arxiv_test.csv

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"Most modern classical processors support so-called PRODUCT architecture
with program and data registers. In present work is revisited similar approach
to models of ORG processors. Deterministic programmable ORG arrays
are considered as an example. They are also called PRODUCT quantum
processors here and use conditional quantum dynamics. Such devices have some
problems with universality, but consideration of hybrid quantum processors,
i.e., models with both continuous and discrete quantum variables resolves the
problems. It is also discussed comparison of such a model of quantum processors
with more traditional approach.","These informal notes briefly discuss some basic topics involving ORG
functions, connectedness, and PERSON content in particular.",0
"This article introduces the conjecture that ""mathematics, logic and related
disciplines may usefully be understood as information compression (IC) by
'multiple alignment', 'unification' and 'search' (ICMAUS)"".
  As a preparation for the CARDINAL main sections of the article, concepts of
information and information compression are reviewed. Related areas of research
are also described including IC in brains and nervous systems, and IC in
relation to inductive inference, PERSON and probabilistic
reasoning. The ORG concepts and a computer model in which they are embodied
are briefly described.
  The ORDINAL of the CARDINAL main sections describes how many of the commonly-used
forms and structures in mathematics, logic and related disciplines (such as
theoretical linguistics and computer programming) may be seen as devices for
IC. In some cases, these forms and structures may be interpreted in terms of
the ORG framework.
  The ORDINAL main section describes a selection of examples where processes of
calculation and inference in mathematics, logic and related disciplines may be
understood as IC. In many cases, these examples may be understood more
specifically in terms of the ORG concepts.","It has recently been proved that horizonless compact stars with reflecting
boundary conditions {\it cannot} support spatially regular matter
configurations made of minimally coupled scalar fields, vector fields, and
tensor fields. In the present paper we extend this intriguing no-hair property
to the physically interesting regime of scalar fields with {ORG nonminimal}
coupling to gravity. In particular, we prove that static spherically symmetric
configurations made of nonminimally coupled massless scalar fields cannot be
supported by compact reflecting stars.",0
"The Cauchy problem for a coupled PRODUCT and PERSON system is
shown to be globally well-posed for a class of data without finite energy. The
proof uses the I-method introduced by ORG, Keel, PERSON, GPE,
and PERSON.","We consider the factorization of a rectangular matrix MONEY into a positive
linear combination of rank-one factors of the form $u v^\top$, where $u$ and
$v$ belongs to certain sets $\mathcal{U}$ and $\mathcal{V}$, that may encode
specific structures regarding the factors, such as positivity or sparsity. In
this paper, we show that computing the optimal decomposition is equivalent to
computing a certain gauge function of $MONEY and we provide a detailed analysis of
these gauge functions and their polars. Since these gauge functions are
typically hard to compute, we present semi-definite relaxations and several
algorithms that may recover approximate decompositions with approximation
guarantees. We illustrate our results with simulations on finding
decompositions with elements in $PERSON As side contributions, we present a
detailed analysis of variational quadratic representations of norms as well as
a new iterative basis pursuit algorithm that can deal with inexact ORDINAL-order
oracles.",0
"Here we look at some geometric properties related to connectedness and
topological dimension CARDINAL, especially in connection with norms on vector spaces
over fields with absolute value functions, which may be non-archimedian.","These informal notes briefly discuss Fourier inversion in terms of
Gauss--Weierstrass kernels and summability.",1
"This paper explains in layperson's terms how an agent-based model was used to
investigate the widely held belief that creativity is an important component of
effective leadership. Creative leadership was found to increase the mean
fitness of cultural outputs across an artificial society, but the more creative
the followers were, the greater the extent to which the beneficial effect of
creative leadership was washed out. Early in a run when the fitness of ideas
was low, a form of leadership that entails the highest possible degree of
creativity was best for the mean fitness of outputs across the society. As the
mean fitness of outputs increased a transition inevitably occurs after which
point a less creative style of leadership proved most effective. Implications
of these findings are discussed.","From a software design perspective, a clear definition of design can enhance
project success and development productivity. Even though the focus is on
software engineering, in this paper, we view the notion of design from the
wider point of view of poiesis, the field of the study of the phenomena of
creation and production of the artifacts. In poiesis, design operates through
the medium of modeling. According to several sources, there is as yet no
systematic consolidated body of knowledge that a practitioner can refer to when
designing a computer-based modeling language. Modeling languages such as ORG
are practice-based and seldom underpinned with a solid theory-be it
mathematical, ontological or concomitant with language use. In this paper, we
propose adopting a recent addition to the diagrammatic languages, the thinging
machine (abbreviated ORG), as a design language in the general area of Poiesis
and we exemplify PERSON by applying it to software engineering design. We show
intermediate steps of design that led to producing a ORG model for a case study.
The case study is taken from a source where a full ORG-based design was given.
