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953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] They favored the all-turbine design, but wished to retain the twenty-two 138.6 mm guns of the "Bretagne"s. The following month, the Naval Supreme Council () could not reach a decision on the quadruple turret as it was still being developed, but wished to revisit the issue once it was fu... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] It did accept the hybrid propulsion system and the armor layout of the "Bretagne" class was to be retained, though an increase in the thickness of the main belt was to be effected if possible. Théophile Delcassé, the Naval Minister (), accepted the council's recommendations with the pro... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
The Technical Department prepared two new designs, A7, which incorporated the five twin turrets, and A7bis, which was armed with three quadruple turrets. The A7bis design was some lighter than the A7 design, and on 6 April, the Navy accepted a quadruple-gun-turret design submitted by S... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Further work revealed that two additional guns could be accommodated and the Naval Supreme Council accepted the design with twenty-four 138.6 mm guns on 8 July.
The "Normandie"-class ships were long at the waterline, and long overall. They had a beam of and a mean draft of at full load... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
The first four ships were equipped with one set of steam turbines driving the inner pair of four-bladed, propellers. " Normandie" and "Flandre" had license-built Parsons turbines, "Gascogne" had turbines by Rateau-Bretagne, and "Languedoc"s turbines were built by Schneider-Zoelly. The ... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The last ship, "Béarn", was equipped with two sets of Parsons turbines, each driving a pair of three-bladed, 3.34 m propellers. " Normandie" and "Gascogne" were fitted with 21 Guyot-du Temple-Normand small-tube boilers, "Flandre" and "Languedoc" were equipped with 28 Belleville large-tu... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
The ships' engines were rated at and were designed to give them a speed of , although use of forced draft was intended to increase their output to and the maximum speed to . The ships were designed to carry of coal and of fuel oil, but up to of coal could be stored in the hull. At a cr... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The ships would have had a crew of 44 officers and 1,160 enlisted men when serving as a flagship.
The main battery of the "Normandie" class consisted of a dozen 45-caliber Canon de 34 cm Modèle 1912s mounted in three quadruple turrets. One turret was placed forward, one amidships, and ... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Each pair of guns had its own ammunition hoist and magazine. They could be fired simultaneously or independently.
The guns had a range of and had a rate of fire of two rounds per minute. The shells were armor-piercing rounds and were fired with a muzzle velocity of . Each gun was to ha... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Two of the rangefinders were mounted on the conning tower and the other three were placed atop each of the turrets. The turrets also had auxiliary gunnery-control stations.
The ships would also have been armed with a secondary battery of twenty-four 55-caliber 138.6 mm Modèle 1910 guns... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Six Canon de Modèle 1902 anti-aircraft guns, which were converted from low-angle guns, would also have been carried by the ships. The ships also would have been equipped with six underwater torpedo tubes, three on each broadside. Each ship was to be supplied with 36 torpedoes.
The armo... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The belt consisted of two rows of plates that were a total of high, of which was below the waterline. The thickest portion of the armor protected the hull between the barbettes of the end turrets and was thick. Each of the upper plates was tapered to a thickness of at its top edge and t... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] 1 barbette to the bow, the plates progressively reduced in thickness from at the bow; the upper edges also progressively reduced from while the bottom edge of these plates was thick. Aft of the rear turret, the armor plates were progressively reduced in thickness from 260 millimeters to... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
Above the waterline belt was an upper strake of 160-millimeter armor that extended between the fore and aft groups of casemates for the secondary armament. The portions of the barbettes that extended outside the upper armor were protected by plates while the interior surfaces were only... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The lower armored deck consisted of a single plate of mild steel for a width of along the centerline and another layer of the same thickness was added outboard of that. The deck sloped downwards to meet the bottom of the waterline belt and a plate of armor steel reinforced the sloped po... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
The hull of the "Normandie"s had a double bottom deep. Their propulsion machinery spaces and magazines were protected by a torpedo bulkhead that consisted of two layers of nickel-chrome steel plates. The outer side of the bulkhead was lined with a 10-millimeter plate of corrugated flex... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Concerned about the possibility of capsizing after asymmetric flooding, the design incorporated empty compartments below the waterline and outboard of the fore and aft 34-centimeter magazines, the engine rooms and the midships 138.6-millimeter magazines that were intended to be flooded ... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Béarn" had been planned to be ordered on 1 October 1914, but it was brought forward to 1 January; the five ships would permit the creation of two four-ship divisions with the three "Bretagne"-class dreadnoughts then under construction.
