds' liability on the futures contract or option thereon. To enter into a futures contract, an amount of cash, U.S. Government securities, or other liquid securities or assets, equal to the market value of the futures contract, is segregated with the broker and/or in a margin account with a FCM or broker, and this amount of cash or cash equivalents is adjusted daily to the current market value of the futures contract to collateralize the position and thereby ensure that the use of such futures is unleveraged. Alternatively, the Funds may cover such positions by purchasing offsetting positions, or by using a combination of offsetting positions and cash or other liquid securities or assets. Positions in futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange that provides a secondary market for such futures. However, there can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular futures contract at any specific time. Thus, it may not be possible to close a futures position. In the event of adverse price movements, a Fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments to maintain its required margin. In such situations, if the Fund had insufficient cash, it might have to sell portfolio securities to meet daily margin requirements at a time when it would be disadvantageous to do so. In addition, the Fund might be required to make delivery of the instruments underlying futures contracts it holds. The inability to close positions in futures or options thereon also could have an adverse impact on the Fund's ability to hedge or manage risks effectively. Successful use of futures by the Funds are also subject to the Advisor's ability to predict movements correctly in the direction of the market. There is typically an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the future and movements in the price of the securities that are the subject of the hedge. In addition, the price of futures may not correlate perfectly with movement in the cash market due to certain market distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortion in the futures market and because of the imperfect correlation between the movements in the cash market and movements in the price of futures, a correct forecast of general market trends or interest rate movements by the advisor may still not result in a successful hedging transaction over a short time frame. The trading of futures contracts is also subject to the risk of trading halts, suspension, exchange or clearing house equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a commodities or brokerage firm or clearing house or other disruption of normal trading activity, which could at times make it difficult or impossible to liquidate existing positions or to recover excess variation margin payments. The purchase and sale of futures contracts or related options will not be a primary investment technique of the Funds. The Funds will purchase or sell futures contracts (or related options thereon) in accordance with the CFTC regulations described above. Interest Rate Futures. The Funds may purchase an interest rate futures contract as a hedge against changes in interest rates. An interest rate futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and the purchase by the other party of a certain amount of a specific interest rate sensitive financial instrument (debt security) at a specified price, date, time and place. Generally, if market interest rates increase, the value of outstanding debt securities declines (and vice versa). Thus, if a Fund holds long-term debt obligations and the advisor anticipates a rise in long-term interest rates, the Fund could, instead of selling its debt obligations, enter into an interest rate futures contract for the sale of similar long-term securities. If interest rates rise, the value of the futures contract would also rise, helping to offset the price decline of the obligations held by the Fund. A Fund might also purchase futures contracts as a proxy for underlying securities that it cannot currently buy. Stock Index Futures. The Funds may purchase and sell stock index futures contracts as a hedge against changes resulting from market conditions in the values of securities that are held in its portfolio or that it intends to purchase or when such purchase or sale is economically appropriate for the reduction of risks inherent in the ongoing management of the Fund. A stock index futures contract is an agreement in which one party agrees to deliver to the other an amount of cash equal to a specific dollar amount times the difference between the value of a specific stock index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the agreement is made. The Funds may hedge a portion of its portfolio by selling stock index futures contracts or purchasing puts on these contracts to limit exposure to an actual or anticipated market decline. This provides an alternative to liquidation of securities positions. Conversely, during a market advance or when the advisor anticipates an advance, a Fund may hedge a portion of its portfolio by purchasing stock index futures, or options on these futures. This affords a hedge against the Fund not participating in a market advance when it is not fully invested and serves as a temporary substitute for the purchase of individual securities, which may later be purchased in a more advantageous manner. The Funds' successful use of stock index futures contracts depends upon the advisor's ability to predict the direction of the market and is subject to various additional risks. The correlation between movement in the price of the stock index future and the price of the securities being hedged is imperfect and the risk from imperfect correlation increases as the composition of a Fund's portfolio diverges from the composition of the relevant index. In addition, if the Fund purchases futures to hedge against market advances before it can invest in common stock in an advantageous manner and the market declines, there may be a loss on the futures contracts. In addition, the ability of the Fund to close out a futures position or an option on futures depends on a liquid secondary market. There is no assurance that liquid secondary markets will exist for any particular futures contract or option on a futures contract at any particular time. The risk of loss to a Fund is theoretically unlimited when the Fund sells an uncovered futures contract because there is an obligation to make delivery unless the contract is closed out, regardless of fluctuations in the price of the underlying security. Foreign Currency Futures Transactions. Unlike forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currency futures contract are standardized as to amount and delivery period and may be traded on boards of trade and commodities exchanges or directly with a dealer which makes a market in such contracts and options. It is anticipated that such contracts may provide greater liquidity and lower cost than forward foreign currency exchange contracts. As part of their financial futures transactions, the Funds may use foreign currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts. Through the purchase or sale of such contracts, the Funds may be able to achieve many of the same objectives as through investing in forward foreign currency exchange. Foreign Currency Options. A foreign currency option provides the option buyer with the right to buy or sell a stated amount of foreign currency at the exercise price at a specified date or during the option period. A call option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy the currency, while a put option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell the currency. The option seller (writer) is obligated to fulfill the terms of the option sold if it is exercised. However, either seller or buyer may close its position during the option period in the secondary market for such options at any time prior to expiration. The Funds may write only foreign currency options that are "covered" or for which a Fund has segregated liquid assets equal to the exercise liability of the option that are adjusted daily to the option's current market value. A call option is "covered" if the Fund either owns the underlying currency or has an absolute and immediate right (such as a call with the same or a later expiration date) to acquire that currency. A Fund may write put options on a fully covered basis on a currency the Fund intends to purchase or where the Fund arranges with its Custodian to segregate cash or other liquid asset equal in value to the exercise liability of the put option adjusted daily to the option's current market value. In addition, the Fund will not permit the option to become uncovered without segregating liquid assets as described above prior to the expiration of the option or termination through a closing purchase transaction as described in "Options on Securities" above. A foreign currency call option rises in value if the underlying currency appreciates. Conversely, a foreign currency put option rises in value if the underlying currency depreciates. While purchasing a foreign currency option may protect the Fund against an adverse movement in the value of a foreign currency, it would not limit the gain which might result from a favorable movement in the value of the currency. For example, if a Fund were holding securities denominated in an appreciating foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency put to hedge against a decline in the value of the currency, it would not have to exercise its put. In such an event, however, the amount of the Fund's gain would be offset in part by the premium paid for the option. Similarly, if a Fund entered into a contract to purchase a security denominated in a foreign currency and purchased a foreign currency call to hedge against a rise in the value of the currency between the date of purchase and the settlement date, the Fund would not need to exercise its call if the currency instead depreciated in value. In such a case, the Fund would acquire the amount of foreign currency needed for settlement in the spot market at a lower price than the exercise price of the option. REITs. The Funds may invest in securities of real estate investment trusts ("REITs"). REITs are publicly traded corporations or trusts that specialize in acquiring, holding and managing residential, commercial or industrial real estate. A REIT is not taxed at the entity level on income distributed to its shareholders or unitholders if it distributes to shareholders or unitholders at least 95% of its taxable income for each taxable year and complies with regulatory requirements relating to its organization, ownership, assets and income. REITs generally can be classified as "Equity REITs" "Mortgage REITs" and "Hybrid REITs." An Equity REIT invests the majority of its assets directly in real property and derives its income primarily from rents and from capital gains on real estate appreciation which are realized through property sales. A Mortgage REIT invests the majority of its assets in real estate mortgage loans and services its income primarily from interest payments. A Hybrid REIT combines the characteristics of an Equity REIT and a Mortgage REIT. Although each Fund can invest in all three kinds of REITs, its emphasis is expected to be on investments in Equity REITs. Investments in the real estate industry involve particular risks. The real estate industry has been subject to substantial fluctuations and declines on a local, regional and national basis in the past and may continue to be in the future. Real property values and income from real property may decline due to general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, changes in neighborhoods and in demographics, increases in market interest rates, or other factors. Factors such as these may adversely affect companies that own and operate real estate directly, companies that lend to such companies, and companies that service the real estate industry. Direct investments in REITs also involve risks. Equity REITs will be affected by changes in the values of and income from the properties they own, while Mortgage REITs may be affected by the credit quality of the mortgage loans they hold. In addition, REITs are dependent on specialized management skills and on their ability to generate cash flow for operating purposes and to make distributions to shareholders or unitholders. REITs may have limited diversification and are subject to risks associated with obtaining financing for real property, as well as to the risk of self-liquidation. REITs also can be adversely affected by their failure to qualify for tax-free pass-through treatment of their income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or their failure to maintain an exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Funds, a shareholder bears not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also may indirectly bear similar expenses of some of the REITs in which it invests. Master Limited Partnerships. The Funds may invest in master limited partnerships ("MLPs"). MLPs are typically engaged in one or more aspects of the exploration, production, processing, transmission, marketing, storage or delivery of energy-related commodities such as natural gas, natural gas liquids, coal, crude oil or refined petroleum products. Investments in MLPs involve risks different from those of investing in common stock including risks related to limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the MLP, risks related to potential conflicts of interest between the MLP and the MLP's general partner, cash flow risks, dilution risks and risks related to the general partner's limited call right. MLPs are generally considered interest-rate sensitive investments. During periods of interest rate volatility, these investments may not provide attractive returns. Depending on the state of interest rates in general, the use of MLPs could enhance or harm the overall performance of the Fund. Many MLPs are focused on energy-related business and are subject to energy sector risks, such as decline in the price of petroleum. MLPs, typically, do not pay U.S. federal income tax at the partnership level. Instead, each partner is allocated a share of the partnership's income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. A change in current tax law or in the underlying business mix of a given MLP could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income. The classification of an MLP as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP. Thus, if any of the MLPs owned by the Fund were treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it could result in a reduction of the value of your investment in the Fund and lower income, as compared to an MLP that is not taxed as a corporation. Structured Securities. The Funds may purchase any type of publicly traded or privately negotiated fixed income security, including mortgage-backed securities; structured notes, bonds or debentures; and assignments of and participations in loans. Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Funds may invest in mortgage-backed securities, such as those issued by the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA"), Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC") or certain foreign issuers. Mortgage-backed securities represent direct or indirect participations in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans secured by real property. The mortgages backing these securities include, among other mortgage instruments, conventional 30-year fixed-rate mortgages, 15-year fixed-rate mortgages, graduated payment mortgages and adjustable rate mortgages. The government or the issuing agency typically guarantees the payment of interest and principal of these securities. However, the guarantees do not extend to the securities' yield or value, which are likely to vary inversely with fluctuations in interest rates, nor do the guarantees extend to the yield or value of the Fund's shares. These securities generally are "pass-through" instruments, through which the holders receive a share of all interest and principal payments from the mortgages underlying the securities, net of certain fees. Yields on pass-through securities are typically quoted by investment dealers and vendors based on the maturity of the underlying instruments and the associated average life assumption. The average life of pass-through pools varies with the maturities of the underlying mortgage loans. A pool's term may be shortened by unscheduled or early payments of principal on the underlying mortgages. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by various factors, including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location, scheduled maturity and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. Because prepayment rates of individual pools vary widely, it is not possible to predict accurately the average life of a particular pool. For pools of fixed-rate 30-year mortgages in a stable interest rate environment, a common industry practice in the U.S. has been to assume that prepayments will result in a 12-year average life, although it may vary depending on numerous factors. At present, pools, particularly those with loans with other maturities or different characteristics, are priced on an assumption of average life determined for each pool. In periods of falling interest rates, the rate of prepayment tends to increase, thereby shortening the actual average life of a pool of mortgage-related securities. Conversely, in periods of rising rates the rate of prepayment tends to decrease, thereby lengthening the actual average life of the pool. However, these effects may not be present, or may differ in degree, if the mortgage loans in the pools have adjustable interest rates or other special payment terms, such as a prepayment charge. Actual prepayment experience may cause the yield of mortgage-backed securities to differ from the assumed average life yield. Reinvestment of prepayments may occur at higher or lower interest rates than the original investment, thus affecting a Fund's yield. The rate of interest on mortgage-backed securities is lower than the interest rates paid on the mortgages included in the underlying pool due to the annual fees paid to the servicer of the mortgage pool for passing through monthly payments to certificate holders and to any guarantor, such as GNMA, and due to any yield retained by the issuer. Actual yield to the holder may vary from the coupon rate, even if adjustable, if the mortgage-backed securities are purchased or traded in the secondary market at a premium or discount. In addition, there is normally some delay between the time the issuer receives mortgage payments from the servicer and the time the issuer makes the payments on the mortgage-backed securities, and this delay reduces the effective yield to the holder of such securities. Asset-Backed Securities. The Funds may invest in asset-backed securities, which represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as motor vehicle installment sales, installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from revolving credit (credit card) agreements. Such assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose corporations. Payments or distributions of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for a certain time period by a letter of credit or a pool insurance policy issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the trust or corporation. Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by other securities in which the Funds may invest. Automobile receivables generally are secured by automobiles. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the asset-backed securities. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in the underlying automobiles. Therefore, there is the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured, and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. In addition, there is no assurance that the security interest in the collateral can be realized. Structured Notes, Bonds and Debentures. The Funds may invest in structured notes, bonds and debentures. Typically, the value of the principal and/or interest on these instruments is determined by reference to changes in the value of specific currencies, interest rates, commodities, indexes or other financial indicators (the "Reference") or the relevant change in two or more References. The interest rate or the principal amount payable upon maturity or redemption may be increased or decreased depending upon changes in the applicable Reference. The terms of the structured securities may provide that in certain circumstances no principal is due at maturity and, therefore, may result in the loss of a Fund's entire investment. The value of structured securities may move in the same or the opposite direction as the value of the Reference, so that appreciation of the Reference may produce an increase or decrease in the interest rate or value of the security at maturity. In addition, the change in interest rate or the value of the security at maturity may be a multiple of the change in the value of the Reference so that the security may be more or less volatile than the Reference, depending on the multiple. Consequently, structured securities may entail a greater degree of market risk and volatility than other types of debt obligations. Assignments and Participations. The Funds may invest in assignments of and participations in loans issued by banks and other financial institutions. When a Fund purchases assignments from lending financial institutions, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan. However, since assignments are generally arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, the rights and obligations acquired by the Fund as the purchaser of an assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning lender. Participations in loans will typically result in a Fund having a contractual relationship with the lending financial institution, not the borrower. The Funds would have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender of the payments from the borrower. In connection with purchasing a participation, a Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased a participation. As a result, the Fund purchasing a participation will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender selling the participation. In the event of the insolvency of the lender selling the participation, the Fund may be treated as a general creditor of the lender and may not benefit from any set-off between the lender and the borrower. The Funds may have difficulty disposing of assignments and participations because there is no liquid market for such securities. The lack of a liquid secondary market will have an adverse impact on the value of such securities and on a Fund's ability to dispose of particular assignments or participations when necessary to meet the Fund's liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event, such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. The lack of a liquid market for assignments and participations also may make it more difficult for a Fund to assign a value to these securities for purposes of valuing the Fund's portfolio and calculating its net asset value. The Funds may invest in fixed and floating rate loans ("Loans") arranged through private negotiations between a foreign government (a "Borrower") and one or more financial institutions ("Lenders"). The majority of the Fund's investments in Loans are expected to be in the form of participations in Loans ("Participations") and assignments of portions of Loans from third parties ("Assignments"). Participations typically will result in a Fund having a contractual relationship only with the Lender, not with the Borrower. The Funds will have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the Lender selling the Participation and only upon receipt by the Lender of the payments from the Borrower. In connection with purchasing Participations, the Funds generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the Borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the Loan, nor any rights of set-off against the Borrower, and the Funds may not directly benefit from any collateral supporting the Loan in which it has purchased the Participation. As a result, the Funds will assume the credit risk of both the Borrower and the Lender that is selling the Participation. In the event of the insolvency of the Lender selling a Participation, the Funds may be treated as a general creditor of the Lender and may not benefit from any set-off between the Lender and the Borrower. A Fund will acquire Participations only if the Lender interpositioned between the Fund and the Borrower is determined by CSAM to be creditworthy. When a Fund purchases Assignments from Lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the Borrower on the Loan. However, since Assignments are generally arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, the rights and obligations acquired by the Fund as the purchaser of an Assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning Lender. There are risks involved in investing in Participations and Assignments. A Fund may have difficulty disposing of them because there is no liquid market for such securities. The lack of a liquid secondary market will have an adverse impact on the value of such securities and on the Fund's ability to dispose of particular Participations or Assignments when necessary to meet the Fund's liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event, such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the Borrower. The lack of a liquid market for Participations and Assignments also may make it more difficult for the Fund to assign a value to these securities for purposes of valuing the Fund's portfolio and calculating its net asset value. Restricted and Illiquid Securities. The Funds may acquire, in privately negotiated transactions, securities that cannot be offered for public sale in the United States without first being registered under the Securities Act of 1933 ("Securities Act"). Restricted securities are subject to restrictions on resale under federal securities law. Because of these restrictions, a Fund may not be able to readily resell these securities at a price equal to what it might obtain for similar securities with a more liquid market. The Funds' valuation of these securities will reflect relevant liquidity considerations. Under criteria established by the Funds' Trustees, certain restricted securities sold pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act may be determined to be liquid. To the extent that restricted securities are not determined to be liquid, each Fund will limit its purchase, together with other illiquid securities including non-negotiable time deposits and repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice, to no more than 15% of its net assets. Restricted securities in which the Funds may invest may include commercial paper issued in reliance on the exemption from registration afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper is restricted as to disposition under federal securities law, and is generally sold to institutional investors, such as the Funds, who agree that they are purchasing the paper for investment purposes and not with a view to public distribution. Any resale by the purchaser must be in an exempt transaction. Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper is normally resold to other institutional investors like the Funds through or with the assistance of the issuer or investment dealers who make a market in Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper, thus providing liquidity. The Advisor believes that Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper and possibly certain other restricted securities which meet the criteria for liquidity established by the Trustees of the Fund are quite liquid. The Funds intend, therefore, to treat the restricted securities which meet the criteria for liquidity established by the Trustees, including Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper, as determined by the Advisor, as liquid and not subject to the investment limitations applicable to illiquid securities. Repurchase Agreements. Securities held by the Funds may be subject to repurchase agreements. These transactions permit the Funds to earn income for periods as short as overnight. The Funds could receive less than the repurchase price on any sale of such securities. Under the terms of a repurchase agreement, a Fund would acquire securities from member banks of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and registered broker-dealers and other financial institutions that the Advisor deems creditworthy under guidelines approved by the Trust's Board of Trustees, subject to the seller's agreement to repurchase such securities at a mutually agreed-upon date and price. The repurchase price would generally equal the price paid by the Fund plus interest negotiated on the basis of current short-term rates, which may be more or less than the rate on the underlying portfolio securities. The seller under a repurchase agreement will be required to maintain continually the value of collateral held pursuant to the agreement at not less than the repurchase price (including accrued interest). If the seller were to default on its repurchase obligation or become insolvent, the Fund holding such obligation would suffer a loss to the extent that the proceeds from a sale of the underlying portfolio securities were less than the repurchase price under the agreement, or to the extent that the disposition of such securities by the Fund were delayed pending court action. Additionally, there is no controlling legal precedent confirming that a Fund would be entitled, as against a claim by such seller or its receiver or trustee in bankruptcy, to retain the underlying securities, although the Trust believes that, under the regular procedures normally in effect for custody of the Fund's securities subject to repurchase agreements and under federal laws, a court of competent jurisdiction would rule in favor of the Trust if presented with the question. Securities subject to repurchase agreements will be held by the Funds' custodian or another qualified custodian or in the Federal Reserve/Treasury book-entry system. Repurchase agreements are considered to be loans by the Funds under the 1940 Act. Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The Funds may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. In a reverse repurchase agreement, a Fund sells a security and agrees to repurchase it at a mutually agreed upon date and at a price reflecting the interest rate effective for the term of the agreement. This may also be viewed as the borrowing of money by the Fund. The Funds will not invest the proceeds of a reverse repurchase agreement for a period which exceeds the duration of the reverse repurchase agreement. The Funds may not enter into reverse repurchase agreements exceeding in the aggregate one-third of the market value of its total assets, less liabilities other than the obligations created by reverse repurchase agreements. The Funds will segregate assets consisting of cash or liquid securities in an amount at least equal to its repurchase obligations under its reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of the securities retained by a Fund may decline below the price of the securities it has sold but is obligated to repurchase under the agreement. In the event the buyer of securities under a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, a Fund's use of proceeds from the agreement may be restricted pending a determination by the other party or its trustee or receiver whether to enforce the Fund's obligation to repurchase the securities. Borrowing. The Funds are permitted to borrow money up to one-third of the value of its total assets. Borrowing is a speculative technique that increases investment opportunity and a Fund's ability to achieve greater returns. However, it also increases investment risk. Because a Fund's investments will fluctuate in value, whereas the interest obligations on borrowed funds may be fixed (or floating), during times of borrowing, a Fund's net asset value may tend to increase more when its investments increase in value, and decrease more when its investments decrease in value. In addition, interest costs on borrowings may fluctuate with changing market interest rates and may partially offset or exceed the return earned on the investments made with borrowed funds. Also, during times of borrowing under adverse market conditions, a Fund might have to sell portfolio securities to meet interest or principal payments at a time when fundamental investment considerations would not favor such sales. The Funds may also borrow for temporary liquidity purposes, such as to meet redemptions, rather than to leverage its investment portfolio. Loans of Portfolio Securities. The Funds may lend securities if such loans are secured continuously by liquid assets consisting of cash, U.S. Government securities or other liquid debt securities or by a letter of credit in favor of a Fund at least equal at all times to 100% of the market value of the securities loaned, plus accrued interest. While such securities are on loan, the borrower will pay the Fund any income accruing thereon. Loans will be subject to termination by the Fund in the normal settlement time, currently three Business Days after notice, or by the borrower on one day's notice (as used herein, "Business Day" shall denote any day on which the New York Stock Exchange and the custodian are both open for business). Any gain or loss in the market price of the borrowed securities that occurs during the term of the loan inures to the lending Fund and its shareholders. The Funds may pay reasonable finders' and custodial fees, including fees to an advisor or its affiliate, in connection with loans. In addition, the Funds will consider all facts and circumstances including the creditworthiness of the borrowing financial institution, and the Funds will not lend their securities to any director, officer, employee, or affiliate of an advisor, the Administrator or Distributor, unless permitted by applicable law. Loans of portfolio securities involve risks, such as delays or an inability to regain the securities or collateral adjustments in the event the borrower defaults or enters into bankruptcy. Short Sales Against The Box. The Funds may engage in short sales against the box. In a short sale, a Fund sells a borrowed security and has a corresponding obligation to the lender to return the identical security. The seller does not immediately deliver the securities sold and is said to have a short position in those securities until delivery occurs. A Fund may engage in a short sale if at the time of the short sale the Fund owns or has the right to obtain without additional cost an equal amount of the security being sold short. This investment technique is known as a short sale "against the box." It may be entered into by the Fund to, for example, lock in a sale price for a security the Fund does not wish to sell immediately. If a Fund engages in a short sale, the collateral for the short position will be segregated in an account with the Fund's custodian or qualified sub-custodian. No more than 10% of the Fund's net assets (taken at current value) may be held as collateral for short sales against the box at any one time. The Funds may make a short sale as a hedge, when it believes that the price of a security may decline, causing a decline in the value of a security owned by a Fund (or a security convertible or exchangeable for such security). In such case, any future losses in the Fund's long position should be offset by a gain in the short position and, conversely, any gain in the long position should be reduced by a loss in the short position. The extent to which such gains or losses are reduced will depend upon the amount of the security sold short relative to the amount a Fund owns. There will be certain additional transaction costs associated with short sales against the box, but the Funds will endeavor to offset these costs with the income from the investment of the cash proceeds of short sales. If a Fund effects a short sale of securities at a time when it has an unrealized gain on the securities, it may be required to recognize that gain as if it had actually sold the securities (as a "constructive sale") on the date it effects the short sale. However, such constructive sale treatment may not apply if the Fund closes out the short sale with securities other than the appreciated securities held at the time of the short sale and if certain other conditions are satisfied. Uncertainty regarding the tax consequences of effecting short sales may limit the extent to which the Funds may effect short sales. Short Sales (excluding Short Sales "Against the Box"). The Funds may sell securities short or purchase ETFs that sell securities short. A short sale is a transaction in which a Fund sells securities it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market price of the securities. To deliver the securities to the buyer, a Fund must arrange through a broker to borrow the securities and, in so doing, the Fund becomes obligated to replace the securities borrowed at their market price at the time of replacement, whatever that price may be. The Fund will make a profit or incur a loss as a result of a short sale depending on whether the price of the securities decreases or increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund purchases the security to replace the borrowed securities that have been sold. The amount of any loss would be increased (and any gain decreased) by any premium or interest the Fund is required to pay in connection with a short sale. A Fund's obligation to replace the securities borrowed in connection with a short sale will be secured by cash or liquid securities deposited as collateral with the broker. In addition, the Fund will place in a segregated account with its custodian or a qualified sub-custodian an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference, if any, between (i) the market value of the securities sold at the time they were sold short and (ii) any cash or liquid securities deposited as collateral with the broker in connection with the short sale (not including the proceeds of the short sale). Until it replaces the borrowed securities, the Fund will maintain the segregated account daily at a level so that (a) the amount deposited in the account plus the amount deposited with the broker (not including the proceeds from the short sale) will equal the current market value of the securities sold short and (b) the amount deposited in the account plus the amount deposited with the broker (not including the proceeds from the short sale) will not be less than the market value of the securities at the time they were sold short. Municipal Securities. Municipal securities are debt obligations issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities such as airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which municipal securities may be issued include refunding of outstanding obligations, obtaining funds for general operating expenses and obtaining funds to loan to other public institutions and facilities. In addition, certain types of industrial development bonds are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to obtain funds to provide privately-operated housing facilities, sports facilities, convention or trade show facilities, airport, mass transit, port or parking facilities, air or water pollution control facilities and certain local facilities for water supply, gas, electricity, or sewage or solid waste disposal. Such obligations, which may include lease arrangements, are included within the term "municipal securities" if the interest paid thereon qualifies as exempt from federal income tax. Other types of industrial development bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, equipment, repair or improvement of privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may constitute municipal securities, although the current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues. The two principal classifications of municipal securities are "general obligation" and "revenue" bonds. General obligation bonds are secured by the issuer's pledge of its full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. Revenue bonds are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Industrial development bonds that are municipal securities are in most cases revenue bonds and do not generally involve the pledge of the credit of the issuer of such bonds. There are, of course, variations in the degree of risk of municipal securities, both within a particular classification and between classifications, depending upon numerous factors. The yields on municipal securities are dependent upon a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, general conditions of the municipal securities market, size of particular offering, maturity of the obligation and rating of the issue. The ratings of Moody's and S&P represent their opinions as to the quality of the municipal securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, municipal securities with the same maturity, coupon and rating may have different yields, while municipal securities of the same maturity and coupon with different ratings may have the same yield. The Funds may invest in "private activity" bonds. The Funds may also purchase participation interests in municipal securities (such as industrial development bonds) from financial institutions, including banks, insurance companies and brokerdealers. A participation interest gives a Fund an undivided interest in the municipal securities in the proportion that the Fund's participation interest bears to the total principal amount of the municipal securities. These instruments may be variable or fixed rate. Provisions of the federal bankruptcy statutes relating to the adjustment of debts of political subdivisions and authorities of states of the United States provide that, in certain circumstances, such subdivisions or authorities may be authorized to initiate bankruptcy proceedings without prior notice to or consent of creditors, which proceedings could result in material and adverse modification or alteration of the rights of holders of obligations issued by such subdivisions or authorities. Litigation challenging the validity under state constitutions of present systems of financing public education has been initiated or adjudicated in a number of states, and legislation has been introduced to effect changes in public school finances in some states. In other instances there has been litigation challenging the issuance of pollution control revenue bonds or the validity of their issuance under state or federal law which litigation could ultimately affect the validity of those Municipal Securities or the tax-free nature of the interest thereon. Unit Investment Trusts. A unit investment trust, commonly referred to as a UIT, is one of three basic types of investment companies. The other two types are mutual funds and closed-end funds. A unit investment trust is a registered investment company that buys and holds a generally fixed portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. "Units" in the trust are sold to investors (unitholders) who receive a share of principal and dividends (or interest). A UIT has a stated date for termination that varies according to the investments held in its portfolio. A UIT investing in long-term bonds may remain outstanding for 20 to 30 years. UITs that invest in stocks may seek to capture capital appreciation over a period of a year or a few years. When these trusts are dissolved, proceeds from the securities are either paid to unitholders or reinvested in another trust. A UIT does not actively trade its investment portfolio. That is, a UIT buys a relatively fixed portfolio of securities (for example, five, ten, or twenty specific stocks or bonds), and holds them with little or no change for the life of the UIT. Because the investment portfolio of a UIT generally is fixed, investors know more or less what they are investing in for the duration of their investment. Investors will find the portfolio securities held by the UIT listed in its prospectus. There are two main types of UITs, fixed-income and equity, although a variety of UITs within those two categories are available to meet almost any investment objectives and level of risk tolerance. UITs invest in a wide range of securities, including municipal and corporate bonds, U.S. government securities, common or preferred stock (domestic and international), mortgagebacked securities, and international bonds. Investors who choose fixed-income UITs typically receive regular income, usually monthly. In contrast, investors holding bonds directly receive interest semiannually or even annually. Investors who choose equity UITs may receive dividend income monthly, quarterly, or semiannually, or simply reap any long-term capital appreciation the trust may accrue following its dissolution. (Of course, a UIT, like any investment, may potentially lose money as well.) Although many investors purchase units with the intention of holding them until the trust terminates, UIT investors may sell their units at any time. Even in the absence of a secondary market for UITs, trusts are required by law to redeem (buy back) outstanding units at their net asset value (NAV), which is based upon the current market value of the underlying securities. The NAV may be more or less than the price the investor paid initially. Generally, unitholders must pay income taxes on the interest, dividends, and/or capital gains distributed to them, although in retirement accounts such as IRAs taxes are deferred until distributions are taken from the account. UITs provide IRS Form 1099 to their unitholders annually to summarize the trust's distributions. Also, when an investor sells units, he or she will realize either a taxable gain or a loss that should be reported on income tax returns. Certain UITs provide income that is free from federal and/or state taxation. Private Investment Funds. The Funds may invest in privately-offered investment funds that are exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1993 and are typically excluded from the definition of investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 ("1940 Act"). These private investment funds are commonly referred to as private funds, private equity funds, PE funds, or VC funds. Additionally, these private investment funds are generally available only to accredited investors, such as the Funds and other institutional investors. The Funds may invest in primary offering as well as secondary offerings. Private equity is a common term for investments that are typically made in non-public companies through privately negotiated transactions. Private equity investors generally seek to acquire quality assets at attractive valuations and use operational expertise to enhance value and improve portfolio company performance. Buyout funds are used by private equity investors to acquire private and public companies, as well as divisions of larger companies. Private equity specialists seek to uncover value enhancing opportunities in portfolio companies, unlock the value of the portfolio company and reposition it for sale at a multiple of invested equity. Private equity investments held by private investment funds may be structured using a range of financial instruments, including common and preferred equity, convertible securities, subordinated debt and warrants or other derivatives. Private equity funds, often organized as limited partnerships, are the most common vehicles for making private equity investments. In such funds, investors usually commit to provide up to a certain amount of capital when requested by the fund's manager or general partner. The general partner then makes private equity investments on behalf of the private investment fund. The private investment fund's investments are usually realized, or "exited" after a four to seven year holding period through a private sale, an initial public offering ("IPO") or a recapitalization. Proceeds of such exits are then distributed to the private investment fund's investors. The private investment funds themselves typically have a term of seven to twelve years. Venture Capital, Growth Capital, Special Situations, and Buyouts Different private equity strategies may refer to "financing stages" (stage of development) and may have distinct risk, return and correlation characteristics, and play different roles within a private equity portfolio. Broadly speaking, private equity investments can be broken down into four financing stages: venture capital, growth capital, special situations, and buyouts. These categories may be further subdivided based on the investment strategies that are employed. The Funds intend to invest primarily in venture capital. Venture Capital. Investments in new and emerging companies are usually classified as venture capital. Such investments are often in technology and healthcare-related industries. Companies financed by venture capital are generally not cash flow positive at the time of investment and may require several rounds of financing before the company can be sold privately or taken public. Venture capital investors may finance companies along the full path of development or focus on certain sub-stages (usually classified as seed, early and late stage) in partnership with other investors. Growth Capital. These typically involve minority investments in established companies with strong growth characteristics. Companies that receive growth capital typically have established customers and mature business models. Special Situations. These typically involve a broad range of investments including mezzanine, distressed debt, energy/utility investing and turnarounds may be classified as special situations. Buyouts. These typically involve control investments in established, cash flow positive companies and are usually classified as buyouts. Buyout investments may focus on small-, mid- or large-capitalization companies, and such investments collectively represent a substantial majority of the capital deployed in the overall private equity market. The use of debt financing, or leverage, is prevalent in buyout transactions — particularly in the large-cap segment. Overall, debt financing typically makes up 50-70% of the price paid for a company. Valuation The private investment funds will invest a large percentage of their assets in certain securities and other financial instruments that do not have readily ascertainable market prices. Therefore, the private investment funds also do not have readily ascertainable market prices. Procedures, approved by the Board, provide that valuations for private investment funds will be determined based primarily on valuations provided by private investment fund managers, provided that such values will be adjusted for any other relevant information, if any, available at the daily time a Fund values its portfolio holdings. Such relevant information may include capital activity, information regarding any impairments or changes from the private investment fund manager, and material events occurring between the reference dates of the private investment fund manager's valuations and the relevant valuation date for a Fund. Generally, private investment fund managers typically provide valuations on a quarterly, or less frequent, basis whereas the Fund must consider valuations on an ongoing daily basis using its valuation methodology. However, while any model that may be used would be designed to assist in confirming or adjusting valuation recommendations, a Fund will not be able to confirm with certainty the accuracy of a private investment fund manager's valuations until the Fund receives the private investment fund's audited annual financial statements and, as with all models, any imperfections, errors, or limitations in the pricing model could affect the ability of the Fund to accurately value private investment fund assets on a monthly basis. Primary Investments. Primary investments (primaries) are interests or investments in newly-established private investment funds. Most private investment fund sponsors raise new funds only every two to four years, and many top-performing funds are closed to new investors. Because of the limited windows of opportunity for making primary investments in particular private investment funds, strong relationships with leading fund sponsors are highly important for primary investors. Primary investors subscribe for interests during an initial fundraising period, and their capital commitments are then used to fund investments in a number of individual operating companies during a defined investment period. Primary investments typically exhibit "J-curve" performance, in which their net asset value typically declines moderately during the early years of the private investment fund's life as investmentrelated fees and expenses are incurred before investment gains have been realized. As a private investment fund matures and as portfolio companies are sold, the pattern typically reverses with increasing net asset value and distributions. There can be no assurance, however, that any or all primary investments made by a Fund will exhibit this pattern of investment returns. Primary investments are usually five to thirteen years in duration, while underlying investments in portfolio companies generally have a three to seven year duration, if not longer. Selection of Private Investment Funds The Advisor uses various resources to identify and source the availability of promising private investment funds. The Advisor's diligence process focuses on risk management, investment and operational diligence. The Advisor will select investment strategies and private investment funds on the basis of availability, pricing in the case of secondaries and various qualitative and quantitative criteria, including the Advisor's analysis of actual and projected cash flows and past performance of a private investment fund during various time periods and market cycles; and the private investment fund manager's reputation, experience, expertise, and adherence to investment philosophy. After making an investment in a private investment fund, and as part of its ongoing diligence process, the Advisor will seek to: track operating information and other pertinent details; participate in any periodic conference calls with a private investment fund's manager and onsite visits where appropriate; review audited and unaudited reports; and monitor turnover in senior personnel and changes in policies. In conjunction with the due diligence process, the tax treatment and legal terms of the investment are also considered. Secondary Investments. Secondary investments (secondaries) are interests in existing private investment funds that are acquired in privately negotiated transactions, typically after the end of the private investment fund's fundraising period. Because secondaries typically already have invested in portfolio companies, they are viewed as more mature investments than primaries and further along in their development pattern. As a result, their investment returns may not exhibit the downside of a J-curve pattern expected of primaries in their early stages. There can be no assurance, however, that any or all secondary investments made by a Fund will exhibit this pattern of investment development. Risks A Fund's performance depends upon the performance of the private investment funds' managers and selected strategies, the adherence by such managers to such selected strategies, the instruments used by such managers and the Advisor's ability to select managers and strategies and effectively allocate Fund assets among the private investment funds. A Fund's investment portfolio may consist of private investment funds that hold securities issued primarily by privately-held companies, and operating results for the portfolio companies in a specified period will be difficult to predict. Such investments involve a high degree of business and financial risk that can result in substantial losses. The securities in which a private investment fund manager may invest may be among the most junior in a portfolio company's capital structure and, thus, subject to the greatest risk of loss. Generally, there will be no collateral to protect an investment once made. A manager's investments, depending upon strategy, may be in companies whose capital structures are highly leveraged. Such investments involve a high degree of risk in that adverse fluctuations in the cash flow of such companies, or increased interest rates, may impair their ability to meet their obligations, which may accelerate and magnify declines in the value of any such portfolio company investments in a down market. Fund investors will bear two layers of fees and expenses: asset-based fees and expenses at the Fund level, and asset-based fees, carried interests, incentive allocations or other fees and expenses at the private investment funds level. Venture capital is usually classified by investments in private companies that have a limited operating history, are attempting to develop or commercialize unproven