Contrasting the models produced by the CARDINAL methodologies points to the
viability of ORG as an integrating and unifying modeling language in the design
field.",0
"We analyse spin effects in diffractive vector PERSON at small
$x$ on the basis of the generalized parton distribution (ORG) approach. We take
into account quark transverse degrees of freedom in the hard subprocess. We
calculate amplitudes for the longitudinally and transversely polarized photons
and vector mesons. Our results on the cross section and spin density matrix
elements (SDME) are in fair agreement with the ORG experiments. Predictions
for GPE and COMPASS energy range are made. The predicted double spin
longitudinal MONEY asymmetry is not small at GPE energies","An analysis of light vector PERSON at small $x$ on the basis
of the generalized parton distribution (ORG) approach is presented. Our results
on the cross section and spin density matrix elements (SDME) are in fair
agreement with DESY experiments. The predicted double spin longitudinal
MONEY asymmetry is not small at GPE energies.",1
"ORG gate response in a mesoscopic ring threaded with a magnetic flux $\phi$
is investigated by using ORG's function formalism. The ring is attached
symmetrically to CARDINAL semi-infinite CARDINAL-dimensional metallic electrodes and CARDINAL
gate voltages, namely, $V_a$ and $PERSON, are applied in CARDINAL arm of the ring
those are treated as the CARDINAL inputs of the ORG gate. We use a simple
tight-binding model to describe the system and numerically compute the
conductance-energy and current-voltage characteristics as functions of the gate
voltages, ring-to-electrode coupling strength and magnetic flux. Our
theoretical study shows that, for MONEY ($\phi_0=ch/e$, the
elementary flux-quantum) a high output current (CARDINAL) (in the logical sense)
appears if one or both the inputs to the gate are low (0), while if both the
inputs to the gate are high (1), a low output current (0) appears. It clearly
exhibits the ORG gate behavior and this feature may be utilized in designing
an electronic logic gate.","We explore the possibilities of current modulation at nano-scale level using
mesoscopic rings. A single mesoscopic ring or an array of such rings is used
for current modulation where each ring is threaded by a time varying magnetic
flux CARDINAL\phi$ which plays the central role in the modulation action. Within a
tight-binding framework, all the calculations are done based on the PERSON's
function formalism. We present numerical results for the CARDINAL-terminal
conductance and current which support the essential features of current
modulation. The analysis may be helpful in fabricating mesoscopic or nano-scale
electronic devices.",1
"The standard model of memory consolidation foresees that memories are
initially recorded in the hippocampus, while features that capture higher-level
generalisations of data are created in the cortex, where they are stored for a
possibly indefinite period of time. Computer scientists have sought inspiration
from nature to build machines that exhibit some of the remarkable properties
present in biological systems. CARDINAL of the results of this effort is represented
by artificial neural networks, a class of algorithms that represent the state
of the art in many artificial intelligence applications. In this work, we
reverse the inspiration flow and use the experience obtained from neural
networks to gain insight into the design of brain architecture and the
functioning of memory. Our starting observation is that neural networks learn
from data and need to be exposed to each data record many times during
learning: this requires the storage of the entire dataset in computer memory.
Our thesis is that the same holds true for the brain and the main role of the
hippocampus is to store the ""brain dataset"", from which high-level features are
learned and encoded in cortical neurons.","Claims have been made that f0(1370) does not exist. The CARDINAL primary sets of
data requiring its existence are refitted. Major dispersive effects due to the
opening of the ORDINAL threshold are included for the ORDINAL time; the sigma -> ORDINAL
amplitude plays a strong role. ORG data on ORG 3pizero at rest
require f0(1370) signals of CARDINAL and CARDINAL standard deviations in CARDINAL and
CARDINAL annihilation respectively. Furthermore, they agree within CARDINAL PERSON for mass
and width. Data on pbar-p -> eta-eta-pizero agree and require CARDINAL CARDINAL
standard deviation contribution. This alone is sufficient to demonstrate the
existence of f0(1370). BES II data for J/Psi -> phi-pi-pi contain a visible
f0(1370) signal > CARDINAL standard devations. In all cases, a resonant phase
variation is required. The possibility of a ORDINAL pole in the sigma amplitude
due to the opening of the ORDINAL channel is excluded. ORG data for pi-pi
elastic scattering are fitted well with the inclusion of some mixing between
sigma, f0(1370) and PERSON). The pi-pi widths for ORG), rho3(1690),
rho3(1990) and f4(2040) are determined.",0
"Distributional sources of cosmic walls crossed by cosmic strings from
ORG (RC) Geometry. The matter density of the planar wall is maximum
at the point where the cosmic string crosses the cosmic wall. GPE torsion is
has a support on the cosmic string given by the Dirac $ \delta $-function. Off
the sources are left with a torsionless vacuum.","When PERSON and Thorne ORDINAL proposed that traversable wormholes may be
actual physical objects, they concentrated on the geometry by specifying the
shape and redshift functions. This mathematical approach necessarily raises
questins regarding the determination of the required stress-energy tensor. This
paper discusses a natural way to obtain a complete wormhole solution by
assuming that the wormhole (CARDINAL) is supported by generalized ORG gas and
(CARDINAL) admits conformal ORG vectors.",0
"Any non-affine one-to-one binary gate can be wired together with suitable
inputs to give AND, OR, NOT and fan-out gates, and so suffices to construct a
general-purpose computer.","PRODUCT machines are devices that perform cryptography using pseudo-random
numbers. The original enigma machine code was broken by detecting hidden
patterns in these pseudo-random numbers. This paper proposes a model for a
quantum optical enigma machine and shows that the phenomenon of ORG data
locking makes such ORG enigma machines provably secure even in the presence
of noise and loss.",1
"Presented below is an interesting type of associative memory called toggle