Work on the class was suspended at the outbreak of... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The labor force available to work on the "Normandie"s was further reduced by conscription and orders for munitions for the Army. In light of such constraints, the navy decided that only those ships that could be completed quickly would be worked upon, like the "Brétagne"s, although cons... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
In July 1915 work on the ships' armament was suspended, save the guns themselves, which could be converted for use by the Army. Four of the completed 34 cm guns were converted into railway guns for the French Army. Nine of the guns built for "Languedoc" were also mounted on railway car... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
The boilers intended for "Normandie" and "Gascogne" were used to replace the worn-out boilers of various destroyers, namely the purchased from Argentina in 1914 and the three "Aetos"-class ships seized from the Royal Hellenic Navy in late 1916. Those boilers built for "Flandre" were in... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] They were discovered in one of Krupp's factories in Germany in 1921 and returned to the Navy.
In January 1918, a final wartime order specified that the ships remained suspended, but that all material that had been stockpiled for work would remain in place. By that time, some of steel p... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
On 22 November, days after the Armistice with Germany, the design staff sent the General Staff a proposal to complete the first four "Normandie"s to a modified design. The General Staff replied that the ships would need a top speed of and a more powerful main battery. Since the dockyar... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] In February 1919, the General Staff decided that the ships would be completed anyway, because new vessels incorporating the lessons of the war could not be completed for at least six to seven years, due to the lengthy design studies such battleships would require.
The Technical Departm... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The elevation of the main guns was to be increased to 23–24 degrees, which would increase the range of the guns to lest they be out-ranged by foreign battleships. The need to engage targets at longer ranges was confirmed by the examination of one of the ex-Austrian ships that had been s... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] The submerged 450 mm torpedo tubes were to be replaced with deck-mounted tubes, and fire control equipment was to be improved. Equipment for handling a two-seat reconnaissance aircraft and a single-seat fighter was also to be installed.
After the war, Admiral Pierre Ronarc'h became Chi... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] He suggested there were three options for the first four ships: complete them as designed, increase the range of their guns and improve their armor, or lengthen their hull and install new engines to increase speed. The Technical Department determined that lengthening the hulls by could ... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Plans for the first four ships included converting them into cargo ships, oil tankers, or passenger liners, and using them as floating oil depots, but these ideas were ultimately rejected. The four ships were formally cancelled in the 1922 construction program, and were laid up in Lande... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP]
Plans to complete "Béarn" included replacement of the coal-fired boilers with eight oil-fired Niclausse boilers and new, more powerful turbines. A new quadruple turret that allowed for greater range was considered, along with twin turrets mounting guns. The battleship was launched on 1... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] Transverse arresting wires that were weighted by sandbags were improvised and the evaluation successfully took place off Toulon in late 1920. In 1922, the Navy instead decided to complete the ship as an aircraft carrier. Conversion work began in August 1923, and was completed by May 192... |
953,376 | Normandie-class battleship [SEP] She served in the fleet through World War II, generally being used as a ferry for aircraft; she did not see any combat as she spent most of the war in Martinique. In 1944, she was refitted in the United States and equipped with a battery of modern American anti-aircraft guns. She remain... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] New York State Route 129 (NY 129) is a long state highway in the western part of Westchester County, New York. The route begins at New York State Route 9A (South Riverside Avenue) in the village of Croton on Hudson at the Hudson River. NY 129 then travels through the towns of Cortlandt an... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] NY 129 ends in Yorktown at an intersection with NY 118.
NY 129 was designated in 1908 as a section of Route 2, a legislative route designated by the New York State Legislature. However, in 1921, the route was realigned off the route that would become NY 129 in favor of NY 9A. Nine years ... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] The route originally followed a route used by NY 131 once the routes were swapped in the 1940s, with NY 131 being decommissioned soon after. NY 129 was extended to end at a traffic circle with NY 100 in the hamlet of Pines Bridge. This lasted up to at least 1969, when the designation was ... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] Originally, NY 129 had an interchange with the Taconic, but the ramps were removed in 1969 and a new interchange was built on nearby Underhill Road.