technologies or implement novel business plans or are not otherwise developed sufficiently to be self-sustaining financially or to become public. Although these investments may offer the opportunity for significant gains, such investments involve a high degree of business and financial risk that can result in substantial losses, which risks generally are greater than the risks of investing in public companies that may be at a later stage of development. A Fund's investments in private investment funds, and many of the investments held by the private investment funds, will be priced in the absence of a readily available market and may be priced based on determinations of fair value, which may prove to be inaccurate. Neither the Advisor nor the Board of Trustees will be able to confirm independently the accuracy of the managers' valuations (which are unaudited, except at year-end). This risk is exacerbated to the extent that private investment funds generally provide valuations only on a quarterly basis or less-frequent basis. While such information is provided on a quarterly or less-frequent basis, the Funds will provide valuations, and will issue shares, on a daily basis. Private investment funds will not be registered as investment companies under the 1940 Act, and, therefore, a Fund and its investors, as investors in such private investment funds, may not avail themselves of 1940 Act protections. Other than as provided in a private funds operating or investment agreement, investors such as a Fund will have no right to receive information about the private investment funds or managers, and will typically have no recourse against private investment funds or their managers. Each Fund intends to continue to qualify as a regulated investment company ("RIC") under the Internal Revenue Code ("Code") but may be subject to income tax liability if it fails to qualify or otherwise fails to obtain treatment as a RIC by failing to satisfy the distribution requirement. A Fund is subject to the risk that private investment funds may not provide information sufficient to ensure that the Fund qualifies as a RIC under the Code. The Funds intend to hold interests in the private investment funds in non-voting form in order to avoid becoming (i) an "affiliated person" of any private investment fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act and (ii) being subject to the 1940 Act limitations and prohibitions on transactions with affiliated persons. In order to avoid becoming subject to certain 1940 Act prohibitions with respect to affiliated transactions, a Fund would be limited to owning less than 5% of the voting securities of each private investment fund. This limitation on owning voting securities is intended to ensure that a private investment fund is not deemed an "affiliated person", which may, among other things, potentially impose limits on transactions with the private investment fund, both by a Fund and other clients of the Advisor. Where only voting securities are available for purchase, a Fund will generally seek to create by contract the same result as owning a non-voting security by agreeing to relinquish the right to vote in respect of its investment. A Fund may irrevocably waive its rights (if any) to vote its interest in a private investment fund. A Fund will not receive any consideration in return for entering into a voting waiver arrangement. To the extent that a Fund contractually foregoes the right to vote private investment fund securities, the Fund will not be able to vote on matters that may be adverse to the Fund's interests. As a result, the Fund's influence on a private investment fund would be diminished, which may consequently adversely affect the Fund and its Investors. The waiver arrangement should benefit a Fund, as it will enable the Fund to acquire more interests of a private investment fund that the Advisor believes is desirable than the Fund would be able to if it were deemed to be an "affiliate" of the private investment fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS The Funds' Board of Trustees has adopted Portfolio Holdings Disclosure Policies and Procedures (the "Policy") to protect the interests of Fund shareholders and to address potential conflicts of interests that could arise between the interests of Fund shareholders and the interests of the Funds' Advisor, principal underwriters, or affiliated persons of the Funds, Advisor or principal underwriters. The Policy is intended to prevent the misuse of material non-public information regarding the portfolio holdings of the Funds ("Holdings Information"). Holdings Information will be disclosed to selected third parties only when a Fund has a legitimate business purpose for doing so, and the Recipients (as defined below) are subject to a duty of confidentiality (including a duty not to trade based on the non-public information). Under this Policy, the receipt of compensation by a Fund, the Advisor or an affiliate as consideration for disclosing Holdings Information will not be deemed a legitimate business purpose. Recipients will receive Holdings Information only after furnishing written assurances to the Advisor and/or the Fund that the Holdings Information will remain confidential, and Recipients and persons with access to the Holdings Information will be prohibited from trading based on the Information. In all instances, Holdings Information will be disclosed only when consistent with the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws and the Advisor's fiduciary duties, and the Advisor's and Fund's obligations to prevent the misuse of material, non-public information. Pursuant to the policy, the Funds, the Advisor, and their agents are obligated to: * Act in the best interests of Fund shareholders by protecting non-public and potentially material Portfolio Holdings information; * Ensure that Holdings Information is not provided to a favored group of clients or potential clients; and * Adopt such safeguards and controls around the release of Holdings Information so that no client or group of clients is unfairly disadvantaged as a result of such release. The following policies and procedures will apply to the disclosure of listings of Portfolio Holdings for the Funds by the Advisor and the Funds: SEC Filings. The Funds must disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly to the SEC using Form N-PORT within 60 days of the end of the first and third quarter end of the Funds' fiscal year on the Form N-CSR on the second and fourth quarter of the Funds' fiscal year. The N-PORT report is not required to be mailed to shareholders, but is made public through the SEC electronic filings. The Funds must provide either complete portfolio holdings or summaries of their portfolio holdings to shareholders in tabular or graphical format by identifiable categories (e.g., industry sector, geographic region, credit quality, or maturity) according to the percentage of net assets. The ruling requires at least disclosure of the top 50 holdings (based on percentage of net assets) and any investment exceeding 1% of a Fund's net asset value. This change is intended to provide a more concise and investor-friendly presentation of the allocation of the Fund's investments across asset classes. Service Providers. Pursuant to policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees, the Funds have ongoing arrangements to release portfolio holdings information on a daily basis, with no lag time, to the Advisor, Transfer Agent, Fund Accounting Agent, Administrator and Custodian. The Advisor, Transfer Agent, Fund Accounting Agent, Administrator and Custodian receive portfolio holdings information daily in order to carry out the essential operations of the Funds. The Funds may also release portfolio information on an as needed basis, with varying lag times, to other third parties providing services to the Funds. The Funds disclose portfolio holdings to their auditors, legal counsel, proxy voting services (if applicable), pricing services, printers, parties to merger and reorganization agreements and their agents, and prospective or newly hired investment advisors or sub-advisors. The Funds disclose portfolio holdings to Morningstar, Inc. for the purpose of providing fund evaluation services. Portfolio holdings are provided as of the last business day of each month and transmitted to Morningstar, Inc. with a one to three business day delay. These portfolio disclosures are available to the public at no charge by visiting https://www.morningstar.com/ and entering a Fund's ticker symbol (e.g. DGQAX) in the rounded box near the top center of the page just below "MORNINGSTAR" and then clicking on the "Portfolio" tab and then clicking on "Holdings." Portfolio holdings are also available by calling toll-free 1-877-217-8363 once they are posted by Morningstar, Inc. The information may be provided to auditors within days of the end of an annual period, while the information may be given to legal counsel at any time, with no lag time, and information may be given to proxy voting services (if applicable), pricing services, printers, parties to merger and reorganization agreements and their agents, and prospective or newly hired investment advisors or sub-advisors at intervals and lag times which will vary. Other Disclosure. The Advisor and the Funds currently do not disclose Holdings Information except as noted above. The CCO may authorize providing non-public Holdings Information of a Fund that is current as of thirty business days after the month-end to third-party rating and ranking organizations (each a "Recipient") for use in connection with their rating or ranking of the Fund. The disclosure may include additional information; however, any such additional information provided to a Recipient shall not include any material information about a Fund's trading strategies or pending transactions. The CCO may approve the distribution in an electronic format of non-public Holdings Information posted on the public Internet site of the Company to Recipients and rating agencies upon request, and such Recipients and rating agencies will not be required to execute a Nondisclosure Agreement. Occasions may arise where the Advisor, the Funds or an affiliate may have a conflict of interest in connection with a Recipient's request for disclosure of Holdings Information. In order to protect the interests of shareholders and the Funds and to ensure no adverse effect on the shareholders or the Funds, in the limited instances where a Designated Person is considering making non-public Holdings Information, the Designated Person will disclose the conflict to the CCO. If the CCO determines, to the best of his knowledge following appropriate due diligence, that the disclosure of non-public Holdings Information would be in the best interests of shareholders and the Fund and will not adversely affect the shareholders or the Fund, the CCO may approve the disclosure. The CCO will document in writing any such exception (which identifies the legitimate business purpose for the disclosure) and will provide a report to the Board of the Fund for its review at a subsequent Board meeting. Any such exceptions log shall be retained in the Fund's records. The Funds and the Advisor will not enter into any arrangement providing for the disclosure of Holdings Information for the receipt of compensation or benefit of any kind in return for the disclosure of the Holdings Information. The Board of Trustees exercises oversight of the disclosure of Portfolio Holdings by reviewing quarterly reports presented by the Funds' CCO regarding violations of the Funds' policies, exceptions to the policies, and new arrangements for disclosing Portfolio Holdings. TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS The Board of Trustees supervises the business and affairs of the Trust and appoints or elects officers responsible for the dayto-day operations of the Trust and the execution of policies established by Board resolution or directive. The Board of Trustees has considered the overall leadership structure of the Trust and has established committees designed to facilitate the governance of the Trust by the Trustees generally and the Board's role with respect to risk oversight specifically. The Trust's committees are responsible for certain aspects of risk oversight relating to financial statements, the valuation of the Trust's assets, and compliance matters. The Board of Trustees also has frequent interaction with the service providers and Chief Compliance Officer of the Trust with respect to risk oversight matters. The Trust's Chief Compliance Officer (the "CCO") reports directly to the Board generally with respect to the CCO's role in managing the compliance risks of the Trust. The CCO may also report directly to a particular committee of the Board depending on the subject matter. The Trust's principal financial officer reports to the Audit Committee of the Board on all financial matters affecting the Trust, including risks associated with financial reporting. Through the committee structure, the Trustees also interact with other officers and service providers of the Trust to monitor risks related to the Trust's operations. The Trust has determined that its leadership structure is appropriate based on the size of the Trust, the Board of Trustees' current responsibilities, each Trustee's ability to participate in the oversight of the Trust and committee transparency. The Audit Committee consists of the Independent Trustees of the Trust. The primary function of the Audit Committee is to assist the full Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities to the shareholders and the investment community relating to fund accounting, reporting practices and the quality and integrity of the financial reports. To satisfy these responsibilities, the Audit Committee reviews with the independent auditors, the audit plan and results and recommendations following independent audits, reviews the performance of the independent auditors and recommends engagement or discharge of the auditors to the full Board, reviews the independence of the independent auditors, reviews the adequacy of the Funds' internal controls and prepares and submits Committee meeting minutes and supporting documentation to the full Board. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, the Audit Committee met four times. The Board members were selected to serve as such because of their relevant past experience. Generally, the Trust believes that each Trustee is competent to serve because of their individual overall merits including: (i) experience, (ii) qualifications, (iii) attributes and (iv) skills. Mr. Timothy P. Highland possesses what the Board feels are unique experiences, qualifications and skills valuable to the Trust. Mr. Highland currently serves as Vice President of Docupace, Inc., a firm that provides straight-through processing for broker-dealers. He also, currently serves as President of D3 Partners, LLC, a consulting firm that provides design and delivery of project solutions for investment advisers and broker-dealers. Previously, he served as an executive for several SECregistered investment advisers and FINRA-registered broker-dealers. He is also a member of Association of Investment Management Sales Executives, the Investment Management Consultants Association and the Financial Planning Association. He also holds FINRA series 7, 63, 66 and 24 licenses. The Board believes Mr. Highland's experience and expertise as a business consultant, including his expertise in advisory and broker-dealer regulatory issues, adds depth and understanding to its consideration of the Trustee's obligations to the Trust and shareholders. Mr. Gonsalves has over a decade of experience in the financial services industry including serving as president of registered investment adviser, executive at a financial consulting services company and a broker-dealer. Additionally, he is well versed in the regulatory framework under which investment companies must operate based on his service as portfolio manager to the Funds. Mr. Gunning has over 20 years of experience as an business executive including serving as an investment banker to municipalities, an executive assistant to a state treasurer, investment manager to a California-based reinvestment fund, and a legislative adviser. This experience has included accounting, budgeting, risk management, investment management and regulatory analysis. Mr. Gunning also possesses board-level experience through his service as a director for two non-profit entities. In addition, he holds a BA in Political Science and History from Claremont McKenna College and an MA in Public Policy from Claremont Graduate School. The Trust does not believe any one factor is determinative in assessing a Trustee's qualifications, but that the collective experience of each Trustee makes them each highly qualified and well versed in the regulatory framework under which investment companies must operate. Each Trustee serves as a trustee until termination of the Trust unless the Trustee dies, resigns, retires or is removed. The term of office of each officer is until the successor is elected. Information pertaining to the Trustees and officers of the Trust, including their principal occupations for the last five years, is set forth below. Unless otherwise noted, the address for each Trustee and officer is 8000 Town Centre Drive, Suite 400, Broadview Heights, Ohio 44147-4003. Disinterested Trustees Compensation of the Board of Trustees Trustees who are not "interested persons" (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act) of the Funds, will be paid a fee of $10,000 per year. The "interested persons" of the Trust receive no Board member compensation from the Funds. The table below details the amount of compensation received by the Trustees from the Trust for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. The Trust does not have a bonus, profit sharing, pension or retirement plan. As of June 30, 2020, the Independent Trustees and their respective immediate family members (spouse or dependent children) did not own beneficially or of record any securities of the Company's investment advisers or distributor, or of any person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the investment advisers or distributor. Trustee Ownership The following table indicates the dollar range of equity securities that each Trustee beneficially owned in each Fund as of December 31, 2019. As of October 13, 2020, the Trustees and officers, owned less than 1.00% of the outstanding shares of each of the Funds of the Trust. CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS Persons controlling a Fund can determine the outcome of any proposal submitted to the shareholders for approval, including changes to the Fund's fundamental policies or the terms of the advisory agreement with the advisor. Persons owning more than 25% of the outstanding shares of a Fund (or a class of shares of a Fund) may be deemed to control the Fund (or class of the Fund). A principal shareholder is any person who owns (either of record or beneficially) 5% or more of the outstanding shares of a fund or a class of shares of a fund. Defensive Growth Fund Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Defensive Growth Fund Class I shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Defensive Growth Fund Class U shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Defensive Growth Fund Class A shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Income Fund Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Income Fund Class I shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Income Fund Class U shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Income Fund Class A shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund Class I shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund Class U shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund Class A shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Buyback Fund Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Large Cap Share Buyback Fund Class I shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Large Cap Share Buyback Fund Class A shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: Shareholders known by the Trust to own of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Large Cap Share Buyback Fund Class U shares as of October 13, 2020 and the percentage of the outstanding shares owned on that date are listed below: ADVISOR AmericaFirst Capital Management, LLC ("AFCM" or the "Advisor"), a California limited liability company located at 300 Harding Blvd., Suite 215, Roseville, CA 95678 serves as advisor to the Funds. The Advisor was formed in January 2007 and had no prior experience in advising investment accounts or a mutual fund. Management of the Funds and unit investment trusts is currently its primary business. Under the terms of the management agreement, the Advisor is responsible for formulating each Fund's investment policies, making ongoing investment decisions and engaging in portfolio transactions. AFCM is controlled by Rick Gonsalves c/o AFCM, 300 Harding Blvd., Suite 215, Roseville, CA 95678. The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that the Advisor will provide the Funds with investment advice and supervision and will continuously furnish an investment program for the Funds consistent with the investment objectives and policies of each Fund. The Advisor is responsible for the payment of the salaries and expenses of all of its personnel, office rent and the expenses of providing investment advisory and related clerical expenses. Under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, the Advisor manages the investment of the assets of the Funds in conformity with the investment objectives and policies of each Fund. It is the responsibility of the Advisor to make investment decisions for the Funds and to provide continuous supervision of the investment portfolios of the Funds. The following table describes (i) the contractual advisory fee as a percentage of the daily net assets of each Fund and the expense limitation for each Fund. The Advisor has contractually agreed to waive fees and/or reimburse expenses, but only to the extent necessary to maintain the Fund's total annual operating expenses (exclusive of any (i) any front-end or contingent deferred loads; (ii) brokerage fees and commissions, (iii) acquired fund fees and expenses; (iv) borrowing costs (such as interest and dividend expense on securities sold short); (v) taxes; (vi) legal fees; (vii) specialized pricing services, (viii) proxy costs not borne by the Advisor or another party, (ix) unusual or unanticipated audit costs, (x) change in service provider transition expenses, and (xi) extraordinary expenses, such as litigation expenses (which may include indemnification of Fund officers and Trustees, contractual indemnification of Fund service providers (other than the Advisor))) through October 31, 2021 as shown below: This agreement may be terminated by the Fund's Board of Trustees on written notice to the Advisor. These fee waivers and expense reimbursements are subject to possible recoupment from the Fund in future years on a rolling three-year basis (within the three years after the fees have been waived or reimbursed) if such recoupment can be achieved within the lesser of the foregoing expense limits and any expense limits in place at the time of the recoupment. Any recoupment is subject to adjustment for changes in excluded costs subsequent to the year under consideration for recoupment. Except for the expenses described above that have been assumed by the Advisor, all expenses incurred in administration of the Funds will be charged to the Funds, including investment management fees; fees and expenses of the Board of Trustees; interest charges; taxes; brokerage commissions; expenses of valuing assets; expenses of continuing registration and qualification of the Funds and the shares under federal and state law; share issuance expenses; fees and disbursements of independent accountants and legal counsel; fees and expenses of custodians, including sub-custodians and securities depositories, transfer agents and shareholder account servicing organizations; expenses of preparing, printing and mailing prospectuses, reports, proxies, notices and statements sent to shareholders; expenses of shareholder meetings; costs of investing in underlying funds; and insurance premiums. The Funds are also liable for nonrecurring expenses, including litigation to which they may from time to time be a party. Expenses incurred for the operation of the Funds, including the expenses of communications with its shareholders, are paid by the Funds. The Investment Advisory Agreement with the Funds continues in effect for an initial two year term and then from year to year as long as its continuation is approved at least annually by the Board of Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not "interested persons," or by the shareholders of the Funds. The Investment Advisory Agreement may be terminated at any time upon 60 days' written notice by the relevant Fund or by a majority vote of the outstanding shares or 90 days' written notice by the Advisor and will terminate automatically upon assignment. The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that the Advisor shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the performance of its duties, except a loss resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of compensation for services or a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence on the part of the advisor in the performance of its duties, or from reckless disregard of its duties and obligations thereunder. The table below states the amount of advisory fees earned by the Advisor with respect to each Fund for the previous three fiscal years and amount subject to recapture per the terms of the Expense Limitation Agreement. Portfolio Manager Rick Gonsalves is the portfolio manager responsible for the day-to-day management of the Funds. Mr. Gonsalves' compensation from the Funds' Advisor is based on a base salary. He is also entitled to a portion of the proceeds if the Advisor sells all or a portion of the Advisor's business. He may receive bonuses or participate in a pension plan. As of June 30, 2020, Rick Gonsalves was responsible for managing the following types of accounts other than the funds: The following table shows the dollar range of equity securities in the Fund beneficially owned by Mr. Gonsalves as of June 30, 2020: Potential Conflicts of Interest Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to more than one fund or other accounts. More specifically, portfolio managers who manage multiple funds are presented with the following potential conflicts: The management of multiple accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each account. The management of multiple funds and accounts also may give rise to potential conflicts of interest if the funds and accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons, and fees as the portfolio manager must allocate his time and investment ideas across multiple funds and accounts. * With respect to securities transactions for the Funds, the Advisor determines which broker to use to execute each order, consistent with the duty to seek best execution of the transaction. The portfolio manager may execute transactions for another fund or account that may adversely impact the value of securities held by the Fund. Securities selected for funds or accounts other than the Funds may outperform the securities selected for the Funds. * The appearance of a conflict of interest may arise where the advisor has an incentive, such as a performance-based management fee. The management of personal accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest; there is no assurance that the Funds' code of ethics will adequately address such conflicts. One of the portfolio manager's numerous responsibilities is to assist in the sale of Fund shares. Because the portfolio manager's compensation is indirectly linked to the sale of Fund shares, he may have an incentive to devote time to marketing efforts designed to increase sales of Fund shares. * Although the portfolio manager generally does not trade securities in this own personal account, the Funds have adopted a code of ethics that, among other things, permits personal trading by employees under conditions where it has been determined that such trades would not adversely impact client accounts. Nevertheless, the management of personal accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest, and there is no assurance that these codes of ethics will adequately address such conflicts. The Advisor and the Funds have adopted certain compliance procedures which are designed to address these types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises. CODE OF ETHICS AmericaFirst Capital Management, LLC and the Funds have adopted codes of ethics under Rule 17j-1(c) of the 1940 Act. The purpose of each code is to avoid potential conflicts of interest and to prevent fraud, deception or misconduct with respect to the Funds. Such codes of ethics permit personnel covered by the codes to invest in securities that may be purchased by the Funds, subject to the restrictions of the code. The codes are filed as exhibits to the Trust's registration statement. TRANSFER AGENT, FUND ACCOUNTING AGENT AND ADMINISTRATOR Mutual Shareholder Services, LLC ("MSS"), 8000 Town Centre Drive, Suite 400, Broadview Heights, Ohio 44147-4003, acts as the transfer agent ("Transfer Agent") for the Funds. MSS maintains the records of the shareholder's account, answers shareholders' inquiries concerning their accounts, processes purchases and redemptions of the Funds' shares, acts as dividend and distribution disbursing agent and performs other transfer agent and shareholder service functions. MSS receives an annual fee from the Trust of $11.50 per shareholder (subject to a minimum monthly fee of $775.00) for these transfer agency services. In addition, MSS provides the Funds with fund accounting services, which includes certain monthly reports, recordkeeping and other management-related services. For its services as fund accountant ("Fund Accounting Agent"), MSS receives an annual fee from the Trust based on the average value of the Funds. These fees are: from $0 to $25 million in assets the annual fee is $21,000, from $25 million to $50 million in assets the annual fee is $30,500, from $50 million to $75 million in assets the annual fee is $36,250, from $75 million to $100 million in assets the annual fee is $42,000, from $100 million to $125 million in assets the annual fee is $47,750, from $125 million to $150 million in assets the annual fee is $53,500, from $150 million to $200 million in assets the annual fee is $59,250, from $200 million to $300 million in assets the annual fee is $59,250 plus .01% on assets greater than $200 million, and for assets above $300 million the annual fee is $69,250 plus .005% on assets greater than $300 million. The Trust will receive a discount ranging from 10% to 50% depending on the net assets of each Fund until the Trust reaches $10 million in assets. Empirical Administration, LLC, an affiliate of MSS, also provides asset and income diversification testing, preparation of board materials and meeting minutes for an additional $500 per month for one fund plus $100 per month per fund for each Fund over one ($1,000 per month on a Trust-wide basis). The table below provides information about the fees paid by the Funds to MSS and Empirical Administration, LLC for the fiscal period indicated: COMPLIANCE CONSULTANT Roach Corp., with a principal office located at 792 Chestnut Street, Waban, MA 02468, provides a Chief Compliance Officer to the Trust as well as related compliance services pursuant to a consulting agreement between the Trust and Roach Corp. CUSTODIAN Fifth Third Bank, located at 38 Fountain Square Plaza, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45263, serves as the custodian of the Funds and has custody of all securities and cash of the Funds. The custodian, among other things, attends to the collection of principal and income and payment for and collection of proceeds of securities bought and sold by the Funds. INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Funds' independent registered public accounting firm is BBD, LLP, 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Shareholders will receive annual financial statements, together with a report of independent registered public accounting firm, and semiannual unaudited financial statements of the Funds. The independent registered public accounting firm will report on the Funds' annual financial statements, review certain regulatory reports and the Funds' income tax returns, and perform other professional accounting, auditing, tax and advisory services when engaged to do so by the Funds. COUNSEL Thompson Hine LLP, 41 South High Street, Suite 1700, Columbus, Ohio 43215 serves as the Trust's legal counsel DISTRIBUTOR(S) Foreside Fund Services, LLC, located at Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101 (a "Distributor") served as the principal underwriter and national distributor for the shares of the Funds until November 7, 2018, pursuant to an underwriting agreement with the Trust (an "Underwriting Agreement"). Arbor Court Capital, LLC, located at 8000 Town Centre Drive, Suite 300, Broadview Heights, OH 44147 (a "Distributor") serves as the principal underwriter and national distributor for the shares of the Trust, commencing on or about November 7, 2018, pursuant to an agreement for distribution services with the Trust (an "Underwriting Agreement"). Each Distributor is registered as a broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and each state's securities laws and is a member of the FINRA. The offering of the Funds' shares is continuous. Each Underwriting Agreement provides that the Distributor, as agent in connection with the distribution of the Funds' shares, will use best efforts to facilitate the sale of the Funds' shares. Each Underwriting Agreement provides that, unless sooner terminated, it will continue in effect for two years initially and thereafter shall continue from year to year, subject to annual approval by (a) the Board or a vote of a majority of the outstanding shares, and (b) by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust or of the Distributor by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. Each Underwriting Agreement may be terminated by the Funds at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by vote of a majority of the entire Board of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of each Fund on 60 days' written notice to the Distributor, or by the Distributor at any time, without the payment of any penalty, on 60 days' written notice to the Fund. Each Underwriting Agreement will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment. Each Distributor may enter into selling agreements with broker-dealers that solicit orders for the sale of shares of the Funds and may allow concessions to dealers that sell shares of the Funds. Each Distributor receives the portion of the sales charge on all direct initial investments in a Fund and on all investments in accounts with no designated dealer of record. 12b-1 Plans The Funds have adopted plans (the "Plans") pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act. Rule 12b-1 provides that any payments made by the Funds in connection with the distribution of its shares may be made only pursuant to a written plan describing all material aspects of the proposed financing of the distribution and also requires that all agreements with any person relating to the implementation of a plan must be in writing. Under the Funds' Plan related to the Class A Shares, the Funds incur an annual fee of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund's Class A Shares (the "Class A 12b-1 Fee"). Under the Funds' Plan related to the Class U Shares, the Funds incur an annual fee of up to 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the respective Fund's Class U Shares (the "Class U 12b-1 Fee"). The Class A 12b-1 Fee, and Class U 12b-1 Fee are collectively referred to as the "12b-1 Fee"). The Plans are compensation style plans, which means the 12b-1 payments are made regardless of the cost of providing related services. Payments are deemed to be made to the Distributor. The Distributor then disperses the 12b-1 monies to broker dealers, Service Organizations, and other as described below. The Advisor is deemed to indirectly benefit from the Plans to the extent they increase the Funds' assets because the advisory fee is based on net assets. Each 12b-1 Fee may be used to pay a fee on a quarterly or other periodic basis to broker-dealers, including the Distributor and affiliates of the Distributor, the Advisor, banks and savings and loan institutions and their affiliates and associated broker-dealers that have entered into Service Agreements with the Distributor ("Service Organizations") of annual amounts of up to 0.25% of the average net asset value of all shares of the respective Fund owned by shareholders with whom the Service Organization has a servicing relationship. The 12b-1 Fees may also be used to reimburse parties for shareholder services and distribution related expenses. The Funds' Plan continues in effect from year to year, provided that each such continuance is approved at least annually by a vote of the Trust's Board of Trustees, including a majority of the trustees who are not "interested persons" of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plan or in any agreements entered into in connection with the Plan (the "Qualified Trustees"). The Funds' Plan may be terminated at any time, without penalty, by vote of a majority of the Qualified Trustees of a Fund or by vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of a Fund. Any amendment to a Plan to increase materially the amount a Fund is authorized to pay thereunder would require approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the respective Fund. Other material amendments to the Funds' Plan would be required to be approved by vote of the Board of Trustees, including a majority of the Qualified Trustees. Dealers who are holders or dealers of record for accounts in one or more of the Funds may receive payments from 12b-1 Fees. A dealer's marketing support services may include business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer's preferred or recommended fund list, and access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer. Dealers are compensated differently depending upon, among other factors, the level and/or type of marketing support provided by the dealer. From time to time, the Advisor, at its expense, may provide additional compensation to dealers that sell or arrange for the sale of shares of the Funds. Such compensation provided by the Advisor may include financial assistance to dealers that enable the Advisor to participate in and/or present at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs for invited registered representatives and other employees, client and investor events and other dealersponsored events. Other compensation may be offered to the extent not prohibited by state laws or any self-regulatory agency, such as FINRA. The Advisor may make payments for events they deem appropriate, subject to applicable law. These payments may vary depending upon the nature of the event. The table below states the amounts paid by the applicable share classes of each Fund, under the Plans for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020: The table below states the principal types of activities for which the Funds made payments under the Plans for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020: The Advisor served as a ministerial payment conduit to broker-dealers for the convenience of the Funds. The tables below state the gross and retained commissions (load) by the principal underwriter (Distributor) for the last three fiscal years. However, the Distributor may use all or a portion of the retained commission to further promote sales of Fund shares by making marketing related payments to various parties. Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018 PROXY VOTING POLICY The Board of Trustees of the Trust has delegated responsibilities for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Advisor. The Advisor may delegate such proxy voting to a third-party proxy voting service provider. The Advisor will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures. In some instances, the Advisor may be asked to cast a proxy vote that presents a conflict between its interests and the interests of a Fund's shareholders. In such a case, the Trust's policy requires that the Advisor abstain from making a voting decision and to forward all necessary proxy voting materials to the Trust to enable the Board of Trustees to make a voting decision. When the Board of Trustees of the Trust is required to make a proxy voting decision, only the Trustees without a conflict of interest with regard to the security in question or the matter to be voted upon shall be permitted to participate in the decision of how the Fund's vote will be cast. The Advisor has developed a detailed proxy voting policy that has been approved by the Board of Trustees. The Advisor's policies and procedures state that the Advisor generally relies on the individual portfolio manager(s) to make the final decision on how to cast proxy votes. When exercising its voting responsibilities, the Advisor's policies call for an emphasis on (i) accountability of management of the company to its board, and of the board to the company's shareholders, (ii) alignment of management and shareholder interests and (iii) transparency through timely disclosure of important information about a company's operations and financial performance. While no set of proxy voting guidelines can anticipate all situations that may arise, the Advisor has adopted guidelines describing the Advisor's general philosophy when proposals involve certain matters. The following is a summary of those guidelines: electing a board of directors – a board should be composed primarily of independent directors, and key board committees should be entirely independent. The Advisor generally supports efforts to declassify boards or other measures that permit shareholders to remove a majority of directors at any time; * approving independent auditors – the relationship between a company and its auditors should be limited primarily to the audit engagement; * providing equity-based compensation plans - appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans, approved by shareholders, can be an effective way to align the interests of shareholders and the interests of directors, management, and employees by providing incentives to increase shareholder value. Conversely, the Advisor is opposed to plans that substantially dilute ownership interests in the company, provide participants with excessive awards, or have inherently objectionable structural features; * corporate voting structure - shareholders should have voting power equal to their equity interest in the company and should be able to approve or reject changes to a company's by-laws by a simple majority vote. The Advisor opposes super-majority requirements and generally support the ability of shareholders to cumulate their votes for the election of directors; and * shareholder rights plans - shareholder rights plans, also known as poison pills, may tend to entrench current management, which the Advisor generally considers to have a negative impact on shareholder value. Information on how the Funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities is available without charge, upon request, by calling 877-217-8363 or on the SEC's Internet site at www.sec.gov. In addition, a copy of the Funds' proxy voting policies and procedures is also available by calling 877-217-8363 and will be sent within three business days of receipt of a request. The Advisor's Proxy Voting Policies are attached hereto as Appendix B. Portfolio Turnover Turnover rates are primarily a function of a Fund's response to market conditions. The portfolio turnover rates for the Funds and the Predecessor Funds during the last two fiscal periods or years ended June 30 are as follows (rounded to whole percent): PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS Purchases and sales of securities on a securities exchange are effected by brokers, and the Funds pay a brokerage commission for this service. In transactions on stock exchanges, these commissions are negotiated. In the over-the-counter market, securities (e.g., debt securities) are normally traded on a "net" basis with dealers acting as principal for their own accounts without a stated commission, although the price of the securities usually includes a profit to the dealer. In underwritten offerings, securities are purchased at a fixed price, which includes an amount of compensation to the underwriter, generally referred to as the underwriter's concession or discount. The primary consideration in placing portfolio security transactions with broker-dealers for execution is to obtain and maintain the availability of execution at the most favorable prices and in the most effective manner possible. The Advisor attempts to achieve this result by selecting broker-dealers to execute portfolio transactions on behalf of the Funds on the basis of the brokerdealers' professional capability, the value and quality of their brokerage services and the level of their brokerage commissions. Although commissions paid on every transaction will, in the judgment of the Advisor, be reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage services provided, under the Investment Advisory Agreement and as permitted by Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Advisor may cause the Funds to pay a commission to broker-dealers who provide brokerage and research services to the Advisor for effecting a securities transaction for the Funds. Such commission may exceed the amount other brokerdealers would have charged for the transaction, if the Advisor determines in good faith that the greater commission is reasonable relative to the value of the brokerage and the research and investment information services provided by the executing broker-dealer viewed in terms of either a particular transaction or the Advisor's overall responsibilities to the Funds and to its other clients. Such research and investment information services may include advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, the availability of securities or of purchasers or sellers of securities, furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy and the performance of accounts, and effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto such as clearance and settlement. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, the Advisor allocated a portion of brokerage trades to J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, in part, because of research services indirectly provided by J.P. Morgan Securities LLC. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC received $114, 225.82 in total brokerage commissions on a dollar volume of trades of $599,721,859. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, the Advisor allocated a portion of brokerage trades to J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, in part, because of research services indirectly provided by J.P. Morgan Securities LLC. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC received $16,844 in total brokerage commissions on a dollar volume of trades of $565,981,810. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, the Advisor allocated a portion of brokerage trades to J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, in part, because of research services indirectly provided by J.P. Morgan Securities LLC. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC received $153,188 in total brokerage commissions on a dollar volume of trades of $153,191. Research provided by brokers is used for the benefit of all of the clients of the Advisor and not solely or necessarily for the benefit of the Funds. The Advisor's investment management personnel attempt to evaluate the quality of research provided by brokers. Results of this effort are sometimes used by the Advisor as a consideration in the selection of brokers to execute portfolio transactions. The investment advisory fees that the Funds pay to the Advisor will not be reduced as a consequence of the Advisor's receipt of brokerage and research services. To the extent the Funds' portfolio transactions are used to obtain such services, the brokerage commissions paid by the Funds will exceed those that might otherwise be paid, by an amount, which cannot be presently determined. Such services would be useful and of value to the Advisor in serving the Funds and other clients and, conversely, such services obtained by the placement of brokerage business of other clients would be useful to the Advisor in carrying out its obligations to the Funds. Certain investments may be appropriate for the Funds and also for other clients advised by the Advisor. Investment decisions for the Funds and other clients are made with a view to achieving their respective investment objectives and after consideration of such factors as their current holdings, availability of cash for investment and the size of their investments generally. To the extent possible, Fund transactions are traded separately from trades of other clients advised by the Advisor. Occasionally, a particular security may be bought or sold for one or more clients in different amounts. In such event, and to the extent permitted by applicable law and regulations, such transactions with respect to the Advisor will be allocated among the clients in a manner believed to be equitable to each. Ordinarily, such allocation will be made on the basis of the weighted average price of such transactions effected during a trading day. The Funds have no obligation to deal with any broker or dealer in the execution of its transactions. However, the Funds may place transactions with affiliates of the Advisor. As the level of securities trading increases, the level of commissions paid by the Funds to the affiliates increases. Such transactions will be executed at competitive commission rates through the affiliated broker's clearing broker. Because the affiliates receive compensation based on the amount of transactions completed, there could be an incentive on the part of the Advisor to effect as many transactions as possible, thereby maximizing the commissions it receives. In connection with the execution of securities transactions, subject to its policy of best execution, the Funds may pay higher brokerage commissions to the affiliate than it might pay to unaffiliated broker-dealers. In order for the affiliated broker to effect any portfolio transactions for the Funds on an exchange, the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by the affiliated broker must be reasonable and fair compared to the commissions, fees or other remuneration paid to other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on an exchange during a comparable period of time. This standard would allow the affiliated broker to receive no more than the remuneration that would be expected to be received by an unaffiliated broker in a commensurate arms-length transaction. Under the Investment Company Act of 1940, persons affiliated with an affiliate of the Advisor may be prohibited from dealing with the Funds as a principal in the purchase and sale of securities. The Funds will not effect any brokerage transactions in their portfolio securities if such transactions would be unfair or unreasonable to Fund shareholders, and the commissions will be paid solely for the execution of trades and not for any other services. The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that affiliates of affiliates of the Advisor may receive brokerage commissions in connection with effecting such transactions for the Funds. In determining the commissions to be paid to an affiliated broker, it is the policy of the Trust that such commissions will, in the judgment of the Trust's Board of Trustees, be (a) at least as favorable to the Funds as those which would be charged by other qualified brokers having comparable execution capability and (b) at least as favorable to the Funds as commissions contemporaneously charged by the affiliated broker on comparable transactions for its most favored unaffiliated customers, except for customers of the affiliated broker considered by a majority of the Trust's disinterested Trustees not to be comparable to the Funds. The disinterested Trustees from time to time review, among other things, information relating to the commissions charged by an affiliated broker to the Funds and its other customers, and rates and other information concerning the commissions charged by other qualified brokers. The Agreement does not provide for a reduction of the Advisor's fee by the amount of any profits earned by an affiliated broker from brokerage commissions generated from portfolio transactions of the Funds. While other brokerage business may be given from time to time to other firms, the affiliated brokers will not receive reciprocal brokerage business as a result of the brokerage business placed by the Funds with others. The Funds will not acquire portfolio securities issued by, or enter into repurchase agreements or reverse repurchase agreements with, the Advisor or its affiliates. The table below provides information about the broker commissions paid by the Funds for the last three fiscal years or periods: Differences in commission paid over time are primarily the result of changes in portfolio turnover and Fund size. PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION OF SHARES Fund shares may be purchased from investment dealers who have sales agreements with the Funds' Distributor or from the Fund directly. As described in the Prospectus, the Funds provide you with alternative ways of purchasing Fund shares based upon your individual investment needs and preferences by offering Class A, and Class U shares as described below. Each Fund assesses a 1% redemption fee for short-term trading of shares sold within 90 days of purchase. REDUCTION OF UP-FRONT SALES CHARGE ON CLASS A AND CLASS U SHARES Letters of Intent An investor may qualify for a reduced sales charge on Class A and Class U shares immediately by stating his or her intention to invest in Class A or Class U shares of the Fund, during a 13-month period, an amount that would qualify for a reduced sales charge shown in the Funds' Prospectus under "How to Buy Shares — Class A and Class U Shares" and by signing a non-binding Letter of Intent, which may be signed at any time within 90 days after the first investment to be included under the Letter of Intent. After signing the Letter of Intent, each investment in Class A or Class U shares made by an investor will be entitled to the sales charge applicable to the total investment indicated in the Letter of Intent. If an investor does not complete the purchases under the Letter of Intent within the 13-month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward, corresponding to the amount actually purchased. When an investor signs a Letter of Intent, Class A or Class U shares of the Fund with a value of up to 5% of the amount specified in the Letter of Intent will be restricted. If the total purchases of Class A or Class U shares made by an investor under the Letter of Intent, less redemptions, prior to the expiration of the 13-month period equals or exceeds the amount specified in the Letter of Intent, the restriction on the shares will be removed. In addition, if the total purchases of Class A or Class U shares exceed the amount specified and qualify for a further quantity discount, the Fund will make a retroactive price adjustment and will apply the adjustment to purchase additional Class A or Class U shares at the then current applicable offering price. If an investor does not complete purchases under a Letter of Intent, the sales charge is adjusted upward, and, if after written notice to the investor, he or she does not pay the increased sales charge, sufficient Class A or Class U restricted shares will be redeemed at the current net asset value to pay such charge. Rights of Accumulation A right of accumulation ("ROA") permits an investor to aggregate shares owned by the investor, his spouse, children and grandchildren under 21 (cumulatively, the "Investor") in the Funds to reach a breakpoint discount. This includes accounts held with other financial institutions and accounts established for a single trust estate or single fiduciary account, including a qualified retirement plan such as an IRA, 401(k) or 403(b) plan (some restrictions may apply). The value of shares eligible for a cumulative quantity discount equals the cumulative cost of the shares purchased (not including reinvested dividends) or the current account market value; whichever is greater. The current market value of the shares is determined by multiplying the number of shares by the previous day's net asset value. (a) Investor's current purchase of Class A or Class U shares in the Funds; and (b) The net asset value (at the close of business on the