memory based on the concept of T flip flops, as opposed to D flip flops. Toggle
memory supports both reversible programming and charge recovery. Circuits
designed using the principles delineated below permit matchlines to charge and
discharge with near CARDINAL energy dissipation. The resulting lethargy is
compensated by the massive parallelism of associative memory. Simulation
indicates over CARDINAL reduction in energy dissipation using a sinusoidal power
supply at CARDINAL MHz, assuming realistic CARDINAL nm ORG models.","Plans for a new type of artificial brain are possible because of realistic
neurons in logically structured arrays of controlled toggles, CARDINAL toggle per
neuron. Controlled toggles can be made to compute, in parallel, parameters of
critical importance for each of several complex images recalled from
associative long term memory. Controlled toggles are shown below to amount to a
new type of neural network that supports autonomous behavior and action.",1
"The paper describes combinatorial synthesis approach with interval multset
estimates of system elements for modeling, analysis, design, and improvement of
a modular telemetry system. Morphological (modular) system design and
improvement are considered as composition of the telemetry system elements
(components) configuration. The solving process is based on Hierarchical
Morphological Multicriteria Design (HMMD): (i) multicriteria selection of
alternatives for system components, (ii) synthesis of the selected alternatives
into a resultant combination (while taking into account quality of the
alternatives above and their compatibility). Interval multiset estimates are
used for assessment of design alternatives for telemetry system elements. CARDINAL
additional systems problems are examined: (a) improvement of the obtained
solutions, (b) aggregation of the obtained solutions into a resultant system
configuration. The improvement and aggregation processes are based on multiple
choice problem with interval multiset estimates. Numerical examples for an
on-board telemetry subsystem illustrate the design and improvement processes.","""WORK_OF_ART"" is an evo-devo method to generate arbitrary CARDINAL or CARDINAL
shapes; as such, it belongs to the field of ""artificial embryology"". In silico
experiments have proved the effectiveness of the method in devo-evolving shapes
of any kind and complexity (in terms of number of cells, number of colours,
etc.), establishing its potential to generate the complexity typical of
biological systems. Furthermore, it has also been shown how the underlying
model of development is able to produce the artificial version of key
biological phenomena such as embryogenesis, the presence of junk DNA, the
phenomenon of ageing and the process of carcinogenesis. In this paper the
evo-devo core of the method is explored and the result is a novel hypothesis on
the biological role of genomic transposable elements, according to which
transposition in somatic cells during development drives cellular
differentiation and transposition in germ cells is an indispensable tool to
boost evolution. Thus transposable elements, far from being ""junk"", have one of
the most important roles in multicellular biology.",0
"This paper introduces a refinement of the sequent calculus approach called
cirquent calculus. While in GPE-style proof trees sibling (or cousin, etc.)
sequents are disjoint sequences of formulas, in cirquent calculus they are
permitted to share elements. Explicitly allowing or disallowing shared
resources and thus taking to a more subtle level the resource-awareness
intuitions underlying substructural logics, cirquent calculus offers much
greater flexibility and power than sequent calculus does. A need for
substantially new deductive tools came with the birth of computability logic
(see ORG) - the semantically constructed
formal theory of computational resources, which has stubbornly resisted any
axiomatization attempts within the framework of traditional syntactic
approaches. Cirquent calculus breaks the ice. Removing contraction from the
full collection of its rules yields a sound and complete system for the basic
fragment PRODUCT of computability logic. Doing the same in sequent calculus, on the
other hand, throws out the baby with the bath water, resulting in the strictly
weaker affine logic. An implied claim of computability logic is that it is ORG
rather than affine logic that adequately materializes the resource philosophy
traditionally associated with the latter. To strengthen this claim, the paper
further introduces an abstract resource semantics and shows the soundness and
completeness of NORP with respect to it.","This paper constructs a cirquent calculus system and proves its soundness and
completeness with respect to the semantics of computability logic (see
ORG). The logical vocabulary of the system
consists of negation, parallel conjunction, parallel disjunction, branching
recurrence, and branching corecurrence. The article is published in CARDINAL parts,
with (the previous) Part I containing preliminaries and a soundness proof, and
(the present) Part CARDINAL containing a completeness proof.",1
"We study Cauchy initial data for asymptotically flat, stationary vacuum
space-times near space-like infinity. The fall-off behavior of the intrinsic
metric and the extrinsic curvature is characterized. We prove that they have an
analytic expansion in powers of a radial coordinate. The coefficients of the
expansion are analytic functions of the angles. This result allow us to fill a
gap in the proof found in the literature of the statement that all
asymptotically flat, vacuum stationary space-times admit an analytic
compactification at null infinity. Stationary initial data are physical
important and highly non-trivial examples of a large class of data with similar
regularity properties at space-like infinity, namely, initial data for which
the metric and the extrinsic curvature have asymptotic expansion in terms of
powers of a radial coordinate. We isolate the property of the stationary data
which is responsible for this kind of expansion.","We prove the existence of a family of initial data for the Einstein vacuum
equation which can be interpreted as the data for CARDINAL ORG-like black holes in
arbitrary location and with spin in arbitrary direction. When the mass
parameter of CARDINAL of them is CARDINAL, this family reduces exactly to the ORG
initial data. The existence proof is based on a general property of the ORG