NY 129 begins at an intersection with NY 9A (South Riverside Avenue) in the village of Croton-on-Hudson, next to U.S. Route 9 (US 9). NY 12... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] At Van Cortlandt Park, NY 129 becomes residential, passing Croton-Harmon High School as it bends to the northeast. At the junction with Grand Street, NY 129 continues northeast on Grand Street, which is a two-lane residential street. The route continues northeast through the village, cros... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP]
Running along the western edge of the plaza, NY 129 bends north at a view of the New Croton Dam, continuing its way north alongside the New Croton Reservoir. NY 129 soon changes names to Croton Dam Road, passing east of the Croton Harman School District headquarters. At an intersection w... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] On a short stint away from the reservoir, NY 129 intersects with Croton Road before crossing over the Hunters Brook Bridge, where it crosses into the historic community of Huntersville. Continuing northeast from Huntersville, NY 129, now known as Croton Lake Road, bends through the town o... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP]
Through Yorktown, NY 129 is a two-lane residential street alongside the reservoir, soon making a gradual bend to the southeast into an intersection with County Route 131 (CR 131; Underhill Avenue), a former alignment of NY 131. At the junction with CR 131, NY 129 turns southward, soon wi... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] After crossing under the Taconic, the route then drops back down to the reservoir and passing a house reported to have been moved from Huntersville before it was flooded. Making several winds to the southeast, NY 129 connects to the Gate House Bridge, soon running eastward through Yorktow... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP]
What is now NY 129 was developed in the early 20th century as part of a general project to improve access and transportation across the reservoirs. In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 2, an unsigned legislative route (an unsigned internal route) extending from the New Y... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] Route 2 initially followed modern NY 129, Croton Avenue, and NY 35 between Croton-on-Hudson and Peekskill; however, it was realigned on March 1, 1921, to use what is now NY 9A instead. NY 129 was designated to most of its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] It originally followed Croton Dam Road, the southern perimeter road around the New Croton Reservoir, while Croton Lake Road, the northern route, was designated as NY 131 by the following year. The alignments of NY 129 and NY 131 in the vicinity of the reservoir were swapped and the NY 131... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] This extension lasted for over two decades until NY 118 was extended over the alignment of NY 129 to the traffic circle by 1969.
Ramps from NY 129 to the Taconic State Parkway were removed by the East Hudson Parkway Authority in November 1969, to be replaced with a bridge. This required ... |
953,377 | New York State Route 129 [SEP] In fall 1988, the original Hunter Brook Bridge (less than wide) was replaced, as it was never designed to take heavy traffic such as concrete-mixing trucks. Between 1988 and 1991, the traffic circle between NY 118 and NY 100 was removed in favor of a three-way intersection between the two... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] Novara (; in the local Lombard dialect) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. With 104 284 inhabitants (1-1-2017), it is the second most populous city in Piedmont after Turin. It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
Novara was founded in ancient times by the Romans. Its name is formed from "Nov", meaning "new", and "Aria", the name the Cisalpine Gauls used for the surrounding region.
Ancient "Novaria", which dates to the time of the Ligures and the Celts, was a municipium and was situated on the road from Vercellae ... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] After the city was destroyed in 386 by Magnus Maximus for having supported his rival Valentinian II, it was rebuilt by Theodosius I. Subsequently, it was sacked by Radagaisus (in 405) and Attila (in 452).
Under the Lombards, Novara became a duchy; under Charles the Fat, a countship. Novara came to enjoy t... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] At the end of the 12th century, it accepted the protection of Milan and became practically a dominion of the Visconti and later of the Sforza. In the Battle of Novara in 1513, Swiss mercenaries defending Novara for the Sforzas of Milan routed the French troops besieging the city. This defeat ended the Fren... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] With the Peace of Utrecht, the city, together with Milan, became part of the Habsburg Empire. After its occupation in 1734, Novara passed, in the following year, to the House of Savoy.
After Napoleon's campaign in Italy, Novara became the capital of the Department of the Agogna, but was then reassigned to... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] In the even larger Battle of Novara in 1849, the Sardinian army was defeated by the Austrian army of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz. This defeat led to the abdication of Charles Albert of Sardinia and to the partial occupation of the city by the Austrians. The defeat of the Sardinians can be seen... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
The city of Novara had a population of 25,144 in 1861. Industrialisation during the 20th century brought an increase in the city's population to 102,088 in 1981. The city's population has changed little in subsequent years.