previous day) of the Class A or Class U shares of the Funds held by Investor. For example, if Investor owned Class A shares worth $40,000 at the current net asset value and purchased an additional $10,000 of Class A shares, the sales charge for the $10,000 purchase would be at the rate applicable to a single $50,000 purchase. To qualify for a ROA on a purchase of Class A or Class U shares through a broker-dealer, when each purchase is made, the individual investor or the broker-dealer must provide the respective Fund with sufficient information to verify that the purchase qualifies for the discount. Investments of $1 Million or More With respect to Class A and Class U shares, if you invest $1 million or more, either as a lump sum or through our rights of accumulation quantity discount or letter of intent programs, you can buy Class A or Class U shares without an initial sales charge. However, you may be subject to a 1% CDSC on shares redeemed prior to 12 months after purchase (excluding shares purchased with reinvested dividends and/or distributions). WAIVERS OF UP-FRONT SALES CHARGE ON CLASS A AND CLASS U SHARES The Prospectus describes the classes of persons that may purchase shares without an up-front sales charge. The elimination of the up-front sales charge for redemptions by certain classes of persons is provided because of anticipated economies of scale and sales related efforts. To qualify for a waiver of the up-front sales charge on a purchase of Class A or Class U shares through a broker-dealer, when each purchase is made, the individual investor or the broker-dealer must provide the Funds with sufficient information to verify that the purchase qualifies for the discount. The Funds make available, free of charge, more information about sales charge reductions and waivers through the prospectus or through your financial advisor. NET ASSET VALUE For the Funds, net asset value ("NAV") per share is determined by dividing the total value of that Fund's assets, less any liabilities, by the number of shares of that Fund outstanding. The net asset value per share of the Funds is determined by the Administrator as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time) on each day when the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading. The New York Stock Exchange is closed on the following holidays: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents' Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day as observed. Assets for which market quotations are available are valued as follows: (a) each listed security is valued at its closing price obtained from the respective primary exchange on which the security is listed, or, if there were no sales on that day, at its last reported current bid price; (b) each unlisted security is valued at the last current bid price obtained from the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System; (c) United States Government and agency obligations are valued based upon bid quotations from the Federal Reserve Bank for identical or similar obligations; (d) short-term money market instruments (such as certificates of deposit, bankers' acceptances and commercial paper) are most often valued by bid quotation or by reference to bid quotations of available yields for similar instruments of issuers with similar credit ratings. All of these prices are obtained by the Administrator from services, which collect and disseminate such market prices. Bid quotations for short-term money market instruments reported by such a service are the bid quotations reported to it by the major dealers. When approved by the Trustees, certain securities may be valued on the basis of valuations provided by an independent pricing service when such prices the Trustees believe reflect the fair value of such securities. These securities would normally be those, which have no available recent market value, have few outstanding shares and therefore infrequent trades, or for which there is a lack of consensus on the value, with quoted prices covering a wide range. The lack of consensus would result from relatively unusual circumstances such as no trading in the security for long periods of time, or a company's involvement in merger or acquisition activity, with widely varying valuations placed on the company's assets or stock. Prices provided by an independent pricing service may be determined without exclusive reliance on quoted prices and may take into account appropriate factors such as institutional-size trading in similar groups of securities, yield, quality, coupon rate, maturity, type of issue, trading characteristics and other market data. In the absence of an ascertainable market value, assets are valued at their fair value as determined by the Fund's Advisor using methods and procedures reviewed and approved by the Trustees. Short-term securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less for which market quotations and information pricing service are not readily available are valued either at amortized cost or at original cost plus accrued interest, both of which approximate current value. TAX INFORMATION The Funds have qualified, and intend to continue to qualify, as a regulated investment company, or "RIC", under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"); except for the Monthly Risk-On Risk-Off Fund for the tax year ended June 30, 2020. This Fund was taxed as a "C" corporation, but intents to re-qualify as a RIC for the current and future tax years. This Fund did not qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code because it did not meet certain quarterly diversification tests. Accordingly, the Fund is treated as a "C" corporation for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. As a "C" corporation, the Fund was subject to federal income taxes on any taxable income for the fiscal year. However, the Fund had no net taxable income for the fiscal year and consequently did not incur any tax liability. The Fund expects to meet qualifications and plans to be taxed as a RIC in future years. Therefore, no provision was made for federal income or excise taxes related to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. Qualification generally will relieve the Funds of liability for federal income taxes. If for any taxable year a Fund does not qualify for the special tax treatment afforded regulated investment companies, all of its taxable income will be subject to federal tax at regular corporate rates (without any deduction for distributions to its shareholders). In such event, dividend distributions would be taxable to shareholders to the extent of the Fund's earnings and profits, and would be eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporations. The Funds' net realized capital gains from securities transactions will be distributed only after reducing such gains by the amount of any available capital loss carry forwards. Capital losses incurred in tax years beginning after December 22, 2010 may now be carried forward indefinitely and retain the character of the original loss. Under previously enacted laws, capital losses could be carried forward to offset any capital gains only for eight years, and carried forward as short-term capital, irrespective of the character of the original loss. Capital loss carryforwards are available to offset future realized capital gains. To the extent that these carryforwards are used to offset future capital gains it is probable that the amount offset will not be distributed to shareholders. At June 30, 2020, the Funds below had capital loss carry forwards for federal income tax purposes available to offset future capital gains as follows: INVESTMENTS IN FOREIGN SECURITIES The Funds may be subject to foreign withholding taxes on income from certain foreign securities. This, in turn, could reduce the Funds' income dividends paid to you. Pass-Through of Foreign Tax Credits. The Funds may be subject to certain taxes imposed by the countries in which it invests or operates. If a Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company and if more than 50% of the value of the Fund's total assets at the close of any taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may elect, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to treat any foreign taxes paid by the Fund that qualify as income or similar taxes under U.S. income tax principles as having been paid by the Fund's shareholders. It is not likely that the Funds will be able to do so. For any year for which a Fund makes such an election, each shareholder will be required to include in its gross income an amount equal to its allocable share of such taxes paid by the Fund and the shareholders will be entitled, subject to certain limitations, to credit their portions of these amounts against their U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or to deduct their portions from their U.S. taxable income, if any. No deduction for foreign taxes may be claimed by individuals who do not itemize deductions. In any year in which it elects to "pass through" foreign taxes to shareholders, the Fund will notify shareholders within 60 days after the close of the Fund's taxable year of the amount of such taxes and the sources of its income. Furthermore, the amount of the foreign tax credit that is available may be limited to the extent that dividends from a foreign corporation qualify for the lower tax rate on "qualified dividend income." Effect of Foreign Debt Investments and Hedging on Distributions. Under the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates, which occur between the time a Fund accrues receivables or liabilities denominated in a foreign currency, and the time the Fund actually collects such receivables or pays such liabilities, generally are treated as ordinary income or ordinary loss. Similarly, on disposition of debt securities denominated in a foreign currency and on disposition of certain options and futures contracts, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in the value of foreign currency between the date of acquisition of the security or contract and the date of disposition also are treated as ordinary gain or loss. These gains when distributed are taxable to you as ordinary income, and any losses reduce the Fund's ordinary income otherwise available for distribution to you. This treatment could increase or decrease the Fund's ordinary income distributions to you, and may cause some or all of the Fund's previously distributed income to be classified as a return of capital. A return of capital generally is not taxable to you, but reduces the tax basis of your shares in the Fund. Any return of capital in excess of your basis, however, is taxable as a capital gain. PFIC securities. The Funds may invest in securities of foreign entities that could be deemed for tax purposes to be passive foreign investment companies (PFICs). In general, a foreign corporation is classified as a PFIC if at least one-half of its assets constitute investment-type assets, or 75% or more of its gross income is investment-type income. When investing in PFIC securities, a Fund may elect to mark-to-market a PFIC and recognize any gains at the end of its fiscal and excise (described above) tax years. Deductions for losses are allowable only to the extent of any current or previously recognized gains. These gains (reduced by allowable losses) are treated as ordinary income that the Fund is required to distribute, even though it has not sold the securities. You should also be aware that distributions from a PFIC are generally not eligible for the reduced rate of tax on "qualified dividend income." In the alternative, a Fund may elect to treat the PFIC as a "qualified electing fund" (a "QEF election"), in which case the Fund would be required to include its share of the company's income and net capital gains annually, regardless of whether it receives distributions from the company. The QEF and mark-to-market elections may require the Fund to sell securities it would have otherwise continued to hold in order to make distributions to shareholders to avoid any Fund-level tax. Income from investments in PFICs generally will not qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income. BACKUP WITHHOLDING The Funds may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax at the fourth lowest tax rate applicable to unmarried individuals (currently 28%) of all reportable payments, including dividends, capital gain distributions and redemptions payable to shareholders who fail to provide the Funds with their correct taxpayer identification number or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the IRS that they are subject to backup withholding. Corporate shareholders and certain other shareholders specified in the Code generally are exempt from such backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder's U.S. federal income tax liability. FOREIGN SHAREHOLDERS The United States imposes a withholding tax (at a 30% or lower treaty rate) on all Fund dividends of ordinary income. Capital gain dividends paid by a Fund from its net long-term capital gains and exempt-interest dividends are generally exempt from this withholding tax. The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (2004 Tax Act) amends these withholding tax provisions to exempt most dividends paid by the Fund from short-term capital gains and U.S. source interest income to the extent such gains and income would be exempt if earned directly by the non-U.S. investor. Under 2004 Tax Act, ordinary dividends designated as short-term capital gain dividends and interest-related dividends designated as a payment out of qualified interest income will generally not be subject to a U.S. withholding tax, provided you certify you are a non-U.S. investor. These exemptions from withholding are effective for distributions of income earned by the Fund in its fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2004 and ending before January 1, 2008. The 2004 Tax Act also provides a partial exemption from U.S. estate tax for shares in the Funds held by the estate of a nonU.S. decedent. The amount treated as exempt is based on the proportion of assets in the Fund at the end of the quarter immediately preceding the decedent's death that would be exempt if held directly by the non-U.S. investor. This provision applies to decedents dying after December 31, 2004 and before January 1, 2008. Payments to a shareholder that is either a foreign financial institution ("FFI") or a non-financial foreign entity ("NFFE") within the meaning of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ("FATCA") may be subject to a generally nonrefundable 30% withholding tax on: (a) income dividends paid by a Fund after June 30, 2014 and (b) certain capital gain distributions and the proceeds arising from the sale of Fund shares paid by a Fund after December 31, 2016. FATCA withholding tax generally can be avoided: (a) by an FFI, subject to any applicable intergovernmental agreement or other exemption, if it enters into a valid agreement with the IRS to, among other requirements, report required information about certain direct and indirect ownership of foreign financial accounts held by U.S. persons with the FFI and (b) by an NFFE, if it: (i) certifies that it has no substantial U.S. persons as owners or (ii) if it does have such owners, reports information relating to them. A Fund may disclose the information that it receives from its shareholders to the IRS, non-U.S. taxing authorities or other parties as necessary to comply with FATCA. Withholding also may be required if a foreign entity that is a shareholder of a Fund fails to provide the Fund with appropriate certifications or other documentation concerning its status under FATCA. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The audited financial statements and notes thereto in the Funds' Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 (the "Annual Report") are incorporated by reference into this SAI. No other parts of the Annual Report are incorporated by reference herein. The financial statements included in the Annual Report have been audited by BBD, LLP, the Predecessor Funds' and the Funds' independent registered public accounting firm, whose report thereon also appears in the Annual Report and is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Copies of the Annual Report may be obtained at no charge by writing to the address listed on the front of the SAI or by calling 877-217-8363. APPENDIX A-DESCRIPTION OF COMMERCIAL PAPER AND BOND RATINGS Description of Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's"), Short-Term Debt Ratings Prime-1. Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 ("P-1") have a superior ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations. P-1 repayment ability will often be evidenced by many of the following characteristics: leading market positions in well-established industries; high rates of return on funds employed; conservative capitalization structure with moderate reliance on debt and ample asset protection; broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges and high internal cash generation; well-established access to a range of financial markets and assured sources of alternate liquidity. Prime-2. Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 ("P-2") have a strong ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations. This will normally be evidenced by many of the characteristics cited above but to a lesser degree. Earnings trends and coverage ratios, while sound, may be more subject to variation. Capitalization characteristics, while still appropriate, may be more affected by external conditions. Ample alternate liquidity is maintained. Description of Standard & Poor's Ratings Group ("Standard & Poor's"), Commercial Paper Ratings A. Issues assigned this highest rating are regarded as having the greatest capacity for timely payment. Issues in this category are delineated with the numbers 1, 2, and 3 to indicate the relative degree of safety. A-1. This designation indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong. Those issues determined to possess extremely strong safety characteristics are denoted with a plus (+) sign designation. A-2. Capacity for timely payment on issues with this designation is satisfactory. However, the relative degree of safety is not as high for issues designated A-1. Description of Moody's Long-Term Debt Ratings Aaa. Bonds which are rated Aaa are judged to be of the best quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and are generally referred to as "gilt edged." Interest payments are protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable margin, and principal is secure. While the various protective elements are likely to change, such changes as can be visualized are most unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of such issues; Aa. Bonds which are rated Aa are judged to be of high quality by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what are generally known as high-grade bonds. They are rated lower than the best bonds, because margins of protection may not be as large as in Aaa securities or fluctuation of protective elements may be of greater amplitude or there may be other elements present which make the long-term risk appear somewhat larger than the Aaa securities; A. Bonds which are rated A possess many favorable investment attributes and are considered as upper-medium-grade obligations. Factors giving security to principal and interest are considered adequate, but elements may be present which suggest a susceptibility to impairment some time in the future; Baa. Bonds which are rated Baa are considered as medium-grade obligations (i.e., they are neither highly protected nor poorly secured). Interest payments and principal security appear adequate for the present, but certain protective elements may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great length of time. Such bonds lack outstanding investment characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as well; Ba. Bonds which are rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements; their future cannot be considered as well-assured. Often the protection of interest and principal payments may be very moderate and thereby not well safeguarded during both good and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of position characterizes bonds in this class; B. Bonds which are rated B generally lack characteristics of the desirable investment. Assurance of interest and principal payments or of maintenance of other terms of the contract over any long period of time may be small; Caa. Bonds which are rated Caa are of poor standing. Such issues may be in default or there may be present elements of danger with respect to principal or interest; Ca. Bonds which are rated Ca represent obligations which are speculative in a high degree. Such issues are often in default or have other marked shortcomings; C. Bonds which are rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds, and issues so rated can be regarded as having extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing. Note: Moody's applies numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 in each generic rating classification from Aa to B. The modifier 1 indicates that the company ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates that the company ranks in the lower end of its generic rating category. Description of Standard & Poor's Corporate Debt Ratings AAA. Debt rated AAA has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor's. Capacity to pay interest and repay principal is extremely strong; AA. Debt Rated AA has a very strong capacity to pay interest and repay principal and differs from the higher rated issues only in small degree; A. Debt rated A has a strong capacity to pay interest and repay principal although it is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than debt in higher rated categories; BBB. Debt rated BBB is regarded as having an adequate capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Whereas it normally exhibits adequate protection parameters, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to pay interest and repay principal for debt in this category than in higher rated categories; BB, B, CCC, CC, C. Debt Rated BB, B, CCC, CC, and C is regarded, on balance, as predominantly speculative with respect to capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation. BB indicates the lowest degree of speculation and C the highest degree of speculation. While such debt will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these are out-weighed by large uncertainties or major risk exposures to adverse conditions; BB. Debt rated BB has less near-term vulnerability to default than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to inadequate capacity to meet timely interest and principal payments. The BB rating category is also used for debt subordinated to senior debt that is assigned an actual or implied BBB- rating; B. Debt rated B has a greater vulnerability to default but currently has the capacity to meet interest payments and principal repayments. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair capacity or willingness to pay interest and repay principal. The B rating category is also used for debt subordinated to senior debt that is assigned an actual or implied BB or BB- rating; CCC. Debt rated CCC has a currently identifiable vulnerability to default and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions to meet timely payment of interest and repayment of principal. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, it is not likely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal. The CCC rating category is also used for debt subordinated to senior debt that is assigned an actual or implied B or B- rating; CC. The rating CC is typically applied to debt subordinated to senior debt that is assigned an actual or implied CCC rating; C. The rating C is typically applied to debt subordinated to senior debt which is assigned an actual or implied CCC- debt rating. The C rating may be used to cover a situation where a bankruptcy petition has been filed, but debt service payments are continued; CI. The rating CI is reserved for income bonds on which no interest is being paid; D. Debt rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when interest payments or principal payments are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor's believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition if debt service payments are jeopardized. APPENDIX B AMERICAFIRST CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES (Adopted August 20, 2007) Pursuant to the recent adoption by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") of Rule 206(4)-6 (17 CFR 275.206(4)-6) and amendments to Rule 204-2 (17 CFR 275.204-2) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the "Act"), it is a fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative act, practice or course of business, within the meaning of Section 206(4) of the Act, for an investment adviser to exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, unless (i) the adviser has adopted and implemented written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes proxies in the best interests of its clients, (ii) the adviser describes its proxy voting procedures to its clients and provides copies on request, and (iii) the adviser discloses to clients how they may obtain information on how the adviser voted their proxies. In order to fulfill its responsibilities under the Act, AmericaFirst Capital Management LLC (hereinafter "we" or "our") has adopted the following policies and procedures for proxy voting with regard to companies in investment portfolios of our clients. KEY OBJECTIVES The key objectives of these policies and procedures recognize that a company's management is entrusted with the day-to-day operations and longer term strategic planning of the company, subject to the oversight of the company's board of directors. While "ordinary business matters" are primarily the responsibility of management and should be approved solely by the corporation's board of directors, these objectives also recognize that the company's shareholders must have final say over how management and directors are performing, and how shareholders' rights and ownership interests are handled, especially when matters could have substantial economic implications to the shareholders. Therefore, we will pay particular attention to the following matters in exercising our proxy voting responsibilities as a fiduciary for our clients: Accountability. Each company should have effective means in place to hold those entrusted with running a company's business accountable for their actions. Management of a company should be accountable to its board of directors and the board should be accountable to shareholders. Alignment of Management and Shareholder Interests. Each company should endeavor to align the interests of management and the board of directors with the interests of the company's shareholders. For example, we generally believe that compensation should be designed to reward management for doing a good job of creating value for the shareholders of the company. Transparency. Promotion of timely disclosure of important information about a company's business operations and financial performance enables investors to evaluate the performance of a company and to make informed decisions about the purchase and sale of a company's securities. DECISION METHODS No set of proxy voting guidelines can anticipate all situations that may arise. In special cases, we may seek insight from our managers and analysts on how a particular proxy proposal may impact the financial prospects of a company, and vote accordingly. We believe that we invest in companies with strong management. Therefore we will tend to vote proxies consistent with management's recommendations. However, we will vote contrary to management's recommendations if we believe those recommendations are not consistent with increasing shareholder value. SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES Election of the Board of Directors We believe that good corporate governance generally starts with a board composed primarily of independent directors, unfettered by significant ties to management, all of whose members are elected annually. We also believe that turnover in board composition promotes independent board action, fresh approaches to governance, and generally has a positive impact on shareholder value. We will generally vote in favor of non-incumbent independent directors. The election of a company's board of directors is one of the most fundamental rights held by shareholders. Because a classified board structure prevents shareholders from electing a full slate of directors annually, we will generally support efforts to declassify boards or other measures that permit shareholders to remove a majority of directors at any time, and will generally oppose efforts to adopt classified board structures. Approval of Independent Auditors We believe that the relationship between a company and its auditors should be limited primarily to the audit engagement, although it may include certain closely related activities that do not raise an appearance of impaired independence. We will evaluate on a case-by-case basis instances in which the audit firm has a substantial non-audit relationship with a company to determine whether we believe independence has been, or could be, compromised. Equity-based compensation plans We believe that appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans, approved by shareholders, can be an effective way to align the interests of shareholders and the interests of directors, management, and employees by providing incentives to increase shareholder value. Conversely, we are opposed to plans that substantially dilute ownership interests in the company, provide participants with excessive awards, or have inherently objectionable structural features. We will generally support measures intended to increase stock ownership by executives and the use of employee stock purchase plans to increase company stock ownership by employees. These may include: 1. Requiring senior executives to hold stock in a company. 2. Requiring stock acquired through option exercise to be held for a certain period of time. These are guidelines, and we consider other factors, such as the nature of the industry and size of the company, when assessing a plan's impact on ownership interests. Corporate Structure We view the exercise of shareholders' rights, including the rights to act by written consent, to call special meetings and to remove directors, to be fundamental to good corporate governance. Because classes of common stock with unequal voting rights limit the rights of certain shareholders, we generally believe that shareholders should have voting power equal to their equity interest in the company and should be able to approve or reject changes to a company's by-laws by a simple majority vote. We will generally support the ability of shareholders to cumulate their votes for the election of directors. Shareholder Rights Plans While we recognize that there are arguments both in favor of and against shareholder rights plans, also known as poison pills, such measures may tend to entrench current management, which we generally consider to have a negative impact on shareholder value. Therefore, while we will evaluate such plans on a case by case basis, we will generally oppose such plans. CLIENT INFORMATION A copy of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures is available to our clients, without charge, upon request, by calling 877-217-8363. We will send a copy of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures within three business days of receipt of a request, by first-class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery. 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At UW ECE, we cultivate innovation and inspire through high-impact research. We educate and develop tomorrow’s leaders to help solve the world’s most pressing challenges. Our position as a top-ranked electrical and computer engineering department provides our faculty and student body a vibrant learning culture. Students receive a robust education through a strong technical foundation, group project work and hands-on research opportunities. Our faculty work in dynamic research areas collaborating with academia, industry and government institutions. UW ECE continues to lead in cutting-edge science and technology while advancing socially-responsible innovation. Our innovation ecosystem is critical in promoting an entrepreneurial mindset in our teaching, and is strengthened through diverse partnerships that address complex global challenges in health, energy, technology and the environment. DIVERSITY UW ECE exceeds the national average of women in the field for undergraduate and graduate degrees awarded and the number of women in tenured and tenure-track faculty positions. We continue to work to improve diversity, equity and inclusion to build a community that is welcoming, supportive and a safe place for all to learn and grow. \| Diversity of Degree Recipients \| B.S. \| M.S. \| Ph.D. \| PMP \| \|-------------------------------\|------\|------\|-------\|-----\| \| Women \| 19% \| 28% \| 23% \| 20% \| \| Underrepresented Minorities* \| 9% \| 4% \| 1% \| 13% \| \| Foreign Nationals \| 24% \| 70% \| 71% \| 27% \| \| Washington Residents \| 68% \| 26% \| 11% \| 62% \| * Underrepresented minorities include African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Latinx, and Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. DEPARTMENT HIGHLIGHTS - #1 Startup generator of all UW departments (Source: CoMotion) - #5 In ECE degree production nationwide (Source: ASEE 2020) - 100% admitted Ph.D. students receive funding - 70% undergrad students receive internships UW ECE is the largest department in the College of Engineering with 978 students. UW ECE was ranked #19 for electrical engineering in 2020. (Source: U.S. News & World Report) Electrical Engineering is the most popular graduate degree major for incoming UW students. (Source: UW Office of the Registrar) TOP-TIER EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) degree prepares students for the workforce with a strong grounding in fundamentals and opportunities for internships, leadership roles, and hands-on research with renowned faculty in one of 40 department labs. The five-year combined B.S.-M.S. program provides ambitious undergraduates with a seamless transition to graduate studies following completion of their bachelor’s degree. STUDENT INNOVATION The ENGineering INnovation and Entrepreneurship (ENGINE) capstone program helps undergraduate students build and strengthen their entrepreneurial and networking skills. Students are mentored by faculty and industry sponsors while learning about innovation readiness, startups and new ventures through exciting year-long, industry-sponsored projects. PROJECT-BASED LEARNING: AIRCRAFT SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION TOOL An ENGINE team partnered with Alaska Airlines on a web portal to efficiently load computer software onto airplanes. The tool will be implemented across Alaska Airlines' entire fleet. GRADUATE EDUCATION UW ECE graduate education prepares students to address pressing challenges in healthcare, energy, the environment, communication and more. Students receive unique opportunities to interact with technology companies and a vibrant startup community. The Professional Master's Program (PMP) offers an exciting industry-focused evening curriculum for recent graduates and working professionals. Students explore cutting-edge technical topics and university research, giving students the expertise needed to drive innovation. The Juris Doctorate and Master of Science in Electrical Engineering (JD/MSEE) program, a concurrent PMP/JD degree, provides comprehensive education to students interested in patent law. This unique degree exposes students to the latest technologies in UW ECE while also providing them with a valuable JD credential. Our graduates find employment at top companies in the region, including: Amazon • Apple • Boeing • Facebook • Google • Intel • Microsoft • T-Mobile OUR STUDENTS 524 Undergraduate students 242 Bachelor’s degrees awarded 454 Graduate students 49 Master’s degrees awarded 46 Professional Master’s Program (PMP) degrees awarded 31 Ph.D. degrees awarded * data from Autumn 2020 UW ECE INNOVATION With more spinouts than any other department at the UW, UW ECE faculty and students have founded or been in leadership roles at more than 50 startup companies, including: A-Alpha Bio – Accelerating drug development with synthetic biology and next-generation sequencing Jeeva Wireless – Reimagining connectivity with low-power backscatter technology MicrobiomX – Providing rapid, personalized restorative gut therapy through microbiota transplants Olis Robotics – Making robots smarter through progressive autonomy OneRadio – Changing the way we access the radio-frequency spectrum Parse Biosciences – Providing scalable single cell RNA-sequencing solutions Proprio – Using computer vision and machine learning to enhance human and computer performance Tunoptix, Inc. – Tunable metasurface optics for machine vision and AR/VR applications ThruWave – Providing state-of-the-art millimeter-wave (mmW) 3D imaging WiBotic – Providing wireless power solutions for robotics RESEARCH RESEARCH AREAS - Biosystems – Synthetic biology, neural engineering, medical devices, mobile health - Computing & Networking – Computer engineering and architecture, VLSI, embedded systems, wireless communication, cybersecurity - Data Sciences – Machine learning, statistical signal processing, speech and natural language processing, computer vision and image processing - Photonics & Nano Devices – Nanoscale materials and structure, MEMS - Power & Energy Systems – Smart Grid, integration of renewable energy sources, grid security, power system economics, energy harvesting - Robotics & Controls – Surgical biorobotics, smart cities, haptics, network control systems EMERGING STRATEGIC RESEARCH AREAS - Quantum systems promises to solve data intensive problems regular computers can’t handle by increasing the capacity of quantum computing systems from its current state of 100 qubits to 1,000 qubits, with applications in cybersecurity, drug development, traffic optimization, financial modeling and weather forecasting. - Sustainable energy systems focus on expanding the capacity of power grids to reliably integrate renewable energy from solar and wind into existing systems. In addition to our work on smart grids, we work on grid security, energy economics, and solar and electromagnetic energy harvesting. - Neuroengineering explores advanced brain-computer interfaces that help the body heal itself after serious injuries and conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury and Parkinson’s disease. UW ECE partners with surgeons in UW Medicine and ethicists in the UW College of Arts & Sciences for guidance on ethical considerations in neurotechnology. FACULTY Our department’s reputation is based on the quality of our faculty and their contributions to education, research and leadership. UW ECE faculty are frequently honored nationally and internationally for excellence. Attracting, retaining, and rewarding faculty remains one of our highest priorities. - 56 Associate Faculty - 6 Assistant Research/Teaching Faculty - 110 Affiliate Faculty - 39 Adjunct Faculty ACHIEVEMENTS - 27 IEEE Fellows - 5 Sloan Fellows - 1 MacArthur Fellow - 4 NAE members CENTERS AND LABS UW ECE faculty lead or participate in interdisciplinary research centers across campus, and direct laboratories at the cutting-edge of the field. - AMP Lab – Amplifying Movement and Performance - The UW Biofabrication Center (BIOFAB) - Clean Energy Institute (CEI) - Center for Neurotechnology (CNT) - UW ECE Center on Satellite Multimedia and Connected Vehicles (CMMB Vision) - eScience Institute - Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems (NanoES) - Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute (MolES) - Northwest Quantum Nexus (NQN) - QuantumX Initiative - U.S. Dept. of Energy PNW National Lab (PNNL) - Washington Nanofabrication Facility (WNF) UW ECE trailblazers are honored for the work they do to effect positive change in the world. Our academic pioneers’ far-reaching research has created important foundations for other electrical and computer engineering scholars to build upon, while our industry leaders’ ground-breaking enterprises have provided important solutions that improve lives. Elaine Chang (BSEE ‘93) has served in various leadership positions at Amazon China, including leading the launch of Amazon Prime in China. Now managing director for AWS Greater China, she is responsible for business strategies, and industry and government partnerships. Alanson Sample (Ph.D. ‘11) led The Walt Disney Company’s work in robotics and artificial intelligence. As an associate professor at the University of Michigan, he applies novel approaches to electromagnetics, RF and analog circuits, and embedded systems. Keith Rattie (BSEE ‘76) has a 40-year-career in the oil and gas industry, serving as CEO of Questar Corp. and general manager of Chevron’s international gas unit. He has helped shape utility, power and energy legislation representing industry at congressional hearings. Yael Hanein (Postdoc) is an associate professor and VP of NanoRetina, a startup company developing artificial vision. Yael designs electronic nanodevices that interface with the brain, novel materials for artificial retina applications, and skin electronics for electrophysiology. John MacLeod (BSEE ‘64) designed NASA’s Apollo ground communications network, headed Skylab’s solar telescope operations and held a technical management role for the Space Shuttle communications and data systems. He later founded two companies that introduced nationwide and international text messaging. Pamela Bhatti (MSEE ‘93) is an associate professor and associate chair at Georgia Tech. She researches hearing loss through focused neural stimulation and novel implantable sensors, as well as cardiac imaging to assess and monitor cardiovascular disease. Gabriela A. Gonzalez (BSEE ‘92) is the deputy director of the Intel Foundation, focused on K-12 STEM education for underserved communities. As a program manager at Intel Labs, she steered program and curriculum development at research universities around the world. Alhussein Abouzeid (MSEE ‘99, Ph.D. ‘01) is the founding director of WiFiUS, an international NSF-funded virtual institute on wireless systems research. He builds dynamic wireless networks with applications in environmental sensing and disaster response. “Electrical and computer engineering technology has become ubiquitous, defining how we work, how we live, and even what it means to be human. UW ECE means more than just exploring amazing new technologies; it means shaping the future of humanity.” UW ECE Professor and Chair Eric Klavins	07593299-d6d7-4c40-b284-7db8df722862	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://www.ece.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ECE_Fact-Sheet_2021.pdf	2021-05-18T20:56:33+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-21/subset=warc/part-00023-2bb1ba05-1421-4b90-a3f4-bbc46b4a29a5.c000.gz.parquet	708,453,268	2,297	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.983871	eng_Latn	0.988978	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 2311, 5633, 8522, 11330 ]
COMMUNICATION TO CLIENT – OUR DATA PRIVACY POLICY Faced with the development of new communication tools, and the upsurge of "identity theft," it is necessary to pay special attention to the protection of Data privacy. Therefore, every Manager of AGS branch undertakes to respect the confidentiality of your personal information that we collect in the unique and limited purpose to provide you the service you are willing us to carry on (National or international removal). A. Personal Information Collection We collect the following information: - Useful Documents to import - Useful Documents for export The personal information is collected via secure computer communications (professional email only) + documents sent via recognized international companies + original documents provided by you directly to our office. B. Dissemination of information: Your personal information is collected and transmitted to the following entities: - AGREED FREIGHT FORWARDERS FOR CUSTOMS PROCESS - DIRECTION OF CUSTOMS LEGISLATION - CUSTOMS DIRECTORATE - COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS - CUSTOMS - COMPETENT MINISTRIES FOR THE EXPORTS PROTECTED - SHIPPING AND AIR COMPANIES - INSURANCE COMPANY Our partners in the supply chain are carefully selected from those who adhere to our privacy policy and monitored. C. Use of Information: We use the information thus collected for the following purposes: - OBTAINING THE CUSTOMS DUTY (IMPORT) - OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION TO EXPORT MINISTERIAL (export) - OPERATIONS CUSTOMS INPUT AND OUTPUT PORT OR AIRPORT - TO OBTAIN A INSURANCE COVER We are committed to use the information only for the purposes defined above. The law requires us to keep this information for a period of 10 years. Beyond these 10 years, we will proceed with the destruction of such information. D. Access to your information We are committed to providing you the right to access and update your personal data. The exercise of this right will have to be made in writing to every respective AGS branch. E. Security The personal information we collect is kept in a secure environment. People working for us are held by the respect for the confidentiality of your personal information. To ensure the security of your private information, we use the following measures: - Access Management - authorized person (security company / alarm / camera) - Access management - only to authorized personnel - everyone outside the company is systematically accompanied by an employee. - Network Monitoring Software - Backup and data encryptions - Anti-virus - Restricted access to information following user rights by ID / password - Firewall (Firewalls) - Secure data server and restricted access - Documents stored current paper and protected - Regular Integrity test of our network protection means - Encryption of computer communications to our partners - Storage of old physical records in a secure records storage facility We are committed to maintaining a high degree of confidentiality by integrating the latest technological innovations to ensure the confidentiality of your personal data as your transactions. However, as no mechanism offers 100% security, some risks are always present when using the Internet to provide personal information, including on non-secure email (unencrypted) communications. F. Legislation & Consent We are committed to comply with the laws on the protection of individuals and their personal data. Approval of our quote would lead to implicit consent of above personal date usage conditions. Quality Department Group 2021 Branch Manager : ANTONIO GONZALEZ Branch : MADRID Date : 14/05/2021 Signature :	<urn:uuid:7aa54a2e-29e9-40c5-a0ed-a8396ac909c6>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.agsmovers.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ESP-Data-Privacy-Policy-signed-2021.pdf	2022-08-12T17:49:21+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-33/subset=warc/part-00003-d466b69e-be2b-4525-ac34-1b10d57329da.c000.gz.parquet	558,863,269	726	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.955382	eng_Latn	0.983453	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1568, 3664 ]
A Genuine, Fun-to-Sail, Dual-Purpose Yacht With an Outstanding Race Record. Speed and Handling That Will Put a Smile on Your Face From Concept to Winning Results, Race or Cruise. Designed the J Boats way, to the rule of the sea, you get a lot more sailing joy out of 35 feet in the J/109 than any other boat we know. No matter what your sailing plans, J/109 can take you as far as you want to go. The concept is simple: combine race-winning sailing performance with true live-aboard comfort in a boat that can be easily managed by one or two people. This concept has proven to be a winner. The J/109 is lively enough to hold the interest of youngsters yet stable enough to instill sea-going confidence in sailors of all ages. The boat accelerates in the lightest of puffs, and short-tacks nimbly through narrow channels under mainsail alone. From the outset, at her European debut, J/109 has been winning highly-competitive race weeks and offshore events on both sides of the Atlantic, not to mention local weekend club races with shorthanded or family crews. It’s not surprising that with a boat of such universal appeal and with J Boats’ legendary support of one-design classes, enthusiastic J/109 owners have been motivated to form fleets across the U. S. and Europe. Class racing is taking off. The Right Balance of Speed and Comfort. The J/109 has a long, narrow waterline and low wetted-surface for speed and seagoing comfort. A large sail plan generates exceptional light-air performance. J/109’s low VCG (vertical center of gravity) provides good stability. Easy, Efficient Sail-Handling for Cruising or Racing for shorthanded sailing (meaning less crew on the rail). You’ll find the large cockpit with wheel steering to be ideal for daysailing with friends. The lead keel is optimized in section and profile. J/109’s steering system features a large-diameter wheel and self-aligning rudder bearings for fingertip control of the high-aspect, balanced spade rudder. For unmatched durability and resale value, the J/109’s hull, deck, and keel-support structures are built using SCRIMP™ resin-infusion composite technology, producing a laminate nearly twice as strong as that in boats built with hand lay-up methods. Having Fun Under Sail, the J Boats Way. When you buy a “J” you are assured that the quality of the gear and functionality of the deck layout have been developed and tested by world-class sailors under the most grueling of race conditions. That means, when you go out with just a friend or family crew, the sailing experience is going to be both fun and easy. Halyards and reef lines are led aft to the cockpit. The double-ended mainsheet and traveler controls are within reach of the wheel. And the asymmetric spinnaker, flown from a retractable carbon-fiber bowsprit, can be jibed and doused by just one person. J/109 delivers the ultimate in simplified, shorthanded sailing performance. Safety, Comfort, and a Place for Everything. The J/109’s cockpit is safe and secure underway, yet comfortable for entertaining. Sidedecks are wide and flat for sure-footing. There’s ample stowage in a cockpit seat locker, bow locker (large enough for anchor rode and asymmetric spinnaker in its cockpit-operated snuffer sock) and in a removable transom locker that can become an instant dock-box. Because the J/109 needs only a mainsail and 100% jib to cruise fast, your sail inventory can be modest. And after most sailing days, with the jib rolled up, the mainsail stowed on the boom, and the spinnaker in the bow locker, there are no sailbags cluttering the main saloon. Three-Cabin Cruising Interior To Make You Feel At Home Privacy, Good Joinerwork, and a Spacious Interior. The J/109 has a surprising amount of room and privacy below with its three-cabin layout. There’s an optional pull-out double berth in the main cabin if your plans include extra guests or sleeping a full race crew. Joinerwork is satin-varnished cherry, with hullside cherry battens in the main cabin. The deluxe, bolstered cushions are available in a wide range of designer fabrics. Both sleeping cabins feature a hanging locker and full-length above-berth shelf stowage. The roomy main saloon features full headroom throughout, settee berths with shelves outboard, a dining and entertainment area for six, and a varnished drop-leaf table with bottle storage. The navigation station, with an easy-access electrical panel, has chart and tool stowage and lots of space for instruments. The J/109’s L-shaped galley includes a stainless-steel double sink, two-burner propane stove with oven, plenty of stowage for utensils and cookware, and a flip-lid trash bin. J/109 May Redefine the Way You Sail. J/109 owners have told us that the J/109 is their “perfect boat”—the ideal marriage of true cruising comfort and sailing performance, whether daysailing, racing, or cruising. So, no matter what your sailing plans may be, chances are you’ll love the J/109. We invite you for a test drive. We’re reasonably sure you’ll discover that this nimble 35-footer, with its unbeatable combination of speed, safety, and comfort, is also your “perfect boat.” Top Ten Award, SAIL Magazine Winner, Fastnet Race (England) 1,2,3, Cowes Week (England) Winner, Verve Cup (Chicago) Winner, North Sails Week (CA) Winner, Atlantic Cup (France) Overall Winner, Round Britain Doublehanded Race J/109 Specifications \| Specification \| U.S. (feet) \| Metric (m) \| \|------------------------\|-------------\|------------\| \| LOA \| 35.25 \| 10.75 \| \| LWL \| 30.50 \| 9.30 \| \| Beam \| 11.50 \| 3.51 \| \| Standard Draft \| 7.00 \| 2.10 \| \| Shoal Keel \| 5.75 \| 1.75 \| \| Displacement \| 10,900 \| 4,944 \| \| Ballast \| 3,900 \| 1,769 \| \| Engine \| 28-hp \| 28-hp \| \| 100% Sail Area \| 644 \| 59.8 \| \| SA/Dspl \| 21 \| 21 \| \| Dspl/L \| 172 \| 172 \| \| Headroom \| 6' 2" \| 1.88 \| Specifications are subject to change without prior notice or obligation. Box 90, 557 Thames Street, Newport, RI 02840, U.S.A.; Tel: 401-846-8410; Fax: 401 846-4723; Email: email@example.com; Web: www.jboats.com	<urn:uuid:c95d9fa9-aba8-48bc-8043-96f5c947937f>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://www.boatwizardwebsolutions.co.uk/keyyachting.com/jboats-docs/J109-Brochure.pdf	2017-09-25T02:29:33Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690307.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925021633-20170925041633-00599.warc.gz	398,007,303	1,514	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.673376	eng_Latn	0.99806	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "mlt_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 75, 1570, 3596, 5148, 5379, 6369 ]