metric which can be used in other constructions as well. Further
generalizations are also discussed.",1
"This is a review of aspects of the theory of algorithmic information that may
contribute to a framework for formulating questions related to complex highly
unpredictable systems. We start by contrasting FAC and
ORG complexity epitomizing the difference between correlation
and causation to then move onto surveying classical results from algorithmic
complexity and algorithmic probability, highlighting their deep connection to
the study of automata frequency distributions. We end showing how long-range
algorithmic predicting models for economic and biological systems may require
infinite computation but locally approximated short-range estimations are
possible thereby showing how small data can deliver important insights into
important features of complex ""Big Data"".","We analyze the arguments allegedly supporting the so-called ORG (ORG), as an attempt to reject counterintuitive consequences of the
WORK_OF_ART, PERSON, PERSON and others. Several arguments
purportedly supporting this assumption are demonstrated to be either flawed or,
at best, inconclusive. Therefore, no compelling reason for accepting ORG exists
so far, and it should be regarded as an ad hoc hypothesis with several rather
strange and implausible physical and epistemological consequences. Accordingly,
if one wishes to reject the controversial consequences of ORG, a route different from ORG has to be found.",0
"This paper studies a prototype of inverse obstacle scattering problems whose
governing equation is the GPE equation in CARDINAL dimensions. An explicit
method to extract information about the location and shape of unknown obstacles
from the far field operator with a fixed wave number is given. The method is
based on: an explicit construction of a modification of ORG
function via the Vekua transform and the study of the asymptotic behaviour; an
explicit density in the PERSON wave function that approximates the
modification of ORG function in the bounded domain surrounding
unknown obstacles; a system of inequalities derived from PERSON's factorization
formula of the far field operator. Then an indicator function which can be
calculated from the far field operator acting on the density is introduced. It
is shown that the asymptotic behaviour of the indicator function yields
information about the visible part of the exterior of the obstacles.","We consider an inverse source problem for the GPE equation in a bounded
domain. The problem is to reconstruct the shape of the support of a source term
from the Cauchy data on the boundary of the solution of the governing equation.
We prove that if the shape is a polygon, one can calculate its support function
from such data. An application to the inverse boundary value problem is also
included.",1
"This paper begins the discussion of how ORG can be
used to provide a principled foundation for the metalevel (or structural level)
of ORG (SUO). This SUO structural level can be used as
a logical framework for manipulating collections of ontologies in the object
level of the SUO or other middle level or domain ontologies. From the
ORG perspective, the SUO structural level resolves into several
metalevel ontologies. This paper discusses a ORG formalization for one of those
metalevel categories, ORG. In particular, it discusses
its category and colimit sub-namespaces.","We explore AND gate response in a double quantum ring where each ring is
threaded by a magnetic flux $MONEY The double quantum ring is attached
symmetrically to CARDINAL semi-infinite CARDINAL-dimensional metallic electrodes and CARDINAL
gate voltages, namely, $V_a$ and $PERSON, are applied, respectively, in the lower
arms of the CARDINAL rings which are treated as CARDINAL inputs of the AND gate. The
system is described in the tight-binding framework and the calculations are
done using the ORG's function formalism. Here we numerically compute the
conductance-energy and current-voltage characteristics as functions of the
ring-to-electrode coupling strengths, magnetic flux and gate voltages. Our
study suggests that, for a typical value of the magnetic flux MONEY
($\phi_0=ch/e$, the elementary flux-quantum) a high output current (CARDINAL) (in the
logical sense) appears only if both the CARDINAL inputs to the gate are high (1),
while if neither or CARDINAL input to the gate is high (1), a low output
current (0) results. It clearly demonstrates the AND gate behavior and this
aspect may be utilized in designing an electronic logic gate.",0
"We represent a filamentous actin molecule as a graph of finite-state machines
(PRODUCT automaton). Each node in the graph takes CARDINAL states --- resting,
excited, refractory. All nodes update their states simultaneously and by the
same rule, in discrete time steps. CARDINAL rules are considered: threshold rule ---
a resting node is excited if it has CARDINAL excited neighbour and narrow
excitation interval rule --- a resting node is excited if it has exactly one
excited neighbour. We analyse distributions of transient periods and lengths of
limit cycles in evolution of PRODUCT, propose mechanisms for
formation of limit cycles and evaluate density of information storage in
PRODUCT automata.","A liquid can be used to represent signals, actuate mechanical computing
devices and to modify signals via chemical reactions. We give a brief overview
of liquid based computing devices developed over DATE. These
include hydraulic calculators, fluidic computers, micro-fluidic devices,
droplets, liquid marbles and reaction-diffusion chemical computers.",1
"The possibility to determine the gluon density inside the proton in deep
inelastic ep collisions using current-target multiplicity correlations is
discussed.","We propose an online form of the cake cutting problem. This models situations
where players arrive and depart during the process of dividing a resource. We
show that well known fair division procedures like cut-and-choose and the
ORG moving knife procedure can be adapted to apply to such online
problems. We propose some desirable properties that online cake cutting
procedures might possess like online forms of proportionality and
envy-freeness, and identify which properties are in fact possessed by the
different online cake procedures.",0
"This paper deals with chain graphs under the Andersson-Madigan-Perlman (AMP)
interpretation. In particular, we present a constraint based algorithm for
learning an ORG chain graph a given probability distribution is faithful to.