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, former president of Italy and Italian senator for life, was... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] However, several important sights also lie outside the line of the former city walls.
The old urban core makes up the "Historic centre", situated in the district of the same name. Novara once had an encircling wall, which was demolished to permit urban development. Of the old wall there remains only the "... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] After their removal, the walls were replaced by the present-day "baluardi", the broad, tree-lined boulevards that surround the Historic Centre.
The most imposing monument in the city is the Basilica of San Gaudenzio, with a cupola high, designed by Alessandro Antonelli and constructed in 1888. The bell to... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
The centre of the religious life of the city is the Novara Cathedral, in the neo-classical style, also designed by Alessandro Antonelli. It rises exactly where the temple of Jupiter stood in the time of the Romans. Facing the Duomo is the oldest building in Novara today: the early Christian "Battistero" (... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
Close to the Duomo is the courtyard of the "Broletto" (the historic meeting place of the city council), the centre of the political life of the imperial free city of Novara. |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] Overlooking the courtyard of the Broletto are the "Palazzo del Podestà" ("Palace of the Podestà"), "Palazzetto dei Paratici" ("Little Palace of the Paratici Family"), site of the Civic Museum and of the Gallery of Modern Art, the Palace of the City Council, and a building of the 15th century. |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
Not far from the Piazza della Repubblica (formerly Piazza Duomo) is the Piazza Cesare Battisti (known to Novaresi as the "Piazza delle Erbe", "Herbs square"), which constitutes the exact centre of the city of Novara.
In Piazza Giacomo Matteotti stands the "Palazzo Natta-Isola", seat of the province and o... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] Extending from this square is the via Fratelli Rosselli, along which is the "Palazzo Cabrino", the official seat of the administrative offices of the city. As it was a Roman city, the street network of Novara is characterized by a cardo and a Decumanus Maximus, which correspond respectively to the present-... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
The largest square is Piazza Martiri della Libertà (formerly Piazza Castello) dominated by the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of Italy. Overlooking the Piazza Martiri are the "Castello Visconteo-Sforzesco", built by the Milanese dukes Visconti and Sforza, and the Teatro Coccia. Th... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
Other important squares are:
Places of interest situated outside the belt of the "baluardi" include the Church of San Nazzaro della Costa, with its attached abbey, restored in the 15th century by Bernardino of Siena, and the Ossuary of Bicocca, in pyramidal form, which stands in the neighbourhood of Bicoc... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] Worthy of note are the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Saints Martino and Gaudenzio), built beginning in 1477 by the Augustinians, whose interior consists of a single nave with lateral chapels and paintings attributed to artists of the 15th century, among them Daniele de Bosis.
In 2007, there were 102... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Novara residents is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Novara grew by 1.64%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%. The birth rate in Novara... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations: 2.94%, North Africa: 2.23%, and Latin America: 0.71%. Like most of Italy, Novara is predominantly Roman Catholic.
Novara is an important commercial centre of the Padan plain and is the seat of the Centro Intermodale Merci (CIM: Goods Intermod... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
The main economic products and services are:
The city of Novara is a member of the TOP-IX (Torino-Piemonte Exchange Point) internet exchange consortium, a consortium to create an Internet Exchange Point for northwestern Italy.
Companies based in Novara include the publishing company De Agostini.
The loc... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP] The A26 motorway crosses most of Novara province, but there is not a junction that links it directly with Novara. To reach Novara from the A26, one must exit at Vercelli Est, but one can also reach Novara by way of the A4, which crosses the A26 at a junction. Novara is served by a system of dual-carriagewa... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
The S11 trunk road from Milan and Magenta passes through Novara on its way to Vercelli and Turin. Trunk roads to the north and south also link Novara to the motorway network.
Novara Calcio is an association football club based in Novara.
There is also a professional women's Serie A1 team. http://www.agi... |
953,378 | Novara [SEP]
Novara is divided into thirteen wards ("circoscrizioni"); several of these are formed of a number of quarters ("quartieri"), zones, and/or "frazioni"
According to changes in local electoral laws, from June 2011 elections they were stripped of their elective bodies (council and president), thus remaining a... |
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