Tumor-initiating cell frequency is relevant for glioblastoma aggressiveness Cristina Richichi\textsuperscript{1}, Daniela Osti\textsuperscript{1}, Massimiliano Del Bene\textsuperscript{2}, Lorenzo Fornasari\textsuperscript{1}, Monica Patanè\textsuperscript{3}, Bianca Pollo\textsuperscript{3}, Francesco DiMeco\textsuperscript{2,4}, Giuliana Pelicci\textsuperscript{1,5} \textsuperscript{1}Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy \textsuperscript{2}Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, 20133, Milan, Italy \textsuperscript{3}Department of Neuropathology, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, 20133, Milan, Italy \textsuperscript{4}Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA \textsuperscript{5}Department of Translational Medicine, Piemonte Orientale University “Amedeo Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy Correspondence to: Giuliana Pelicci, email: firstname.lastname@example.org Keywords: glioblastoma, tumor-initiating cell frequency, neurosphere, limiting dilution assay, tumorigenicity Received: March 03, 2016 Accepted: August 13, 2016 Published: August 25, 2016 ABSTRACT Glioblastoma (GBM) is maintained by a small subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells (TICs). The arduous assessment of TIC frequencies challenges the prognostic role of TICs in predicting the clinical outcome in GBM patients. We estimated the TIC frequency in human GBM injecting intracerebrally in mice dissociated cells without any passage in culture. All GBMs contained rare TICsand were tumorigenic \textit{in vivo} but only 54% of them grew \textit{in vitro} as neurospheres. We demonstrated that neurosphere formation \textit{in vitro} did not foretell tumorigenic ability \textit{in vivo} and frequencies calculated \textit{in vitro} overestimated the TIC content. Our findings assert the pathological significance of GBM TICs. TIC number correlated positively with tumor incidence and inversely with survival of tumor-bearing mice. Stratification of GBM patients according to TIC content revealed that patients with low TIC frequency experienced a trend towards a longer progression free survival. The expression of either putative stem-cell markers or markers associated with different GBM molecular subtypes did not associate with either TIC content or neurosphere formation underlying the limitations of TIC identification based on the expression of some putative stem cell-markers. INTRODUCTION Although the past years have witnessed an improvement in the understanding of early molecular events in malignant primary CNS tumors, and a plethora of new therapies targeting these events are now tested in clinical trials, effective treatments for most primary malignant CNS tumors are still lacking [1]. Among high-grade gliomas, glioblastoma (GBM; World Health Organization grade IV astrocytoma) [2] is the most aggressive primary tumor in adults with dismal prognosis. Its treatment is palliative and includes surgery, radiotherapy, and concomitant chemotherapy [3]. Tumor heterogeneity depicts the leading feature supporting tumor robustness and represents the main obstacle to overcome to develop therapeutic strategies. It is then essential to establish successful assays enabling phenotypic, (epi)genetic and functional identification and characterization of tumor subpopulations driving the tumorigenesis and delineating clinically relevant targets. Many cancers (i.e. leukemia, breast, colon, brain, prostate, melanoma) depend for their continued growth and propagation on a population of cells called cancer stem-cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs): these cells are slow-dividing, endowed with unlimited proliferation capacity, functionally defined by their tumorigenic capability when engrafted in mice, unresponsive to standard treatments, thus highly competent in repopulating the tumor [4–11]. TICs appear to be relatively rare in most human cancers, ranging from 0.0001% to 0.1% of the bulk tumor cell population [5], [6], [12–15]. However, recent studies report that TICs are frequent, indicating frequencies ranging from 25% to 40% [8, 16–18]. Of note, different aspects may influence TIC estimate: in vitro cell manipulation before transplantation, the use of agents (i.e. matrigel) sustaining tumor cell transplantation, the extent of the immunodeficiency of the recipient host, the duration of the experimental period for tumor formation following tumor cell injection and the experimental procedure implemented for TIC isolation. With this regard, although the exact contribution of each cell-surface marker in identifying the TICs is puzzling and unclear, current protocols are still based on the expression of putative stem-cell markers that could distinguish a small subpopulation of cells with tumorigenic potential from the majority of non-tumorigenic cells. In addition, the gold standard to determine TIC frequency within a tumor is the limiting dilution cell transplantation assay (LDA) [19]. Nevertheless, despite several studies regarding TIC frequencies, only rarely tumoral cells are transplanted in limiting dilution experiments. The variability in TIC frequencies assessment challenges the prognostic role of TICs in predicting the clinical outcome in cancer patients. Thus far, the prognostic value of TICs has been linked in several types of tumors to the presence of stem-related features, such as the expression of stem-cell markers, genetic features, and tumorsphere formation [20–22]. Similar evidences have been reported also in GBM, where stem-cell marker expression (i.e. CD133, nestin) [23, 24] and neurosphere formation [25] have been associated to clinical outcomes. However, data from different groups are controversial, since GBM stem-cell marker expression is not always associated to a prognostic significance [26]. Here, we specifically estimate GBM TIC frequency employing limiting dilution transplantation of cells isolated from freshly-dissociated human GBMs. We believe that, owing the lack of definitive markers, only functional criteria applied on freshly-dissociated human GBMs will allow an unbiased assessment of the TIC content within parental GBMs. Furthermore, through in vitro neurosphere assay we look for the existence of any correlation between the sphere-forming capability and the in vivo tumorigenic potential of cells from the same human sample. Moreover, we investigate the effect of in vitro culturing primary GBM cells as neurospheres on their TIC content. RESULTS TICs from freshly-dissociated GBMs are rare Immediately after surgical removal, GBM specimens (n=28) were enzymatically and mechanically dissociated and viable cells immediately injected in the mouse brain without any in vitro manipulation to evaluate the ability to generate tumors. In parallel, cells were also plated in non-adherent serum free stem-cell medium to allow neurosphere formation. The 86% of the specimens analysed (n=24) was tumorigenic in vivo (Table 1), giving rise to tumors phenotypically similar to the parental ones (Figure 1A). Of these, the 54% (n=13) were able to give rise to spheres in vitro while the remaining 46% (n=11) did not (Table 1 and Figure 1B). Interestingly, xenografted cells from GBMs with uncoupled sphere-forming capacity and tumorigenic ability, once isolated always formed GBM in secondary xenotransplantation albeit still failed to generate neurospheres in vitro (data not shown). Thus, the inability to grow in culture cannot predict in vivo tumorigenicity. Considering LDA as the gold standard to quantify the TIC content, we stereotaxically injected serial concentrations of freshly-dissociated hGBM cells ranging from $10^5$ to 10 cells [10]. LDA was carried to completion in 19 out of 24 GBMs (Table 1). We did not succeed in assessing the TIC frequency of four specimens (hGBM#92, hGBM#93, hGBM#94, hGBM#101, hGBM#107) due to the paucity of available cells. Tumor formation was monitored for nearly one year as a consequence of the long latency requested for tumor to arise at the lower cellular doses. TIC frequencies in freshly-dissociated hGBMs were highly variable between patients, ranging from 1/143 to 1/87599 (Table 2). On average, freshly-dissociated hGBMs contained rare TICs, as observed in other tumors [15]. Interestingly, also freshly-dissociated hGBMs unable to form neurospheres in vitro (n=9) comprised a rare, highly variable number of TICs (Table 1 and 2). In vitro culture overestimates TIC content Next, we assessed TIC frequencies in vitro by culturing cells derived from the same freshly-dissociated hGBM directly into methylcellulose-containing medium, which is able to sustain the growth of cells endowed with stemness characteristics [11, 12]. On average, in vitro TIC frequency (mean=0.00093; C.I.=0.00026÷0.00334; n=12) was 10-fold higher than in vivo frequency (mean=0.00007; C.I.=0.00002÷0.00022; n=12) (Paired samples t-test: P=0.0014*) (Figure 1C). Furthermore, in vitro* TIC amount is not portending the extent of in vivo TIC frequency (Pearson correlation with r=0.8156; P=0.8011%; n=12) (Figure 1D). We next asked whether TIC frequencies might be modified culturing primary hGBM cells in non-adherent serum free stem-cell medium. It has been demonstrated that TICs propagated as neurospheres closely mimic the genotype, gene expression profile, and biology of the parental GBM from which they derive [27]. Thus, we propagated cells from additional independent freshly-dissociated hGBMs as neurospheres (hGBM-NS), and performed LDA. hGBM-NS TIC content (mean=0.00105; C.I.=0.00037÷0.00298; n=10) was higher than TIC Table 1: Clinical and experimental data of collected GBM patients \| Patient ID \| Age \| Sex \| Initial KPS \| PFS \| OS \| FU \| Status \| Tumor size \| C/L inv \| Invas \| Rad Surg \| CCRT \| Neurospheres formation \| Tumor formation in vivo \| \|------------\|-----\|-----\|-------------\|-----\|----\|----\|--------\|------------\|---------\|-------\|----------\|------\|-------------------------\|------------------------\| \| GBM#76 \| 55 \| M \| 60 \| 2 \| 2 \| 30 \| D \| 82×43 mm \| N \| 1 \| N \| N \| N \| N \| \| GBM#79 \| 78 \| M \| 50 \| nd \| nd \| 30 \| nd \| 40×50 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| nd \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#89 \| 71 \| M \| 70 \| 5 \| 12 \| 26 \| D \| 34×23 mm \| N \| 3 \| N \| Y \| N \| N \| \| GBM#92 \| 66 \| F \| 90 \| 20 \| 20 \| 20 \| A \| 23×21 mm \| N \| 3 \| N \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#93 \| 59 \| F \| 70 \| nd \| nd \| 20 \| nd \| 34×34 mm \| N \| 1 \| Y \| nd \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#94 \| 51 \| F \| 90 \| 4 \| 17 \| 20 \| D \| 54×40 mm \| N \| 1 \| Y \| Y \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#98 \| 52 \| M \| 90 \| 17 \| 20 \| 20 \| A \| 25×13 mm \| N \| 3 \| Y \| N \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#99 \| 65 \| M \| 80 \| nd \| nd \| 19 \| nd \| 81×50 mm \| Y \| 2 \| N \| nd \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#101 \| 52 \| F \| 70 \| 5 \| 13 \| 19 \| D \| 51×25 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| Y \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#103 \| 63 \| F \| 80 \| 19 \| 19 \| 19 \| A \| 50×32 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| Y \| N \| N \| \| GBM#106 \| 48 \| M \| 80 \| nd \| nd \| 18 \| nd \| 52×45 mm \| N \| 3 \| Y \| nd \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#107 \| 72 \| M \| 60 \| nd \| 3 \| 18 \| D \| 87×44 mm \| N \| 1 \| N \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#109 \| 59 \| F \| 90 \| nd \| nd \| 17 \| nd \| 50×43 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| nd \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#110 \| 53 \| M \| 90 \| 7 \| 17 \| 17 \| A \| 30×36mm \| N \| 2 \| N \| Y \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#115 \| 57 \| F \| 90 \| nd \| nd \| 16 \| nd \| 59×54 mm \| Y \| 1 \| N \| nd \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#116 \| 51 \| M \| 90 \| nd \| nd \| 16 \| nd \| multicentric \| N \| multi centric \| N \| nd \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#119 \| 80 \| M \| 70 \| 3 \| 15 \| 15 \| A \| 39×37 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#121 \| 66 \| M \| 80 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| A \| 48×42 mm \| N \| 3 \| Y \| N \| N \| N \| \| GBM#122 \| 42 \| F \| 90 \| 3 \| 15 \| 15 \| A \| 30×16 mm \| N \| 1 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#124 \| 56 \| F \| 90 \| 2 \| 4 \| 15 \| D \| multicentric \| N \| multi centric \| N \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#125 \| 62 \| M \| 90 \| 8 \| 14 \| 14 \| A \| 62×31 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| N \| \| GBM#128 \| 56 \| M \| 80 \| 5 \| 8 \| 13 \| D \| 62×42 mm \| Y \| 1 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#130 \| 40 \| M \| 90 \| 10 \| 12 \| 12 \| A \| 41×23 mm \| N \| 3 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#132 \| 52 \| M \| 90 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| A \| 35 x31 mm \| N \| 1 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#133 \| 54 \| F \| 90 \| 6 \| 11 \| 11 \| A \| 47×21 mm \| N \| 1 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#138 \| 54 \| F \| 90 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| A \| 41×34 mm \| N \| 1 \| Y \| Y \| Y \| Y \| \| GBM#139 \| 79 \| M \| 80 \| 3 \| 6 \| 11 \| D \| 72×52 mm \| N \| 3 \| Y \| N \| N \| Y \| \| GBM#142 \| 42 \| M \| 90 \| 4 \| 10 \| 10 \| A \| 39×37 mm \| N \| 2 \| Y \| N \| N \| Y \| Surgical specimens together with clinical records were collected from 28 consenting patients after surgery. Pathologists classified tumors as primary GBM. Overall patients enrolled in the study were 60% men and 40% women, with a median age of 58 years (range, 40-80 years) and a mean Karnofsky performance score of 80 (range 50-90). KPS: Karnofsky performance status; PFS: progression free survival; OS: overall survival; FU: follow-up; Status: D= dead, A= alive; nd= data not available; C/L inv: contralateral invasion; Invas: invasiveness of the tumor mass where 1 = distance of invasion < 2 × diameter of tumor mass; 2 = 2 × diameter of tumor mass < distance of invasion < 3 × diameter of tumor mass; 3 = 3 × diameter of tumor mass < distance of invasion; Rad Surg: radical surgery (Y= patients that underwent radicil surgery; N= patients that did not undergo radical surgery); CCRT: concurrent chemoradiotherapy. In the “experimental data” section are reported the success (Y=Yes) or failure (N=No) of neurospheres formation and in vivo tumor development of each collected sample. Figure 1: Dissociation between sphere-forming capacity and tumorigenic ability of freshly-dissociated hGBMs. A. IHC analysis of a representative human GBM and its correspondent xenograft. The upper part of the panel depicts H&E and Nestin antibody staining of human glioblastoma; in the lower part, H&E and Nestin antibody staining of its correspondent xenograft are shown. Human anti-nuclei (α-hNU) antibody staining of the xenograft demonstrates the human origin of the tumor. Scale bars = 5 μm (H&E and Nestin), 20 μm and 10 μm (hNu). B. The graph represents the in vitro sphere formation ability and the in vivo tumorigenicity capacity of freshly-dissociated hGBMs: the 86% (n=24) of the specimens analysed are tumorigenic in vivo and the 54% (n=13) of these are able to give rise to spheres when placed in cultured. The remaining 11 specimens (46%) present an uncoupled sphere-forming capacity and tumorigenic ability, since they do not succeed to generate in vitro neurospheres. C. Comparison of TIC frequencies in freshly-dissociated hGBMs of 12 matched samples calculated through in vitro methylcellulose assay (mean 0.00093; C.I. 0.00026+/-0.00334 after reverse logarithmic transformation) and in vivo limiting dilution assay (mean 0.00007; C.I. 0.00002+/-0.00022 after reverse logarithmic transformation). The in vitro TIC frequency results to be 10-fold higher than the in vivo frequency (Paired samples t-test: t=4.233; df=11; P=0.0014*). D. Representation of the absence of correlation between TIC frequencies assessed through in vivo* and in vitro assays of the 12 matched samples illustrated in Figure 1C (Pearson correlation after logarithmic transformation with r=0.391; P=0.209*; n=12). E. Comparison of TIC frequencies assessed in freshly dissociated hGBMs (mean 0.00012; C.I. 0.00004+/-0.00033 after reverse logarithmic transformation; n=19) and in hGBM-NS (mean 0.00105; C.I. 0.00037+/-0.00298 after reverse logarithmic transformation; n=10) through in vivo* LDA: TIC content in hGBM-NS was remarkably higher (Unpaired Student t-test: t=2.935, df=27, P=0.0067). All statistical tests are two-sided. \| Freshly-dissociated hGBMs \| Number of Transplanted Cells \| TIC Frequency$^{-1}$ (95% CI) \| \|--------------------------\|------------------------------\|-------------------------------\| \| \| $10^5$ \| $10^4$ \| $10^3$ \| $10^2$ \| Estimate \| \| hGBM#79 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 1/3 \| 216 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 66±8 \| 60±2 \| 103±0 \| 168±51 \| (49-962) \| \| Incidence \| 1/2 \| 2/3 \| 0/3 \| \| 52571 \| \| hGBM#98 \| 2/2 \| 1/3 \| 3/3 \| \| 6297 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 334±0 \| 319±0 \| 377±0 \| \| (12418-222619) \| \| Incidence \| 2/2 \| 1/3 \| 3/3 \| \| \| \| hGBM#99 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 1/2 \| 143 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 122±3 \| 215±107 \| 155±23 \| \| (1769-22420) \| \| Incidence \| 2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/3 \| 67816 \| \| hGBM#106 \| 2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/3 \| 87599 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 145±100 \| 343±1 \| 277±15 \| 370±25 \| (22-918) \| \| Incidence \| 1/3 \| 2/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/3 \| \| \| hGBM#109 \| 1/3 \| 2/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/3 \| 2164 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 106±0 \| 108±4 \| 289±123 \| 195±71 \| (19039-241569) \| \| Incidence \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 1/3 \| \| \| \| hGBM#110 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 1/3 \| \| 2164 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 185±69 \| 255±97 \| 318±62 \| 354±42 \| (23252-330030) \| \| Incidence \| 1/2 \| 2/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 52680 \| \| hGBM#115 \| 1/2 \| 2/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 52680 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 179±5 \| 192±10 \| 195±10 \| \| (487-91614) \| \| Incidence \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 0/3 \| 417 \| \| hGBM#116 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 0/3 \| 417 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 314±13 \| 301±48 \| 221±0 \| 356±0 \| (12466-222628) \| \| Incidence \| 2/3 \| 3/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/2 \| 34826 \| \| hGBM#119 \| 2/3 \| 3/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/2 \| 34826 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 179±12 \| 167±6 \| 203±10 \| 324±21 \| (117-1494) \| \| Incidence \| 2/3 \| 3/3 \| 0/2 \| 0/2 \| \| \| hGBM#122 \| 2/3 \| 2/3 \| 2/4 \| \| 28969 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 59±5 \| 59±11 \| 212±158 \| 227±137 \| (9539-127156) \| \| Incidence \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 66380 \| \| hGBM#124 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 66380 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 138±32 \| 260±75 \| 161±24 \| \| (7664-109506) \| \| Incidence \| 2/3 \| 0/3 \| 1/3 \| 2/3 \| 38765 \| \| hGBM#125 \| 2/3 \| 0/3 \| 1/3 \| 2/3 \| 38765 \| \| \| Median Survival \| 164±15 \| 288±68 \| 270±6 \| 310±28 \| (18769-234769) \| \| Incidence \| 59±24 \| 196±138 \| 87±104 \| 196±108 \| (10939-137374) \| (Continued) The TIC frequency is calculated through limiting dilution transplantation of n=19 freshly-dissociated hGBMs. Data show the TIC frequency per transplanted cells (estimate, in bold) by means of the extreme limiting dilution analysis function assessed by ELDA algorithm (http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/elda/). In the table, the tumor incidence and the survival time (in days; mean±SD) of tumor-bearing mice after injection of different concentrations of cells are also indicated. frequencies assessed in freshly-dissociated hGBMs (mean=0.00012; C.I.=0.00004±0.0003; n=19) (Unpaired t-test: P=0.0067) (Figure 1E), fluctuating from 1/100 to 1/6819 (Table 3). TIC number positively correlates with tumor incidence and inversely correlates with survival in mouse xenografts By pooling together the in vivo experiments performed with either freshly-dissociated hGBMs and hGBM-NS, we analysed the relationship between the total number of cells intracerebrally injected in immunocompromised mice and tumor incidence. In both conditions, we observed an increment of tumor incidence increasing the number of injected cells: at the maximum cell concentration (10⁵ cells), 100% of incidence was measured only with hGBM-NS (Figure 2A), in comparison to near 80% of incidence with freshly-dissociated hGBMs (Figure 2B) (comparison of tumor incidence reported in Figure 2A and 2B: G² Wilks test where G²=35.14; df=4; P<0.0001). The difference may be due to the smaller proportion of TICs within the freshly-dissociated hGBMs compared to hGBM-NS (Figure 1E). We thus proceeded analysing the relationship between the number of inferred TICs of each specimen and the corresponding tumor incidence. Interestingly, we obtained mirrored result in both hGBM-NS and freshly-dissociated hGBMs: up to 10 injected TICs, the incidence of the tumors increased with the number of injected TICs, while the injection of more than 10 TICs resulted in 100% of tumor incidence (comparison Figure 2C and 2D: G² Wilks test where G²=0.58; df=4; P=0.97). Thus, TICs contained in freshly-dissociated hGBMs and hGBM-NS and extrapolated through in vivo LDA have the same tumorigenic potential. Next, we compared the Kaplan-Meier plots obtained through the injection of the same amount of cells (10², 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ cells) derived from hGBM-NS and freshly-dissociated hGBMs. The survival curve of hGBM-NS was significantly shorter (Figures 2E and 2H), given the higher TIC frequency of hGBM-NS (1:2136) compared to that of freshly-dissociated tumors (1:26825) (for 10² cells injected... Table 3: TIC frequencies in hGBM-NS \| hGBM-NS \| Number of Transplanted Cells \| TIC Frequency$^{-1}$ (95% CI) \| \|---------\|------------------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| \| $10^5$ \| $10^4$ \| $10^3$ \| $10^2$ \| 10 \| Estimate \| \| hGBM#7 \| Incidence \| 14/14 \| 5/5 \| 6/7 \| 4/9 \| 0/9 \| 352 (158-786) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 47±7 \| 52±8 \| 71±11 \| 61±9 \| 0±0 \| \| \| hGBM#8 \| Incidence \| 6/6 \| 8/8 \| 7/7 \| 6/11 \| 2/4 \| 100 (47-206) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 78±10 \| 85±14 \| 112±5 \| 141±14 \| 156±4 \| \| \| hGBM#9 \| Incidence \| 5/5 \| 4/4 \| 3/4 \| 2/4 \| 2/4 \| 303 (96-955) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 93±0 \| 154±33 \| 184±39 \| 196±72 \| 243±16 \| \| \| hGBM#10 \| Incidence \| 3/3 \| 3/3 \| 2/3 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 488 (141-1697) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 153±12 \| 174±19 \| 186±29 \| 225±0 \| 165±0 \| \| \| hGBM#18 \| Incidence \| 4/4 \| 6/6 \| 5/6 \| 4/6 \| 3/7 \| 201 (73-558) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 90±48 \| 80±21 \| 88±15 \| 112±8 \| 114±9 \| \| \| hGBM#20 \| Incidence \| 1/2 \| 2/2 \| 1/2 \| 1/2 \| 1/2 \| 2712 (514-14315) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 291±0 \| 309±104 \| 217±0 \| 181±0 \| \| \| hGBM#25 \| Incidence \| 2/2 \| 3/4 \| 3/4 \| 1/4 \| 0/4 \| 2942 (929-9327) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 142±0 \| 122±25 \| 149±25 \| 191±0 \| 0±0 \| \| \| hGBM#27 \| Incidence \| 2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 6070 (2007-18370) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 267±34 \| 59±0 \| 225±0 \| 136±0 \| \| \| hGBM#154\| Incidence \| 3/3 \| 1/3 \| 1/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 1350 (1921-24218) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 191±1 \| 162±0 \| 0±0 \| 0±0 \| \| \| hGBM#155\| Incidence \| 2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 0/3 \| 6819 (318-5735) \| \| \| Median Survival \| 89±18 \| 20±0 \| 92±0 \| 0±0 \| \| The TIC frequency is calculated through limiting dilution transplantation of n=10 hGBM-NS. Data show the TIC frequency per transplanted cells (estimate, in bold) by means of the extreme limiting dilution analysis function assessed by ELDA algorithm (http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/elda/). In the table, the tumor incidence and the survival time (in days; mean±SD) of tumor-bearing mice after injection of different concentrations of cells are also indicated. n=45$^+$ per group, median survival undefined, P=0.0027 by Log-rank test; for 10$^5$ cells injected n=43$^+$ per group, median hGBM-NS survival=122 days and freshly-dissociated hGBMs survival=274 days, P=0.0002 by Log-rank test; for 10$^4$ cells injected n=2$^+$ per group, median hGBM-NS survival=101.5 days and freshly-dissociated hGBMs survival=203 days, P=0.0022 by Log-rank test; for 10$^3$ cells injected n=34$^+$ per group, median hGBM-NS survival=68 days and freshly-dissociated hGBMs survival=164 days, P<0.0001 by Log-rank test). Notably, when either freshly-dissociated hGBMs (Figure 2I) and hGBM-NS (Figure 2L) were... Figure 2: Tumor incidences and survival of mice intracerebrally injected with freshly-dissociated hGBM cells and cells from hGBM-NS. The graphs depict the percentage of mice that developed tumors after orthotopic injection of 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 cells from hGBM-NS cultures A, and freshly-dissociated hGBM cells B. In both conditions, we observe an increment of tumor incidence increasing the number of injected cells: at the maximum cell concentration, only the mice transplanted with cells from hGBM-NS achieve incidence of 100%. (Comparison A-B: $G^2$ Wilks test where $G^2 = 35.14; df=4; P<0.0001*$). C and D. Correlation between tumor incidence and number of inferred TICs from hGBM-NS (C) and from freshly-dissociated hGBMs (D) The analysis reveals that tumor incidence is 100% both in hGBM-NS and in freshly-dissociated hGBMs where at least 11 TICs were injected (Comparison C-D: $G^2$ Wilks test where $G^2 = 0.58; df=4; P=0.97$). E, and H, Kaplan–Meier analysis comparing mice injected with freshly-dissociated hGBM cells and cells from hGBM-NS cultures for (E) 100 cells ($P=0.0027$ by Log-rank test), (F) 1000 cells ($P=0.0002$ by Log-rank test), (G) 10000 cells ($P=0.0022$ by Log-rank test), and (H) 100000 cells ($P<0.0001$ by Log-rank test). I, and L, Kaplan–Meier analysis based on the number of TICs injected using freshly-dissociated hGBM cells ($P<0.0001$ by Log-rank test; n=9 to 120) (I) and cells from hGBM-NS cultures ($P<0.0001$ by Log-rank test; n=28 to 105) (L) shows a statistically significant advantage on survival when few TICs are injected. M, Kaplan–Meier analysis for progression free survival of a cohort of 13 GBM patients in relation to high TIC frequency (1:200-1:5000; n=5) and low TIC frequency (1:20000-1:90000; n=8). GBM patients with low TIC frequency experiences a longer, although not statistically significant, progression-free survival (median 7.5 months vs 6 months, $P=0.33^{ns}$ by Log-rank test). Difference between groups is evaluated by means of the Log-rank test. stratified according to their TIC content, fewer was the amount of intracerebrally engrafted TICs, greater was mice survival (freshly-dissociated hGBMs: n=9 to 120, P<0.0001 by Log-rank test; hGBM-NS: n=28 to 105, P<0.0001 by Log-rank test). Similar results were obtained by stratification of GBM patients according to their TIC content. Given that TIC frequencies vary up to 500-fold between patients (Table 2), we divided GBM cohort in patients with low TIC content (1:20000-1:90000; n=8) and high TIC content (1:200-1:5000; n=5). Notably, patients with low TIC frequency experienced a longer, although not statistically significant, PFS (median 7.5 months versus 6 months, P=0.33ns by Log-rank test (Figure 2M). Interestingly, putative stem-cell markers, markers associated with different GBM molecular subtypes [28, 29] and common GBM genetic alterations were similarly distributed between patients with low and high TIC content (Supplementary Figures S1 and S2; Supplementary Table S1A). Moreover, no association of these markers with neurosphere formation was found (Supplementary Table S1B). DISCUSSION We established a quantitative assay that enables GBM TIC enumeration in human GBMs through direct injection of material immediately after the surgical procedure. Using this assay, we demonstrate that TICs are rare in GBMs. Moreover, TICs number is not uniform across patients and it is affected by in vitro culture manipulation, which overestimates the real TIC content. Several research groups gave an estimation of GBM TIC frequencies, but these studies mostly relied on marker surface expression [12] (i.e. CD133 positive cells) or functional properties [9, 10, 30, 31]. Such approaches often led to controversial results, since appropriate standardization methods to distinguish glioma stem-cells from progenitors or more differentiated cells are still lacking [32]. The estimated GBM TIC frequencies known in literature are mainly based on neurospheres [11, 12] and rarely on acutely dissociated tumors. Of note, the maintenance of surgical specimens for few passages, or even after one single passage, in a petri dish in serum-free condition can induce cell selection influencing the outcome of the frequency assessment [33]. In addition, a proper calculation of TIC frequency is still incomplete since tumor cells have been only rarely transplanted in cell dilution experiments. We performed functional assays to determine the presence within freshly-dissociated human GBMs, of cells that more efficiently transplant the disease, and the occurrence of an analogy between TIC number calculated in vivo and in vitro. To address in vivo tumor propagation potential, we took advantage of an orthotopic xenograft model established in immunodeficient CD-1 nude mice [10, 34]. Different murine models have been developed to study human tumor xenografts, comprising severely compromised immunodeficient (SCID) mice, non-obese diabetic (NOD)-SCID or NSG mice [8, 15]. However, the use of more severely immunocompromised mouse strains could considerably increase TIC frequency, a scenario quite far from reality. Although the NOG mouse model shows markedly better engraftment of some tumoral cells than the NOD/SCID mouse [8, 15], according to our experience CD-1 mice survival was comparable to NOG survival. We demonstrated that all GBMs analysed in this study contain rare TICs sustaining tumor growth, in accordance with other studies in GBMs and other types of tumors [5, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18]. Our results clearly show that not all human GBMs are able to grow in vitro but, remarkably, all of them are tumorigenic in vivo. Ex-vivo and in vivo experiments performed with cells kept in culture exclude from the analysis those GBMs not forming neurospheres, which we demonstrated are indeed representing a large proportion of tumors. Notably, the lack of correlation between tumor formation and ability to form neurospheres has been already demonstrated in a mouse model of glioma [35] and in a different cohort of GBM patients [36] emphasizing the importance of the cerebral compartment as a support for TIC growth and of in vivo limiting dilution assay on fresh specimens to assess the real TIC content. However, controversial results exist demonstrating that in vitro sphere forming potential correlates with the in vivo tumorigenic potential in immunocompromised mice, as well as the ability to form neurospheres in culture can be considered a prognostic factor affecting GBM patient survival [25]. Performing a side-by-side analysis of the same specimen, we obtained an overestimation of TIC number when plating cells in semisolid substrate compared to xenotransplanting the same cells in immunocompromised mice. The higher TIC frequency in vitro is not surprising considering the known ability of progenitor cells to clone in vitro as well [10, 12]. In addition, the results make evident that the TIC frequency calculated through in vitro assays cannot portend the in vivo TIC frequency, reinforcing the need to investigate the tumor population immediately after surgical resection through in vivo LDA. Relevant is also the 10-fold difference quantified between the average TIC frequency of freshly-dissociated hGBMs and the average TIC frequency of in vitro maintained neurospheres. This different frequency might be explained by the composition of the two populations. Data from our group [10] and others’ [9, 30] demonstrated, through the use of marker-independent methods, that neurospheres are mainly composed by slow-dividing cells endowed with stem-cells characteristics and high-dividing cells, tumorigenic and able to proliferate, although for only few rounds. After the establishment of an accurate estimation of TIC number, we explored the TIC influence on tumor incidence and mice survival. Interestingly, few studies exist only in other types of tumors reporting a relation between TIC frequencies and tumor aggressiveness, implemented through in vivo LDA in immunodeficient recipient mice [15, 37]. In line with these studies, we found a positive association between TIC frequency and GBM incidence and we defined a threshold over 10 TICs sufficient to induce tumors in 100% of cases. In addition, TIC number inversely correlated with mice survival. Notably, GBM patients with low TIC frequency experienced a trend towards a longer progression free survival. However, we did not find any association between the clinical features (tumor size and tumor invasiveness) and TIC content. Despite the controversial results related to markers clearly describing the TIC and their relation with GBM patients’ outcome [23, 24, 26], the expression of either putative stem-cell markers or markers associated with different GBM molecular subtypes [28, 29], or common genetic GBM hallmarks did not associate with either TIC content or neurosphere formation. TICs derived from human GBMs have been characterized mainly in in vitro experiments and their effectiveness as informative tools in reflecting GBM pathophysiology, determining differentially regulated pathways as well as in exploring the potential efficacy of anticancer drugs is well recognized. With this study we demonstrate that in vivo examination of cells from freshly-dissociated GBMs in a context that closely resembles the original setting will provide an unbiased tool to analyse the widest range of GBMs. In addition, we believe that the assessed TIC frequency mirrors the real TIC content in human GBMs, especially in light of the recent findings related to the possible conversion of non-TICs to a TIC phenotype, which is dependent on microenvironmental cues and that can not be properly simulated in in vitro or ex vivo conditions [38–41]. Our findings establish the accuracy of TIC detection by injecting freshly-dissociated GBM cells, and the need for care when using in vitro cultured neurospheres. The orthotopic injection of acutely-dissociated human GBMs represents an unbiased pre-clinical tool for basic and translational research. MATERIALS AND METHODS GBM patients Surgical specimens and clinical records were collected from 28 consenting patients in the Department of Neurosurgery at Neurological Institute “C. Besta” (Italy) under “C. Besta” research ethics committee approval. The specimens were analysed by pathologists and classified as primary GBM (WHO IV). Tumors displayed characteristics consistent with those reported in the literature concerning age, sex distribution, dimensional range, Karnofsky performance status scale (KPS) and invasiveness [36]. Overall survival and progression-free survival have been calculated as elapsed time from surgery to death or from surgery to the diagnosis of recurrence/progression. The patients enrolled in the study were 60% men and 40% women, with a median age of 58 years (range, 40-80 years) and a mean Karnofsky performance score of 80 (range 50-90). The mean follow up was 17 months (range 10-30); 7 patients were lost to follow up, whereas for the others mean progression free survival (PFS) was 8+/−5.8 months, while overall survival (OS) was 11.8+/−5.1 months, in accordance to RANO criteria [42]. Tumor invasiveness has been calculated as well as was evaluated invasiveness in the contralateral hemispheres. Distance of infiltration was estimated measuring the oedema area in FLAIR sequences in MRI. The majority of selected patients received radical surgery and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). *Tumor sample preparation and in vitro* assay TICs were isolated from GBM surgical specimens as previously described [10]. Briefly, fresh tumors were finely minced, enzymatically digested with papain (2 mg/ml; Worthington Biochemical, Lakewood, NJ) at 37°C and mechanically dissociated until achievement of single cell suspension. To remove red blood cells, the single cell suspension was incubated at room temperature for 3 – 5 minutes with ACK (Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium) Lysing Buffer and then separated from debris using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Viable cells were resuspended in serum-free medium (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium/ Ham’s F12 Nutrient Mixture; StemCell Technologies) supplemented with B27 supplement (Life Technologies, Paisley, United Kingdom; www.invitrogen.com), 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ). Human GBM neurospheres were grown as spheroid aggregates as previously described [10]. To evaluate the capacity to form neurospheres, cells were resuspended in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium/F12 medium containing methylcellulose (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) and seeded on a minimum of three 35 mm culture plates (3000 cells/dish). Two weeks after plating, the number of clones was counted. The ratio between neurospheres formed and number of single cells plated corresponds to the percentage of TICs in the plate. In Vivo Limiting Dilution Transplantation Assay Decreasing cell concentrations (10^2-10 cells) derived from both freshly-dissociated GBM cells and hGBM-NS were resuspended in 2 µl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and stereotaxically injected into the nucleus caudatus (coordinates from bregma: 1 mm posterior, 3 mm left lateral, and 3.5 mm in depth) of 5 weeks old female nu/nu CD1 mice (Charles River, Wilmington, MA; http://www.criver.com). Mice were intraperitoneally anesthetized with tribromoethanol (0.1 ml/10 g of body weight). The experiments were performed in accordance with the Italian laws (D.L.vo 116/92 and following additions), which enforce EU 86/609 Directive (Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes). The mice were maintained until development of neurologic signs, and the brains of killed mice were collected. Statistical Analysis** Paired samples $t$-test was used to compare TIC frequency calculated through in vitro methylcellulose assay and in vivo LDA on matched freshly-dissociated hGBMs. TIC frequency assessed through in vivo LDA in freshly-dissociated hGBMs and in hGBM-NS was compared performing the unpaired Student $t$-test. The relation between matched values of in vivo/in vitro TIC frequency was evaluated by means of correlation analysis. For the in vivo LDA, TIC frequency and statistical significance were estimated by means of the extreme limiting dilution analysis function (http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/elda/). The incidences of tumors per number of injected cells and injected TICs were compared by means of Log-linear analysis ($G^2$ test; http://www.biostathandbook.com/gtestigof.html). In Kaplan–Meier curves, survival differences were compared by Log-rank test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant () unless otherwise indicated. All statistical tests were two-sided. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Matteo Setti and Barbara Ortenzi for helpful discussion and suggestions. C.R. designed and performed research, analysed data, wrote the article; D.O. designed and performed research and analysed data; M.D.B. collected and analysed data; M.P., B.P. performed immunohistochemical analysis; F.D.M. collected surgical samples, L.F. performed statistical analysis. G.P. conceived, designed and supervised the research and wrote the article. All the authors reviewed and approved the final version the manuscript. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest GRANT SUPPORT This work was supported by Fondazione Umberto Veronesi (FUV to C.R.) and by Italian Ministero della Salute to G.P. REFERENCES** 1. Jansen M, Yip S and Louis DN. Molecular pathology in adult gliomas: diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9:717-726. 2. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW and Kleihues P. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2007; 114:97-109. 3. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C, Bogdahn U, Curschmann J, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352:987-996. 4. 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Clement V, Marino D, Cudalbu C, Hamou MF, Mlynarik V, de Tribolet N, Dietrich PY, Gruetter R, Hegi ME and Radovanovic I. Marker-independent identification of glioma-initiating cells. Nat Methods. 2010; 7:224-228. 31. Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Schneider-Broussard R, Zhou J, Claypool K and Tang DG. Side population is enriched in tumorigenic, stem-like cancer cells, whereas ABCG2+ and ABCG2- cancer cells are similarly tumorigenic. Cancer Res. 2005; 65:6207-6219. 32. Brescia P, Richichi C and Pelicci G. Current strategies for identification of glioma stem cells: adequate or unsatisfactory? J Oncol. 2012; 2012:376894. 33. Williams SA, Anderson WC, Santaguida MT and Dylla SJ. Patient-derived xenografts, the cancer stem cell paradigm, and cancer pathobiology in the 21st century. Lab Invest. 2013; 93:970-982. 34. Brescia P, Ortensi B, Fornasari L, Levi D, Broggi G and Pelicci G. CD133 is essential for glioblastoma stem cell maintenance. Stem Cells. 2013; 31:857-869. 35. Barrett LE, Granot Z, Coker C, Iavarone A, Hambardzumyan D, Holland EC, Nam HS and Benezra R. Self-renewal does not predict tumor growth potential in mouse models of high-grade glioma. Cancer Cell. 2012; 21:11-24. 36. Joo KM, Kim J, Jin J, Kim M, Seol HJ, Muradov J, Yang H, Choi YL, Park WY, Kong DS, Lee JI, Ko YH, Woo HG, Lee J, Kim S and Nam DH. Patient-specific orthotopic glioblastoma xenograft models recapitulate the histopathology and biology of human glioblastomas in situ. Cell Rep. 2013; 3:260-273. 37. Pece S, Tosoni D, Confalonieri S, Mazzarol G, Vecchi M, Ronzoni S, Bernard L, Viale G, Pelicci PG and Di Fiore PP. Biological and molecular heterogeneity of breast cancers correlates with their cancer stem cell content. Cell. 2010; 140:62-73. 38. Suva ML, Rheinbay E, Gillespie SM, Patel AP, Wakimoto H, Rabkin SD, Riggi N, Chi AS, Cahill DP, Nahed BV, Curry WT, Martuza RL, Rivera MN, et al. Reconstructing and reprogramming the tumor-propagating potential of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Cell. 2014; 157:580-594. 39. Heddleston JM, Li Z, McLendon RE, Hjelmeland AB and Rich JN. The hypoxic microenvironment maintains glioblastoma stem cells and promotes reprogramming towards a cancer stem cell phenotype. Cell Cycle. 2009; 8:3274-3284. 40. Hjelmeland AB, Wu Q, Heddleston JM, Choudhary GS, MacSwords J, Lathia JD, McLendon R, Lindner D, Sloan A and Rich JN. Acidic stress promotes a glioma stem cell phenotype. Cell Death Differ. 2011; 18:829-840. 41. Auffinger B, Tobias AL, Han Y, Lee G, Guo D, Dey M, Lesniak MS and Ahmed AU. Conversion of differentiated cancer cells into cancer stem-like cells in a glioblastoma model after primary chemotherapy. Cell Death Differ. 2014; 21:1119-1131. 42. Lutz K, Radbruch A, Wiestler B, Baumer P, Wick W and Bendszus M. Neuroradiological response criteria for high-grade gliomas. Clin Neuroradiol. 2011; 21:199-205.	f08ae77e-7097-4cef-bc47-72d2052a27f2	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.oncotarget.com/index.php?journal=oncotarget&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=11600&path%5B%5D=36737	2020-01-19T15:24:20+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-05/subset=warc/part-00117-2224c996-15d6-400a-8ae4-2d0740e74c18.c000.gz.parquet	264,006,439	14,639	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.848152	eng_Latn	0.944034	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 4109, 9733, 15898, 18056, 21302, 23867, 26660, 28701, 34430, 39828, 44816, 50241, 51697 ]
Fish & Fizz Friday's £13.95 All Courses are accompanied with a Glass of Prosecco * Beer Battered Fish & Chips * Salt n Chilli Pepper Crispy Squid with Fries * Poached Salmon Fillet in Lemon Butter & New Potatoes * Vegan Salt N Pepper Cauliflower Bites & Chips * Vegetarian Battered Halloumi & Chips All served with Homemade Tartar Sauce and either Peas or Mushy Peas	<urn:uuid:800c21a1-08e3-4327-a4cf-c9c1d5ec788a>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.thewhitehart-bishopstone.co.uk/uploads/4/3/1/2/43120639/fish_n_fizz_july_2022.pdf	2022-08-11T11:25:27+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-33/subset=warc/part-00240-d466b69e-be2b-4525-ac34-1b10d57329da.c000.gz.parquet	104,901,313	101	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.868918	eng_Latn	0.868918	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 370 ]
10 years School of Medicine The New Clinical School Building and what it means for Campbelltown A COMMUNITY FORUM The New Clinical School Building and what it means for Campbelltown A COMMUNITY FORUM VENUE: School of Medicine, Campbelltown campus, Narellan Road, Cnr of David Pilgrim Drive and Goldsmith Avenue, Building 30 TIME: Wednesday, 5 April 2017 Meet and Greet from 5.30-6.00 PM Forum from 6.00-7.00 PM Q&A from 7.00-7.15 PM RSVP: by 28 March 2017 to Jennifer Gaynor, email@example.com or 4620 3935.	<urn:uuid:beeec7ea-e6b1-4d52-bd64-5e85cc7564b6>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://www.swslhd.nsw.gov.au/ccp/pdf/2017SchoolMed.pdf	2017-04-26T21:38:13Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121665.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00504-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	686,534,569	161	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.894495	eng_Latn	0.904895	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 116, 529 ]
Physiotherapy 1st Year Paper Pdf Pdf Handbook of Research on Instructional Technologies in Health Education and Allied Disciplines 2023-03-13 Garcia, Manuel B. Instructional technologies used to be optional and supplemental pedagogical tools until the global health crisis of 2020 compelled education systems to rely on digital devices and services to guarantee academic continuity. Suddenly, the contemporary principles and practices utilized in delivering health education curricula were insufficient and ineffective. Acknowledging the vital role of technology in shaping the future of education, there is now a greater demand to foster innovative interventions Downloaded from vla.ramtech.uri.edu on and continuous improvement in strategies, methodologies, and systems to empower learners, educators, and leaders in the digital age. 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He or she must look into the software's various features and carefully examine it. That person should make sure that the software is flexible to respond to the church's ever changing needs. Analysis physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf This was further strengthened by the fact that the side effects of acupuncture are much less than that of conventional drugs that are being sold by pharmaceutical companies. So that people can avail of acupuncture, another recommendation by the NIH is for US companies to provide full coverage for certain conditions. If you do not quality, perhaps there is partial coverage which you should look up in your policy. But despite that, more research needs to be done to see its effects on other health related problems. Some examples of these include addictions, autism, chronic low back pain, migraines and osteoarthritis of the knee. Reading physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf.The history of acupuncture is first discussed in an ancient Chinese medical text called the "Huang Di Nei Jing" or The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine. But there have been a few who are skeptic as archaeologists have found a 5,000 year old mummy in the Alps with similar acupuncture points in the body. This gives some people the idea that it was used even before the Chinese did but sine there is no written text to prove that, no one is certain and credit to this ancient practice goes back to the Chinese. In the 6th century, this knowledge moved to Japan. In the 17th century, a man by the name of Waichi Sugiyama wanted to make this procedure painless for the patient so he developed the insertion tube, a small cylindrical tube through which the needle is inserted. Believe it or not, this technique is still being used today. Solutions physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Reactions And Research Not everyone is impressed with acupuncture itself. Most western medical professionals have expressed either doubt or indifference to the oriental method while others have downright driven it down into the earth with criticisms and brutal skepticism. However, recent research shows the efficacy (or lack thereof) of acupuncture, and while more research has to be done, it has been proven to actually positively affect some, but not all, forms of ailments that it claims to cure. So as the doors open to a new age of acupuncture, give it a try when you feel the need for pain relief and you will not be disappointed. As the Chinese have used it for many centuries, so should we. Transformation physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf:You can think of a session with the acupuncturist as very much like massage therapy. A good massage would help give you a very relaxing sleep that night and an acupuncturist could help you with your sleep as well. You might immediately start to feel drowsy as soon as the right nerves are stimulated by the acupuncturists needles. You might be asking yourself how youd be able to relax if youre suffering from the pain of the needles attached to your body. What you might not realize is that because of the thinness of the needles, you would hardly feel anything. The most that many people claim they feel is a kind of tingling feeling where the needles are. And that is actually a sign that the process is working, Acupuncture is a practice that helps you use your bodies own ability to manage stress properly. This leaves you healthier, and more importantly, prevents any of the serious diseases that could come from unbalanced, stressful lifestyles. Analysis physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf___A rest of about a month is generally advised and normal activities can be resumed after acute symptoms disappear. Also care should be taken to avoid physical activities which are heavy in nature and also activities or sports involving physical contacts should also be avoided. Care must also be taken to avoid eating sweet things in excess for few months. Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent Girls Adolescence is the time when there is sudden transformation in the body and many questions arises in the minds of the adolescents. Firstly they are not able to cope with the changes and secondly the changes bring along problems with them. The most challenging problems are related to menses, in girls. Menstrual conditions are many that may require physician's attention or any other healthcare professional's attention. The most common of the menstrual disorders are premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrheal and amenorrhea. Before the onset of the menses, females face many uncomfortable symptoms which last for a short period, stretching from few hours to few days. But some of them can be very intense and can disturb the normal functioning of the person. These symptoms are grouped as premenstrual syndrome. In usual cases, the symptoms come to a halt when the menses begin, but for some they may last even after the menstrual periods are over. Eighty five percent of the females experience some of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome at one time or the other. Nearly forty percent experience the symptoms so intensely that their daily chores are affected by it and ten percent are disabled by it. Reading physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf The other virus called cytomegalovirus which also belongs to the family of herpes simplex causes the cells to become enlarged. According to statistics, about eighty percent of adolescents infected with this virus generally don't see any further symptoms. Although EBV has potential to develop infectious mononucleosis in adolescents the virus could make throat and blood cells its home for the lifetime. The virus has the capability to bounce back and reactive from time to time but the consolation is that it would reactivate without symptoms. The condition usually lasts for 1-2 months. The symptoms may vary from one adolescent to other but may include inflamed lymph glands in areas such as groin, neck and armpits, fever, continuous fatigue, enlarged spleen, sore throat as a result of tonsillitis that can make things difficult to swallow and last but not the least minor liver damage that can lead to short-term jaundice. Some adolescents may also experience symptoms such as abdominal pain, petechial hemorrhage, muscle ache, headache, depression, loss of appetite, skin rash, weakness, dizziness, enlarged prostrate, dry cough, swelled genitals and puffy and swollen eyes. Some parents are puzzled by the symptoms of mononucleosis as it may be similar to other medical conditions. It is safe to consult a doctor in such cases. The viruses are usually transmitted to other people through saliva (the reason why it is also called kissing disease), blood, sharing drinks and sharing utensils. The symptoms usually lasts for 4-6 weeks and do not cross 4 months. The disease is diagnosable but requires a though medical history of the adolescent. The diagnosis also involves physical examination of the adolescent and is based on symptoms reported to the physician. The diagnosis is further supported by laboratory test like blood test, antibody test and test to count white blood cells. Project physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf~Hypertension is diagnosed by blood test and urinalysis. The kidney function will also be checked, along with blood cholesterol levels. Family history check is another important factor. Adolescents' eating habits, exercise levels, activities in school and home will also be studied thoroughly. High blood pressure is dealt with by weight reduction, healthy diet, and increase in physical activity. If hypertension is due to illness, the illness is treated first. These treatment measures will decrease the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. It will also strengthen the heart and decrease the level of cholesterol in blood. This also helps to keep heart diseases at bay. The good thing is that only one percent of the adolescents, who have high blood pressure, need medication to bring back the blood pressure to normal. Infectious Mononucleosis Also known as mononucleosis or mono Pfeiffers disease or glandular fever, infectious mononucleosis can be identified by inflamed lymph glands and constant fatigue. The disease is named so as the amount of mononuclear leukocytes which belong to white cells increase in number. The cause of the disease is EBV (Epstein - Barr virus) or in some cases cytomegalovirus. Both these viruses belong to the family of herpes simplex. According to statistic majority of the adults in the United States are exposed to the virus Epstein – Barr, a very widespread virus. Although the virus does not show any visible affects in children but it does in adolescents which can lead to infectious mononucleosis in nearly fifty percent of cases of exposure to the virus. Guide physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf What This Ancient Method Does One of the foremost effects of acupuncture on the body is relaxation. Stress is frequently pinpointed as the main precursor for a host of physical ailments. There are particular points all over the body that direct the flow of harmony and relaxation and when these are enthused, the patient becomes more at ease. Another positive effect of this alternative therapy is increased pain control. During a session, a patient will usually feel very minimal pain as the thin needles are being inserted gradually. However, the needles are deliberately placed in varying depths, depending on the health requirements of the patient. When the needles reach the right depth, the patient will feel deeper pain, although the entire procedure is not necessarily painful. It is also recommended for relief from chemotherapy fatigue as well as chemotherapy-related nausea. It has also been found to be largely effective for back pains, migraines, menstrual cramps, and as a pain controller for patients after undergoing surgical operations. Legend physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf How does sticking needles into your body help manage the stress? In traditional Chinese medicine, much of the treatments depend on an understanding of the balance in our bodies and its internal organs. The sicknesses we sometimes develop are seen to be caused by imbalances in our lifestyles and environment. Stress is also affected by this imbalance. That is why when there is something wrong with your body, youd typically have less of an ability to deal with stress. Youd get more irritable and find it really to difficult to relax. By sticking these very thin needles past the surface of our skin, the acupuncturist stimulates nerves in our body. These nerves send signals to our brain and scientists believe that the brain then releases its natural painkillers into our system. This immediately causes a feeling of relaxation for many people. The needles could also help your body by stimulating its circulation. With the circulation between the organs of the body improved, a lot of the bodys wastes could be cleansed properly. Your organs would also receive the full benefit of the oxygen from your lungs making its way into the cells of your body without any blockages. This makes your organs much healthier and leaves you feeling much better in the long term as well. 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This is where the accounting software comes in. did you know that there are free accounting software online? That's true and if ou only take time in surfing the internet, you can find this free software. The Best physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;Acupuncture and Autism Studies have shown that there is an increase in the number of children that have been diagnosed with autism. Until now, doctors have not yet found a cure to this illness which is why some parents want to experiment with alternative forms of treatment and one example is acupuncture. Acupuncture is a holistic approach in treating and preventing certain diseases. Its main tool are very thin needles that are inserted to targeted points in the body. The body has about 400 of them linked through a system known as meridians or pathways. Once these are stimulated, these are supposed to create balance in the body. Autism on the other hand is a brain disorder that is long term. 