Moreover, we show that the extension of PERSON's conjecture to ORG chain graphs
does not hold, which compromises the development of efficient and correct
score+search learning algorithms under assumptions weaker than faithfulness.
  We also introduce a new family of graphical models that consists of
undirected and bidirected edges. We name this new family maximal
covariance-concentration graphs (MCCGs) because it includes both covariance and
concentration graphs as subfamilies. However, every ORG can be seen as the
result of marginalizing out some nodes in an AMP CG. We describe global, local
and pairwise PERSON properties for MCCGs and prove their equivalence. We
characterize when CARDINAL MCCGs are PERSON equivalent, and show that every PERSON
equivalence class of MCCGs has a distinguished member. We present a constraint
based algorithm for learning a ORG a given probability distribution is
faithful to.
  Finally, we present a graphical criterion for reading dependencies from a
ORG of a probability distribution that satisfies the graphoid properties, weak
transitivity and composition. We prove that the criterion is sound and complete
in certain sense.","In this paper, we extend PERSON's conjecture (DATE) from directed and
acyclic graphs to chain graphs, and prove that the extended conjecture is true.
Specifically, we prove that if a chain graph H is an independence map of the
independence model induced by another chain graph G, then (i) G can be
transformed into H by a sequence of directed and undirected edge additions and
feasible splits and mergings, and (ii) after each operation in the sequence H
remains an independence map of the independence model induced by PERSON result
has the same important consequence for learning chain graphs from data as the
proof of PERSON's conjecture in (Chickering 2002) had for learning NORP
networks from data: It makes it possible to develop efficient and
asymptotically correct learning algorithms under mild assumptions.",1
"Operating systems are vital system software that, without them, humans would
not be able to manage and use computer systems. In essence, an operating system
is a collection of software programs whose role is to manage computer resources
and provide an interface for client applications to interact with the different
computer hardware. Most of the commercial operating systems available DATE on
the market have buggy code and they exhibit security flaws and vulnerabilities.
In effect, building a trusted operating system that can mostly resist attacks
and provide a secure computing environment to protect the important assets of a
computer is the goal of every operating system manufacturer. This paper deeply
investigates the various security features of the CARDINAL most widespread and
successful operating systems, ORG and GPE. The different
security features, designs, and components of the CARDINAL systems are to be covered
elaborately, pin-pointing the key similarities and differences between them. In
due course, a head-to-head comparison is to be drawn for each security aspect,
exposing the advantage of CARDINAL system over the other.","Starting with a likelihood or preference order on worlds, we extend it to a
likelihood ordering on sets of worlds in a natural way, and examine the
resulting logic. PERSON (DATE) earlier considered such a notion of relative
likelihood in the context of studying counterfactuals, but he assumed a total
preference order on worlds. Complications arise when examining partial orders
that are not present for total orders. There are subtleties involving the exact
approach to lifting the order on worlds to an order on sets of worlds. In
addition, the axiomatization of the logic of relative likelihood in the case of
partial orders gives insight into the connection between relative likelihood
and default reasoning.",0
"We describe an algorithm for using a quantum computer to calculate mean
values of observables and the partition function of a quantum system. Our
algorithm includes CARDINAL sub-algorithms. The ORDINAL sub-algorithm is for
calculating, with polynomial efficiency, certain diagonal matrix elements of an
observable. This sub-algorithm is performed on a ORG computer, using
quantum phase estimation and tomography. The ORDINAL sub-algorithm is for
sampling a probability distribution. This sub-algorithm is not polynomially
efficient. It can be performed either on a classical or a ORG computer, but
a ORG computer can perform it quadratically faster.","This is primarily a pedagogical paper. The paper re-visits some well-known
ORG information theory inequalities. It does this from a quantum NORP
networks perspective. The paper illustrates some of the benefits of using
quantum NORP networks to discuss quantum PRODUCT (ORG).",1
"This is a purely pedagogical paper with no new results. The goal of the paper
is to give a fairly self-contained introduction to PERSON do-calculus,
including proofs of his CARDINAL rules.","We propose a new measure of ORG. Our measure is defined in
terms of conditional information transmission for a Quantum Bayesian Net. We
show that our measure is identically equal to ORG in
the case of a bipartite (CARDINAL listener) system occupying a pure state. In the
case of mixed states, the relationship between these CARDINAL measures is not known
yet. We discuss some properties of our measure. Our measure can be easily and
naturally generalized to handle n-partite (n-listener) systems. It is
non-negative for any n. It vanishes for conditionally separable states with n
listeners. It is symmetric under permutations of the n listeners. It decreases
if listeners are merged, pruned or removed. Most promising of all, it is
intimately connected with ORG. We also find a new
upper bound for classical mutual information which is of interest in its own
right.",1
"I describe my path to unconventionality in my exploration of theoretical and
applied aspects of computation towards revealing the algorithmic and
reprogrammable properties and capabilities of the world, in particular related
to applications of algorithmic complexity in reshaping molecular biology and
tackling the challenges of causality in science.","The aim of this paper is to propose an alternative behavioural definition of
computation (and of a computer) based simply on whether a system is capable of
reacting to the environment-the input-as reflected in a measure of
programmability. This definition is intended to have relevance beyond the realm
of digital computers, particularly vis-a-vis natural systems. This will be done
by using an extension of a phase transition coefficient previously defined in
an attempt to characterise the dynamical behaviour of cellular automata and
other systems. The transition coefficient measures the sensitivity of a system
to external stimuli, and will be used to define the susceptibility of a system
to being (efficiently) programmed.",1
"Computing a GPE defining a set of planar points is a classical problem of
modern computational geometry. In laboratory experiments we demonstrate that a
concave hull, a connected alpha-shape without holes, of a finite planar set is
approximated by slime mould PERSON polycephalum. We represent planar points
with sources of long-distance attractants and short-distance repellents and
inoculate a piece of plasmodium outside the data set. The plasmodium moves
towards the data and envelops it by pronounced protoplasmic tubes.","We present a logical framework to represent and reason about stochastic
optimization problems based on probability answer set programming. This is
established by allowing probability optimization aggregates, e.g., minimum and
maximum in the language of probability answer set programming to allow
minimization or maximization of some desired criteria under the probabilistic
environments. We show the application of the proposed logical stochastic
optimization framework under the probability answer set programming to CARDINAL
stages stochastic optimization problems with recourse.",0
"This paper outlines the implications of neural-level accounts of insight, and
models of the conceptual interactions that underlie creativity, for a theory of
cultural evolution. Since elements of human culture exhibit cumulative,
adaptive, open-ended change, it seems reasonable to view culture as an
evolutionary process, CARDINAL fueled by creativity. Associative memory models of
creativity and mathematical models of how concepts combine and transform
through interaction with a context, support a view of creativity that is
incompatible with a NORP (selectionist) framework for cultural evolution,
but compatible with a NORP (Self-Other Reorganization) framework. A
theory of cultural evolution in which creativity is centre stage could provide
the kind of integrative framework for the behavioral sciences that PERSON
provided for the life sciences.","ORG is a computer model of LAW. It consists of neural
network based agents that invent ideas for actions, and imitate neighbors'
actions. ORG replicates using a different fitness function the results
obtained with an earlier model (ORG), including (CARDINAL) an increase in mean fitness
of actions, and (CARDINAL) an increase and then decrease in the diversity of actions.
Diversity of actions is positively correlated with number of needs, population
size and density, and with the erosion of borders between populations. Slowly
eroding borders maximize diversity, fostering specialization followed by
sharing of fit actions. Square (as opposed to toroidal) worlds also exhibit
higher diversity. Introducing a leader that broadcasts its actions throughout
the population increases the fitness of actions but reduces diversity; these
effects diminish the more leaders there are. Low density populations have less
fit ideas but broadcasting diminishes this effect.",1
"We address some computational issues that may hinder the use of ORG chain
graphs in practice. Specifically, we show how a discrete probability
distribution that satisfies all the independencies represented by an ORG chain
graph factorizes according to it. We show how this factorization makes it
possible to perform inference and parameter learning efficiently, by adapting
existing algorithms for PERSON and NORP networks. Finally, we turn our
attention to another issue that may hinder the use of ORG CGs, namely the lack
of an intuitive interpretation of their edges. We provide CARDINAL such
interpretation.","Suppose that multiple experts (or learning algorithms) provide us with
alternative NORP network (BN) structures over a domain, and that we are
interested in combining them into a single consensus FAC structure.