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These accounting services can provide any company or organization with auditing services, company laws, taxation, and other related matters. Power physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf The greatest advantage of this ancient Oriental procedure is the absence of side-effects during and after treatment. Unlike smoking cessation medications and nicotine replacement therapy products, acupuncture does not employ chemically manufactured substances. There is also no risk of weight gain during therapy. In conjunction with helping a patient quit smoking, it can also curb appetite, thus reducing food cravings. If you have tried several methods in smoking cessation to no avail, perhaps it is high time you consider the alternative method that is acupuncture. With the right practitioner and the right frame of mind, there is no reason why you won't be nicotine-free before long. 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Professional accountants today have greatly benefited from modern accounting education. Accounting education also functions as an effective management tool for business executives. History physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf.Advanced accounting career training is an essential part of career development and continuing education. Once you've accomplished the career training's key components, you will be prepared at all times in case unforeseen events or circumstances come your way. For those individuals who practically hate their current jobs, why not take up advanced career training in accounting? In just a week's time, you will be ready to explore the accounting field. Don't hesitate to make changes if it's going to create positive results. Accounting careers pay good money and with a bit if dedication and hard work, you can be one of the top accountants in the business industry. You can use the internet to find free advanced accounting career training. 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When the adolescent is growing there will be critical tissue components loss like loss of body fat, muscle mass and bone mineral. Nutritional imbalance is also caused which reflect abnormalities in the levels of vitamins, mineral and other trace elements. The problem is that these abnormalities cannot be recognized clinically. But since protein and calories are essential to the growth of the adolescent, it is important to trace their abnormalities. Because of the problems, healthy adulthood is not a possible thing. Because of all these reasons, it is important to diagnose adolescence eating disorders as early as possible. Eating disorders give rise to peak bone mass impaired acquisition in case of adolescents. When they turn into adults, this problem aggravates to osteoporosis. Even internal organs get affected due to eating disorders. All this can be prevented by early intervention so as to limit, prevent and ameliorate medical complications, which can turn become life threatening. 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One hundred and twenty five thousand eye injury cases are caused by household products. It is a good habit to wash hands regularly, especially after handling household chemicals. When using detergents and hazardous solvents, the handler must wear chemical safety goggles. Also, no children must be around while handling chemicals. While spraying, the nozzle must be turned away from the face. Fertilizers, pesticides and paints must be stored away from reach. While doing household activities proper protective gears such as goggles, gloves, boots and helmet should be worn, if required. The house must be illuminated adequately to avoid accidents in the dark. Stairs should also be illuminated and the rails must also be installed. The instructions for opening the tops of bottles must be read carefully to avoid them from popping and injuring other people. Children and adolescents should read instructions before handling operating equipment before playing games. All power equipment must be installed with guards. While playing outside, the eyes must be protected by UV protective goggles and it is a bad idea to look at the sun directly. Lolita physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;There are basically two types of diabetes that will affect an adolescent. It is type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes affects the immune system's function as the systems attacks the pancreas' insulin producing cells, also known as the beta cells. Because of this, the pancreas loses the ability to manufacture insulin. This is the reason why people with type 1 diabetes take insulin everyday. The symptoms are weight loss, increase in urination & thirst, blurred vision, tiredness and constant hunger. And if the adolescent isn't treated at the right time, he/she can slip in to diabetic coma which can endanger his/her life. In type2 diabetes, the body is incapable of properly using the insulin produced by the body and requires insulin from an external source, too. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes are similar to type 1 diabetes. The teenager feels sick, tired, nauseated, and thirsty. The wounds will recover very slowly; he/she will get infections frequently, will develop blurred vision and will experience weight loss. Parents play a vital role in determining the problem. They should constantly observe their child for eating disorders or signs of depression. Although cigarette, drugs and alcohol should be avoided by all adolescents and children, it is even more important that youngster with diabetes should stay away from these things as they can worsen the situation. A person with diabetes, who switches to smoking, is at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and circulatory problems. Consumption of alcohol can cause hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. It is the duty of the parents to make their child aware of the possible risk they would face if they start to smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs. Children and adolescents, who have diabetes, face many challenges while trying to lead a normal life. They have to think twice before doing simple things as going to a party, playing sports and even when staying over with friends. This is because they require to intake oral medication or insulin. Their blood sugar level must be checked many times through out the day. Also, at gatherings, they have to avoid many food items. Because of this they will feel different from the crowd and can feel left out. Not only does diabetes pose behavioral challenges, but also emotional challenges. observation physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Depression in Adolescents Depression in adolescents is a disorder which occurs due to persistent sadness, loss of interest, loss of self worth and discouragement. Depression is normally a temporary reaction towards situations of stress. Depression is a normal part of the maturation process of adolescents. It is even induced due to production of sex hormones. Adolescent females are depressed twice more than adolescent boys according to a study. Adolescent behavior is normally marked with good and bad moods. The transition from a good mood to bad mood and vice-versa, can take minutes, hours and even days. That is the reason why true depression is very difficult to find out. Depression in adolescents can be caused due to bad school performance, break up with boyfriend or girlfriend, and failing relations with friends and family. These causes can lead to persistent depression. Other serious causes are chronic illness, obesity, child abuse, stressful lifestyle, poor social skills, unstable care giving and depression in family history. example physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf But acupuncture is not risk free. Hematoma may develop if the needle punctures a circulatory structure. It is also possible that pneumothorax may occur if the needle is inserted too deep. There is also the risk of HIV and hepatitis if the needle was not properly sterilized. Now that you know what acupuncture is, you must not forget that it is merely an alternative and not a proper form of medical treatment. This means you should still be examined by a professional in the medical field who can determine the severity of your illness or disease. Liberation physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf,The earliest account of this is found in the book called Nei Jing which in English means the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. The contents of this book date somewhere around 200 BC. Back then, they did not use metal needles and instead used those made out of stone, moxibustion and herbs to treat a patient. Acupuncture prevents and treats diseases by inserting very fine needles into the skin specifically at the anatomic points of the body. The principle behind this concept is that illnesses occur because there is an imbalance in your life force otherwise known as Qi. It is believed that this flows in 14 channels in the human body known as meridians which branch out to bodily organs and functions. If there is a blockage or obstruction in any of them, this is when you succumb to a disease or an illness. Power physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf___Most of the auditing services are secured, private, and cheap. New companies are opting for these financial accounting services. These accounting services are cheap and you get a lot of benefits. It would be best to choose a financial accounting service locally because some laws differ in other countries. So while you're conducting a search online, you have to check the location of the accounting service and if ever you choose a foreign accounting service, you have to provide all the necessary information so that nothing goes wrong. The various services offered by these chartered accountants are quite helpful especially in taxation, financial accounting, preparation of account statements, and a lot more. You don't have to worry about privacy issues because all business dealings are confidential and safe. These chartered accountants can be trusted. However, it is a good idea to check out the background of these financial accounting services, just to be sure. You can check out the customer testimonials to see if the previous clients are satisfied with their services. it is one way of telling if the financial service can be trusted and if it is reputable in the industry. Curse physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Treatment of acne is classified into topical and systemic drug therapies which are given based on extent of severity. In some instances the combination of both the methods might be the way to go for acne treatment. Topical medication is nothing but creams, gels, lotions, solutions etc. prescribed to patients for acne treatment. Some of the examples of topical medication are: Benzoyl Peroxide which kills the Propionibacterium Acnes bacteria, antibiotics helps in stopping or slowing down the growth of the bacteria and also reduces inflammation, Tretinoin helps in stopping the formation of new acne lesions and Adapalene reduces formation of comedo. Systemic drug therapies involve prescription of systemic antibiotics primarily for the treatment of acne problem which is moderate to severe in nature. The examples of antibiotics prescribed are Doxycycline, erythromycin and tetracycline. In some cases an oral drug called Isotretinoin is prescribed for teenagers with severe acne problem which shrinks down the sebaceous glands that produce oil. The results are pretty good and almost ninety percent of the adolescents have success with this oral drug. But the drug has some serious side-affects and thus it is very important that one consults a doctor before use. Adolescent Pregnancy Adolescent pregnancy in ninety nine percent of the cases is unwanted and is the major consequence of adolescent sexual activity, other than STDs. This issue has affected youth, families, educators, health care professionals, and government official. A study on the high school adolescents has concluded that forty eight percent of the males and forty five percent of the females are sexually active. One fourth of the high school students had sexual contact by fifteen years of age. The average age of boys is sixteen and a girl is seventeen, who have had intercourse. Ninety percent of adolescents, in the age range of fifteen to nineteen, say their pregnancy is unintended. Happiness physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf...There are so many chartered accountants all over the world. Choosing just one for your company or organization is an overwhelming task. You have to give a large portion of your time in searching for reputable chartered accountants as well as financial services. By exerting effort in your research, you will be able to find a good financial service provider. It would be best to hire the services of chartered accountants as soon as you start your business operation. And you know what? Even individuals can hire the services of these accountants so that they can keep track of their financial matters, especially taxation. Money is very important. Individuals as well as businesses need it for their everyday expenditures. It is therefore of great importance to keep track of all financial and money matters. Go ahead and search for the best financial accounting service online or even locally. Happiness physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf~The Influence of Social Media on Emotional Health Digital media have become an essential component of our lives, particularly for the young generation. We use it to connect, to share, to learn, to entertain, and to convey our feelings. But what could be the impacts of digital media on our emotional health? How can it impact our mood, our self-worth, our relations, our welfare, and our actions? This work aspires to respond to these inquiries, by examining the latest investigations and evidence on the topic. It is going to investigate the positive and detrimental aspects of social media, the hazard elements and safeguarding elements, the actions and approaches, and the forthcoming trends and implications. It is going to also provide helpful advice and advice for participants, caregivers, educators, and professionals, on how to employ online platforms in a healthful and responsible manner. Guide physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf The Influence of Social Media on Emotional Health Digital media have become an essential component of our lives, particularly for the young generation. We use it to connect, to share, to learn, to entertain, and to convey our feelings. But what could be the impacts of digital media on our emotional health? How can it impact our mood, our self-worth, our relations, our welfare, and our actions? This work aspires to respond to these inquiries, by examining the latest investigations and evidence on the topic. It is going to investigate the positive and detrimental aspects of social media, the hazard elements and safeguarding elements, the actions and approaches, and the forthcoming trends and implications. It is going to also provide helpful advice and advice for participants, caregivers, educators, and professionals, on how to employ online platforms in a healthful and responsible manner. Life Lessons from physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;The Influence of Social Media on Emotional Health Digital media have become an essential component of our lives, particularly for the young generation. We use it to connect, to share, to learn, to entertain, and to convey our feelings. But what could be the impacts of digital media on our emotional health? How can it impact our mood, our self-worth, our relations, our welfare, and our actions? This work aspires to respond to these inquiries, by examining the latest investigations and evidence on the topic. It is going to investigate the positive and detrimental aspects of social media, the hazard elements and safeguarding elements, the actions and approaches, and the forthcoming trends and implications. It is going to also provide helpful advice and advice for participants, caregivers, educators, and professionals, on how to employ online platforms in a healthful and responsible manner. example physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf:The Influence of Social Media on Emotional Health Digital media have become an essential component of our lives, particularly for the young generation. We use it to connect, to share, to learn, to entertain, and to convey our feelings. But what could be the impacts of digital media on our emotional health? How can it impact our mood, our self-worth, our relations, our welfare, and our actions? This work aspires to respond to these inquiries, by examining the latest investigations and evidence on the topic. It is going to investigate the positive and detrimental aspects of social media, the hazard elements and safeguarding elements, the actions and approaches, and the forthcoming trends and implications. It is going to also provide helpful advice and advice for participants, caregivers, educators, and professionals, on how to employ online platforms in a healthful and responsible manner. Reading physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf.The Influence of Social Media on Emotional Health Digital media have become an essential component of our lives, particularly for the young generation. We use it to connect, to share, to learn, to entertain, and to convey our feelings. But what could be the impacts of digital media on our emotional health? How can it impact our mood, our self-worth, our relations, our welfare, and our actions? This work aspires to respond to these inquiries, by examining the latest investigations and evidence on the topic. It is going to investigate the positive and detrimental aspects of social media, the hazard elements and safeguarding elements, the actions and approaches, and the forthcoming trends and implications. It is going to also provide helpful advice and advice for participants, caregivers, educators, and professionals, on how to employ online platforms in a healthful and responsible manner. Lolita physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf The Influence of Social Media on Emotional Health Digital media have become an essential component of our lives, particularly for the young generation. We use it to connect, to share, to learn, to entertain, and to convey our feelings. But what could be the impacts of digital media on our emotional health? How can it impact our mood, our self-worth, our relations, our welfare, and our actions? This work aspires to respond to these inquiries, by examining the latest investigations and evidence on the topic. It is going to investigate the positive and detrimental aspects of social media, the hazard elements and safeguarding elements, the actions and approaches, and the forthcoming trends and implications. It is going to also provide helpful advice and advice for participants, caregivers, educators, and professionals, on how to employ online platforms in a healthful and responsible manner. Solutions physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Finding an Accounting Job Now that you've finished your accounting course, it is time to find an accounting job. A lot of young adults are now wondering where to find the perfect job. They find it very difficult because there are not so many job opportunities out there. But if you only know where to look, you can get a job right away especially if you meet all the job qualifications. When looking for a job, you should make use of all the available resources like a headhunter or an employment service, the local papers, and of course, the internet. Consider the following tips when searching for an accounting job. All you have to now is find a clinic that offers this service to customers so you will soon look radiant to other people. Project physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf The disease should not be taken lightly and if it's left untreated it can spread and affect the bones under the teeth which would eventually dissolve and would not longer support the teeth in its place. The chronic form of the disease is responsible for tooth loss in seventy percent of the cases affecting seventy five percent of the people at some time in their lives. The causes of periodontal disease are similar to any other oral disease wherein plaque buildup and bacteria are responsible for the condition. According to statistics plaque buildup is the main cause of gum related diseases. Apart from the causes listed, the other possible causes of periodontal disease include: Genetics, unkempt oral hygiene, food getting stuck to frequently in the gums, mouth breathing, low nutrient diet or vitamin c deficient diet, smoking, diabetes, autoimmune/systemic disease, changes in hormone levels, certain medications and constantly teeth grinding. According to statistics nearly sixty six percent young adult population suffers from periodontal disease and nearly fifty percent of teenagers suffer from periodontal disease. Also, it is the most widespread tooth loss cause in adults. But, what are the symptoms of periodontal disease? There are various symptoms and it could differ from one adolescent to the other which may include swollen, tender, and red gums; if one gets Downloaded from vla.ramtech.uri.edu on December 10, 2023 by Arnold b bleeding during brushing or flossing the teeth it is also one of the symptoms of periodontal disease; receding gums; constant odorous breath; loose teeth; dentures not fitting any longer; change in alignment of jaw and bite. The symptoms of the disease may be similar to other medical conditions and doctor's consultation is the best in this regard. Best Seller : physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf You won't have a hard time looking for one as the number of institutions which teach students about acupuncture have gone up at a rapid rate since 1982 when the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (ACAOM) and the Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (CCAOM) were established. To date there are about 50 colleges and a few also offer a master's degree in Oriental Medicine and Acupuncture. So what are you waiting for? If you think you have what it takes to be an acupuncturist, then go ahead and just do it. Guide physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf,Apart from studying the medical history of the patient, the doctor will recommend diagnostic procedures such as bone scans, X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging and blood test. The bone scans will determine the arthritic changes and degenerative changes in the joints, which helps to detect tumors & bone diseases and the cause of pain and inflammation. The X-ray will give the inside picture of the bones, tissues and organs. The magnetic resonance imaging provide detailed image of the structures within the body with the help of large magnets. It is best if slipped capital femoral epiphysis is determined in the early stages, so that the femur bone's head doesn't slip off any further. The adolescent may need to undergo a surgery along with physical therapy. Periodontal Disease in Adolescents The meaning of the word "periodontal" is around the tooth. Also known as gum diseases periodontal diseases are nothing but serious infections caused by bacteria that harm the gums and tissues in the vicinity of the mouth. While dental cavities or caries only affects the tooth Periodontal disease is devastating affecting the bones that surround the tooth, gums, coverings of teeth root and tooth membrane. A physician specializing in the treatment of periodontal disease is known as Periodontist. Hope physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf~Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Adolescents Obsessive compulsive disorder or OCD starts from adolescence onwards. OCD is feeling of strong obsessions and compulsions which result in intense discomfort and affects daily functioning. Obsessions are thoughts which are persistent and recurrent. They even include unwanted images and impulses which lead to distress and anxiety. These feelings and thoughts are usually irrational or unrealistic. Compulsions are repetitive rituals or behavior such as checking something again & again, or mental acts such as counting. These obsessions & compulsions cause intense distress and anxiety and can interfere with the daily activities, relationships, social activities and academic functioning. The person with OCD thinks that he has no control over his actions. OCDs are relapsing and chronic illness. The thoughts change as the adolescent grows. Younger children suffering from OCD often have thoughts of harm befalling on them and their family such as thief getting into the house through an unlocked door. This will make the children to recheck the door and windows again and again fearing that they might have left the door unlocked accidentally. Teenagers suffering from OCD fear that they might get fall sick due to germs, contaminated food and AIDS. The adolescent develops certain rituals, such as washing hands innumerable times, in order to get over the fear. These rituals help them to think that they have overcome the problem for the time being and give them temporary relief. If they do not perform these rituals, they become more and more anxious. Challenge physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;As more people are opening their minds to this practice, people should know that getting an acupuncture degree will not replace traditional medicine since there are limits to what it can do for the patient. It is merely a form of holistic healthcare that works hand in hand with science to help the person deal with an illness. When you think about it, that might be something that the practice has going for it. If it has existed already for thousands of years and is still being practiced by millions up to now, then it must have worked already for quite a number of people. What typically happens when you go to an acupuncturist? When you go to an acupuncturist, you would typically first be asked about your medical history, how youre feeling and any symptoms of sicknesses you might have. The specialist would observe features of your face, including your tongue. According to specialists, your tongue is a good indicator of the health of your internal organs. The acupuncturist would listen to sounds that your body makes like the sounds coming from your lungs. How your body smells could also be an indicator of your overall health for the acupuncturists diagnosis. Rating : physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;A course of acupuncture therapy will last anywhere from a few weeks to a few months. This depends upon the complexity of the particular medical condition. Results also vary, so it is important to have a frank discussion with the acupuncturist regarding expected results and their time frame. In general, the patient will begin to feel beneficial effects after three or four session. Certain specific conditions will actually get a little worse before improving so keeping informed is key. In modern medicine, the use of traditional techniques with proven results has become a widely accepted practice. Acupuncture has proven its worth time and again. Modern practice guidelines make it effective, reproducible, and safe. It is a gift of healing form ancient sages that has the potential to bring relief to millions of people. Preliminary studies have shown that acupuncture may provide symptomatic relief to children suffering from autism. Although difficult at first, it is believed that it is rewarding in the long run. This is because while conventional therapy and treatment requires that the child stay still, acupuncture doesn't. Some say it's a quick prick at the vital points in the body. Guide physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Allergic reactions can range from mild symptoms like runny nose to more severe ones such as difficulty in breathing. Teenagers suffering from asthma often have allergic reaction to cold and get asthma attack is another example of allergies. Some kinds of allergies trigger multiple symptoms. Allergic reactions in very rare cases also produce severe reaction known as "anaphylaxis" for which the signs are difficulty in breathing, difficulty in swallowing, swelling in tongue, lips and throat and dizziness. This allergic reaction occurs as soon as the system is exposed to substances that trigger allergic reactions like peanut although some reactions are delayed by as much as four hours. The reasons why people get allergies can be various and one of the reasons could be hereditary but that that does not necessarily mean that children are bound to get allergies from their parents. Some of the common allergens include food, airborne particles, insect bite and sting, medicines, chemicals etc. Food allergies typically occur in infants and usually vanish as the child grows. The list of food allergens includes milk & dairy products, wheat, soy, eggs, peanuts, and seafood. Some people are allergic to stings and bites of certain insects. The venom in the bite is the one which actually causes reaction and can be as serious as anaphylactic in some teens. Some teens are also allergic to airborne particles which are also known as environmental allergens. They are also the commonest of all the allergens. Examples of these allergens include dust mites, animal dander, mold spores, grass pollens, trees and ragweed. Some adolescents are also allergic to certain antibiotic medicines. Another common allergen is chemical, certain chemicals present in laundry detergents or cosmetics can cause rashes that are itchy in nature. Allergists usually treat allergic problems. They may ask questions like symptoms of the allergy and whether it is hereditary. They may also prescribe certain diagnostic tests like blood or skin test depending on the type of allergy. The best way to treat allergies is to completely avoid the substances that cause allergies. However there are certain medications and injections are also available to treat allergies. Curse physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Project physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf.The last is being a national income accountant. This type of career makes use of the social and economic concepts and not the concept of business entity. As a national income accountant, it is your task to provide a public estimate of the yearly purchasing power of a nation. Now you know the different types of career in accountancy. To sum it all up, the five types are as follows: industrial or public accounting, public accounting, government accounting, fiduciary, and national income accounting. So, which of these five careers will you specialize in? You have to choose wisely because your future career will depend on it. While you're still studying, you can already determine which career path to take. Plan ahead because by doing so, you can reach all your goals in life. example physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf It sounds like a made-up explanation with no basis in reality, but there are numerous scientific studies Downloaded from vla.ramtech.uri.edu which support the effects of acupuncture. Although the exact scientific basis is still unknown, recent on theories seem to suggest involvement of complicated neurochemical effects in the brain, nerve to spinal cord impulse modulation, and microscopic connective tissue changes. What risks and side effects are of concern? The use of things not completely understood for the treatment of medical conditions is nothing new. Penicillin and aspirin were used for decades solely on the basis of their beneficial effects, without doctors knowing exactly how they worked. Results are what are truly important. However, it is equally important is to ensure that the technique is used safely. Lolita physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf...Cholesterol in Adolescents Parts of adolescent's body are filled with a waxy stuff identified as cholesterol. It helps to produce vitamin D, cell membranes and certain hormones. Blood cholesterol comes from two different sources, liver within the body and food. The adolescent's liver produces enough cholesterol to carry out proper functioning. The blood acts as the carrier of cholesterol and transports it to different parts of the body. They are transported in round particle form known as lipoproteins. There are two types of lipoproteins called the low density lipoproteins or LDL and high density lipoproteins or HDL. Low density lipoprotein or LDL cholesterol is commonly known as bad cholesterol. It helps in the building up of plaque in arteries and this condition is known as atherosclerosis. The LDL level must be low in the blood and if it is high it must be decreased. Healthy weight must be maintained and exercise should be done regularly. Food items which have high contents of calories, dietary cholesterol and saturated fat must be avoided. High density lipoprotein or HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol. It is actually a kind of fat in blood which helps to remove bad cholesterol from the body and stops the build up of plaque in the arteries. The more the HDL cholesterol in the blood the better it is. The HDL can be raised by at least twenty minutes of exercising daily, decreasing body mass and keeping away from food with saturated fat. Some adolescents need to take medications in order to increase HDL. In such cases, increasing HDL can be a complicated procedure and the physician can make a therapeutic plan to increase HDL in the blood stream. Fight physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Although there is an increase in the use of contraceptive methods by adolescents during their first sexual contact, only sixty three percent of the high school students have said to use condom while having sex previously. Adolescents, who use prescription contraceptives, delay their doctor's visit until the time they become sexually active for over a year. According to a research, youngsters who have participated in sex education programs which gave them knowledge about contraception methods, abstinence, sexually transmitted diseases and youngsters who involved in discussions in order to get a clear picture, used contraceptives and condoms effectively without any increase in sexual activity. The Center for Disease Control & Prevention has said that the solution for unwanted adolescent pregnancies and STDs are barrier contraceptive use and abstinence. Allergies in Adolescents Allergies are reactions by immune system that are abnormal in nature to stuff that are usually harmless to majority of the people. When somebody is allergic to something the immune system of that person gets confused and thinks that the substance is detrimental to the body. The substances causing allergic reactions are known as allergens. The examples of allergens are dust, food, plant pollen, medicine etc. The body produces antibodies to protect itself from these allergens. The antibodies make certain cells present in the system to let chemicals to mix with the bloodstream and one of them is histamine. This chemical then acts on nose, eyes, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and results in allergic reaction symptoms. Exposure to the same chemicals in future triggers same response to the antibodies again meaning every time one comes in contact with the same allergen, allergic reaction is produced in the body. observation physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf Eight Myths About Acupuncture There are a lot of myths with regards to acupuncture. Some of these are true; others are silly while the rest only have a half truth. As you read on, you will learn which ones are worth believing. The first myth is that acupuncture is painful. This is not true because those who have tried it claimed they only experienced a tiny prick while others did not feel anything at all. There is no tissue damage when the needle is inserted into the skin or pulled out and only in very rare cases are there traces of bruising. The second myth is that you can get hepatitis or AIDS from acupuncture. This is true only if the needles used are not sterilized. In the US, this will never happen because acupuncturists are required to use disposable needles thus you are not at risk from these two diseases. Solutions physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf...Acupuncture Could Help You Finally Manage Your Stress Levels Todays world can fill the very busy individual with a lot of stress. Without some way of removing this stress from your system, youre placing yourself in danger from a lot of stress-related diseases. You might suffer from insomnia or headaches or very serious heart diseases. You could take anti-stress pills to help you relax but, like me, you might also be worried about the side effects these pills could have. The good news is that you could try acupuncture at least once to see if it could help you manage the stress. It certainly couldnt hurt to try acupuncture if all youre after is stress relief. If you find it doesnt work for you, then you can just easily stop taking acupuncture treatments. If it works, though, then you can say youve found a good treatment for stress that doesnt rely on those dangerous chemicals and pills. Rating : physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;Acupuncture is an Example of Holistic Healthcare Holistic healthcare by definition is being able to cure an illness through the use alternative means. This means no medication is given to the patient and an instrument like a bunch of needles could do the trick. Acupuncture has been around for than 2000 years. It is only recently that this holistic form of healthcare has reached the US. Studies have shown that it can treat minor problems and prevent some from happening. The needles used in acupuncture are very thin but thicker than the human hair. This makes it smaller than those used on hypodermic needles. Study case physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf.Facial Acupuncture Looking beautiful both inside and out is something we all want to achieve. Since your face is ridden with emotion and hormonal issues, you have to take care of it. Fortunately, there is a technique that can do that using painless mini needles and this is better known as facial acupuncture. Facial acupuncture is a painless procedure that renews not only the face but the body as well. This is because it can erase lines and eye bags making you look younger. At the same time, it can also help clear up pimples and acne. For this to work, fine needles are placed in acupuncture points on the eyes, face and neck to stimulate the person's natural energies. As a result, this also improves your facial color. First physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf-Acupuncture Can Help Treat Migraines Acupuncture can help treat migraines. This was discovered after a comparative study was done with conventional medical care. In some cases, it even prevents it from happening which helps improve the quality of life for the patient. To understand how acupuncture helps migraine sufferers, you have to understand that in traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that an imbalance in the flow of blood and energy causes this to happen. In order to treat it, the specialist must relieve the tension by inserting needles into the body to improve the blood flow to the brain thus reducing the pain experienced during an attack. Opportunity physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf.Government service – you can look for job opportunities in the state or federal level. Government accountants are responsible for tracking costs, budgets, and analyzing the various government programs that involves huge amounts. Being a government accountant can give you the chance of improving the conditions of the poor however, due to political influence, your will experience bureaucratic impediment. If you want to become a government accountant, you have to think twice because the public usually think differently of those in position. But it doesn't really matter what other people think as long as you're doing your work honestly and effectively. Commerce – accounting groups are maintained by corporations, whether big or small. The groups of accountants prepare and organize all the financial statements, handle tax issues, track costs, handle international transactions, and a lot more. Solutions physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf The duration of your treatment varies depending on the nature of your problem. Some are easy to fix compared to others especially if you are dealing with something long term. For instance, alcoholics and drug users may quit their vices after 3 or 4 months while those suffering from a disease like autism will take years as there is no know cure yet for the this illness. Before the needles are inserted, you need to undergo a physical examination and answer a few questions. There are risks involved even though it is a painless procedure because the needle might hit something vital inside but if the specialist is good, then there is nothing to worry about. You may notice a spot of blood when the needles come off. But if you are concerned about it, talk to your acupuncturist so he or she can prescribe something. Reading physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf There is also auricular acupuncture where it is believed that the ear is a microcosm of the body. This means that acupuncture needles are placed on certain points on the ear so it can treat certain addiction disorders. Myofascially-based acupuncture is often utilized by physical therapists as it involves feeling the meridian lines in search of tender points before applying needles as this is where abnormal energy flows. Japanese styles of acupuncture referred to as "meridian therapy," tend to put more emphasis on needling technique and feeling meridians in diagnosis. Life Lessons from physiotherapy 1st year paper pdf pdf;The question now is whether you should get free accounting software or not. It's only a download away but before anything else, there are some things that you need to look for in accounting software; consider the following tips. Large companies who want to promote products and marketing campaigns are now providing the public with free accounting software. You have to surf the internet diligently so that you can immediately take advantage of it. You can find a lot of free things online but you should be warned about scams. There are dishonest websites that tell surfers they offer free accounting software that are downloadable. The site will ask you to provide personal information on their registration forms and then ask for the number of your credit card. Legitimate websites that offer free accounting software will not request for any personal information.	<urn:uuid:3ebacf36-d70c-4bcc-888e-cbfc71b56fe7>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://vla.ramtech.uri.edu/textbook-solutions/files?PDF=physiotherapy-1st-year-paper-pdf.pdf	2023-12-10T13:46:33+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-50/subset=warc/part-00078-e565b809-b335-4c1d-90fd-54a9a2b7113d.c000.gz.parquet	658,284,190	18,332	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.992715	eng_Latn	0.996282	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Lat...	false	rolmOCR	[ 1415, 3191, 4994, 6890, 8703, 10588, 12396, 14319, 16299, 18305, 20389, 22221, 23283, 24546, 26071, 27535, 29281, 30694, 32402, 34019, 35602, 37197, 38709, 40455, 42279, 43829, 45097, 46897, 48771, 50238, 51932, 53745, 55340, 57118, 58531, 60197,...
Route 14 — Highland Shuttle WALMART TO FAITH COUNTRYSIDE Faith Countryside AM PM Instructions $2 $3 $5 $50 $70 $20 Bike Routes please call: (618) 797-4636 (INFO) or TDD (618) 797-6000. largo de la ruta. (618) 931-RIDE (7433) o TDD (618) 797-6000. Route 14 — Highland Shuttle FAITH COUNTRYSIDE TO WALMART Walmart Faith Countryside AM PM Madison County Transit Services Madison County Transit Services Timetable & Map Timetable & Map Food Pantry Suppiger Apartments Northtown Shopping Center Highland Home Highland Walmart Highland Middle/High School Main & Mulberry St. Joseph's Hospital Highland Faith Countryside Homes 14	<urn:uuid:b6b5854a-3326-4f34-96e2-b4ae55534f97>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	http://mct.org/routes_pdf/MCT_Route_14.pdf	2018-12-13T12:49:08Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824822.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213123823-20181213145323-00100.warc.gz	179,145,337	209	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.448003	eng_Latn	0.48433	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 260, 656 ]
Sonitor ® Technologies Congratulates Dell Seton Medical Center at The University of Texas, on the Opening of Its State-of-the-Art New Teaching Hospital Stamford, CT (July 12, 2017) Sonitor Technologies, a global leader in indoor, ultrasound-based positioning technologies would like to congratulate Dell Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas on the grand opening of its state-of-the-art healthcare facility which includes the integration of Sonitor's Real Time Location System (RTLS), Sonitor Sense™. Dell Seton, a teaching hospital, opened on May 21, 2017 and is the centerpiece of a new health district in downtown Austin. As a state-of-the-art healthcare facility, Dell Seton will leverage Sonitor's Sense RTLS platform to increase eﬃciencies for caregivers by helping to manage workﬂow and capacity, quickly locate and track equipment to ultimately deliver seamless, best-in-class care for patients. To support those goals, Sonitor's Sense RTLS platform has been installed throughout the facility including in the OR, PACU, ED and in all patient rooms. In addition, Sonitor's SmartTags™ will be deployed to doctors, nursing staﬀ and attached on medical equipment such as wheel chairs and IV pumps. Sonitor's Sense RTLS will provide actionable location and event-based data that allows the facility to make informed decisions on how to best improve staﬀ work ﬂow and patient ﬂow, as well as manage and maintain assets and inventory. "This is also about staﬀ satisfaction and the impact it has delivering quality care. At the end of the day what we want out of an RTLS is to make life easier for caregivers, make it easier to track and locate equipment and underscore for patients that they are in a world class facility," said Doug Burkott, PMP, FHIMSS and Program Manager at Dell Seton. "Patients may not notice the RTLS location transmitters overhead and the SmartTags that the staﬀ are wearing, but they will experience how smoothly things run and that the staﬀ has more time to pay attention to their needs and be responsive enabling us to make a positive diﬀerence in their care." "Huge congratulations are in order for the Dell Seton community on the development of such an impressive new, state-of the-art medical facility," said Anne Bugge, Sonitor Technologies, Inc. President and CEO. "It has been such a pleasure being part of the eﬀort to bring their patients and community the very latest technology which is so central to quality healthcare delivery. We look forward to partnering together in the future." About Sonitor Technologies Sonitor Technologies is a leading provider of Real Time Location System (RTLS) solutions linking the physical world with the Internet of Things (IoT)to provide real-time visibility and connected intelligence. As the ﬁrst and only company to use proprietary ultrasound technology as the primary technology for indoor positioning systems (IPS), Sonitor's platform automatically tracks the real-time location of moveable equipment and people with 100% room or sub-room level accuracy in complex, indoor environments, such as hospitals, clinics and ambulatory surgery centers. With an open integration platform, Sonitor provides the ﬂexibility to leverage best-in-class software application solutions covering many uses such as nurse call, patient ﬂow, workﬂow and capacity management, hand hygiene and infection control and asset and inventory management. About Seton Healthcare Family In Texas, Ascension operates Providence Healthcare Network and Seton Healthcare Family, which includes Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas and another 120 related clinical facilities that together employ more than 13,000 employees. Across Texas, Ascension provided more than $910 million in community beneﬁt and charity care in ﬁscal year 2015. Serving Texas for 114 years, Ascension is a faith-based health care organization committed to delivering compassionate, personalized care to all, with special attention to persons living in poverty and those most vulnerable. Ascension is the largest nonproﬁt health system in the U.S. and the world's largest Catholic health system, operating 2,500 sites of care – including 141 hospitals and more than 30 senior living facilities – in 24 states and the District of Columbia. Visit www.seton.net. Seton's new teaching hospital will become Central Texas' gateway to the future of care.With Dell Seton Medical Center at The University of Texas, Austin will have more specialists for a growing population; sustain high quality care for all, with a special concern for the vulnerable; discover new treatments, and enjoy economic growth. This is a game-changer for our city. What transpires will be as future-focused as Austin.	<urn:uuid:06b33fbd-263f-4c09-80f1-563b0b1c9627>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://sonitor.com/pdfs/press-071217.pdf	2017-08-23T11:47:53Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00141.warc.gz	399,458,978	981	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.9978	eng_Latn	0.9978	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4734 ]
FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS PROF. SUBRATA KUMAR MAJUMDER Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Guwahati COURSE DURATION : TYPE OF COURSE INTENDED AUDIENCE INDUSTRY SUPPORT : EXAM DATE Rerun \| Core \| UG : Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering UG and PG : students and Faculty 24 April 2022 : Chemical Industries, Flow reactor handling, Piping system, Metering ﬂuent etc. 12 weeks (24 Jan'22 - 15 Apr'22) COURSE OUTLINE : This course is structured as a MOOCS course for students or junior engineers studying chemical, mechanical or civil engineering. In this course, eﬀort will be made to introduce students /engineers to ﬂuid mechanics by making explanations easy to understand, including recent information and comparing the theories with actual phenomena. The following features will be included in the course 1. Many illustrations, photographs and items of interest will be presented for easy understanding. 2. Assignments and exercises will be given at the ends of course lecture to test understanding of the chapter topic. 3. Special emphasis will be given on real multiphase ﬂow phenomena with speciﬁc applications ABOUT INSTRUCTOR : Prof. S. K. Majumder is a Professor at Chemical Engineering Department in Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His research interests include multiphase flow and reactor development, hydrodynamics in multiphase flow, mineral processing, process intensifications and micro-nano bubble science and technology and its applications. He is a Fellow of Council of Engineering and Technology (India) and Fellow of the International Society for Research and Development, London. He is a recipient of various honours and awards like: Editor, Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Studies, Guest editor, American Journal of Fluid Dynamics, published by Scientific & Academic Publishing Co., USA, Editorial board member of Scientific Journal of Materials Science, IIME Award on beneficiation in year 2008 from Indian Institute of Mineral Engineers (IIME), Editorial board Member of the Journal of Science and Technology, Scientific and Academic Publishing, USA, Advisory board member of Excelling Tech Publishers (ETP), London, UK. COURSE PLAN : Week 1 : Characteristics of a fluid Week 2 : Fluid statics Week 3 : Fundamentals of flow Week 4 : One-dimensional flow Week 5 : Flow of viscous fluid Week 6 : Losses in pipes Week 7 : Flow in a water channel Week 8 : Drag and lift and cavitation Week 9 : Dimensional analysis and law of similarity Week 10 : Compressible fluid flow Week 11 : Measurement of flow Week 12 : Multiphase flow phenomena and its application: 53	<urn:uuid:433ed82e-dd6d-4b50-ac5d-1905fc2aeabc>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/syllabus_pdf/103103147.pdf	2023-03-24T22:57:11+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-14/subset=warc/part-00030-39c03058-7d78-443d-9984-102329513e3d.c000.gz.parquet	135,808,785	637	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.975472	eng_Latn	0.975472	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2789 ]
At a Regular Meeting of the Board of County Commissioners, Washington County Colorado, held at the Courthouse in Akron, Colorado on Tuesday the 8th day of August, 2023, there were present: Gisele Jefferson, commissioner present Kent Vance, commissioner present Lea Ann Laybourn, chairman present Annie Kuntz, clerk to the board present Misty Peterson, county administrator present The Regular meeting was called to order by Chairman Laybourn at 8:06 am. Approve Consent Agenda 1. Schedule of Bills for the County from the General, Road and Bridge, Health Care, TV Translator, Landfill, Capital Expenditure and Justice Center Funds payables in the amount of $352,005.37. 2. Schedule of Bills for the Nursing Home in the amount of $34,296.54. 3. Schedule of Bills for the Pioneer Haven in the amount of $0. 4. Minutes from Prior Meetings August 1st, 2023 It was moved by Commissioner Vance and duly seconded by Commissioner Jefferson to approve the consent agenda as amended. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Jefferson and duly seconded by Commissioner Vance for approval of Building Permit BP23-21 for the industrial tower for Viaero. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Vance and duly seconded by Commissioner Jefferson to accept the bid from Joel Dracon and Corey Traxler for swathing and baling on the property on county road 39 and BB. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Jefferson and duly seconded by Commissioner Vance for approval of the Capital Purchase for the fairgrounds for new forks for the telehandler in the amount of $2,060.95. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Vance and duly seconded by Commissioner Jefferson to approve the Capital Purchase for the Court House in the amount of $9,300 that includes backing, siding, flashing and trim. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Jefferson and duly seconded by Commissioner Vance for approval of Capital Purchase for roof repairs for Human Services in the amount of $8,400 with JM Exteriors. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Vance and duly seconded by Commissioner Jefferson to approve Capital Purchase for the repairs to the Railroad Museum in the amount of $2,136.45. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. It was moved by Commissioner Jefferson and duly seconded by Commissioner Vance to open a two week bid process for scrap metal from the old YW building and put ad in the paper for two weeks. On roll call vote, all votes being yes, the motion carried. The Regular meeting was adjourned at 8:43 a.m. Annie Kuntz, Clerk to the Board Lea Ann Laybourn, Chairman Board of County Commissioners	<urn:uuid:a0c6835c-cd08-4a50-a216-86e6a2c94ccb>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://washingtoncounty.colorado.gov/sites/washingtoncounty/files/August%208th%20%2C2023%20Minutes.pdf	2023-09-23T18:48:51+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-40/subset=warc/part-00216-7aa0a1e5-33a6-434b-89a2-950f294b40c1.c000.gz.parquet	678,284,148	649	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998854	eng_Latn	0.99901	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 1776, 2919 ]