Specifically, we are interested in that the consensus BN structure only
represents independences all the given BN structures agree upon and that it has
as few parameters associated as possible. In this paper, we prove that there
may exist several non-equivalent consensus BN structures and that finding CARDINAL
of them is ORG-hard. Thus, we decide to resort to heuristics to find an
approximated consensus BN structure. In this paper, we consider the heuristic
proposed in
\citep{MatzkevichandAbramson1992,MatzkevichandAbramson1993a,MatzkevichandAbramson1993b}.
This heuristic builds upon CARDINAL algorithms, called Methods A and B, for
efficiently deriving the minimal directed independence map of a ORG structure
relative to a given node ordering. Methods A and B are claimed to be correct
although no proof is provided (a proof is just sketched). In this paper, we
show that Methods A and B are not correct and propose a correction of them.",1
"While open-domain question answering (ORG) systems have proven effective for
answering simple questions, they struggle with more complex questions. Our goal
is to answer more complex questions reliably, without incurring a significant
cost in knowledge resource construction to support the ORG. CARDINAL readily
available knowledge resource is a term bank, enumerating the key concepts in a
domain. We have developed an unsupervised learning approach that leverages a
term bank to guide a ORG system, by representing the terminological knowledge
with CARDINAL of specialized vector spaces. In experiments with complex
science questions, we show that this approach significantly outperforms several
state-of-the-art ORG systems, demonstrating that significant leverage can be
gained from continuous vector representations of domain terminology.","The current intrusion detection systems have a number of problems that limit
their configurability, scalability and efficiency. There have been some
propositions about distributed architectures based on multiple independent
agents working collectively for intrusion detection. However, these distributed
intrusion detection systems are not fully distributed as most of them centrally
analyze data collected from distributed nodes which may lead to a single point
of failure. In this paper, a distributed intrusion detection architecture is
presented that is based on autonomous and cooperating agents without any
centralized analysis components. The agents cooperate by using a hierarchical
communication of interests and data, and the analysis of intrusion data is made
by the agents at the lowest level of the hierarchy. This architecture provides
significant advantages in scalability, flexibility, extensibility, fault
tolerance, and resistance to compromise. A proof-of-concept prototype is
developed and experiments have been conducted on it. The results show the
effectiveness of the system in detecting intrusive activities.",0
"Cirquent calculus is a proof system manipulating circuit-style constructs
rather than formulas. Using it, this article constructs a sound and complete
axiomatization CL16 of the propositional fragment of computability logic (the
game-semantically conceived logic of computational problems - see
http://www.csc.villanova.edu/~japaridz/CL/ ) whose logical vocabulary consists
of negation and parallel and choice connectives, and whose atoms represent
elementary, i.e. moveless, games.","Folksonomy is said to provide a democratic tagging system that reflects the
opinions of the general public, but it is not a classification system and it is
hard to make sense of. It would be necessary to share a representation of
contexts by all the users to develop a social and collaborative matching. The
solution could be to help the users to choose proper tags thanks to a dynamical
driven system of folksonomy that could evolve during the time. This paper uses
a cluster analysis to measure a new concept of a structure called
""WORK_OF_ART"", which consists of tags, source and time. Many approaches
include in their goals the use of folksonomy that could evolve during time to
evaluate characteristics. This paper describes an alternative where the goal is
to develop a weighted network of tags where link strengths are based on the
frequencies of tag co-occurrence, and studied the weight distributions and
connectivity correlations among nodes in this network. The paper proposes and
analyzes the network structure of the PERSON tags thought as folksonomy
tags suggestions for the user on a dataset built on chosen websites. It is
observed that the hypergraphs of the PERSON are highly connected and that
the relative path lengths are relatively low, facilitating thus the
serendipitous discovery of interesting contents for the users. Then its
characteristics, ORG, is compared with random networks. The
goal of this paper is a useful analysis of the use of folksonomies on some well
known and extensive web sites with real user involvement. The advantages of the
new tagging method using folksonomy are on a new interesting method to be
employed by a knowledge management system.
  *** This paper has been accepted to ORG and its Applications (SCA 2011) - Sydney GPE, CARDINAL-14 December
DATE ***",0
"This paper describes a novel approach to software engineering derived from
EVENT"" and its realisation in ORG"".