Hospitals in Asia have undergone a remarkable transformation in structure, financing and organisation. Despite the explosion of information at one’s fingertips, the allure of tele-health and the miniaturisation of technology, hospitals will continue to be dominant in the Asian healthcare landscape. In many Western countries, there have been active steps to reduce the number of hospitals and hospital beds, and many have heralded the ‘decline’ of the hospital as we know it, citing the exorbitant costs coupled with rapid advances in technology which today enable many therapies to be offered in an ambulatory setting, first in an outpatient clinic and soon in the home. We beg to differ. The future is exceptionally bright for Asian hospitals – especially the ones that have not been built. But to understand where hospitals in Asia are and should be going, it is important to first understand how we got here, to stand on the legacy of the past to peer into the future. Three milestones in the evolution of the Asian hospital can be traced out from the moments of the last two centuries: Firstly, rudimentary, largely urban hospitals (with neglect of rural populations) of colonised Asia; which were revitalised post-independence, signalling the second milestone, to reflect the political priority of healthcare to new, largely socialist-leaning governments. Both phases were followed by market reforms amid economic prosperity and a growing belief in the power of markets in the 1980s and 1990s which encouraged corporatisation of hospitals and increasingly high-technology facilities and specialised services to cater to the newly affluent and sophisticated populations. The happy recipients of substantial government and private investment in infrastructure and training, many of today’s Asian hospitals – led by Bumrungrad Hospital and Parkway Health – are embracing the economic opportunities presented by medical tourism. However, the transition of hospitals has been uneven, giving rise to a patchwork of hospitals spanning simple rural ones with just a handful of healthcare professionals, to the thousand-bedded full-speciality hospitals with transnational patient networks. The backlog of investment and underutilisation in less developed countries, coupled with re-structuring in developed countries to cater to international patients (private hospitals) and populations afflicted with chronic diseases (public hospitals), are further critical considerations. India is estimated to need over 3 million hospital beds just to catch up with the rest of the world, while Singapore’s health minister is exhorting hospital leaders to care “far beyond the hospital walls, going deep into the community at large” to help healthy people avoid complications and unnecessary hospitalisations. This diversity makes Asian hospitals a difficult constellation to consider collectively, but some key themes emerge to guide regional policy makers as they redesign hospitals for the future: NEW MODELS OF CARE Despite the generally lower cost of healthcare in Asia, hospitals have still found it necessary to disdain traditional tertiary care models and develop new ones to provide “faster, faster, cheaper and safer” care. Indian providers such as Aravind Eye Care System or Narayana Hrudalayala Hospital (called the Henry Ford of heart surgery by the Wall Street Journal) have revolutionised eye and cardiac surgery respectively with innovative high-volume, low-cost models which are being adapted throughout Asia. Size still does matter here, and only hospitals can offer the economies of scale needed. In Singapore, while reorganising into regional health systems, hospitals are also increasingly carving themselves up into acute, sub-acute, convalescent and community divisions in efforts to ‘right site’ and ‘right price’. HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM The primacy of hospitals, their sophistication (and commensurate costs) and their preponderance in urban settings, give rise to concerns of worsening inequities between rich and poor, and urban and rural regions. What is needed is a holistic population- and patient-centric design and development of the health system as a whole – critically examining the role of hospitals vis à vis the rest of the health system, balance between growth of the private, public and people sectors; and integration of the different levels of care, from prevention through cure and rehabilitation to palliation with a strong community orientation. Asian developing countries can exploit their ‘laggard’ status and avoid making the mistake of heavy capital investment in hospitals and, consequently, tertiary care bias that developed countries, especially in the West, have made and are now trying to reverse. LEAPFROGGING WITH TECHNOLOGY New technology could serve as the great enabler to successfully navigate the demographic and epidemiologic transitions which all Asian countries face. Telephony could be the mental model to adopt in seeking to leapfrog the developmental gaps and avoid huge infrastructural capital outlays. Hospitals must not become the ‘fixed lines’ that constrain, and should instead become the liberating platform with new modalities of care akin to the applications being used on mobile phones. Similar to the IT revolution, the future hospital in South-east Asia has the potential to serve the majority of health needs without physically having most patients pass through their doors. FINANCING Recent health sector reforms indicate a convergence of financing models using co-payments and mixed sources of funding including public-private partnership models. These arise for three main reasons: Increasing inability of public hospitals to retain clinical manpower and serve public needs, growing recognition of the enormity of financing needed, and finally, the realisation that adroit use of financial incentives can be a powerful mechanism to encourage cost-saving by both patients and providers and facilitate holistic care for chronic diseases. Who pays is important, but what is paid for is even more crucial. Governments must transform their financing models to support cost-sustainable retention of the most complex and sophisticated services within the hospital’s four walls, while actively creating and enabling complementary structures in the community to offer care that does not need to occur on hospital premises. Asian nations now stand at the crossroads of health system reform. Amid the rapid transitions, the hospital in Asia must continue to evolve to be cost-effective, technologically adaptable, culturally acceptable and environmentally sustainable, synergistic with the broader continuum of care to serve the changing needs. We see a future where the hospital is simply where the experts are for the most complex cases and on consult availability for other providers – a future where hospitals are the central node in an effectively networked health system, and a force multiplier for community healthcare in its locale. By its three-pronged agenda of research, high-level policy forums and leadership programmes, NUS Initiative to improve Health in Asia hopes to contribute significantly to this vision. Dr Jeremy Lim chairs the SingHealth Centre for Health Services Research. Phua Kai Hong is Associate Professor of Health Policy and Management, at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, NUS. This article is part of a health series contributed by the NUS Initiative to Improve Health in Asia. More details at www.gai.nus.edu.sg.	<urn:uuid:8cf428e0-6089-4c50-8b84-998d5cc15b80>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://gai.nus.edu.sg/pdf/2011_2103_TODAY_ReDesigning%20hospitals%20for%20the%20future.pdf	2017-06-25T15:45:12Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00647.warc.gz	163,757,342	1,382	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998259	eng_Latn	0.998259	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 7576 ]
VOX CEPR Policy Portal Research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists Columns Video Vox VoxTalks Publications Blogs&Reviews People Debates By Topic By Date By Reads By Tag To adjust or not to adjust: The optimal inflation target in the face of a lower r-star Philippe Andrade, Jordi Galí, Hervé Le Bihan, Julien Matheron 01 October 2019 How to adjust to structurally lower real natural rates of interest is a challenging but inescapable issue for central bankers. Using simulation and US data, this column studies how changes in the steady-state natural interest rate affect the optimal inﬂation target. It finds that starting from pre-crisis values, a 1 percentage point decline in the natural rate should be accommodated by an increase in the optimal inﬂation target of about 0.9 to 1 percentage point. It also discusses alternatives to adjusting the target, such as non-conventional monetary policies. 4 A The Federal Reserve is currently in the process of reviewing "the strategies, tools, and communication practices it uses to pursue its congressionallyassigned mandate of maximum employment and price stability". 1 A review of strategy is also conducted every five years in Canada. The euro area had its last review as far back as 2003, but President Draghi just hinted that a new review will be conducted under his successor's tenure. Related In many central banks, a salient feature of the strategy is the reference to an explicit long-run inflation target which defines price stability. For instance, on January Optimal inflation and the identification of the Phillips curve Michael McLeay, Silvana Tenreyro Price-level targeting to escape the zero lower bound Seppo Honkapohja, Kaushik Mitra How firm productivity impacts the optimal inflation rate Klaus Adam, Henning Weber Animal spirits and the optimal level of the inflation target Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji 2012, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) stated that an "inflation at the rate of 2% as measured by the annual change in the price index for personal consumption expenditure is most consistent over the longer run with the Federal Reserve's statutory mandate." 2 There are several reasons for having a positive inflation target, including the tendency of price indices to overstate inflation, downward nominal wage rigidities, and the probability of hitting the zero lower bound constraint on nominal interest rates. 3 These structural features may vary over time. It therefore makes sense for central banks to review their inflation target periodically. 4 Low interest rates and more frequent zero lower bound episodes: A new normal? A recent literature suggests that the average natural real rate of interest (commonly known as r), which is a key structural factor underlying the optimal choice of an inflation target, has experienced a significant decline in advanced economies (e.g. Laubach and Williams 2016, Holston et al. 2017, Del Negro et al. 2018). This is likely a result of several forces at work – a lower trend growth rate of productivity (Gordon 2015), demographic factors (Eggertsson et al. 2017), and an enhanced preference for safe assets (Summers 2014, Caballero and Farhi 2015). Other things equal, a lower r should lead to structurally lower nominal interest rates and, hence, more frequent episodes at the zero lower bound hampering the ability of monetary policy to stabilise the economy, and bringing about more frequent (and potentially protracted) episodes of recessions and below-target inflation (e.g. Kiley and Roberts 2017). The strikingly low level of nominal interest rates in economies which have already exited the trap gives some support to this lower r* story. As an illustration, almost four years after its initial lift-off from the zero lower bound, the effective Fed Fund rate peaked at a mere 2.4% in 2019. This is about 275 basis points (bps) below its previous peak in 2006-07. 5 Looking ahead, FOMC members report a median long-term Fed Funds rate estimate of 2.5% in the September 2019 Survey of Economic Projections, about 160 bps below its pre-crisis average. 6 It is thus not surprising that the evidence of a lower r* is a key motivation for the Fed's current strategy review (Clarida 2019). https://voxeu.org/article/optimal-inflation-target-face-lower-r-star Create account\| Login Search Events About Philippe Andrade Senior Economist in the Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Jordi Galí Snior Researcher, CREI, Professor, Universitat Pompeu Fabra; research Professor, Barcelona GSE; Research Fellow, CEPR Hervé Le Bihan Deputy Director of Monetary and Financial Studies Directorate, Banque de France Julien Matheron Senior Research Advisor, Banque de France Don't Miss Banking, FinTech, Big Tech: Emerging challenges for financial policymakers Petralia, Philippon, Rice, Véron Challenges in the digital age Labhard, McAdam, Petroulakis, Vivian The parliamentary Brexit endgame Tyson Events Valuation in Derivative Markets \| Subscribe Several prominent scholars have argued in favour of raising the long-run inflation target in the face of a lower r* (e.g. Blanchard et al. 2010, Ball 2014, Williams 2016). In so doing, central banks would tend to increase the average nominal interest rate and, everything else being constant, would buy a larger buffer against the zero lower bound constraint and its associated welfare costs. However, this policy option is controversial as a higher average inflation also induces some permanent welfare losses due to costly price adjustment and distorted relative prices (e.g. Bernanke 2016). Is it worth raising the inflation target? In a recent paper (Andrade et al. 2019b), we quantify this trade-off using an estimated mediumscale New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Our analysis suggests that, at the margin, the costs of an upward adjustment in the inflation target in response to a lower r* are more than compensated by the benefits from a lower incidence of zero lower bound episodes. Our conclusions are based on extensive simulations of a model estimated using US data over a Great Moderation sample. 7 The framework features: (i) price stickiness, and partial indexation of prices to non-zero trend inflation, (ii) wage stickiness, and partial indexation of wages to both inflation and technical progress, and (iii) a zero lower bound constraint on the nominal interest rate. The first two features imply the presence of potentially substantial costs associated with non-zero inflation. The third feature warrants a strictly positive inflation rate, in order to mitigate the incidence and adverse effects of the zero lower bound. Simulating the model, we compute the optimal inflation target (π) for various steady-state real interest rates (r) keeping other parameters unchanged. 8 The latter may vary because of either a change in productivity growth (the secular stagnation hypothesis) or a change in the discount rate (the demographics or safe assets hypotheses). Figure 1 presents the resulting (r, π) relation. Notes: Figure 1 depicts the (r, π) relations for the US economy. The blue dots correspond to the case when the real steady-state interest rate r* varies with productivity growth (µ_z). The red dots correspond to the case when the real steady-state interest rate r* varies with the discount rate (ρ). The dashed grey lines indicate the estimated benchmark pre-crisis optimal inflation targets. The relation is decreasing – as r* increases, the probability of hitting the zero lower bound becomes smaller and smaller, and this calls for a lower π. For large, and empirically irrelevant values of r (say above 6%), the zero lower bound probability approaches zero and π* becomes even slightly negative for reasons related to productivity growth that we detail in our paper. For such large values of r, the relation is in addition flat. By contrast, when r is low and the probability of the zero lower bound significant, increasing π* to compensate for a drop in r* and more frequent zero lower bound episodes becomes desirable. By how much? https://voxeu.org/article/optimal-inflation-target-face-lower-r-star 9 - 11 October 2019 / Florence, Italy / Florence School of Banking and Finance, European University Institute Prudential Risks and Policies in the European Insurance Sector 17 - 18 October 2019 / Florence, Italy / Florence School of Banking and Finance, European University Institute Second conference on Gender and career progression 21 - 21 October 2019 / Frankfurt am Main / The Bank of England, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the European Central Bank Climate Change Risks Hidden Within Financial Institutions' Balance Sheets 28 - 30 October 2019 / Florence, Italy / Florence School of Banking and Finance, European University Institute Own Funds, MREL and TLAC 4 - 6 November 2019 / Florence, Italy / Florence School of Banking and Finance, European University Institute CEPR Policy Research Discussion Papers Insights Homeownership of immigrants in France: selection effects related to international migration flows Gobillon, Solignac Climate Change and LongRun Discount Rates: Evidence from Real Estate Giglio, Maggiori, Stroebel, Weber The Permanent Effects of Fiscal Consolidations Summers, Fatás Demographics and the Secular Stagnation Hypothesis in Europe Favero, Galasso QE and the Bank Lending Channel in the United Kingdom Butt, Churm, McMahon, Morotz, Schanz Subscribe @VoxEU RSS Feeds Weekly Digest Our results suggest that the Fed should consider raising its inflation target in response to a lower r. But can we be more specific? Suppose, for example, that the US experienced a permanent drop of 100 basis points in r compared to its pre-crisis level. 9 By how much should the Fed adjust its target? According to our simulations, it should increase its long-term inflation goal by 90 to 100 basis points – that is, almost one-for-one. As detailed in our paper, the adjustment of π* in response to a drop in r* from its pre-crisis level does not depend on the cause (productivity, demography or safe assets) underlying the structural decline in r. It also remains close to one-for-one under alternative values of key parameters driving the costs of inflation and the incidence of the zero lower bound (such as the degree of indexation, the elasticity across varieties, or the variance of the shocks). It also holds when considering a central bank that is uncertain about the parameters describing the economy, in particular the exact value of the steady state real interest rate. Beyond specific parameter values, one may also question the assumptions underlying our model and their implications for the trade-off between the costs of inflation and those of the zero lower bound. Figure 1 illustrates that, for the pre-crisis value of the steady state real interest rate, our quantitative model delivers an optimal inflation target of 2.2% – very close to the current 2% target. The quantification of the inflation-zero lower bound trade-off implied by our model does not seem to be much different from the one that led the Fed (and other central banks) to choose a 2% target. Alternatives to adjusting the target What would happen in the absence of an upward adjustment in the inflation target? According to our estimates, the probability of hitting the zero lower bound would nearly double in the US (from 5.5 to 11%). In our model, this is quite costly because short-term interest rates – both current and expected – are the only policy instrument available to stabilise the economy. But more frequent zero lower bound episodes may be much less of an issue in reality. Indeed, there is evidence that despite the zero lower bound constraint, central banks in advanced economies managed to stabilise – at least partially – the economy (e.g. Chung et al 2019, Debortoli et al. 2019, or Eberly et al. 2019). Non-conventional monetary policies such as forward guidance and large-scale asset purchase programs have helped overcome the constraint on their conventional instrument. In addition, stabilising fiscal expansions – with potentially larger multiplier at the zero lower bound – took over constrained monetary authorities. In a way, every major central bank already adjusted to the post-crisis world by making clear that they would rely on these unconventional instruments should they need them in the future. However, there are limits and risks attached to these alternative policies, especially if they have to be implemented frequently. Risks to financial stability may arise if interest rates are kept at very low levels for long. There are also limits on the assets eligible for central bank purchase programmes and/or risks of potential large losses incurred by a central bank in the case of recurrent large asset purchases – with their associated risks to central bank credibility and independence. And risks to public debt sustainability if too frequent fiscal expansions are needed. In sum, no matter how effective these alternative policies were over the last decade, it is unclear that they will provide enough room for manoeuvre to prevent a new long lasting zero lower bound episode when the next recession hits. An alternative policy would be to change the central bank reaction function and to adopt strategies through which the monetary authority commits to making up for the inflation foregone during the zero lower bound episode. Simulations reported in our paper illustrate that indeed rules with a strong 'making-up' component – such as price level targeting – would significantly reduce the need to increase the inflation target in response to a drop in r from its pre-crisis level. The optimal inflation target could actually be lower than 2% under such rules. However, this adjustment of the monetary policy strategy would require that the monetary authority convince the private sector of its willingness to significantly and persistently overshoot its inflation target for (potentially) protracted periods. Andrade et al. (2019a) show that such announcements are often not credible, which undermines the effectiveness of such strategies. In sum, how to adjust to structurally lower real natural rates of interest is a challenging but inescapable issue for central bankers. To address that question, they would ideally need a ranking of all the policy options discussed above. This goes beyond what our work can provide. That caveat notwithstanding, our results stress that raising the inflation target is an option that should be part of the menu of policies that monetary authorities consider. They also highlight the costs of lowering the https://voxeu.org/article/optimal-inflation-target-face-lower-r-star inflation target while keeping the reaction function unchanged as is sometimes advocated instead.10 Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the institutions with which they are affiliated. References Andrade, P, G Gaballo, E Mengus and B Mojon (2019a), "Forward guidance and heterogenous beliefs", American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11(3): 1-29. Andrade, P, J Galí, H Le Bihan and J Matheron (2019b), "The optimal inflation target and the natural rate of Interest", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall. Andrade, P, H Le Bihan and J Matheron (2017), "What would be wrong with lowering the inflation target?", Banque de France Eco Notepad, 19 December. Ball, L M (2014), "The case for a long-run inflation target of four percent", IMF working paper 14/92. Blanchard, O, G Dell'Ariccia and P Mauro (2010), "Rethinking macroeconomic policy", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 42: 199-215. Caballero, R and E Farhi (2015), "The safety trap," Review of Economic Studies 85(1): 223-274. Chung, H, E Gagnon, T Nakata, M Paustian, B Schlusche, J Trevino, D Vilan and W Zheng (2019), "Monetary policy options at the effective lower bound : Assessing the Federal Reserve's current policy toolkit", Finance and Economics discussion series 2019-003, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Clarida, R H (2019), "The Federal Reserve's review of its monetary policy: Strategy, tools, and communication practices", speech at the 2019 US Monetary Policy Forum, sponsored by the Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, New York. Coibion, O, Y Gorodnichenko and J Wieland (2012), "The optimal inflation rate in new Keynesian models: Should central banks raise their inflation targets in light of the zero lower bound?", Review of Economic Studies 79(4): 1371-1406. Coenen, G (2003), "Zero lower bound: Is it a problem in the Euro area?", working paper series 269, European Central Bank. Debortoli, D, J Galí and L Gambetti (2019), "On the empirical (ir)relevance of the zero lower bound constraint", NBER Macroeconomics Annuals, vol. 34. Del Negro, M, D Giannone, M P Giannoni and A Tambalotti (2018), "Global trends in interest rates", NBER working paper 25039. Eberly, J C, J H Stock and J H Wright (2019), "The Federal Reserve's current framework for monetary policy: A review and assessment", NBER working paper 26002. Eggertsson, G B, N R Mehrotra and J A Robbins (2017), "A model of secular stagnation: Theory and quantitative evaluation", American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11(1): 1-48. Fuhrer, J C, G Olivei, E S Rosengren and G Tootell (2018), "Should the Fed regularly evaluate its monetary policy framework?", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall. Gordon, R J (2015), "Secular stagnation: A supply-side view", American Economic Review 105(5): 54-59. Holston, K, T Laubach and J C Williams (2017), "Measuring the natural rate of interest: International trends and determinants", Journal of International Economics 108: 59-75. Kiley, M T and J M Roberts (2017), "Monetary policy in a low interest world", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring. Schmitt-Grohe, S and M Uribe (2010), "The optimal rate of inflation", in Friedman, B M and M Woodford (eds), Handbook of Monetary Economics, Ch.13, 653-722, Amsterdam: Elsevier. Summers, L (2014), "US economic prospects: Secular stagnation, hysteresis, and the zero lower bound", Business Economics 49: 65-73. Williams, J C (2016), "Monetary policy in a low r-star world," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, 15 August. https://voxeu.org/article/optimal-inflation-target-face-lower-r-star Endnotes [1] See https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20181115a.htm. [2] See https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20120125c.htm. [3] Or the 'effective lower bound', since there are some jurisdictions that have adopted slightly negative interest rates. [4] Furher et al. (2018) recently make the case for regular reviews. [5] For instance, the average of monthly Fed fund rates is 4.13% over the July 1993-July 2007, a period that includes two interest rates cycles. [6] Comparable figures are obtained in private sector forecasts. The median Fed fund rate long-term forecast was 2.8% in the May Blue Chip Financial Forecasts Survey, or 2.5% in the July NY Fed Survey of Primary Dealers. [7] Our setup is close to the one of Coibion et al. (2012). [8] We assume the central bank maximises the welfare of a representative household. [9] This is a relatively conservative scenario compared to estimates provided in recent work. [10] Andrade et al. (2017) discuss in more details why lowering the inflation target would be a bad idea at the current juncture. 4 A A Topics: Financial regulation and banking Macroeconomic policy Monetary policy Tags: natural rate of interest, Central Banks, zero lower bound, inflation, inflation target Related Optimal inflation and the identification of the Phillips curve Michael McLeay, Silvana Tenreyro Price-level targeting to escape the zero lower bound Seppo Honkapohja, Kaushik Mitra How firm productivity impacts the optimal inflation rate Klaus Adam, Henning Weber Animal spirits and the optimal level of the inflation target Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji Printer-friendly version https://voxeu.org/article/optimal-inflation-target-face-lower-r-star	<urn:uuid:e6afde90-7193-4697-8cb5-31c42af2f294>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://crei.cat/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/The-optimal-inflation-target-in-the-face-of-a-lower-r-star-_-VOX-CEPR-Policy-Portal.pdf	2021-01-22T00:31:20+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-04/subset=warc/part-00004-364a895c-5e5c-46bb-846e-75ec7de82b3b.c000.gz.parquet	282,563,836	4,501	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.978769	eng_Latn	0.993455	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 5045, 9599, 14855, 18580, 20335 ]
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA PLOT 91, CADASTRAL ZONE, NNAMDI AZIKIWE EXPRESSWAY, JABI, ABUJA FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES 2020_1 EXAMINATION COURSE CODE: BFN303 COURSE TITLE: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT TIME ALLOWED: 2½ Hours INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Attempt question Number one (1) and any other three (3). 2. Question number 1 is compulsory and carries 25 marks, while the other questions carry 15 marks each 3. Present all your points in coherent and orderly manner 1a. Financial management objective of maximization of shareholders' wealth is being achieved through a combination of some goals. Enumerate five (5) of them. 5marks b. Enumerate five usefulness of cost of capital. 5marks c. In tabular form give five examples of each of the three major sources finance. 15marks 4a. Kalu bought a 10% redeemable debenture, redeemable at par in 15 years' time. The current market value of the debenture is N75, associated tax is 30%. What is the cost of the redeemable debenture? 7½marks b. Araga & Co. invested N1 50,000 in a certain investment yielding the following cash inflow after tax: CREDIT UNIT: 3 Given that the life span of the investment is 4 years. Compute the average Return on Investment ROI or ARR. 5a.What is financial risk? Name five (5) types of financial risk. b. State six (6) benefits of risk management. 7½marks 6marks 9marks 6a. Indicate five assumptions underlying capital structure. 5mark b. There are two firms 'X' and 'Y' which are exactly identical except that X does not use any debt in its financing, while Y has N1,250,000, 5% Debentures in its financing. Both the firms have earnings before interest and tax of N37,500 and the equity capitalization rate is 10%. Assuming the corporation tax is 35%, calculate the value of the firm. 10marks	<urn:uuid:1b25b522-1f43-43c2-87ba-8a123047e480>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://bbcnoun.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/BFN303-2020.pdf	2021-05-13T06:47:15+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-21/subset=warc/part-00019-2bb1ba05-1421-4b90-a3f4-bbc46b4a29a5.c000.gz.parquet	149,673,443	463	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.987481	eng_Latn	0.988953	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1112, 1786 ]
Our return policy is limited to the replacement of the item to the original purchaser if found defective in materials and/or workmanship, and no other liability, responsibilty or warranty is implied, including anything regarding merchantability or suitability for a particular purpose. Camco Manufacturing, Inc. 121 Landmark Drive Greensboro, NC 27409 1.800.334.2004 Manufacturers' warranties may not apply in all cases, depending on factors such as use of the product, where the product was purchased, or who you purchased the product from. Please review the warranty carefully, and contact the manufacturer if you have any questions.	<urn:uuid:7e3c5c1c-97d1-4d83-a5bf-fae2529f8a11>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71jlfiei+wS.pdf	2020-09-21T13:17:05+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-40/subset=warc/part-00137-50bb8e61-7c5b-4d2c-bd34-dad6ca92b697.c000.gz.parquet	482,337,691	129	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.990268	eng_Latn	0.990268	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 639 ]
Cancer can be scary and confusing. Your provider will go over common side effects from your cancer treatment, and one of those side effects may be problems with fertility. Because everyone is different, talk to your oncologist about your specific situation. We are here to help you get through this! Q: Do I have to delay treatment? A: In many cases, no. Q: Will fertility preservation impact my cancer and/or treatment? A: It will not affect your cancer or treatment Q: Can I wait until after I finish my treatment to decide about fertility preservation? A: It is important to talk to your doctor about your risk for fertility problems before you start cancer treatment, as some preservation options may not work once you start and/or after you finish treatment. Resources Connecticut Children's Comprehensive Fertility and Sexual Health Team www.connecticutchildrens.org/fertility Save My Fertility www.savemyfertility.org Take Charge www.letstakecharge.org Financial Help Fertility Within Reach www.fertilitywithinreach.org Verna's Purse/ReproTech www.reprotech.com Livestrong www.livestrong.org/fertility For more information, please visit us online: CONNECTICUTCHILDRENS.ORG/FERTILITY Connecticut Children's Medical Center complies with applicable Federal civil rights laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. ATENCIÓN: si habla español, tiene a su disposición servicios gratuitos de asistencia lingüística. Llame al 1.800.234.0780 (TTY: 1.800.545.8330). UWAGA: Jeżeli mówisz po polsku, możesz skorzystać z bezpłatnej pomocy językowej. Zadzwoń pod numer 1.800.234.0780 (TTY: 1.800.545.8330). A Guide to Cancer and Fertility FOR MALE ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT PATIENTS Treatment and Fertility Cancer treatment, including radiation and chemotherapy, can sometimes cause problems with fertility. Fertility is a word used to described your ability to have children naturally. It is hard to know exactly what will happen with your fertility after treatment, but we have ways to decide how at risk you are for future fertility problems. We also have ways to help protect your fertility before you start treatment. This is called fertility preservation. Fertility preservation is a fast-paced field with new technologies and research emerging all the time. It is safe and exciting to offer these opportunities to you! So, what is my risk for fertility problems? Everyone is different. Your provider will classify you as 'low' 'moderate' or 'high' risk for developing fertility problems in the future. Your risk level depends on: * Your age at the time of treatment * Which chemotherapy treatments you will receive * How much chemotherapy you will receive * If you receive radiation: - Where on your body it will be - How much you will receive You have options! The option best for you will depend on your age, development, and treatment status. Established methods Sperm banking This involves providing a sperm sample to freeze for later use. Testicular sperm extraction This option is for those who cannot produce a sperm sample. It involves a surgical procedure to extract sperm from the tissue. The sperm will be frozen for future use. Radiation shielding This involves using a removable lead shield over the testicles to protect them during radiation therapy. Experimental Methods Testicular tissue cryopreservation (TTC) This option is experimental. It includes removing tissue from the testicle to freeze and re-implant in the future. It is a surgery but may be done at the same time as other procedures you may need for cancer treatment. Family Building Options Adoption or donor sperm. Create your own family any way you choose!	<urn:uuid:e4b09926-e98b-432d-8bf4-b3ea9d03470a>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/111136-Trifold-Brochure-Male-PROOF_June2020-1.pdf	2021-09-21T15:04:53+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-39/subset=warc/part-00168-f465d820-0362-4c4c-a396-c69f5fd24cc4.c000.gz.parquet	741,959,986	829	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.982398	eng_Latn	0.995418	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1753, 3736 ]
Setting up a rule on Outlook 1. Make sure you are in the main inbox screen, with all the emails from your inbox showing. Click ONCE on the email that you want to create a rule for, so that it is highlighted in grey: A window will open. Tick the box next to Sent to, where the email address is showing as email@example.com. Click on Advanced Options. The conditions window will appear, showing that the rule is being set up for those emails sent to firstname.lastname@example.org. Click on Next. In the next window, you are asked what you want to do with the email. In this particular case, you want to forward it to yourself: so tick the box next to "forward it to people or public group". This will update the window at the bottom called Step 2 and will show this rule appearing. Click in that window on the blue underlining for 'people or public group'. When you click on 'people or public group' the following window will appear: type your email address in the To field and click on OK. When you have clicked on OK, you go back to the previous window which should now be showing your rule at the bottom. Click on Next twice, which will take you to the following window: here, you can give your rule a name and make sure it's set to turn on. Click on Finish. If you want to amend this rule (stop it, or change the email address) then you can do this by going to the starting step, but when you click on Rules, you click instead on Manage rules and Alerts. Click on the rule that you want to amend, then click on Change rule: you can work your way through and get to the last screen to Turn off the rule. Alternatively you can delete the rule.	<urn:uuid:62b4c392-e61e-43ab-969a-4272d6d7711e>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	http://reading.web.ucu.org.uk/files/2018/02/Setting-up-a-rule-on-Outlook.pdf	2018-12-14T19:29:34Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826306.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214184754-20181214210754-00073.warc.gz	245,067,032	381	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.996508	eng_Latn	0.998996	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 865, 1272, 1659 ]
QUARTERLY UPDATE TO GEC BOARD OF MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORY COUNCIL (JANUARY TO MARCH 2021) Introduction This report is submitted to the Board of Management and Advisory Council of Global Environment Centre to provide updates on the progress of GEC its activities and finances for the first quarter of 2021 (January – March). In this quarter, all events/programmes and field surveys were carried out on a small scale in line with the Movement Control Order (MCO) set by the Government of Malaysia in January 2021 as a preventive and control measure COVID-19. GEC secured an approval as an essential organisation from MITI in January 2021, which aided it in maintaining the core operation and activities in other states. Most staff continue to work from home. Progress Updates River Care Programme During first 3 months of 2021, significant activities were carried out with support of communities and existing projects. RCP organized a webinar titled "Are we valuing water?" on 22 March 2021 in conjunction with World Water Day 2021 in partnership with Air Selangor, LUAS and WATER Project. The webinar attracts 220 people. Seven (7) of GEC's community partners were nominated for Anugerah Khas Sumber Air Negara 2021 by DID Selangor, DID KL and DID Perak. Under the GEF5 Mainstreaming Biodiversity into Riverine management - Klang River Basin component, awareness and engagement was carried out through two webinars. The first was on the "Community's Role On Biodiversity" by Dr. K. Kalithasan and second webinar was on the "Value of Biodiversity for River Conserv ation in Malaysia: Importance to Local Communities and the Environment" in partnerships with Mr. Quek Yew Aun from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (KeTSA) and was attended by 80 and 50 participants respectively. Beginning 2021, the project has expanded its pilot sites to cover both the midstream and downstream of Sg Klang – i.e. Sg Penchala and Sg Klang downstream@ Pengkalan Kampar. Further to the site expansion, the communities engaged via the ROLPOP in phases from 2012 to 2020 are continuously supported through the Friends of Klang River Basin (FoKRB) network. FoKRB is a network formed as part of the ROLPOP5 exit strategy and then supported to be empowered via the GEF5 project, now has more than 35 community groups, with 50 registered members actively implementing various initiatives such as community garden, recycling and localised initiatives within their available resources. Under the W.A.T.E.R. project, a new community garden complete with rainwater harvesting system was established in Section 19, PJ. This is the 13 th active river community engaged and established under W.A.T.E.R. project. For Perak, a successful auditing & maintenance visit to the new eco-trail (12.16km alternative trail to Mount Korbu developed by GEC and the local Orang Asli Community) was carried out by Perak State Forestry, OA and GEC officers. Marketing platform training for peri-urban and OA communities within the project area was conducted on 21 March 2021 to train them how to market their products as well as services through digital platforms such as Facebook, Lazada, Shopee etc. A community product (Tapioca chips) were sold through the Shell Petrol outlet in Bercham, Perak. Both initiatives were funded by the ongoing Yayasan Hasanah Project. Forest and Coastal Programme The following activities were successfully implemented during this period: - About 7,000 mangrove trees were successfully planted in 5 ha of mangrove area in Tanjung Surat by 'Pertubuhan Sahabat Hutan Bakau Pulau Tanjung Surat' (PSHBPTS) through small-scale mangrove planting activities - Planting of 14 ha with 8,400 trees at RMFR and 6 ha with 3,600 trees at BB(E)FR in collaboration with UNDP, BBC, Innisfree, UPS Foundation and Prosper Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd. About 800 trees were planted at 4 ha of FC 82, RMFR during the maintenance - A total of 10,600 mangrove trees were successfully planted, monitored and preserved with support of TNB in an area of 3 hectares in Sungai Limau Manjung, Perak with a 77% survival rate. phase of the planted sites from Feb-Mar 2021 in collaboration with HSBC Bank Malaysia Berhad. - For the HSBC-funded project, GEC conducted four distant-learning programmes including: 'Interactive Online Learning Sessions' via zoom, poster competition on the theme "Peatland Biodiversity and Climate Change", essay competition on the theme "Voice of Future Peatlands and Humans" and a video competition for Peatland Forest Ranger students from December 2020 - March 2021. - The Sahabat Gambut Orang Asli Temuan (SGAT) handicraft centre at Kuala Langat North Forest Reserve was installed with 3 signboards about the handicrafts they produced. - In BBEFR, field survey and wildlife monitoring were conducted to identify the presence of more than 20 rare wildlife species to form the basis for identification of priority conservation areas in the area. Among the recorded species of conservation priority were Sun Bear (V), Long-tailed Macaque (V), Short-tailed Mongoose (NT), Panther/Leopard (CE), Tapir (EN), Great Argus (V), Crested fireback (NT) and others. - Patrolling and monitoring activities were continuously conducted by SHGKLU and SHGSU at KLNFR and RMFR, including daily updating of FDRS boards and water table monitoring at the adjacent forest reserves to prevent forest fires, illegal hunting and encroachment. Identified and appointed two local community members of Felda Sg Tengi Selatan as the patrollers for BBEFR (appointment in progress). - Conducted a series of meetings and discussions with the community of Felda Sg Tengi Selatan to form a community-based organization and implement planned activities with the community. A total of 3,600 trees were planted on 6 ha of degraded sites in BB(E)FR Peatland Programme GEC signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Pahang State Government through its State Forestry Department on 23 February 2021 in Kuantan. The MOU will facilitate actions and collaboration to conserve and rehabilitate peat swamp forest in Pahang for the next 5 years (2021-2025) (https://fikrahpahang.com.my/2021/03/01/jpnpkerjasama-gec-memulihara-paya-gambut-pahang-tenggara/). Site assessment and community engagement with 6 Orang Asli villages for rehabilitation activities have been undertaken during this reporting period. The engagement has been expanded to the northeast portion of the Southeast Pahang Peatland Landscape (SEPPL) and received positive feedback from the community. GEC continues to be involved in Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) Working Group by participating meetings and workshops in finalising revised drafts of the standard documents. Meetings were held from 22 to 25 March (for smallholder and organised smallholder) and 29 March to 1 April (for estate and plantation). The revised draft standard documents are anticipated to be ready for public comment in May 2021. GEC participated in several virtual sharing sessions including the 2 nd Workshop on Techno-Socio Innovation On Sustainable Peatland Management hosted by Networked ASEAN Peat Swamp Forest Community (NAPC). GEC was also invited to share experience in ASEAN peatland management during Networked ASEAN Peatland Forest Communities (NAPC) Workshop on 20 January 2021 and its subsequent workshops on 4 March and 23 March. Apart from that, GEC presented a paper on nature-based solution in peatland management in Pahang and a poster on multi- stakeholder partnerships in Malaysia; and a poster by our sister organisation – Yayasan Gambut on local wisdom in peatland management for an international virtual conference of RRR – on renewable resources from wet and rewetted peatlands organised in Germany from 9-11 March 2021. The updated publication for "ASEAN Guidelines on Peatland Fire Management" has been finalised and pending approval from ASEAN Secretariat for publication. In conjunction with APMS Final Review, the main report and an executive summary have been prepared for production. Through Yayasan Gambut, publication of "Pertanian Lahan Gambut Tanpa Bakar oleh Masyarakat" (Zero-burning peatland agriculture by communities) has been prepared. This publication has described zero burning practices in Giam Siak Kecil Landscape in Riau Province, Indonesia. At the regional level, collaboration with IUCN is progressing of which a series of virtual training sessions on peatland assessment and mapping with 3 participating countries in Mekong sub-region (i.e. Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar). The virtual training sessions or discussions have been successfully executed despite the pandemic situation and political challenges in Myanmar. A virtual regional workshop was co-organised with ASEAN Secretariat (ASEC) and CIFOR on 16 March, under the framework of MAHFSA Programme. The workshop involved 83 participants from relevant government agencies in ASEAN, research institutes, international and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), as well as the ASEAN Peatland Partners. The workshop used interactive tools namely Miro Board and Slido to collect inputs from the participants and received active engagement. Outreach & Partnership Under the Yayasan Petronas Walk4Trees tree-planting programme, 15 community nurseries have been set up with more than 40,000 seedlings in 12 sites in 9 states and 7000 trees have been planted between January – March 2021. As part of welfare support during COVID-19 pandemic, Bursa Malaysia sponsored school supplies (including stationeries and environmental education materials) to 2 schools and 121 Orang Asli school children in Kg. OA Bukit Cheeding and Kg. OA Busut Baru, Kuala Langat on 8 March 2021. For awareness and visibility, GEC shared the UNDP OA-funded project experience during a UNDP workshop "Getting to Know OA MGF: 8 Projects, 8 Thematic Areas" on 10 Feb 2021. GEC also posted messages on social media in conjunction with International Day of Forests (21 March) and Word Water Day (22 March). Visibility There were 56 media coverages on GEC between 1 January 2021 and 31 March 2021 (RCP: 12, FCP: 23, PP: 2, General: 19). These coverages had a total PR value of MYR1,171,903 with cumulative potential reach of 3,944,991. Planned events The following are the planned GEC events/activities in April - June 2021:	<urn:uuid:aa49ded6-95a5-447c-aa73-18883006d8ca>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://www.gec.org.my/view_file.cfm?fileid=3621	2022-01-25T09:31:11+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-05/subset=warc/part-00131-1e2959d8-5649-433a-b76e-f1b876a6479d.c000.gz.parquet	829,820,210	2,369	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.98646	eng_Latn	0.988659	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2831, 5817, 9165, 10233, 10324 ]
Telemetry applied to behaviour analysis of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, Bonnaterre, 1788) movements in a network of fish aggregating devices Francis Marsac\textsuperscript{1} & Patrice Cayré\textsuperscript{2} \textsuperscript{1} ORSTOM-HEA, B.P. 5045, F-34032 Montpellier, France; e-mail: email@example.com \textsuperscript{2} ORSTOM, 213 rue Lafayette, F-75480 Paris Cedex 10, France Key words: tuna, Thunnus albacares, behaviour, FAD, feeding, Indian Ocean Abstract This paper analyses acoustic tagging of 8 yellowfin tunas (Thunnus albacares, Bonnaterre, 1788) undertaken around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in La Réunion island (Indian Ocean). Emphasis is laid on the horizontal movements and thus complete previous studies on vertical movements around the same FADs. The first result of the present study deals with the relative dwelling time of yellowfin over the distance to FAD where tagged, in 0.9 km intervals. Distributions of dwelling time are different between day and night. During daytime, the fishes remain in the close vicinity of the FAD (mostly within a 1.8 km radius), whilst a drastic disassociation to the FAD occurs at night. During the day, the attractive influence of the FAD disappears 9.3 km away; this finding leads to the suggestion that a minimum distance of 18 km between neighbouring FADs should be applied in La Réunion to avoid overlapping radii of influence. The second group of results points out the potential use of the vertical and total swimming speeds as indicators of the foraging activity of the fish and of the type of movements (behaviour of tight association to FAD, transit among FADs or offshore migration, away from the area of FADs). The day/night change affects the vertical activity, with large magnitude of vertical movements exhibited at night. The total speed during the offshore movements is estimated about 1.2 m s\textsuperscript{-1}; the shift from a phase of tight association to FAD toward a phase of transit movement is characterised by an increase of the total speed. A typology of the relationships between swimming speed and feeding activity is proposed and discussed. Introduction Following previous ultrasonic tagging experiments in the Pacific Ocean (Yuen, 1970; Carey & Olson, 1982; Cayré & Chabanne, 1986; Holland et al., 1990), acoustic tracking of tuna was initiated in the Indian Ocean in 1989, within the framework of a Regional Tuna Project undertaken by the ‘Commission de l’Océan Indien’. The experiments aim to improve the knowledge of tuna behaviour that are associated with Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and thus explore more efficient ways for the exploitation of these migrating resources. FADs appeared in the early 80’s as ‘miracle solutions’ for making populations of tunas available to small scale fisheries of island developing countries (Preston, 1982; Buckley, 1986; Marsac & Stequert, 1987; Willmann, 1990; Sims, 1992). Following some success in the Pacific islands, the technique rapidly expanded to other tropical oceans, the south west Indian Ocean in particular. The dynamics of the aggregation needed to be explained, and the high resolution in time and space provided by the acoustic telemetry makes it one of the most powerful tools dealing with this issue. The first experiments in the Indian Ocean were made in Comoros Islands (Cayré, 1991); then other tracking cruises were carried out in La Réunion and Mauritius around FADs. For long, the analysis of the surveys remained fairly descriptive but, as a greater number of fishes was tagged, advanced studies... became possible, focusing on vertical distribution and the effects of the nearby physical environment of the fish (Cayré & Marsac, 1993). In this paper, we focus more on the horizontal movements of the yellowfin tunas (Thunnus albacares, Bonnaterre 1788) tagged at FADs, but still keeping some reference to the vertical activity. The issues addressed are dual: (1) is there a typical horizontal distribution of the yellowfin around FADs, and any day/night effect affecting this distribution, and (2) can quantitative (swimming speed) and qualitative (type of movement) variables express behavioural changes exhibited by the tunas while at the FAD or departing from it. Materials and methods From February 1994 until December 1996, four tagging cruises were carried out in the vicinity of FADs anchored off La Reunion island, in the south-west tropical Indian Ocean (Figure 1). This island is influenced by trade winds almost all the year round, and the experiments were made on the leeward side (the West coast) where better working conditions at sea can be met. Capture and tagging technique Fishing, tagging and tracking were conducted from a small chartered vessel (10 m long, big game fishing type). The trips were scheduled during the peak tuna fishing season which stretches barely from December to April in La Reunion. The fish were all caught at FADs, using a trolling technique. When hooked, the tuna was rapidly hauled on board and laid on the tagging cradle. A constant flow of sea water was supplied in the mouth of the animal to keep the gills well oxygenated and humid. The transmitter was attached at the back of the second dorsal fin using two nylon ‘tie-wraps’ through the dorsal pterygiophores and the muscle (Holland et al., op. cit.; Figure 1). The tagging operation lasted approximately one minute, after which the fish was gently released into the water. Tracking equipment and strategy The tracking equipment was manufactured by Vemco™ (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada). It comprised the following items: - pressure sensitive ultrasonic transmitters: those used for tuna were 74 mm long, 16 mm diameter and have a life of nearly 5 d according to the depth reached. The signal can be detected at a range of 600 to 800 m. The weight of the tag in the water represents 1 to 2% of the fish weight. - a directional hydrophone was mounted on a V-fin depressor towed by the boat. - a receiver (VR-60) was used for decoding the signals and recording depth data every 1.5 s. The survey was a continuous search of the strongest signal intensity, by frequent changes of course. When the fish was rather stationary, the vessel kept moving to maintain proper gliding of the V-fin depressor and optimal detection. The latitudes and longitudes given by GPS were noted in a logbook every 5 min with the corresponding depth of the fish. It was assumed the consecutive positions of the tracking vessel were similar to the positions and horizontal movements of the fish. Data preparation The series of depth records were downloaded from the receiver memory and processed to produce swimming depth values by one minute bins. A simple average was calculated when several measurements were available for a given bin. In other cases (loss of signal for a few moments), the non-sampled bins were filled in by linear interpolation between the closest values. When the signal was lost for more than ten minutes, no interpolation was attempted and the bins remained blank. A similar procedure was applied to position data, i.e. an interpolation on a one minute time basis for both latitudes and longitudes. Estimation of swimming speed The tracking technique does not allow accurate estimation of the horizontal small scale movements (Cayré & Chabanne, 1986). In the situation of a stationary fish, the movements of the boat tend to magnify the actual movements of the fish, and therefore its swimming speed would be overestimated (case A). Conversely, we should also consider the case of a fish exhibiting quick movements on a very fine scale, with signals being detected properly by an almost motionless vessel. For example, along a five minute straight section made by the vessel at a speed of 7 km h$^{-1}$ (600 m long), the fish can return to the same point after a diversion of up to 500 m away from the vessel’s course (a disdistance where the signal is still audible): in such a case, the distance covered by the fish would be twice longer than the boat's one and the swimming speed will be underestimated (case B). Considering more complex movements (sinusoids about the main course), the factor would be greater than 3 (case C). Therefore, caution should be paid in the analysis of very small scale movements, which is particularly the case around FADs. In order to provide a rough order of magnitude of the swimming speed, we used a raising factor of 2 estimated for the intermediate situation (case B) to correct the raw horizontal speed during the phase of association to the FAD. On the other hand, we can consider that vertical speed (VS) to be properly assessed and can be used without any correction for a comparative analysis. The VS is axis-oriented: negative/positive values corresponding to a downward/upward motion. A resultant speed (RS) is calculated from the combination (by Pythagorus) of the vertical and raw horizontal speeds. The corrected RS combining the vertical and the corrected horizontal speeds will be applied on FAD sections only. Behaviour typology Eight yellowfin tuna tracked during a significant amount of time (>10 h) are herein considered (Table 1). All the fishes were tagged in the close vicinity of a FAD (300 m radius). Consequently, the FAD of tagging will be considered as the spatial reference from which the movements of every fish are analysed. Therefore, the observations can be classified in 2 phases: - a phase of tight association to the original FAD of tagging - a transit phase when the fish leaves the FAD, either to patrol within the area where the FAD network is deployed (FAD-associated behaviour), or to swim offshore, far away from the FADs network area (Offshore-moving behaviour). All the fishes went through the first phase, at least during the hours following tagging. Later, the tunas tracked diverged in two groups: - fishes remaining in the coastal area, exhibiting the FAD-associated behaviour (fish no. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7; Table 1): Table 1. Characteristics of the 8 yellowfin tuna tracking operations. \| Fish no. \| Fork length (cm) \| FAD name \| FAD no. \| Date \| Tracking duration (h) \| Moon phase \| Type of behaviour \| \|----------\|------------------\|------------\|---------\|---------------\|-----------------------\|------------------\|-------------------\| \| 1 \| 110 \| Le Port \| 16 \| Feb 19, 1994 \| 44 \| Full moon \| FAD \| \| 2 \| 49 \| Le Port \| 16 \| Feb 23, 1994 \| 21 \| Full moon \| FAD \| \| 3 \| 104 \| St Leu \| 4 \| Mar 27, 1995 \| 19 \| Dark night \| FAD \| \| 4 \| 95 \| Stella \| 5 \| Mar 29, 1995 \| 24 \| Dark night \| OFFSHORE \| \| 5 \| 58 \| Stella \| 5 \| Apr 1, 1995 \| 30 \| Dark night \| FAD \| \| 6 \| 70 \| St Gilles SM \| 3 \| Dec 18, 1995 \| 21 \| Last quarter \| OFFSHORE \| \| 7 \| 84 \| St Gilles SM \| 3 \| Dec 20, 1995 \| 11 \| Last quarter \| FAD \| \| 8 \| 76 \| Etang Salé \| 25 \| Dec 3, 1996 \| 30 \| Dark night \| OFFSHORE \| Figure 2. Course of the fish no. 1 (FL 110 cm), Feb. 19 1994, 11:00 to Feb. 21, 6:30. — fishes escaping from the attraction spheres of the FADs, exhibiting the offshore-moving behaviour (fish no.4, 6, 8; Table 1). Finally, the moon phase was also considered: in February 1994, the tracks were conducted during full moon nights whilst the other cruises took place in half or new moon nights. This leads to another level of data clustering, according to 3 periods: daytime, moonlight and night time. Horizontal distribution around FADs The horizontal distribution of the fish around the FAD is analysed on a linear and unilateral scale, starting at the position of the FAD of tagging. However, a FAD moves about its anchoring location, because of the current and the fact that the mooring line is always longer than the actual depth (the surplus of length versus depth is around 20 to 30% in La Reunion). With a mooring depth of 500 to 1000 m, the radius of maximal shift can range from 415 to 830 m. As a comparison, an accurate survey of a FAD in Hawaii (Holland et al., op. cit.) shows a 600 m shift radius within 7 h, which is of the same magnitude as our estimate. Cayré & Chabanne (op. cit.) observed a 1700 m shift radius in a depth twice as great as in La Reunion (2000 m), i.e. a similar ratio between actual depth and FAD's shifting area. In view of this uncertainty, we decided to use 926 m (0.5 nautical mile) increments to classify the fish positions, analysing separately daytime (6:00 to 18:00) and night time (19:00 to 5:00) periods. Twilight periods will be considered as well: they denote the transitions between sunset and night and between night and sunrise. Results FAD-associated behaviour - Fish no. 1 (Figure 2). The 44 h track of this tuna is a typical example of strong link with FADs. The fish remained in the close vicinity of the FAD where tagging took place (at 11:00) until midnight. Then, shortly after the moon set (1:00), the animal made a 5 h overnight excursion before moving back toward the FAD immediately after sunrise. Three hours later, the fish left and swam in different directions during 6 h before swimming 6.5 km straightway to another FAD (no. 18) where it stayed for 1 h. Then, it moved almost straightway toward FAD no. 11, crossing the 13 km distance in less than 2 h. The fish visited the FAD very briefly and left at sunset. During the first part of the night, the tuna kept an offshore-oriented course then moved back to the tagging FAD by sunrise, where the track was ended. - Fish no. 2 (Figure 3). This juvenile tuna was tagged on the same FAD (no. 16) at 14:00. The fish exhibited a similar FAD-associated behaviour during daytime, then swam 7.4 km away during the night. It was lost at dawn then found later (9:00) in the vicinity of the initial FAD where the track ended. - Fish no. 3 (Figure 4). This tuna was tagged at 11:00 at FAD no. 4, and remained extremely close to the FAD until sunset. The FAD was left at night and the fish took a course to the North, following the 500 m isobath parallel to the coast. Just after dawn, it passed within a few hundred meters of FAD no. 16, but kept straight on, and increased its swimming speed when it was lost. - Fish no. 5 (Figure 5). Tagged in the morning at the FAD no. 5, this yellowfin tuna remained stuck to it at daytime. The fish finally left the buoy just before sunset for an erratic overnight excursion, at a distance never exceeding 7.4 km from the initial FAD, and passing at less than 3.7 km from another FAD (no. 4). At dawn and during the following hours, the tuna kept a coastward course ending at less than 3.7 km from the shore. At 15:00, when the track was stopped, the fish had reached a third FAD (no. 34). - Fish no. 7 (Figure 6). The fish was tagged at 18:00 at the FAD no. 3 and departed 4 h later for a night time excursion, patrolling parallel to the coastline above the 300-400 m isobath. The track ended at the FAD no. 4 at dawn the following day. Offshore moving behaviour - Fish no. 4 (Figure 7). The fish was tagged at the FAD no. 5. As previously observed in the FAD-associated behaviour tunas, it stayed close to the FAD during daytime, then left the buoy for a straight course to the South, out of the coastal area where FADs are anchored. The track was stopped when the fish was 41 km offshore. - Fish no. 6 (Figure 8). This tuna was tagged at 17:00 at the FAD no. 3 which was left at sunset while patrolling within a 5.5 km radius from the FAD. At moonrise (quarter moon), the fish departed, kept swimming along the 500 m isobath and passed in the vicinity of another FAD (no. 19). After sunrise, it took a westward course which took it 46.3 km offshore where the track was stopped. It must be noted that, during this daytime excursion, the course was suddenly diverted toward an undersea relief elevation (300 m above the seabed) located 2380 m below the surface (21°06' S--55°10' E). - Fish no. 8 (Figure 9). The tagging took place at the FAD no. 25, at 17:30 and the fish remained nearby until 21:00. Afterwards, it departed and followed a general offshore movement to the Northwest, without any diversion to FADs at sunrise. However, this track must be analysed with caution because of an anomalous swimming behaviour that could be explained by a lingering death: at 22:15, while patrolling close to the surface, the fish suddenly started to swim deeper, and the depth increased continuously with time until 7:00 when it reached 270 m. According to the time spent in cold waters (more than 2 h below 20 °C without upwards moveFigure 3. Course of the fish no. 2 (FL 49 cm), Feb. 23 1994, 13:30 to Feb. 24, 10:00. Figure 4. Course of the fish no. 3 (FL 104 cm), Mar. 27 1995, 11:00 to Mar. 28, 7:30. ment to regain heat in the mixed layer), it is likely that the fish was injured (attack from a predator?) and slowly dying. Horizontal distribution pattern around FADs Most of the tuna were caught upstream from the FAD. This was also reported by Holland et al. op. cit., and even in technical handbooks for fishermen in the South Pacific. The up-current orientation of the predators can be explained by a more efficient way to intercept incoming preys joining the FAD for shelter. This position can also match with the distribution of prey staying at a slight distance from the structure, like baitfish. groups maintaining an up-current position as observed in Florida (Klima & Wickam, 1971). However, this might not be an absolute rule, since downstream position has also been reported around FADs in Vanuatu (Cillauren, 1994). All fish positions to a maximum distance of 18 km from the FAD were pooled to provide a general distribution (Figure 10). The median of the daytime distribution is at 0.9 to 1.8 km whereas at night it is 1.8 to 2.7 km, with greater skewness. Most of the dwelling time of a yellowfin during its FAD-associated phase is spent within 9.3 km from the FAD (100% at day, 97.5% at night). Considering the fish with a FAD-associated behaviour, the hour effect was tested with a non parametric ANOVA procedure, the Kruskall-Wallis one way analysis by ranks. The high value of the test statistic indicates a significant effect ($\alpha < 0.01$) of the hour. The FAD-dwelling phase is well defined from 7:00 to 19:00, and departure from the FAD appears progressively from 20:00 onwards (Figure 11). Swimming speed The swimming pattern appears to be affected when the fish is shifting from one behavioural phase to another, and between different periods. Some examples are given by the tracks of fish no. 3, 4 and 5. Swimming depths, VS and RS are presented in Figures 12 to 14. During the first hour of tracking, the vertical movements often showed a greater amplitude, a consequence of the stress following the tagging operation. This initial period being excluded, the FAD phase at daytime was characterised by a slow VS (0.08 to 0.12 m s$^{-1}$) and an RS within the range 0.22 to 0.32 m s$^{-1}$. According to the assumed underestimation of the horizontal speed by a factor of 2, the corrected RS would then be in the range 0.35 to 0.52 m s$^{-1}$. At dusk (18:00 to 19:00), while leaving the FAD and entering a transit phase, the fish drastically changed its swimming behaviour, moving actively upwards and downwards, increasing both VS (respectively 0.22, 0.33 and 0.15 m s$^{-1}$) and RS (1.40, 1.20 and 0.90 m s$^{-1}$). At dawn, still in a transit phase, the vertical activity slowed down (0.08 to 0.11 m s$^{-1}$) whilst the average RS was maintained at the same level as during the night (1.10 m s$^{-1}$). Consequently, the day/night change affects the vertical activity, whilst the shift from a FAD phase to a transit phase controls the RS level. Overall, the tunas moving offshore have a median RS of 1.24 m s$^{-1}$. In the close surroundings of the FAD of tagging (0 to 5.5 km), the corrected RS is estimated at 0.87 m s$^{-1}$. — Fish size effect? Average RS and its variance were calculated for the transit phase only, for the three periods already defined, i.e. day, moonlight and night (Figure 15). The swimming speeds (RS) and their variances do not show any trend with the size of the fish (as already observed in Hawaii, Holland et al., op. cit.) and is comprised between 0.70 and 1.50 m s$^{-1}$ whatever the periods considered. — Hour of the day effect? The median VS (0.05 m s$^{-1}$) corresponding to a FAD-associated behaviour within the interval 0 to 5.5 km, does not vary much over the hour. The largest skewness is observed from 15:00 to 22:00 (Figure 16a). A very different pattern characterises the offshore-moving behaviour at distances greater than 9.3 km from the FAD, with a diurnal variability of the vertical activity (Figure 16b). The statistical tests (Kruskall-Wallis) discriminate three different phases: 19:00 to 3:00 (night) with high vertical speeds (0.35 m s$^{-1}$), 6:00 to 13:00 (day) with low activity (0.02 m s$^{-1}$) and 4:00 to 6:00 (morning twilight) as a transition situation between night and day patterns. To a lesser extent, the RS in an offshore-moving behaviour exhibits a diurnal variability as well, with top speed in the middle of the day (1.8 to 1.9 m s$^{-1}$). There is no hour effect from 20:00 to 4:00, with a median speed of 1.20 m s$^{-1}$, but a significant hour effect for the rest of the day (Figure 17). Discussion Horizontal distribution of dwelling time The tracked yellowfin tunas stayed closer to the FAD during the day than at night. This is likely to be the result of an attraction effect (vision and other factors) exerted by the vertical anchor line which provides a spatial reference in a 3D environment. The device also aggregates other small species preyed on by tuna; this might be a significant stimulus to retain predators in the vicinity of the structure. Observations on stomach contents of yellowfin caught around FADs in La Réunion (Conand, pers. com.) indicate that foraging activity starts in the twilight period preceding the sunrise, and increases during the day. Though it is agreed that a FAD cannot supply a prey turnover supporting the feeding requirements of a whole school of tunas, opportunistic foraging activity does occur around FADs at daytime. During daytime, the fishes remain close to the FAD (mostly in the interval 0.9—1.8 km). The bulk of the horizontal movements, during the FAD phase, are within a 1.8 km radius (77% of the total time). Conversely, the less pronounced mode at night (1.8 to 2.7 km) and the skewness of the distribution (as far as 9.3 km; Figure 10) denotes a disassociation, followed by overnight excursions away from the FAD of tagging, a behavioural pattern reported by various authors in different regions. Buckley & Miller (1994) suggest that keeping in the immediate vicinity of stationary objects, such as FADs, could make yellowfin tuna (especially small individuals) more vulnerable to attacks by nocturnal predators, like swordfish. If so, it might bring a piece of explanation to the night departures of tunas off the FAD. The overnight maximum excursion radius is 13 km whilst movements are confined within 9.3 km during the day. These values are in agreement with previous studies: 11 km in Polynesia (Cayré & Chabanne, 1986); 8 km calculated by model (Hilborn & Medley, 1989); 9.3 km in Hawaii (Holland et al., 1990), 13 km in Comoros (Cayré, 1991). Consequently, in La Réunion, the FADs should not be set at distances less than 18 km to avoid overlapping the respective radii of influence. Composite distribution in a vertical plane The vertical distribution of the fish is constrained by the surrounding oceanic environment features. The combination of temperature gradients and oxygen concentration can explain a great part of the swimming behaviour in depth (Cayré & Marsac, 1993). In La Réunion, the oxygen is not a limiting factor (3.5 ml l$^{-1}$ at 200 m) and the thermocline is not strongly marked (0.5 to 1.4 °C 10 m$^{-1}$). Thus, the model is not properly applicable. However, relative swimming depths published by Marsac et al. (1996) for FAD can be used to depict the composite depth distribution of the FAD-associated yellowfin in La Réunion. The overall distribution has a prominent mode around 125 m and a secondary one at about 25 m depth (Figure 18). The vertical plane is defined by the radial distance to FAD (X axis) and the depth (Y axis). Vertical distributions by 10 m steps, from 0 to 250 m, are available at each 900 m radial increment from the FAD, for both daytime and night time periods. The sum of the probabilities at depths for a given interval being equal to 1, it is then possible to merge the horizontal and vertical distributions and generate a matrix of probabilities by Figure 16. Box and whisker plot of the vertical speed of (A) yellowfin within a 5.5 km radius around the FAD of tagging and (B) yellowfin with an offshore-moving behaviour at distances greater than 9.3 km from the FAD of tagging. Figure 17. Resultant speed of offshore moving yellowfin at distances greater than 9.3 km from the FAD of tagging. Multiplying the values of the two distributions for each couple 'distance to FAD, depth'. When applied to a given biomass of tuna, the matrix of probability provides a set of values (in weight) which clearly indicates the places where the fish are likely to congregate. The distribution of the biomass in the vertical plane is then calculated as follows: \[ B_{x,y,t} = B_{FAD} \cdot f(x,t) \cdot g(y,t), \] where $ B_{FAD} = \text{total biomass associated to a FAD}; $ $ t = \text{period factor (day or night)}; $ $ f(x,t) = \text{horizontal distribution at period } t; $ $ g(y,t) = \text{vertical distribution at period } t. $ As an example, we assumed that a 50 $ 10^3 $ kg is associated to a FAD in La Réunion at daytime. The resultant matrix (Figure 18) shows a lesser biomass in the surface layer but a slow decreasing rate over the distance to FAD. Yellowfin congregate at 100 m depth. Figure 18. Spatial distribution (in $10^3$ kg) in a vertical plane of a yellowfin biomass of 50 $10^3$ kg associated to a FAD at daytime (left) and relative dwelling time (in %) in depth used in the model (right). with more than 1000 kg expected within a 3 km radius. If regular monitoring of the vertical distributions can be made around some FADs (using echosounding techniques for example, with relative scale of abundance in depth) this kind of figures can provide valuable information for the local fishermen, who can adjust the hooks depth of their fishing gears. Swimming speed and behavioural inferences From our observations, the median swimming speed (RS) of the yellowfin patrolling offshore is 1.20 m s$^{-1}$ at night and ranges from 0.70 to 1.90 m s$^{-1}$ during the day. These estimates match quite well with those calculated in Hawaii (0.89 to 1.81 m s$^{-1}$, Holland et al., op. cit.) and in the Eastern Pacific (0.67 to 2.17 m s$^{-1}$, Carey & Olson, 1982). The swimming speed on FAD is estimated to be about 0.87 m s$^{-1}$. Those estimates are consistent with the Magnuson's model (1978) that predicts a sustained speed of 0.50 to 0.60 m s$^{-1}$ as the threshold preventing a yellowfin from sinking. Cayré & Chabanne (1986) found much lower values (minimum speed of 0.20 m s$^{-1}$, and 0.60 to 0.80 m s$^{-1}$ in periods of strong activity). Recent experiments in French Polynesia gave estimates of the same magnitude (Josse, pers. com.). This points out the uncertainty in the calculation of the swimming speed when a fish exhibits very limited horizontal movements. In this paper, a correcting factor of 2 was proposed but it remains purely a working assumption. A more detailed analysis (by simulation) of different movements patterns of the fish within the audible sphere of the hydrophone, when the boats goes along straight transects at different time intervals appears necessary to provide a more objective estimate of the horizontal swimming speed. Another method would be a direct measurement of the speed using a mini-flowmeter set on the tag (like the model designed by VEMCO™) or a rotor speedometer (Block et al., 1992). When comparing calculated speeds with the theoretical threshold proposed by Magnuson, we should also consider the flow of the current which provides naturally a gliding potential for the fish. In such a case, even a slow ground speed against the stream can prevent the fish from sinking. The information provided by the analysis of VS and RS can be interpreted together with swimming behaviour, foraging activity and energy management. a) Phase of tight association to FAD The moderate swimming activity of yellowfin in the close vicinity of FADs could denote an optimal behaviour enabling hunting (opportunistic foraging) while saving energy by limited movements. The FAD would be perceived as an anomaly in the field of the natural topography of the nearby island and would enhance the probability of meeting conspecifics (meeting point hypothesis, Soria & Dagorn 1992, Dagorn 1994, Fréon & Misund, in press). b) Transit phase - general: - most of the night time transit sections are characterised by a high vertical activity, with repetitive and symmetrical movements upwards and downwards about the mean swimming depth. Periodograms of the vertical movements for one of the fish (fish no. 3) indicate a dominant period at 13 min. This behaviour can be interpreted in different ways: (a) resting or energy saving movement, with alternate sinking (passive gliding) and climbing (active swimming), or (b) systematic sampling of the water column in order to locate patches of food in the dark. - the moonlit night transit sections present an RS similar to the daytime transit sections and a relatively high vertical activity. These features might denote a feeding behaviour in shallow depth among FADs: - yellowfin tuna exhibit a higher VS and sudden changes of RS (rushes) during daytime, which may indicate foraging activity in the lower part of the thermocline; - the tunas transit from one FAD to another: though they do not necessarily stop at the intermediate FADs, this behaviour points out the ability for tunas to memorise specific locations, possibly in relation to different clues. Auditive detection of the FAD's anchor line (low frequency sounds) might be possible; in the same way, olfactive detection from the object itself or from conspecifics (excretion matters) could be considered, but none of these assumptions have been experimentally tested. The underlying stimuli of the attraction to a floating object remain uncertain, but it is likely that tuna find in their surrounding environment a combination of clues and use them to navigate as optimally as possible. - offshore, away from the FADs: A striking feature is the low vertical speed and high resultant speed at daytime. This might indicate a clear oriented movement towards a target (for instance, a seamount as observed with fish no. 6) at a stable depth. Tunas are essentially day-feeders and the feeding activity is presumed to be limited at night (Kobayashi & Yamaguchi, 1971; Legand et al., 1972; Roger & Grandpernin, 1976). However, active hunting behaviour during the night was observed around the artificial source of light supplied by a vessel. Tunas have special adaptations to benefit from their habitat and maximise opportunistic foraging. In particular, the head of the pineal body (a light-sensitive organ) is large and lies below a cartilaginous window in the frontal bone (Rivers, 1953). This organ is activated during twilight and can play as a detector of shadows (Hanyu, 1978). Moreover, advanced predatory species benefit from a more efficient visual system in low ambient light (a larger proportion of retinal cones) than their prey (Munz & McFarland, 1973). Therefore, the success rate of attacks is increased during the short twilight periods. Bright moonlit nights would also allow tunas to chase and prey upon the migrating mesopelagic fauna coming up from deep daytime depths, as it is known that species of this fauna (crustaceans, bathypelagic fishes, cephalopods) constitute a prominent component of yellowfin diet (Brock, 1985; Roger, 1994a, 1994b). The diel variability in the dynamics of baitfish schools can also be taken into account to explain a continuing feeding activity during crepuscular and moonlight hours. At dusk, the schools start dispersing, but to a lesser extent than expected, especially for big schools which remain easily detected by echo-sounder (Fréon et al., 1996), thus providing easy targets for predators. Conclusions This analysis points out particularities in the swimming behaviour of yellowfin patrolling in an area where FADs are anchored. Behavioural changes can be noticed when fish shift from a tight association phase with a FAD to a transit phase, either to swim among other FADs or to escape from a network of coastal FADs. The diel variability need to be considered as well. Overall, it appears that the day/night change affects the vertical activity, whilst the shift from a FAD phase to a transit phase controls the resultant swimming speed. The fish remain tightly associated to the FAD during the day, at a short distance from the mooring line. (less than 2 km), and the distribution ends at a maximum distance of about 9 km. The attraction potential of a FAD will be optimised if there is no overlap with the neighbouring ones. Therefore, we can consider that in La Réunion, the distance between FADs should never be less than 18 km. However, it must be kept in mind that the attraction potential also depends on the available biomass in the area. FAD will not generate tuna but alter the distribution and vulnerability of the resource that is present. The seasonal variation in abundance is even more marked when the area where FADs are anchored is at the boundary of the geographical distribution of the species. Swimming speed appears to be an indicator of foraging activity and nature of movements. However, the technique used to estimate swimming speed is only reliable in relatively long and straight tracks and remains questionable in situations of small horizontal movements (the FAD situation, in particular). Direct measurement of the flow by a specific sensor set on/inside the tag would enable a better estimate of this parameter. The average speed calculated while yellowfin are moving offshore ($1.24 \text{ m s}^{-1}$) is reliable and appear very consistent within those calculated in other regions for this species (Hawaii, Eastern Pacific). Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr François Conand, who participated actively in all the cruises, for having organised and monitored the tracking experiments in La Réunion. His help in some topics covered by this paper is also greatly appreciated. References Block, B. A., D. Booth & F. G. Carey. 1992. Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin. J. exp. Biol. 166: 267–284. Brock, R., 1985. Preliminary study of the feeding habits of pelagic fish around Hawaiian FADs or can FADs enhance local fisheries productivity. Bull. mar. Sci. 37: 40–49. Buckley, R., 1986. Fish aggregating device (FAD) enhancement of offshore fisheries in American Samoa. South Pacific Commission, SPC Fish. Newsletter 37: 37–41. Buckley, R. & B. S. Miller, 1994. Feeding habits of yellowfin tuna associated with fish aggregation devices in American Samoa. Fifth International Conference on Aquatic Habitat Enhancement, Long beach, CA (USA), 3–7 Nov. 1991. Bull. mar. Sci. 55: 445–459. Carey, F. G. & R. J. Olson, 1982. Sonic tracking experiments with tunas. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers ICCAT, 17: 458–466. Cayré, P. & F. Marsac, 1993. Modelling the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) vertical distribution using sonic tagging results and local environmental parameters. Aquat. Living Resour. 6: 1–14. Cayré, P. & J. Chabanne, 1986. Marquage acoustique et comportement de thons tropicaux (albacore: Thunnus albacares et listao: Katsuwonus pelamis) au voisinage d’un dispositif concentrateur de poissons. Océanogr. Trop. 21: 167–183. Cayré, P., 1991. Behaviour of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) around fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Comoros Islands as determined by ultrasonic tagging. Aquat. Living Resour. 4: 1–12. Cillaureu, E., 1994. Daily fluctuations in the presence of Thunnus albacares and Katsuwonus pelamis around fish aggregating devices anchored in Vanuatu, Oceania. Fifth International Conference on Aquatic Habitat Enhancement, Long Beach, CA (USA), 3–7 Nov. 1991. Bull. mar. Sci. 55: 581–591. Dagorn, L., 1994. Le comportement des thons tropicaux modélisé selon les principes de la vie artificielle. PhD Thesis, ENSA de Rennes, France: 250 p. Fréon, P., F. Gerlotti & M. Soria, 1996. Diel variability of school structure with special reference to transition periods. ICES J. mar. Sci. 53: 459–464. Fréon, P. & O. A. Misund, 1998. Dynamics of pelagic fish distribution and behaviour: effects on fisheries and stock assessment. Fishing News Book, Blackwell (in press). Hanyu, I., 1978. Salient features in photosensory function of teleostean pineal organ. J. comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61A: 1240–1242. Hilborn, R. & P. Medley, 1989. Tuna purse seine fishing with fish aggregating devices (FAD): models of tuna FAD interactions. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 46: 28–32. Holland, K. N., R. W. Brill & R. K. C. Chang, 1990. Horizontal and vertical movements of yellowfin and bigeye tuna associated with fish aggregating devices. Fish. Bull. 88: 493–507. Klima, E. F. & D. A. Wickham, 1971. Attraction of coastal pelagic fishes with artificial structures. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 100: 86–99. Kobayashi, H. & Y. Yamaguchi, 1971. Feeding ecology and hooking tendency of tunas and marlins in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 27: 83–89. Legend, M., P. Bourret, P. Fourmanoir, R. Grandperin, J. A. Guererdut, A. Michel, P. Rancurel, R. Repelin & C. Roger, 1982. Relations trophiques et distributions verticales en milieu pélagique dans l’océan Pacifique intertropical. Cahiers ORSTOM, Sér. Océanogr. 10: 302–393. Magnussen, J. J. 1978. Locomotion in scombrid fishes: hydrodynamics, morphology and behaviour. In Hoar H. S. & D. J. Randall (eds), Fish Physiol., 7: 239–312. Marsac, F. & B. Stequet, 1987. La pêche des thons autour d’épaves ancrées dans l’océan Indien. La Pêche Maritime 66: 439–446. Marsac, F., P. Cayré & F. Conand, 1996. Analysis of small scale movements of yellowfin tuna around fish aggregating devices (FADs) using sonic tagging. In Anganuzzi, A. A. K. A. Stobberup & N. J. Webb (eds), Proceedings of the Expert Consultation on Indian Ocean tunas. 6th session. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 25–29 Sept. 1995. Indo-Pacific Tuna Project Collective Volume 9: 151–159. Munz, F. W. & W. N. McFarland, 1973. The significance of spectral position in the rhodopsins of tropical marine fishes. Vision Res. 13: 1829–1874. Preston, G., 1982. The Fijian experience in the utilisation of fish aggregating devices. South Pacific Commission, SPC/Fisheries 14/WP25: 61 pp. Rivers, R., 1953. The pineal apparatus of tunas in relation to phototactic movement. Bull. mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 2: 168–180. Roger, C. & R. Grandperrin, 1976. Pelagic food webs in the tropical Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21: 731–735. Roger, C., 1994a. The plankton of the tropical western Indian ocean as a biomass indirectly supporting surface tunas (yellowfin, Thunnus albacares and skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis). Environ. Biol. Fishes 39: 161–172. Roger, C., 1994b. Relationships among yellowfin and skipjack tuna, their prey-fish and plankton in the tropical western Indian Ocean. Fish. Oceanogr. 3: 133–131. Sims, N., 1992. A cost-benefit analysis of fish aggregation devices (FADs) in the artisanal tuna fishery in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. South Pacific Commission, Inshore Fisheries Research Project. Techn. Doc. 1: 10 pp. Soria, M. & L. Dagorn, 1992. Rappels sur le comportement grégaire. In Stretta, J. M. (ed.), Action Incitative Comportement Agrégatif (AICA), Montpellier, June 1992. Document Interne Centre ORSTOM Montpellier: 5–9. Willmann, R., 1990. Economic and social aspects of artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices. Symposium on artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices as resource enhancement and fisheries management tools. Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 14–17 May 1990, IPFC/Symp 90/28: 11 pp. Yuen, H.S. 1970. Behaviour of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) as determined by tracking with ultrasonic devices. Can. J. Fish aquat. Sci. 27: 2071–2079.	<urn:uuid:006e8463-f1b1-42f2-995f-b0d3e0aef868>	CC-MAIN-2018-30	http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_53-54/010016574.pdf	2018-07-21T01:45:55Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592150.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721012433-20180721032433-00031.warc.gz	165,557,900	10,258	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.949282	eng_Latn	0.991622	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 3578, 7935, 10014, 12348, 17013, 17184, 17466, 17796, 18405, 21281, 23075, 25213, 26466, 29071, 33744, 39547, 41213 ]
Dear Prospective Dental Hygiene Student: Thank you for your interest in the Dental Hygiene program at Minnesota State Community and Technical College – Moorhead Campus. Before applying to the Dental Hygiene program, you must first complete the prerequisite and prehygiene courses required for acceptance into the program. Each year we receive approximately 100 applications for the Dental Hygiene program. The twenty (20) most qualified applicants are accepted each fall. Selection is based on a point system using the Dental Hygiene Application Assessment Sheet (included in the application packet) to rank applicants. If you retake a class, the grades will be averaged. The next 10 highest-scored applicants are placed on an alternate list. Should a student decline acceptance into the program, the position will be offered to the first person on the alternate list. You must re-apply if you are not accepted into the program but want to be considered for a future year. The dental application packet is available on our website at: www.minnesota.edu/forms The program is accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association, without reporting requirements. The college is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, (800) 612-7440, 30 North LaSalle Street, Suite 2400, Chicago, IL 60602-2504. Graduates of the Dental Hygiene program are eligible to write the National Board and take the Central Regional Dental Testing Service Inc. exam. If you have any questions, please contact one of our academic advisors at 218-299-6880 or 877-450-3322. Sincerely, Kris Pladson, CDA, RDH, MS Director of Dental Programs Dental Hygiene…The Career Dental hygienists are licensed health care professionals who are skilled in preventing diseases such as cavities (dental caries) and gum disease (periodontal disease) to promote oral and systemic health. The dental hygienist in Minnesota provides direct patient care under the supervision of a dentist and is an essential member of the dental team. Dental hygienists must complete an accredited educational program to qualify for licensure in a particular state or region. Dental hygienists are licensed with the credential of Registered Dental Hygienist (RDH) or Licensed Dental Hygienist (LDH) following completion of an academic program that includes didactic and clinical requirements. Two + years of college (usually one year of prerequisite course work followed by two years of professional courses) National Board Dental Hygiene Examination successfully Clinical/written examination as required by region or state successfully passed Licensure granted by state board of dentistry Career Paths Upon licensure, there are many career paths a dental hygienist may choose. Some paths may require additional education such as a Bachelor's Degree in Dental Hygiene or a Master's degree. Clinician- Dental Hygienist in a clinical role Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, and Document treatment for prevention, intervention, and control of oral disease. Clinicians can be employed in private practice, community dental clinics, hospitals, university dental clinics, prison facilities, nursing homes and schools. Corporate- Sales representative, product research, corporate educator, corporate administrator Public Health- Variety of roles and settings typically government funded or non-profit organizations Researcher- Colleges and universities, corporations, governmental agencies, nonprofit organizations Educator- Clinical instructors, classroom instructors, program directors, corporate educators Administrator- Clinical Director for a statewide school sealant program, dental hygiene school program director, Dean of Health Sciences at an educational institution, executive director for a state association, director for corporate sales Entrepreneur- Product development and sales, practice management company, employment service, continuing education provider, consulting business, founder of nonprofit, independent clinical practice, professional speaker/writer http://www.adha.org/professional-roles Admission Admission to the Dental Hygiene program is limited to twenty (20) students each August. Applications to the program are accepted from January 1 to the last day of February each year. Selection is based on a formula with components of ACT score and prerequisite grades. Prerequisites: DENTAL HYGIENE PROGRAM PLAN ASSOCIATE OF APPLIED SCIENCE (A.A.S.) 88 CREDITS These courses must be completed before you apply to the Core Dental Hygiene program. Total 26 Credits +One of these courses must be completed before you apply to the Core Dental hygiene program. All Pre-Hygiene courses must be complete prior to beginning any courses in the Core Dental Hygiene Program MOORHEAD CAMPUS PROGAM COSTS 2016-2017 MAJOR: DENTAL HYGIENE-AAS CREDITS: 88 M State Application Fee: $20.00 First Year/Prerequisites: First Year of Dental Hygiene: Total: $6167.20 Total: $9990.60 Second Year of Dental Hygiene: Total: $9159.00 Fees paid to credential agencies/exams: Central Region Dental Test: $995.00 National Dental Hygiene Board Exam: $410.00 Minnesota Jurisprudence Exam: $75.00 All costs listed on this form, including tuition, are estimates. All revisions will take priority over the information on this sheet. Estimates for room, board, transportation and personal expenses are not included. M State reserves the right to make substantial changes to curricula and course content without notice. The contents of this publication should not be regarded or interpreted as contractual in nature. FALL 2017 DENTAL HYGIENE PROGRAM ADMISSIONS INFORMATION Applications are accepted from January 1 to the last day of February each year. Starting this year, M State will be using an online program application. The application packet posted by January 1, 2017, will provide a link to this electronic form. To be considered for the dental program, students must be accepted to M State. Your application to the college can be completed online. Go to www.minnesota.edu/admissions to link to the online application. If you are a returning student who is not enrolled at M State for the Spring 2017 Semester, complete the same application. If you are a returning student, please complete the same application. Students who are not admitted to the college will not be considered for the Dental Hygiene program. Accepted students will be required to complete the Hepatitis B immunization series, complete a two-step Mantoux test, be certified in BLS (Basic Life Support) CPR through either the American Heart Association or the Red Cross, and be current on all immunizations. Online CPR courses are not accepted. Having completed the prerequisite courses does NOT guarantee acceptance into the hygiene program. The top twenty (20) candidates with the highest points will be accepted each year, along with ten (10) alternates. The alternates are ranked by score and will be offered a position in the event that an opening occurs. Students who accept admittance to the program, register for classes and then decline their acceptance will be allowed to do this no more than two successive years. The Student/Faculty Handbook will be the reference on this topic. M State requires MATH 0095 or an equivalent for acceptance into Fundamentals of Chemistry (CHEM 1100). Your assessment test or ACT score will indicate which math you are eligible for. Competitive admissions is based on the following: ACT Scores ACT is not a requirement for acceptance, but can add points to increase competitiveness. Prerequisite College Course Grades and Credits MATH 0095 Introductory Algebra, or Waiver based on ACT math score, or Accuplacer Assessment into Math 1020. Pre-hygiene courses that need to be completed or in progress at the time you submit your application. : Educational Credentials Graduation from or current enrollment in an accredited dental assisting program from an accredited college will add admission points. (Must be verified on official transcripts.) All required courses completed at other colleges will be reviewed by the Dental Hygiene committee and are subject to approval. The grades will be averaged on courses taken more than once. NAME FALL 2017 DENTAL HYGIENE PROGRAM APPLICATION ASSESSMENT DATE OF APPLICATION___________ _____ _ (TO BE COMPLETED BY THE DENTAL HYGIENE SELECTION COMMITTEE ) Student ID#________________________ Last Semester at M State:_________________ __ Active Status M State: Yes/No Needs to complete Student application to return Yes/No Additional Information:________________________ Change of Major/ Add a Major Yes/No Applicants to the Dental Hygiene program will be assigned points for the courses listed below. The twenty (20) applicants who score the highest will be selected for admission to the dental hygiene program. To receive points for a course, applicants must have completed the course and received a grade before March 1 st of the year that the student applied to the program. Applicants who are in the process of completing courses will not receive points for those courses. All repeated graded courses (A-F) will be averaged. All science courses must be completed within the last five (5) years to be eligible for points. You may apply before you have completed all of the prerequisite courses, but you will need to be registered for them during spring semester and must receive a "C" or better. Students must have completed the prerequisites prior to full acceptance into the Dental Hygiene program. In the case of one or more ties, the CHEM 1100 Fund. Concepts of Chemistry course grade will be used to break a tie. If a tie continues a public lottery will be the determinant. Introductory Algebra ( Course from an accredited post-secondary institution or waiver). Yes/No CHEM 1100 Fund Concepts of Chemistry (suggested fall course) Yes/No Grade **CHEM 1100 grade may be used to break a tie POINTS FOR ACCEPTANCE ACT composite score of 21 to 23 OR (1 point) ______ ACT composite score of 24 or higher (5 Points) ______ ACT science score plus ACT math score equals 45 or above (1 Point) ______ ACT is not a requirement for acceptance. COURSE COURSE TITLE CREDIT WEIGHT GRADE POINTS BIOL 2260 Human Anatomy &Physiology I 3 x ______ = ______ ______ DENT 1102 Dental Anatomy 2 x ______ = ______ ______ BIOL 2267 Medical Microbiology 3 x ______ = ______ ______ One of the following will be considered: the higher of the two grades will be calculated ENGL 1101 College Writing 3 x ______ = ______ ______ ENGL ENGL 1102, 1205, 1210 or 1215 One of the following will be considered: the higher of the two grades will be calculated PSYC 1200 General Psychology SOC 1111 Sociology 3 x ______ = ______ ______ College Grade Points A= 4 points B= 3 points C= 2 points credit weight x grade= points Students who have taken courses at other institutions for more than 3 credits will use their grade in that class x the set credit weight listed. Educational Credentials Students graduated from an accredited dental assisting program from an accredited college. (3 points) _______ Student currently in an accredited dental assisting program with transcript included. (1 point) _______ Grade of B or higher in A&P I Lab (2261) (1 point) _______ Grade of B or higher in Medical Microbiology Lab (2268) (1 point) _______ In case of one or more ties after using CHEM 1100 as a tie breaker, a public lottery will be the determinant. Updated 06/29/2016 ***Total Points _______	<urn:uuid:d616daad-c0b4-47f3-908f-1b8dadd21d6d>	CC-MAIN-2018-13	https://www.minnesota.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Dental-Hygiene-Application-Information-2017-Revised-9-10-16.pdf	2018-03-18T03:54:47Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318032649-20180318052649-00565.warc.gz	854,302,841	2,507	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.980468	eng_Latn	0.992276	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1714, 4450, 4851, 5692, 8343, 11859 ]
FINISHING EDGES AND LIGHTING OF DISPLAY WINDOWS - the product for finishing and strengthening display window edges to a thickness up to 8 mm - suitable for decorative ‘framing’ of the display window - light is emitted at an angle - it does not cause glare - top or bottom illumination - easy installation - a double-sided tape not visible to customers - when using on a thinner glass, consider additional wedging or adhesive tape - maximum LED strip width: 10 mm EDGE10 BC B slide cover C click cover C lens cover INDEX = 1 pc, length 2000 mm package = 10 pcs white painted A9020001 anodized A9020020 black anodized A9020021 raw aluminium A9020000 Available lengths 1000 mm, 2000 mm, 3000 mm, 4000 mm max 10 mm glass application ACCESSORIES COVERS - B slide cover - colours: transparent, frosted, white - material: PC, PP, PP - C click cover - colours: transparent, white - material: PMMA - C lens click cover - colour: transparent - material: PC ENDINGS - EDGE10 ending with hole - colours: white, silver, black, grey - material: ABS THERMAL TAPE - thermal tape 45 x 10 mm - self adhesive, double-sided INDEX = 1 pc, length 2000 mm package = 10 pcs - B transparent - 76250016 - B frosted - 76250039 - B white - 76250038 - C transparent - 76330000 - C white - 76330038 - C lens - 76300000 INDEX = 1 set, package of 10 sets = 20 pcs - white - A9960001 - silver - A9960040 - black - A9960002 - grey - A9960022 INDEX = 1 pc - 53820000 Depending on the installation method, EDGE10 profile may illuminate the display area from the top or from below. Made in Poland EU-registered industrial design	<urn:uuid:167be722-4a12-4229-9551-a586a4f1f196>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://www.king-led.it/img/cms/DATASHEET%20PROFILI/EDGE10.pdf	2021-04-13T08:07:48+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-17/subset=warc/part-00147-74237c22-0523-49c6-9e5a-6b4aa471a042.c000.gz.parquet	941,623,558	528	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.608106	eng_Latn	0.857954	[ "eng_Latn", "nld_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 463, 738, 1586, 1749 ]
The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised and Updated How to Turn Off Your Bodys Fat-Making Machine Dieting BOOK DETAILS * Author : Cheryle Hart • Pages : 256 Pages * Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education * Language : English • ISBN : 0071499849 BOOK SYNOPSIS Explains how insulin resistance causes weight gain and how to correct this with the link-and-balance eating method, and includes recipes and tips for eating out. THE INSULIN-RESISTANCE DIET--REVISED AND UPDATED HOW TO TURN OFF YOUR BODYS FAT-MAKING MACHINE DIETING - Are you looking for Ebook The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised And Updated How To Turn Off Your Bodys Fat-Making Machine Dieting ? You will be glad to know that right now The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised And Updated How To Turn Off Your Bodys FatMaking Machine Dieting is available on our online library. With our online resources, you can find Applied Numerical Methods With Matlab Solution Manual 3rd Edition or just about any type of ebooks, for any type of product. Best of all, they are entirely free to find, use and download, so there is no cost or stress at all. The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised And Updated How To Turn Off Your Bodys Fat-Making Machine Dieting may not make exciting reading, but Applied Numerical Methods With Matlab Solution Manual 3rd Edition is packed with valuable instructions, information and warnings. We also have many ebooks and user guide is also related with The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised And Updated How To Turn Off Your Bodys Fat-Making Machine Dieting and many other ebooks. We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised And Updated How To Turn Off Your Bodys Fat-Making Machine Dieting . To get started finding The Insulin-Resistance Diet--Revised And Updated How To Turn Off Your Bodys FatMaking Machine Dieting , you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed.	<urn:uuid:32518b84-45a5-4a69-907e-4b682abd9079>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://kb.f-con.us/openbook/manual/The%20Insulin-Resistance%20Diet--Revised%20and%20Updated%20%20How%20to%20Turn%20Off%20Your%20Bodys%20Fat-Making%20Machine%20%20Dieting%20Book%20Download.PDF	2017-10-19T10:54:33Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823282.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019103222-20171019123222-00545.warc.gz	194,083,280	460	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.728895	eng_Latn	0.990377	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 240, 2057 ]
The Northern Pike Population In Brown's Lake, Iowa Following A Winter Kill STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION FISHERIES SECTION 300 FOURTH STREET DES MOINES, IOWA 50319 IOWA FISHERIES RESEARCH TECHNICAL SERIES No. 72-1 - Vital Statistics of the Crappie Population in Coralville Reservoir with an Evaluation of Management. By Larry Mitzner. No. 72-2 - Some Biological Characteristics of a Channel Catfish Population in the Lower Des Moines River with an Evaluation of Potential Commercial Harvest. By James Mayhew. No. 72-3 - Population Studies of Bigmouth Buffalo in Coralville Reservoir with Special Reference to Commercial Harvest. By Larry Mitzner. No. 72-4 - The Development of Commercial Food Fish Populations at Red Rock Reservoir During the First 3-Years of Impoundment. By James Mayhew. No. 73-1 - SHAD - A Computer Program for the Computation of Age and Growth Statistics of Fish. By James Mayhew. THE NORTHERN PIKE POPULATION IN BROWN'S LAKE, IOWA FOLLOWING A WINTERKILL Kay Hill Fisheries Research Biologist Technical Series 74-1 April, 1974 Fisheries Section Jerry M. Conley Superintendent of Fisheries James Mayhew Supervisor of Fisheries Research # TABLE OF CONTENTS \| Section \| Page \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\| \| INTRODUCTION \| 1 \| \| DESCRIPTION OF BROWN'S LAKE \| 1 \| \| Physical Characteristics \| 1 \| \| Chemical Characteristics \| 3 \| \| Fish Population Characteristics \| 5 \| \| METHODS AND PROCEDURES \| 5 \| \| ESTIMATED POPULATION SIZE \| 77 \| \| AGE AND GROWTH OF NORTHERN PIKE \| 10 \| \| Length-Weight Relationship \| 10 \| \| Condition Factor \| 13 \| \| Body-Scale Relationship \| 16 \| \| Body Growth in Length \| 18 \| \| Body Growth in Weight \| 20 \| \| FOOD HABITS OF NORTHERN PIKE \| 20 \| \| FECUNDITY \| 25 \| \| DISCUSSION OF RESULTS \| 29 \| \| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT \| 30 \| \| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS \| 31 \| \| LITERATURE CITED \| 31 \| ABSTRACT Investigations to determine the magnitude of a northern pike population, life history, seasonal food habits and fecundity of northern pike were conducted at Brown's Lake from 1970-72, following a winterkill. Population estimates indicated a density of approximately 29 northern pike per hectare in March, 1970, that declined to about 4 fish per hectare in May, 1970. Standing crop was estimated at 11.4 kg/ha in early 1970, 2.4 kg/ha in May, 1970, and 3.5 kg/ha in 1972. Approximately 85% of the northern pike in Brown's Lake were harvested by intensive angling during a 4-week period. Length-weight relationships, body condition factors, and body-scale relationships were computed for 1970 and 1971. Growth accelerated for two years following the winterkill. Food habits showed northern pike ate predominately young carp during the first study year, and changed to bluegill when small carp were unavailable in the second year. About 75% of the northern pike collected for stomach analysis contained empty stomachs. Fecundity was determined and body weight explained more ova counts than total length and as many ova counts as length and weight combined. Recommendations for size limit and vegetation control for Brown's Lake are discussed. INTRODUCTION Through natural evolution the Missouri River created several natural, clear, shallow oxbow lakes along the western border of Iowa. These oxbows represent the greatest amount of lake type habitat along the Missouri River in Iowa (Fish and Wildlife Task Force 1967). Most have populations of northern pike, Esox lucius, as the major predatory fish species along with various small sunfishes, catfishes, and minnows as forage. Winterkill from shallow depths and total loss of dissolved oxygen occurs commonly. Brown's Lake, one of these oxbows, experienced a winterkill during the winter of 1968-1969. Fisheries surveys following the winterkill indicated moderate survival of adult northern pike and centrarchids. Survival of adult largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, was poor. Northern pike remained as the major predator to control rapidly expanding centrarchid populations. The effectiveness of a single predatory fish species for controlling a fast expanding panfish population remained doubtful since high densities of northern pike, 68-78 pike/hectare, did not previously control the abundance of bluegill (Beyerle 1971). In order to improve management of fish populations in Missouri River oxbows, a more comprehensive study of northern pike in Brown's Lake was undertaken from 1970 through 1972. The primary objectives of this study were fourfold: (1) study the life history and population size of northern pike in an exbow lake, (2) determine seasonal food habits of northern pike, (3) determine northern pike dependence and interaction with forage and other predator species, and (4) determine fecundity of northern pike with respect to age, length and weight. DESCRIPTION OF BROWN'S LAKE Physical Characteristics Brown's Lake, a natural oxbow of the Missouri River, is located two miles (3.2 km) west of Salix, Iowa (Plate 1). It was formed in the mid-1800's and has continually decreased in size from its original 324 hectares because of floods and siltation prior to river channelization. At elevation 335 m MSL the lake covers 89 surface ha, has a maximum depth of 3.1 m and a mean depth of .9 m. Submerged aquatic plants flourish during the summer, and the water area free from aquatic plants is normally reduced to about 38 ha. Fisheries management in Brown's Lake consisted mostly of fisheries surveys and stockings (Table 1). One million walleye fry, 10,000 largemouth bass fingerlings, 40,000 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fingerlings and 500,000 northern pike fingerlings were stocked in 1967. No fish were stocked in 1968, but immediately following the winterkill, 1,000,000 walleye fry and 200,000 northern pike fry were stocked. Later in 1969, 10,000 largemouth bass fingerlings and about 1,600 yearling channel catfish were planted. In 1970, the lake received 250,000 walleye fry, 12,400 largemouth bass fingerlings and 20,000 channel catfish fingerlings. Northern pike were not added during 1970 or 1971. Two species were stocked in 1971; 10,000 largemouth bass fingerlings and 12,400 channel catfish fingerlings. Plate 1. Aerial view of the Brown's Lake study area. Table 1. Fish stockings at Brown's Lake from 1967-71. \| Species \| Size \| Number \| Stocking date \| \|------------------\|------------\|----------\|---------------\| \| Walleye \| Fry \| 1,000,000\| 4-29-67 \| \| \| Fry \| 1,000,000\| 5-3-69 \| \| \| Fry \| 250,000 \| 5-6-70 \| \| Largemouth bass \| Fingerling \| 6,000 \| 9-20-67 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 4,000 \| 9-21-67 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 10,000 \| 9-17-69 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 12,400 \| 9-11-70 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 10,000 \| 9-2-70 \| \| Channel catfish \| Fingerling \| 40,000 \| 9-18-67 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 242 \| 5-25-69 \| \| \| Sub-adult \| 684 \| 10-2-69 \| \| \| Sub-adult \| 455 \| 10-6-69 \| \| \| Sub-adult \| 436 \| 10-8-69 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 20,000 \| 10-5-70 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 2,400 \| 4-30-71 \| \| \| Fingerling \| 10,000 \| 9-28-71 \| \| Northern pike \| Fry \| 500,000 \| 4-18-67 \| \| \| Fry \| 200,000 \| 4-25-69 \| Brown's Lake receives water from two wells, each with a capacity of 1,500 gal/min (2,400 L/min), and from limited surface runoff. The wells, located at the north end of the lake, are necessary to maintain an adequate water level for recreation, because limited runoff and a porous bottom substrate of Brown's Lake allows subterranean flow toward the Missouri River channel. Chemical Characteristics The incoming water from the wells and runoff is medium to low in organic matter (Table 2). Water samples, collected at three stations, were analyzed for 15 chemical parameters from January, 1971 until January, 1972. Station 1B was located in the north end adjacent to the pump area, while Station 3B was in the south arm of Brown's Lake. Station 2B was located near midpoint of the north-south lake area. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 8.3 mg/L at Station 3B to 8.9 mg/L at Station 2B and averaged 8.5 mg/L. Chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were greater at Station 2B (2.8 and 4.4 mg/L) than at either Station 1B or 3B. The differences in dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand levels at Station 2B are due to more luxuriant growth of aquatic vegetation at Station 2B than at Table 2. Mean water chemical parameters of three sampling stations at Brown's Lake from January, 1971 to January, 1972. \| Parameters \| Station 1B \| \| Station 2B \| \| Station 3B \| \| \|-----------------------------\|------------\|-------\|------------\|-------\|------------\|-------\| \| \| Mean \| Standard deviation \| Mean \| Standard deviation \| Mean \| Standard deviation \| \| Dissolved oxygen (mg/ℓ) \| 8.4 \| 3.46a \| 8.9 \| 2.84a \| 8.3 \| 2.05a \| \| Fecal coliform/100 ml \| < 10 \| \| < 10 \| \| < 10 \| \| \| pH \| 7.7 \| .6 \| 8.0 \| .55 \| 8.3 \| .47 \| \| Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/ℓ) \| 7.7 \| 20.4 \| 13.4 \| 17.8 \| 12.3 \| 10.6 \| \| Total alkalinity (mg/ℓ) \| 367 \| 156 \| 241 \| 95 \| 225 \| 89 \| \| Organic nitrogen (mg/ℓ) \| .51 \| .35 \| 2.9 \| 6.22 \| .63 \| .28 \| \| Ammonia nitrogen (mg/ℓ) \| .29 \| .30 \| .28 \| .72 \| .09 \| .18 \| \| Nitrite nitrogen (mg/ℓ) \| .012 \| .005 \| .012 \| .006 \| .013 \| .006 \| \| Nitrate nitrogen (mg/ℓ) \| < .1 \| \| < .1 \| \| < .1 \| \| \| Total residue (mg/ℓ) \| 450 \| 166 \| 297 \| 147 \| 292 \| 109 \| \| Total phosphate (mg/ℓ) \| .06 \| .06 \| .17 \| .37 \| .03 \| .01 \| \| Biochemical oxygen demand (mg/ℓ) \| 2.4 \| 1.0 \| 4.4 \| 6.9 \| 2.4 \| 1.5 \| \| Chemical oxygen demand (mg/g) \| 21 \| 9.7 \| 28 \| 12.0 \| 24 \| 5.9 \| \| Turbidity (JTU) \| 22 \| 17 \| 7 \| 6 \| 8 \| 5 \| \| Total hardness (as CaCO₃ in mg/ℓ) \| 331 \| 133 \| 209 \| 120 \| 202 \| 81 \| aAll units expressed as mg/ℓ except fecal coliform, pH, and turbidity. the other stations. Continuous pump operation in winter keeps about 2.5 ha of water ice free at Station 1B and also influenced most chemical parameters. Mean pH ranged from 7.7 at Station 1B to 8.3 at Station 3B. Phenolphthalein alkalinity also was lowest at Station 1B, 7.7 mg/ℓ and increased to 12.3 mg/ℓ at Station 3B. The reason for large standard deviations is the high readings recorded on 10 October, 1973. Phenolphthalein alkalinity at Station 1B on this date was 54 mg/ℓ, but was 0 for all other dates. Organic nitrogen was .51 mg/ℓ at the first station and 2.9 mg/ℓ at the second station. Ammonia levels rarely exceeded .3 mg/ℓ and averaged .22 mg/ℓ. Total phosphate was also lower at Station 1B than at Station 2B. Water received from pumps was more turbid and contained more carbonates than lake water. Total alkalinity decreased from 367 mg/ℓ at the first station to 241 mg/ℓ and 225 mg/ℓ at Stations 2B and 3B respectively. Mean total hardness (CaCO₃) increased from 202 mg/ℓ at Station 3B to 331 mg/ℓ at Station 1B. Total residue and JTU turbidity values at Station 1B were about double the values obtained at Station 3B. Fish Population Characteristics Eleven fish species were recorded in net samples of Brown's Lake (Table 3). Black bullheads, Ictalurus melas, were the most abundant followed by carp, Cyprinus carpio, bigmouth buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus, and northern pike. Catch rates, fish/net day (F/ND), were highest for carp, (12.8 F/ND) in 1970 and declined to .7 F/ND in 1972. During the first year most of the carp caught were young-of-the-year. Catch rates of bullheads increased from 8.5 F/ND in 1970 to 11 F/ND in 1971. Bluegill, Lepomis cyanellus, were the most abundant centrarchid, followed by black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, and green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Northern pike catch rates declined from 6.6 F/ND in 1970 to 1.45 F/ND and .52 F/ND in 1971 and 1972, respectively. The catch rate decrease of northern pike is explained by lowered population density from angler exploitation during the first year of study. Grand average catch rate was 3.3 F/ND in 1970, 1.8 F/ND in the second year and dropped to .8 F/ND for the last year. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Fish sampling was conducted for one complete week each month from March through October except during the month following ice melt when sampling was conducted daily. Subsequent periods were denoted by month and week. Scale samples, body length and weight were collected from northern pike 275 mm and longer during each sampling week. Sampling gear consisted of frame-trap nets and electrofishing, but the latter was discontinued early in 1970 because of poor catch success. The frame nets had 50 ft (15.24 m) leads with two 2 x 4 ft (.61 x 1.22 m) frames ahead of a hooped net 2 ft (.61 m) in diameter and 8 ft (2.44 m) long. A winged throat was formed by the frames and two additional throats were located in the hoop net section. Webbing, 3/4 inch (19 cm) bar measure, covered the entire net. Frame nets were set with leads perpendicular to shore in water depth sufficient to cover the entire net. Table 3. Mean and standard deviation of catch effort expressed as fish per net day at Brown's Lake, 1970-72. \| Fish species \| 1970 Mean \| 1970 Standard deviation \| 1971 Mean \| 1971 Standard deviation \| 1972 Mean \| 1972 Standard deviation \| \|--------------\|-----------\|-------------------------\|-----------\|-------------------------\|-----------\|-------------------------\| \| B bullhead \| 8.57 \| 6.89 \| 11.03 \| 11.25 \| 4.21 \| 4.14 \| \| Y bullhead \| .14 \| .13 \| .26 \| < .10 \| .20 \| < .10 \| \| Carp \| 12.88 \| 10.45 \| 2.54 \| .65 \| .76 \| .57 \| \| Bluegill \| < .10 \| .19 \| 1.12 \| .55 \| 1.08 \| .53 \| \| B buffalo \| 7.94 \| 5.40 \| 2.17 \| .87 \| 2.21 \| 1.36 \| \| B crappie \| .15 \| .36 \| .53 \| .32 \| .11 \| .10 \| \| G sunfish \| < .10 \| < .10 \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Walleye \| < .10 \| < .10 \| --- \| --- \| < .10 \| < .10 \| \| C catfish \| .58 \| .73 \| .90 \| .56 \| < .10 \| < .10 \| \| Lm bass \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| < .10 \| < .10 \| \| N pike \| 6.63 \| 4.38 \| 1.45 \| .85 \| .52 \| .20 \| \| Grand average\| 3.36 \| 2.60 \| 1.82 \| 1.38 \| .83 \| .64 \| Numerical estimates of northern pike populations were conducted in all three years. Each fish not utilized for ovary and stomach samples was tagged through the dorsal fin process with a serially numbered Floy dart tag and released. Five hundred seventy-nine northern pike were tagged the first year, while 190 were tagged in 1971 and 127 fish in 1972. The population size was estimated by the Peterson equation: \[ \hat{N} = \frac{MC}{R} \] where, \[ \hat{N} = \text{estimated number in the population} \] \[ M = \text{total number of fish marked in the sampling period} \] \[ C = \text{total number of fish captured in each sampling period} \] \[ R = \text{total number of fish recaptured in each sampling period.} \] Confidence intervals for the 95% level were determined from the sample standard error: \[ \left( \hat{N} \sqrt{\frac{(\hat{N}-M)(\hat{N}-C)}{MC(\hat{N}-1)}} \right) \] where the equation components were the same as before. Age and growth of northern pike was determined from scale samples and body length and weight measurements collected during each sampling week. Length-weight regression, body condition factors, body-scale regression and back calculation of body length at each year of life were calculated using conventional procedures in a complete age and growth computer program (Mayhew 1973). Northern pike were collected for stomach analysis from random samples of weekly catches. Stomachs were removed in the laboratory through an abdominal incision. The stomach was placed in a cheesecloth bag and preserved with 10% formalin. Volumetric measurements of stomach contents were made immediately upon removal and the individual diet items identified later. Fecundity of northern pike was determined from ovaries collected shortly prior to spawning. Ovaries were removed in laboratory and placed in cheesecloth bags and preserved in 10% formalin. Ovaries were measured volumetrically and eggs were counted in three, 3 ml aliquots. The average number of eggs in each sample was multiplied by the total ovary volume to determine number of eggs per fish. ESTIMATED POPULATION SIZE Population estimates were conducted simultaneously with food habit and age growth studies. Estimates were started on 16 January, 1970 and continued through 30 October, 1972. Estimates ceased for the first year on 8 May because no marked fish were recaptured after this date. Validity of fish population estimates rely upon certain assumptions that must be made. Ricker (1958) listed six important assumptions. All were met in this study except the assumption of random mixing of marked and unmarked fish or that distribution of fishing effort (in subsequent sampling) is proportional to the number of fish present in different parts of the body of water. The estimates for the first three periods were made while ice covered the lake, except the area adjacent to the water pumps. Most fish collection and release occurred in the ice-free portion. This factor would bias estimates for Periods 1 through 3. Marked fish did not appear to suffer greater natural mortality than unmarked, because very few dead marked were observed on the lake. Recruitment was minimized by tagging only fish larger than 300 mm in total length (TL). There was no indication marked fish were more susceptible to netting than unmarked fish. Eight hundred seventy northern pike were captured during 1970, of which 579 were tagged and 42 recaptured (Table 4). A majority of the fish were tagged from 8 February to 4 April. Individual period estimates ranged from 2,546 ± 849 northern pike at Period 3 to 319 ± 296 on 29 April. Estimated population density of northern pike in Brown's Lake in 1970 was 27 per ha at maximum water level elevation and would vary no more than ± 10 per ha at the .05 level of sampling probability. On 8 May the density was estimated at 4 per ha with 95% confidence intervals of ± 1. Fewer fish were captured and tagged during the second year of the study. Three hundred sixty-two fish were captured, of which 196 were tagged and 26 recaptured. More pike were tagged in spring and early summer than in autumn. Individual period estimates ranged from 634 fish ± 214 during Period 1 to 318 fish ± 191 on 30 October. Density of northern pike was estimated at 5 per ha during the third period which varied no more than ± 2 per ha at the .05 sampling probability level. Table 4. Numerical population estimate of northern pike from 1970-72. \| Sampling period \| Number caught \| Number marked \| Number recaptured \| Population estimate $\hat{N}$ \| 95% confidence interval \| \|-----------------\|---------------\|---------------\|-------------------\|-------------------------------\|-------------------------\| \| 1970 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Jan 1-16 \| 73 \| 42 \| 2 \| 1,533 \| \| \| Feb 3-7 \| 86 \| 78 \| 3 \| 2,236 \| \| \| Feb 8-13 \| 115 \| 102 \| 5 \| 2,546 \| \| \| March 23-27 \| 144 \| 118 \| 7 \| 2,427 \| 849 \| \| March 30-31 \| 169 \| 75 \| 7 \| 1,810 \| 652 \| \| April 1-4 \| 110 \| 71 \| 5 \| 1,562 \| 658 \| \| April 6-9 \| 51 \| 28 \| 4 \| 357 \| 158 \| \| April 10-16 \| 34 \| 10 \| 1 \| 340 \| 318 \| \| April 20-29 \| 29 \| 11 \| 1 \| 319 \| 296 \| \| May 4-8 \| 59 \| 44 \| 7 \| 370 \| 120 \| \| 1971 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| April 1-15 \| 74 \| 60 \| 7 \| 634 \| 214 \| \| April 16-30 \| 63 \| 40 \| 4 \| 630 \| 289 \| \| May 1-June 15 \| 104 \| 23 \| 5 \| 478 \| 184 \| \| Oct 1-15 \| 46 \| 24 \| 3 \| 552 \| 365 \| \| Oct 16-30 \| 32 \| 23 \| 2 \| 318 \| 191 \| \| Nov 1-15 \| 43 \| 26 \| 5 \| 372 \| 194 \| \| 1972 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 16-30 \| 48 \| 37 \| 3 \| 592 \| 317 \| \| April 1-15 \| 63 \| 15 \| 2 \| 472 \| 307 \| \| April 16-30 \| 52 \| 15 \| 1 \| 480 \| 456 \| \| May 1-June 30 \| 28 \| 11 \| 1 \| 308 \| 268 \| \| July 16-30 \| 42 \| 18 \| 2 \| 378 \| 246 \| \| Aug 16-30 \| 25 \| 13 \| 1 \| 325 \| 306 \| \| Sept 1-Oct 30 \| 43 \| 18 \| 2 \| 387 \| 247 \| Only 281 northern pike were captured during the third year, while 12 of the 127 tagged fish were recaptured. Individual period estimates ranged from 592 ± 317 on 30 March to 325 ± 306 on 30 August. The estimated on 30 July of 378 fish ± 246 was considered the most reliable estimate because it was based on the greatest number of recaptured fish. Northern pike density ranged from 7 per ha at Period 1 to 36 per ha at the sixth sampling period. Population estimates were higher during spring of each year than estimates made during the summer and autumn (Figure 1). The decrease could be explained by the spawning behavior of northern pike and increased vulnerability to nets during the spawning season. During summer and fall northern pike were more randomly distributed throughout Brown's Lake and catch success declined. Figure 1. Numerical estimate of the northern pike population from 1970-72. Mean weight of northern pike tagged during the first year was 566 g and increased to 632 g the second year, and was 1,009 g in 1972. Prior to 6 April, 1970 northern pike tagged had a mean weight of 565 g and those tagged after 6 April averaged 577 g. Using these means and population estimates for Period 5, 1970 standing crop of northern pike in Brown's Lake was $11.5 \pm 4.7$ kg/ha prior to 6 April, 1970 and decreased to $2.4 \pm .7$ kg/ha during Period 10. Standing crop estimates for 1 May-15 June, 1971 and 1 May-30 June, 1972 were $3.3 \pm 1.3$ kg/ha and $3.5 \pm 3.0$ kg/ha, respectively. After the northern pike decrease in 1970, standing crop of northerns increased from 2.4 kg/ha in 1970 to 3.3 kg/ha in the second year and reached 3.5 kg/ha the third year. The population decrease in 1970 was undoubtedly caused by intensive northern pike angling. During the study, 898 fish were marked, and 85 tags were received from fishermen (Table 5). Sixty-eight tags or 79.7% were received from 4 April to 8 May, 1971, while 16 tags or 18.6% were received from fishermen in 1972. The time lag between the population estimate decline and the time the tags were received was approximately two weeks. This lapse could be explained in part by fishermen failing to return tags immediately. Catch success of fyke nets also decreased from 14.1 northern pike per net day on 31 March to 1.8 per net day on 29 April, 1971. During the intense angling in March and April, many anglers caught daily limits, took the fish home and returned later to catch another limit. Several northern pike kept by anglers were < 300 mm in length. Other studies of northern pike population indicated before a size limit was effective, anglers caught and kept large numbers of small fish. Snow and Beard (1972) reported the percentage of the catch 18 inches and less varied from a low of 34% in the winter of 1963 to a high of 88% in the summer of 1962 in Wisconsin waters. AGE AND GROWTH OF NORTHERN PIKE Several aspects of the age and growth of northern pike in Brown's Lake were studied. Length-weight relationship, body-scale relationship, condition factor were determined from scale samples and body measurements. Sixty-four scale samples were collected in 1970 and 146 in 1971. Scales were removed from a location three rows above the lateral line at the anterior tip of the dorsal fin. Growth of male and female fish were determined from scales and paired body measurements taken from 30 male and 26 female northern pike. Sex determination was made by visual inspection of gonad. Length-Weight Relationship Length-weight relationship was computed independently for both years using the transformed linear regression model $$\log_{10} W = \log_{10} a + b \log_{10} TL$$ where $W$ is weight in grams and $TL$ is total length in millimeters. Data were grouped in 25 mm intervals ranging from 315 mm to 593 mm in 1970 and from 293 mm to 760 mm in 1971. Table 5. Number and percent of tags returned and catch rate of northern pike from 1970-72. \| Period \| Number of tags returned \| Percent tags returned \| Catch per net day \| \|-------------------------\|-------------------------\|-----------------------\|-------------------\| \| 1970 \| \| \| \| \| Jan 1-16 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| \| \| Feb 3-7 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 5.37 \| \| Feb 8-13 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 5.75 \| \| March 23-27 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 6.54 \| \| March 30-31 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 14.08 \| \| April 1-4 \| 3 \| 3.5 \| 13.75 \| \| April 6-9 \| 14 \| 16.4 \| 5.19 \| \| April 10-16 \| 36 \| 42.3 \| 4.20 \| \| April 20-29 \| 14 \| 16.4 \| 1.81 \| \| May 4-8 \| 1 \| 1.1 \| 2.95 \| \| Total \| 68 \| 79.7 \| \| \| 1971 \| \| \| \| \| April 1-15 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 2.46 \| \| April 16-30 \| 6 \| 7.0 \| 2.62 \| \| May 1-June 15 \| 9 \| 10.5 \| 0.90 \| \| Oct 1-15 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.95 \| \| Oct 16-30 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.92 \| \| Nov 1-15 \| 1 \| 1.1 \| 0.86 \| \| Total \| 16 \| 18.6 \| \| \| 1972 \| \| \| \| \| March 16-30 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.46 \| \| April 1-15 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.60 \| \| April 16-30 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.40 \| \| May 1-June 30 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.32 \| \| July 16-30 \| 1 \| 1.1 \| 0.84 \| \| Aug 16-30 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.78 \| \| Sept 1-Oct 30 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0.45 \| \| Total \| 1 \| 1.1 \| \| The following constants were computed from paired length and weight observations: 1970 \[ \log_{10} W = -6.674 + 3.555 \log_{10} TL \] 1971 \[ \log_{10} W = -5.701 + 3.154 \log_{10} TL \] with correlation coefficients (r) of .973 for 1970 and .975 for 1971. Ridenhour (1957) calculated a length-weight regression for northern pike at Clear Lake, Iowa: \[ \log W = -5.552 + 3.122 \log TL \] where $ W $ = weight in grams and $ TL $ = total length in millimeters. Using the 1971 length-weight regression from this study, a 476 mm fish weighed 555 g, and the same length fish in Ridenhour's study weighed about 640 g. The northern pike in Clear Lake were significantly heavier at all lengths than Brown's Lake fish. Calculated weights were computed for each sample year at 25 mm intervals in body length (Table 6). Predicted weight differed only slightly from empirical values with most fluctuation occurring in the smallest and largest fish. A fish 335 mm long in 1970 weighed 200 g, but in the following year this weight was not attained until total length was 350 mm. In the upper portion of the curve a 508 mm northern pike weighed 850 g in 1970, while a 540 mm fish weighed the same in 1971. Data were grouped at 25 mm intervals for males and females in 1970. Total body length ranged from 297 mm to 464 for the males and 350 mm to 507 mm for females. The following length-weight regressions were determined (Figure 2): Males: $ \log_{10}W = -5.532 + 3.114 \log_{10}TL $ Females: $ \log_{10}W = -7.541 + 3.907 \log_{10}TL $ Analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference in regression coefficients at the .05 level between sexes. The difference in weight between males and females resulted from collecting these fish during spawning season. Gravid females would have a significantly greater $ b $ value. A 400 mm male fish weighed about 370 g, while a female the same length was nearly 40 g heavier. A larger weight difference occurred as the fish increased in length. At 450 mm in length, a female northern pike was about 125 g heavier than a male the same length. Brown and Clark (1965) calculated the following length-weight regressions of northern pike by sex in Ohio: Female: $ \log W = -2.2008 + 2.9020 \log L $ Males: $ \log W = -2.1265 + 2.7788 \log L $ where $ W $ is weight in ounces and $ L $ is total length in inches. From this regression a female fish 25 inches (635 mm) long would weigh about 72 ounces (2,037 g), and a male fish the same length would weigh about 60 ounces (1,698 g). Table 6. Predicted weight of northern pike at 25 mm total length intervals using regression coefficient for individual year. \| Class mean (mm) \| 1970 Weight (g) \| Number \| Class mean (mm) \| 1971 Weight (g) \| Number \| \|-----------------\|-----------------\|--------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|--------\| \| 311 \| 154 \| 2 \| 303 \| 134 \| 5 \| \| 335 \| 201 \| 8 \| 324 \| 165 \| 4 \| \| 362 \| 264 \| 4 \| 350 \| 210 \| 14 \| \| 385 \| 329 \| 13 \| 373 \| 257 \| 19 \| \| 408 \| 405 \| 11 \| 396 \| 311 \| 12 \| \| 437 \| 516 \| 12 \| 425 \| 389 \| 22 \| \| 464 \| 639 \| 7 \| 449 \| 461 \| 13 \| \| 484 \| 742 \| 3 \| 473 \| 544 \| 12 \| \| 508 \| 882 \| 2 \| 503 \| 660 \| 6 \| \| 593 \| 1,529 \| 1 \| 522 \| 742 \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| 546 \| 855 \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| 571 \| 985 \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| 604 \| 1,185 \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| 623 \| 1,297 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 643 \| 1,432 \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| 671 \| 1,638 \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| 707 \| 1,932 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 717 \| 2,019 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 748 \| 2,308 \| 5 \| Condition Factor Mean condition factor (K) was compared for fish captured in 1970 and 1971 (Table 7). In 1970, mean (K) was .62, while mean (K) was .54 for fish collected during the second year. Values of (K) for fish collected in 1970 ranged from .54 for northern pike 297-321 mm in length to .87 for fish of 572-597 mm. Range in (K) was lower for fish captured in the second year, from .44 for fish 311-335 mm long to .62 for fish 736-761 mm in length. Larger fish collected in both years had higher condition factors than smaller fish. Mean (K) of males and females were compared for 1970 (Table 8). Mean (K) for males was .57 and .63 for females. Condition values ranged from .47 to .66 for males, and from .51 to .71 for females. The reason for a poorer condition in 1971 may in part be explained by the availability of less forage in 1971 compared with 1970. A partial explanation for greater (K) values in females than for males was gonadal development increasing the weight of female fish. Ridenhour (1957) computed condition factors for northern pike in Clear Lake and Ventura Marsh, Iowa. Mean K value was .84 for both lakes compared to an overall mean of .58 at Brown's Lake. Figure 2. Length weight regression for male and female northern pike. Table 7. Condition factors by 25 mm total length intervals of northern pike for combined sexes. \| Class range (mm) \| K \| Class range (mm) \| K \| \|------------------\|-----\|------------------\|-----\| \| 297-321 \| .54 \| 286-310 \| .63 \| \| 322-346 \| .55 \| 311-335 \| .44 \| \| 347-371 \| .56 \| 336-360 \| .48 \| \| 372-396 \| .56 \| 361-385 \| .52 \| \| 397-421 \| .57 \| 386-410 \| .48 \| \| 422-446 \| .63 \| 411-435 \| .50 \| \| 447-471 \| .66 \| 436-460 \| .52 \| \| 472-496 \| .68 \| 461-485 \| .49 \| \| 497-521 \| .58 \| 486-510 \| .53 \| \| 572-597 \| .87 \| 511-535 \| .52 \| \| Mean \| .62 \| 536-560 \| .46 \| \| \| \| 561-585 \| .52 \| \| \| \| 586-610 \| .59 \| \| \| \| 611-635 \| .61 \| \| \| \| 636-660 \| .58 \| \| \| \| 661-685 \| .58 \| \| \| \| 686-710 \| .55 \| \| \| \| 711-735 \| .55 \| \| \| \| 736-761 \| .62 \| \| Mean \| .54 \| Table 8. Condition factors by total length intervals for northern pike - 1970. \| Males \| Females \| \|-------\|---------\| \| Class range (mm) \| K \| Class range (mm) \| K \| \| 300-311 \| .58 \| 363-375 \| .57 \| \| 312-325 \| .47 \| 376-387 \| .51 \| \| 326-337 \| .61 \| 388-399 \| .58 \| \| 338-350 \| .61 \| 400-411 \| - \| \| 351-363 \| .58 \| 412-423 \| .62 \| \| 364-375 \| .54 \| 424-435 \| .62 \| \| 376-383 \| .66 \| 436-447 \| .65 \| \| 384-400 \| .56 \| 448-459 \| - \| \| 401-413 \| .56 \| 460-471 \| .66 \| \| 414-425 \| .54 \| 472-483 \| .68 \| \| 426-437 \| - \| 484-495 \| .71 \| \| 438-450 \| .61 \| 496-507 \| .71 \| \| 451-464 \| .57 \| Mean \| .63 \| Body-Scale Relationship Growth history was determined from the body-scale regression computed from measurements taken in 1971. The scale image was magnified (54X) and measured from the focus to margin along the medium anterior field. Mean scale radii lengths were paired with corresponding body measurements, and intervals established at 25 mm. Ranges in body size were identical to those in length-weight calculations. Body-scale regressions were determined using a linear model with the origin centered so when $S = 0$, $L = 0$. The linear model was: $$L = b S$$ where $L$ is total length in mm and $S$ is the corresponding scale radius in mm. Equation for 1970 and 1971 were as follows (Figure 3): 1970 \hspace{1cm} L = 2.23 S $$L = 2.40 S$$ The slope of the regressions were slightly different. A fish collected the first year with a magnified scale radius of 300 mm was about 680 mm in length, while a fish collected in 1971 with the same scale size was about 715 mm long. Little difference in fish length appeared for a magnified scale radius over 100 mm. Figure 3. Total length-scale radius regression for northern pike. Analysis of covariance revealed no significant difference between the regressions of 1970 and 1971 at the 95% level. Ridenhour (1957) calculated the following linear body-scale regression for northern pike at Clear Lake: \[ L = 1.383 + 2.278 \ R \] where $ L $ = total length in inches and $ R $ = scale radius in inches. For Ventura Marsh northern pike the body scale regression was $ L = 2.75 + 1.969 \ R $ with $ L $ and $ R $ the same. Body Growth in Length Estimated total length at each annulus was combined by year class and the grand average total length was computed (Table 9). Mean total length for the first 4 years of life was estimated at 334, 476, 610 and 687 mm. Total length by successive summations of mean increments at Age 1 through 4 was 358, 511, 607 and 686 mm. Growth was greatest the first year and declined as age increased. Grand average growth increment for each year was 334, 133, 114 and 79 mm (Figure 4). Table 9. Estimated total body length in millimeters at the end of each year of life for northern pike. \| Year class \| Age group \| Number in group \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| Growth index \| \|------------\|-----------\|-----------------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|--------------\| \| 1968 \| I \| 75 \| 305 \| \| \| \| 0 \| \| 1969 \| II \| 41 \| 325 \| 438 \| \| \| + 3.24 \| \| 1970 \| III \| 18 \| 346 \| 479 \| 611 \| \| + 20.9 \| \| 1971 \| IV \| 7 \| 358 \| 511 \| 607 \| 686 \| - .2 \| \| Mean total length \| \| \| 334 \| 476 \| 609 \| 686 \| \| \| Mean increment \| \| \| 334 \| 133 \| 114 \| 79 \| \| In comparison with growth of northern pike from other locations, the present study differed somewhat geographically, but generally northern pike grew at similar rates. Ridenhour (1957) found northerns attained 12.1 (309), 16.6 (425), 20.4 (522), 24.3 (622) inches (mm) for Ages 1 through 4 in Clear Lake. In Ventura Marsh northerns were 18.4 inches (471 mm) long at the end of the second year. The fish in Clear Lake grew slower than those of the present study, while Ventura Marsh fish grew at about the same rate. Shields (1957) found northern pike in Fort Randall attained a body length of 701 mm by the end of the fourth year. Figure 4. Growth in body length for northern pike by year class from the 1971 data. A growth index for years 1968 to 1971 was calculated by measuring yearly percentile deviation of growth from the grand average increment. The resulting values were subtracted from 100 and adjusted so their sum was 0. The 0 value indicated average growth while positive or negative values indicated above or below average growth. Growth indices were average in 1968 and in 1971, and were slightly above average with +3.24 in 1969 and reached the maximum of +20.9 in 1970 (Table 9). This could be partially explained by better forage availability, particularly 0-age carp and buffalo. Body Growth in Weight Estimated body weight for each year of life was determined using the 1971 length-weight regression. Growth history by year (Figure 5) showed a smaller increase in weight the first year than in the second or third years. Body weight increased rapidly through year 4, but was greatest in the third year. Estimated weight of northern pike at years 1 through 4 were 171, 555, 1,210 and 1,757 g. Northerns in this study acquired weight at a constant rate through the second year at which time the increment rate increased until the end of the third year. Mean weight increment declined in the fourth year. Mean weight increment at each year was 171, 384, 655 and 547 g. Other studies show similar weight gains. Van Oosten (1946) reported weight of northern pike through Age 4 at 113, 567, 1,304 and 1,700 g. These results show northerns about 100 g heavier than Brown's Lake northerns at the end of year 3, but very little weight difference noticeable at Ages 1, 2, or 4. Ridenhour's (1957) predicted weights at the end of each year are 159, 440, 838 and 1,445 g. If these weights are subtracted from each succeeding year, estimates of weight increment for each year would be about 159, 281, 397 and 508 g. Gross comparison of weight increments between Clear Lake northerns and northern of this study reveal a large difference in the third year of growth, 397 g for Clear Lake fish and 655 g for Brown's Lake fish. This difference can be explained by rapid growth following the 1968-69 winterkill. FOOD HABITS OF NORTHERN PIKE The first food of young northern pike are crustaceans; later, insects are utilized. When northern pike attain 60-65 mm in length, they are almost exclusively predatory with fish as the primary food, but will occasionally feed on salamanders and crayfish (McCarragher 1962). Stomach examinations of 188 northern pike in 1970 showed 50 contained measureable contents. Early season examinations in March through May indicated 40-50% of the fish collected had full or partially full stomachs (Table 10). About 18% of the fish collected from June through September contained stomachs with measureable contents. Mean stomach volume was 49.1 ml, with volumes increasing from 35.2 ml in January to 60 ml in September. Carp were the most abundant fish species and comprised the largest volume found in stomachs during the first year (Table 11). Carp were found in 68% of the stomachs while bigmouth buffalo were present in 9.3% of northern pike stomachs. Crayfish and leeches Figure 5. Growth history of northern pike by age group. Table 10. Number and mean volume of stomachs collected from northern pike in Brown's Lake from 1970-72. \| Date \| Number of fish collected \| Number of stomachs collected \| Mean volume (ml) \| \|------\|--------------------------\|------------------------------\|------------------\| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1970 \| \| \| \| \| Jan \| 27 \| 4 \| 35.2 \| \| Feb \| 28 \| 2 \| 73.5 \| \| March\| 53 \| 17 \| 37.7 \| \| April\| 28 \| 14 \| 42.1 \| \| May \| 20 \| 8 \| 40.0 \| \| June \| 6 \| 1 \| 50.0 \| \| July \| 2 \| 1 \| 55.0 \| \| Aug \| 18 \| 3 \| 60.0 \| \| Sept \| 6 \| 0 \| \| \| Total\| 188 \| 50 \| \| \| 1971 \| \| \| \| \| April\| 16 \| 8 \| 42.2 \| \| May \| 8 \| 4 \| 37.5 \| \| June \| 5 \| 3 \| 22.0 \| \| July \| 8 \| 0 \| \| \| Aug \| 6 \| 0 \| \| \| Sept \| 10 \| 0 \| \| \| Oct \| 6 \| 1 \| 40.0 \| \| Total\| 59 \| 16 \| \| \| 1972 \| \| \| \| \| April\| 13 \| 2 \| 19.0 \| \| May \| 8 \| 3 \| 26.6 \| \| June \| 3 \| 1 \| 19.0 \| \| July \| 13 \| 2 \| 24.0 \| \| Aug \| 12 \| 1 \| 18.0 \| \| Sept \| 10 \| 3 \| 35.6 \| \| Oct \| 13 \| 4 \| 25.2 \| \| Total\| 72 \| 16 \| \| Table 11. Food items found in the stomach contents of northern pike in Brown's Lake from 1970-72. \| Year \| Food item \| Number \| Percent occurrence \| Percent volume \| \|------\|---------------\|--------\|--------------------\|----------------\| \| 1970 \| Carp \| 51 \| 68.0 \| 67.3 \| \| \| B buffalo \| 7 \| 9.3 \| 22.3 \| \| \| W crappie \| 1 \| 1.3 \| 2.5 \| \| \| Crayfish \| 2 \| 2.6 \| 3.0 \| \| \| Leech \| 2 \| 2.6 \| .2 \| \| \| Unknown \| 12 \| 16.0 \| 4.6 \| \| 1971 \| Bluegill \| 14 \| 60.8 \| 62.4 \| \| \| W crappie \| 1 \| 4.3 \| 6.3 \| \| \| B crappie \| 2 \| 8.6 \| 10.8 \| \| \| C catfish \| 1 \| 4.3 \| 5.4 \| \| \| Crayfish \| 2 \| 8.6 \| 3.2 \| \| \| Frog \| 1 \| 4.3 \| 5.2 \| \| \| Unknown \| 2 \| 8.6 \| 6.4 \| \| 1972 \| Bluegill \| 11 \| 55.0 \| 62.7 \| \| \| W crappie \| 3 \| 15.0 \| 26.9 \| \| \| Lm bass \| 1 \| 5.0 \| 4.5 \| \| \| Crayfish \| 2 \| 10.0 \| 3.7 \| \| \| Unknown \| 3 \| 15.0 \| 2.0 \| were utilized by northern pike, but to a lesser extent. Sixteen percent of the stomachs collected in 1970 contained unidentifiable items. The predominance of carp in northern pike stomachs was attributed to the high population density of young-of-the-year fish following the winterkill. The digestive action in northern pike stomachs rendered some items unidentifiable. Fifty-nine northern pike were collected for food habit studies in 1971, and 16 contained food items. More than one-half of the fish sampled in April, May and June had eaten immediately prior to collection. Very few of the later season northern pike contained measurable food items in the stomachs. Mean stomach content volume was 35.3 ml ranging from 22 ml in June to 42.2 ml in April. Stomach content volume remained nearly uniform through 1971 and showed little increase from April through October. Northern pike appeared to utilize only smaller fish for food. Bluegill predominated the food eaten by northern pike and were found in 67% of the stomachs. Black crappie and crayfish were the second most important food items and were found in 8.6% of the stomachs. Carp and bigmouth buffalo were absent from stomachs during the second year because rapid body growth made them unsuitable for forage. The low reproduction of carp and bigmouth buffalo in 1971 also contributed to their absence in northern pike stomachs. Sixteen stomachs were collected during the third year from a total sample of 72 northern pike. During April, May and June, 15-37% of the fish stomachs collected contained food items, with a mean volume of 23.8 ml, which ranged from 18 to 25.2 ml. Little change occurred in the frequency of occurrence of food items in stomachs from spring to autumn. Mean volume increased from early samples to later samples. During 1972, bluegill were the most frequently consumed fish species, and were found in 55% of the stomachs examined. White crappie was the next most predominant species utilized by northern pike, occurring in 15% of the stomachs. Largemouth bass and crayfish were found in 5% and 10% of the stomachs, respectively. Unknown items were found in 15% of the stomachs. Stomach content analysis showed carp were present in 43.9% by number and 34.9% by volume (Table 12). This was followed by bluegill, 22.4% by number and 29.3% by weight. All other species were present in 25% by number and 33.5% by volume of the northern pike stomachs. Seaburg and Moyle (1964) found few centrarchids in northern pike stomachs and questioned the value of northern pike for controlling panfish populations in Minnesota waters. During 1970, when 0-age carp were available, northern pike consumed them in large quantity, but by 1971, northern pike were feeding mostly on bluegill or crappie. Size of prey seemed to be a function of abundance, with pike often taking smaller prey when it was abundant in Wisconsin (Johnson 1959). Table 12. Food items found in the stomach contents of northern pike in Brown's Lake from January, 1970-October, 1972. \| Stomach contents \| Number \| Percent number \| Percent volume \| \|------------------\|--------\|----------------\|----------------\| \| Car \| 51 \| 43.9 \| 34.9 \| \| B buffalo \| 7 \| 6.0 \| 11.5 \| \| Bluegill \| 26 \| 22.4 \| 29.3 \| \| B crappie \| 2 \| 1.7 \| 3.1 \| \| W crappie \| 5 \| 4.3 \| 8.4 \| \| C catfish \| 1 \| .8 \| 1.6 \| \| Lm bass \| 1 \| .8 \| .9 \| \| Frogs \| 1 \| .8 \| 1.5 \| \| Crayfish \| 4 \| 3.4 \| 2.2 \| \| Leeches \| 2 \| 1.7 \| .1 \| \| Unknown \| 17 \| 14.6 \| 4.1 \| Fish collected in April, May, June and late fall contained fewer empty stomachs. Seaburg and Moyle (1964) found feeding to be heaviest in spring and fall. The results of this study show feeding was heaviest in spring, but less in fall. Centrarchids and small fish may not be available to northern pike during summer months, because of the protection offered by the lush growth of rooted aquatic vegetation. No black or yellow bullhead were found in stomachs even though small black bullheads were the most abundant fish in daily net catches. In Brown's Lake, during 1970, 72% of the northern pike sampled contained empty stomachs; while 68% and 76% of the fish sampled in 1971 and 1972, respectively, contained empty stomachs. Johnson (1959) found 55% of fish stomachs examined in Wisconsin were completely empty. FECUNDITY One aspect important in monitoring a fish population is fecundity, which was determined from 36 and 30 ovary samples in 1970 and 1971, respectively. Mean ovary volume in 1970 ranged from 36 ml for 325-350 mm fish to 258 ml for 526-550 mm fish (Table 13). Estimated mean egg numbers ranged from 5,800 to 48,400 for the same length intervals. During the second year, mean ovary volume ranged from 36 ml for 351-375 mm fish to 300 ml for 651-675 mm fish. Mean egg number ranged from 6,600 to 64,300 for the same length intervals. Table 13. Mean volume and number of eggs from northern pike during 1970-71. \| Year \| Length interval (mm) \| Mean length (mm) \| Mean weight (g) \| Mean volume of eggs (ml) \| Mean number of eggs \| Standard deviation \| \|------\|----------------------\|------------------\|-----------------\|--------------------------\|---------------------\|--------------------\| \| 1970 \| 326-350 \| 327 \| 322 \| 36 \| 5,800 \| --- \| \| \| 351-375 \| 368 \| 288 \| 29 \| 6,100 \| --- \| \| \| 376-400 \| 388 \| 330 \| 37 \| 8,900 \| 400 \| \| \| 401-425 \| 414 \| 462 \| 51 \| 11,800 \| 4,500 \| \| \| 426-450 \| 437 \| 537 \| 73 \| 13,500 \| 6,100 \| \| \| 451-475 \| 466 \| 686 \| 92 \| 16,800 \| 3,600 \| \| \| 476-500 \| 484 \| 750 \| 69 \| 17,900 \| 1,000 \| \| \| 501-525 \| 506 \| 913 \| 133 \| 32,100 \| 4,400 \| \| \| 526-550 \| 535 \| 1,100 \| 258 \| 48,400 \| --- \| \| 1971 \| 351-375 \| 359 \| 312 \| 36 \| 6,600 \| 1,000 \| \| \| 376-400 \| 400 \| 352 \| 51 \| 7,900 \| --- \| \| \| 401-425 \| 415 \| 417 \| 58 \| 10,400 \| 2,400 \| \| \| 426-450 \| 446 \| 550 \| 100 \| 18,400 \| --- \| \| \| 451-475 \| 457 \| 577 \| 77 \| 14,100 \| 4,600 \| \| \| 476-500 \| 492 \| 642 \| 89 \| 18,700 \| 13,600 \| \| \| 501-525 \| 515 \| 739 \| 132 \| 27,300 \| 10,500 \| \| \| 526-550 \| 540 \| 667 \| 90 \| 22,800 \| 13,500 \| \| \| 551-575 \| 562 \| 955 \| 136 \| 29,000 \| 5,200 \| \| \| 576-600 \| 590 \| 1,100 \| 230 \| 44,700 \| --- \| \| \| 601-625 \| 620 \| 1,050 \| 246 \| 43,100 \| --- \| \| \| 626-650 \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| 651-675 \| 664 \| 1,670 \| 300 \| 64,300 \| --- \| Carbine (1944) estimated an average Houghton Lake, Michigan northern pike 23.6 inches (604 mm) long contained 32,200 eggs. A fish from Brown's Lake of comparable length contained 44,000 eggs. Vessell and Eddy (1941) found northern pike 431 to 480 mm long in Minnesota contained an average of 22,000 eggs with a range of 9,000 to 35,000. Northerns in Brown's Lake of comparable length contained 17,900 ± 1,000 eggs in 1970 and 18,700 ± 13,600 in 1971. Ova-length, and ova-weight regressions were computed for both years using the linear model: \[ Y = a + b \cdot TL \] and \[ Y = a + b \cdot W \] where, $ Y $ was the estimated number of eggs and $ TL $ was total length in mm and $ W $ was weight in g. The ova on length regressions for both years were (Figure 6): \[ \begin{align} 1970 & \quad Y = 169.4 \cdot TL - 58,910 \\ 1971 & \quad Y = 155.2 \cdot TL - 54,351 \end{align} \] with correlation coefficients ($ r $) of .74 and .79 for 1970 and 1971, respectively. Coefficient of determination ($ R^2 $) values showed about 55% of the 1970 ova counts, and 62% of the 1971 ova counts were explained by TL measurements. A 400 mm fish in 1970 contained 10,000 eggs, while a 1971 fish the same length contained about 10,000 eggs. The slope of regression lines differs slightly for the two years with fish in 1971 containing slightly more eggs than 1970. A 1970 fish, 700 mm in length contained about 57,000 ova while a fish the same length collected the second year contained nearly 60,000 ova. Differences between the ova-length regression for both years were tested in a t-distribution and no significant difference occurred between regressions ($ P > .05 $). Ova on body weight regression were computed for 1970 and 1971 and the coefficients to satisfy the normal equation were as follows: \[ \begin{align} 1970 & \quad Y = 40.1 \cdot W - 7,747 \\ 1971 & \quad Y = 44.0 \cdot W - 7,690 \end{align} \] with correlation coefficients ($ r $) of .82 for the first year and .89 for 1971. Coefficient of determination ($ R^2 $) were .67 and .80 for 1970 and 1971 regressions, respectively. Fish collected the first year weighing 600 g contained about 15,000 ova, while 1971 fish was expected to contain 18,000 ova, 80% of the time (Figure 7). As fish weight increased the regression line differences became more pronounced. At 1,500 g, 1970 fish contained 53,000 ova, and a year later the fish would produce 58,000 ova. Ova-weight regression differences for both years were tested in a t-distribution, but no significant difference at the 95% level was revealed. Multiple regressions for ova on TL and weight was computed using the model: \[ Y = a + b_1 \cdot TL + b_2 \cdot W \] Figure 6. Linear regression of ova on total length for northern pike. Figure 7. Linear regression of ova on body weight for northern pike. The multiple regression coefficients were: 1970 $ Y = 16.1 \text{ TL} + 43.3 \text{ W} - 2,525 $ 1971 $ Y = 3.5 \text{ TL} + 43.2 \text{ W} - 8,895 $ with correlation coefficients (r) of .82 for the first year and .90 for the second year. These multiple regressions of ova on TL and weight were made to improve estimation of ova counts, but no improvement was obtained. Coefficient of determination ($ R^2 $) values were identical to values obtained from ova on weight regressions for each year. Franklin and Smith (1963) in Minnesota, found a regression of egg number on total length of \[ Y = 4,401.4 \text{ X} - 66,245 \] where $ Y $ was number of eggs and $ X $ was total length in inches. The differences between this regression and the ova-length regressions of this study was largely caused by difference in fish condition factors and difference in fish size. Carbine (1944) found Michigan fish with highest K values produced the greatest number of eggs. He also stated the number of eggs increased rapidly with length of fish and was approximately proportionate to the fish weight. In the present study, coefficient of determination for ova-weight regressions and ova-length plus weight regressions for each year are equal. Since no significant differences in ova production between years was found, differences in natality between 1970 and 1971 was slight assuming other conditions equal. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Angler interviews indicated northern pike are an important and popular game fish species in Brown's Lake. Because of the popularity, northern pike in Brown's Lake are frequently subjected to overexploitation by anglers. During 1970, the northern pike population was reduced 85% in about 4 weeks by intensive angling. McCarraher (1962) found angler harvest was 41% for fish stocked as fingerling in a Nebraska lake. Over-harvest by angling can be controlled by catch limits, size limits, and seasonal limits. Reduction of catch limits in Brown's Lake probably would not be effective, because during this study the daily catch limit was 3 northern pike. Reducing the limit to 2 fish would merely result in anglers making more trips home to deposit fish and returning to catch more. Seasonal restrictions would decrease angler harvest by allowing fishermen to fish when northern pike are less vulnerable to angling. A major disadvantage of seasonal restrictions at Brown's Lake is the selection of angler types. If the angling season was restricted to summer months, shore fishermen would be at a greater disadvantage than boat fishermen because boat fishermen could fish in the open water-aquatic vegetation transition zone. Size limits would control the angling harvest by allowing anglers to keep only large fish. In affect, a smaller percentage of the pike population would be vulnerable to harvest, and the smaller fish would remain to sustain the fishery. Population density and structure can be manipulated by controlling two biological factors, growth and survival. Growth of northern pike in Brown's Lake compares favorably with growth in other areas. Growth could be improved by making more forage available. A stunted bluegill population was present, and at the current population density, northern pike were unable to control the forage base. If a vegetation control was implemented, more forage would be available, particularly during the summer and autumn. This study revealed growth was greater, immediately following winterkill when young carp were available for forage. Food habits showed feeding activity peaked in the spring, but was slight in summer and fall. Other studies revealed feeding was heaviest in spring and fall. Overall, northern pike in Brown's Lake appear to feed less often than pike in other studies. Sixty-seven to 76% of the northerns collected for stomach analysis contained empty stomachs while Johnson (1959) in Wisconsin, found 55% to contain empty stomachs. Growth history of northern pike shows annual increment of growth was accelerated during the first two years following the winterkill when forage was abundant. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT Northern pike are a popular, angler sought fish species in Brown's Lake and their life history indicated they are compatible with the environment in Missouri River oxbows. Population estimates indicated harvest restrictions must be implemented to restrict overharvest, as occurred in 1970 when nearly 85% of the population was caught in slightly more than 30 days. Stomach analysis and netting catch rates show they are not efficient predators or an effective control of the bluegill forage base at the present density. Conditions could be improved to provide better angling by initiating the following recommendations, which by and large would also benefit other sight feeding predators, such as walleye and largemouth bass. 1. Improve forage utilization by employing aquatic vegetation control. Chemical control is not economically practical because of the area involved. Biological control would be a better choice if the control organism could be managed. The reduction of aquatic vegetation would expose more forage to predators and provide better growing conditions for both predators and prey. 2. Size limits for northern pike must be initiated to attain a desirable northern pike-forage ratio. The daily possession limit of three did not effectively limit angler harvest in 1970, and the effectiveness of a daily possession limit of two fish is questionable. Anglers would react similar to those in 1970 by catching their daily possession limit, removing those fish and returning to catch more. 3. Increased forage utilization could be achieved by supplemental stockings of northern pike and largemouth bass fingerlings, if reproduction of either species appears to be inadequate. Addition of the fingerlings would improve the predator-forage ratio if a size limit was also implemented. The increased largemouth bass population would improve utilization of the forage base under present conditions. 4. Lake management could be changed if short term quantity northern pike angling was desired. Biologists could induce lake winterkill and stock northern pike fry following the winterkill to provide angling the year after stocking. The first three recommendations are far more practical and utilize the resources more efficiently. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to Don Kline for field collections in 1970 and Larry Gepner who assisted with collection in 1971 and 1972. Figures were prepared by Ken Hyman and Richard Davidson. Mrs. Emily Jobe and Mrs. Kathy Schlutz did excellent work on preparation of the manuscript. I also thank James Mayhew for his assistance with statistical evaluation and suggestions. LITERATURE CITED Beyerle, G. 1971. A study of two northern pike-bluegill populations. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., Vol. 100, No. 2, p. 69-73. Brown, E. and C. Clark 1965. Length-weight relationship of northern pike, Esox lucius from East Harbor, Ohio. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., Vol. 94, No. 4, p. 404-405. Carbine, W. 1944. Egg production of the northern pike, Esox lucius, and the percentage survival of eggs and young on the spawning grounds. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett., Vol. 29, pp. 123-38. 1945. Growth potential of the northern pike, Esox lucius. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett., Vol. 30, p. 205-220. Fish and Wildlife Task Force 1967. Comprehensive framework study, fish and wildlife, Middle Missouri Tributaries Sub-basin. Tentative Final Draft, May, 78 pp. Mimeo. Franklin, D. and L. Smith 1963. Early life history of the northern pike, Esox lucius, with special reference to the factors influencing the numerical strength of year classes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., Vol. 92, p. 91-110. Johnson, L. 1959. Story of a thousand stomachs. Wis. Conserv. Bul., Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 7-10. Mayhew, J. 1973. SHAD, A computer program for the computation of age and growth statistics of fish. Ia. Fish. Res. Tech. Series No. 73-1. McCarraher, D. 1962. The northern pike-bluegill combination in north-central Nebraska farm ponds. Prog. Fish Cult., Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 188-189. Ricker, W. 1958. Handbook of computation for biological statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Bd., Canada, Bull. 19. 200 p. Ridenhour, R. 1957. Northern pike, Esox lucius L., population of Clear Lake, Iowa. Ia. St. College Journal Sci., Vol. 32, No. 1, p. 1-18. Seaburg, K. and J. Moyle 1964. Feeding habits, digestive rates, and growth of some Minnesota warmwater fishes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., Vol. 93, No. 3, p. 269-285. Van Oosten, J. 1946. The pikes. Fish. Leafl. Wash., 166: p. 1-6. Vessel, M. and S. Eddy 1941. A preliminary study of the egg production of certain Minnesota fishes. Minn. Bur. Fish. Res. Invest. Rep. 26, p. 26. 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CS 504: THEORY OF COMPUTATION (3-0-0: 3) Background: Inductive Proofs , Relations and Functions, Diagonalization Proofs Regular Languages: DFA, NFA, and NFA- Machines, Equivalence of DFA and NFA Machines, Equivalence of NFA and NFA- Machines, Regular Expressions, Equivalence of Regular Expressions and Finite State Machines, Closure Properties of Regular Languages, Pumping Lemma for Regular Languages, Proving Non-Regularity, Decision Problems for DFAs and Regular Languages. Context-free Languages: Context-free Grammars, Derivations, Leftmost, Rightmost, Inherent Ambiguity, Parse Trees, Normal Forms, etc, Proof of Containment of the Regular Languages, Pushdown Automata, PDA String Acceptance by Empty Stack, and Acceptance by Final State, Equivalence of the Two Methods of PDA Acceptance, Equivalence of PDAs and Context-free Grammars, Closure Properties of Context-free Languages, Pumping Lemma for Context-free Languages, Proving Some Languages are not Context-free. Recursive and Recursively Enumerable Languages: Turing Machines, Definition of Recursive and Recursively Enumerable, Church's Hypothesis, Computable Functions, Methods for Turing Machine Construction , Modifications of the Basic Turing Machine Model; Multiple Tape, Multiple Tracks, Non-determinism, etc, Equivalence of the Different TM Models and the Basic TM Model, TMs as Enumerators, Characterization of Recursive and Recursively Enumerable Sets, Enumerators, Decidability, Undecidability , Closure Properties of Recursive and Recursively Enumerable Languages, Non-Recursively Enumerable and Non-Recursive Languages, The Halting Problem, Undecidability of the Halting Problem. the classes P and NP; NP-Completeness; satisfiability and Cook's theorem. Text Books and References 1. Hopcroft, Motwani, and Ullman, "Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation", Pearson Publication 2. Lewis H.P. & Papadimition C.H., "Elements of Theory of Computation," Pearson Publication. 3. Peter Linz, "An introduction to Formal Languages and Automata", Narosa Publication.	<urn:uuid:97336ad6-1708-42a8-91fa-46adb23c40ed>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://nitm.ac.in/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CS%20504.pdf	2023-09-28T10:13:51+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-40/subset=warc/part-00147-7aa0a1e5-33a6-434b-89a2-950f294b40c1.c000.gz.parquet	464,510,165	463	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.589625	eng_Latn	0.589625	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2061 ]
Visit Kakadu and Katherine Nature’s Way For a drive that highlights the best of the Top End, look no further than this itinerary. In just over a week you can have an amazing adventure that links Darwin, Australia's vibrant tropical capital city, with the ancient cultural and natural wonders of Kakadu and Nitmiluk National Parks and the Daly River region. This easy drive is completely on sealed roads – making it the perfect road trip for everyone. DAY ONE Darwin to Kakadu on the Arnhem Highway The rare and unspoilt beauty of Kakadu National Park is only a three-hour drive from Darwin. On your way to the Park along the Arnhem Highway, there are several opportunities to see wildlife. Stop at Corroboree Billabong for a boat cruise or try an airboat safari experience through the Mary River system for the ultimate way to spot everything from native birds to saltwater crocodiles sunbaking along the banks, known as 'salties' in the Top End. Kakadu National Park Litchﬁeld National Park Darwin Katherine Jabiru Cooinda Tjuywaliyn/ Douglas Hot Springs Park DAY TWO TO FOUR Kakadu National Park Kakadu is a World Heritage-listed site and Australia's largest national park. Walk through ancient Aboriginal rock art galleries or join a guided tour to go further afield. Take in the stunning views of the wetlands from above at Ubirr lookout – visiting at sunset is sure to be a showstopper. Take a walk at Burrungkuy (Nourlangie) to explore impressive Aboriginal rock 22 Kakadu from the air Salty Wings Guluyambi Cruise art and learn about the history of the ancient gallery. Visit the Bowali Visitor Centre and the Warradjan Cultural Centre for a great introduction to the Park and to learn about the traditional owners of the area. Cruise the famous Yellow Water Billabong. Explore some of the best swimming holes in the Territory including Maguk, Gunlom and Jim Jim Falls. A 4WD is recommended to access some of these areas – check road conditions at the Bowali Visitor Centre for up-to-date road access information. Food and drink Corroboree Park Tavern, Aurora Kakadu Lodge, Escarpment Restaurant (Crocodile Hotel), Anbinik Thai Restaurant, Cooinda Lodge Bar and Bistro Accommodation Mercure Kakadu Crocodile Hotel, Kakadu Lodge, Anbinik Kakadu Resort, Aurora Kakadu, Cooinda Lodge Kakadu Tours and activities Fogg Dam, Spectacular Jumping Crocodile Cruise, Helicopter or scenic flight over Jim Jim and Twin Falls, Rangerguided talks and walks, Guluyambi Cruise, Arnhem Land day tour DAY FIVE TO SEVEN Kakadu to Katherine via the Kakadu highway Head south along the Kakadu Highway towards Katherine. There are many national parks, nature parks, reserves and conservation areas, including Nitmiluk National Park; making it the perfect spot to base yourself while you explore the area. Take a refreshing dip in the Katherine Hot Springs – a series of clear pools fed by a natural thermal spring located on the banks of the Katherine River. Don't miss out on Nitmiluk Gorge, where you can either cruise or canoe down, or just enjoy some of the bush walking tracks in the Park. Travel further south for just over an hour to check out the clear warm pools of Mataranka and Bitter Springs in Elsey National Park. DAY EIGHT Katherine to Darwin Head back to Darwin along the Stuart Highway – roughly a three-hour drive. If you leave early enough, stop in at Leliyn (Edith Falls) for a quick swim in the cool waters (one hour from Katherine) or choose a slight detour and visit Litchfield National Park (2.5 hour's drive). Litchfield National Park is renowned for its accessible, unspoiled wilderness of monsoon rainforests and waterfalls that flow year-round. Check out the Litchfield Drive itinerary for more information. Food and drink Finch Café, Nitmiluk Café, Pop Rocket Café, Marksie's Stockman's Camp Tucker night, Emerald Springs Roadhouse, Adelaide River 303 Bar, Berry Springs Tavern Accommodation Knotts Crossing Resort, Nitmiluk Caravan Park, Katherine Holiday Park Tours and activities Top Didj Cultural Experience, Katherine Outback Experience, Nabilil Dreaming Sunset Dinner Cruise, Pine Creek Water Gardens, Leliyn (Edith Falls), Umbrawarra Gorge Nature Park *You will need a park pass to visit Kakadu National Park. Get your Kakadu pass now. Optional add-on Tjuwaliyn/Douglas Hot Springs Park Continuing the hot springs theme, choose to extend your Kakadu and Katherine drive to include the beautiful Douglas Daly region. The hot springs are open during the cooler months of the year (May – October) and the perfect place to take a dip in the dry season. If you're equipped to camp, you can do so within the site next to the springs. If not, book a cabin or a powered camp site at the Douglas Daly Tourist Park, around a 20-minute drive from the hot springs. Please note: the road into the hot springs is around 7km and is a dirt road accessible to 2WD and is graded often. Allow one or two days extra in this area. 23	<urn:uuid:79a48af1-4c4d-4cf5-a10f-77d0aa1fe149>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://northernterritory.com/-/media/files/documents/drive/drive-itineraries/natures-way-nt-drive-itinerary.pdf	2020-03-28T15:43:01+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-16/subset=warc/part-00112-5e0433ee-fa15-4837-b2dc-d6f38301af97.c000.gz.parquet	637,109,322	1,155	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.993564	eng_Latn	0.99316	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1481, 4970 ]

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