Despite superficial appearances, it is shown that many of the key ideas in
software engineering have counterparts in the structure and workings of the NORP
system. Potential benefits of this new approach to software engineering
include: the automation or semi-automation of software development, with
support for programming of the NORP system where necessary; allowing programmers
to concentrate on 'world-oriented' parallelism, without worries about
parallelism to speed up processing; support for the long-term goal of
programming the NORP system via written or spoken natural language; reducing or
eliminating the distinction between 'design' and 'implementation'; reducing or
eliminating operations like compiling or interpretation; reducing or
eliminating the need for verification of software; reducing the need for
validation of software; no formal distinction between program and database; the
potential for substantial reductions in the number of types of data file and
the number of computer languages; benefits for version control; and reducing
technical debt.","In 'PERSON (WS) sentences like ""The city councilmen refused the
demonstrators a permit because they feared violence"" and ""The city councilmen
refused the demonstrators a permit because they advocated revolution"", it is
easy for adults to understand what ""they"" refers to but can be difficult for ORG
systems. This paper describes how the SP System -- outlined in an appendix --
may solve this kind of problem of interpretation. The central idea is that a
knowledge of discontinuous associations amongst linguistic features, and an
ability to recognise such patterns of associations, provides a robust means of
determining what a pronoun like ""they"" refers to. For any ORG system to solve
this kind of problem, it needs appropriate knowledge of relevant syntax and
semantics which, ideally, it should learn for itself. Although the ORG
has some strengths in unsupervised learning, its capabilities in this area are
not yet good enough to learn the kind of knowledge needed to interpret WS
examples, so it must be supplied with such knowledge at the outset. However,
its existing strengths in unsupervised learning suggest that it has potential
to learn the kind of knowledge needed for the interpretation of WS examples. In
particular, it has potential to learn the kind of discontinuous association of
linguistic features mentioned earlier.",1
"In this paper, we define a distance for the ORG colour system. Next, the
proposed distance is used for a fuzzy colour clustering algorithm construction.
The presented algorithm is related to the well-known fuzzy c-means algorithm.
Finally, the clustering algorithm is used as colour reduction method. The
obtained experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of
our approach.","This approach presents a multi-valued representation of the neutrosophic
information. It highlights the link between the bifuzzy information and
neutrosophic one. The constructed deca-valued structure shows the neutrosophic
information complexity. This deca-valued structure led to construction of CARDINAL
new concepts for the neutrosophic information: neutro-entropy and anti-entropy.
These CARDINAL concepts are added to the CARDINAL existing: entropy and non-entropy.
Thus, we obtained the following triad: entropy, neutro-entropy and
anti-entropy.",1
"We propose the ORG method for peer assessment. This constructs a grade
for an agent based on the grades proposed by the agents evaluating the agent.
Since the grade of an agent is a measure of their ability to grade correctly,
the ORG method weights grades by the grades of the grading agent. The
ORG method also provides an incentive for agents to grade correctly. As
the grades of an agent depend on the grades of the grading agents, and as these
grades themselves depend on the grades of other agents, we define the ORG
method by a fixed point equation similar to the ORG method for ranking
web-pages. We identify some formal properties of the ORG method (for
example, it satisfies axioms of unanimity, no dummy, no discrimination and
symmetry), discuss some examples, compare with related work and evaluate the
performance on some synthetic data. Our results show considerable promise,
reducing the error in grade predictions by a factor of CARDINAL or more in many cases
over the natural baseline of averaging peer grades.","Symmetry is a common feature of many combinatorial problems. Unfortunately
eliminating all symmetry from a problem is often computationally intractable.
This paper argues that recent parameterized complexity results provide insight
into that intractability and help identify special cases in which symmetry can
be dealt with more tractably",1
"Steering traffic in cities is a very complex task, since improving efficiency
involves the coordination of many actors. Traditional approaches attempt to
optimize traffic lights for a particular density and configuration of traffic.
The disadvantage of this lies in the fact that traffic densities and
configurations change constantly. Traffic seems to be an adaptation problem
rather than an optimization problem. We propose a simple and feasible
alternative, in which traffic lights self-organize to improve traffic flow. We
use a multi-agent simulation to study CARDINAL self-organizing methods, which are
able to outperform traditional rigid and adaptive methods. Using simple rules
and no direct communication, traffic lights are able to self-organize and adapt
to changing traffic conditions, reducing waiting times, number of stopped cars,
and increasing average speeds.","As a part of our effort for studying the evolution and development of
cognition, we present results derived from synthetic experimentations in a
virtual laboratory where animats develop koncepts adaptively and ground their
meaning through action. We introduce the term ""koncept"" to avoid confusions and
ambiguity derived from the wide use of the word ""concept"". We present the
models which our animats use for abstracting koncepts from perceptions,
plastically adapt koncepts, and associate koncepts with actions. On a more
philosophical vein, we suggest that knowledge is a property of a cognitive
system, not an element, and therefore observer-dependent.",1
"In this paper we present the N-norms/N-conorms in neutrosophic logic and set
as extensions of T-norms/T-conorms in fuzzy logic and set. Also, as an
extension of ORG we present ORG.","In this paper we extend ORG fusion rule (WO) in
information fusion by doing redistribution of not only the conflicting mass,
but also of masses of non-empty intersections, that we call ORG (ORG). Then we propose a new fusion rule Class of ORG (CPRIM), which generates many interesting
particular fusion rules in information fusion. Both formulas are presented for
any number of sources of information. An application and comparison with other
fusion rules are given in the last section.",1
"Given appropriate representations of the semantic relations between carpenter
and wood and between mason and stone (for example, vectors in a vector space
model), a suitable algorithm should be able to recognize that these relations
are highly similar (carpenter is to wood as mason is to stone; the relations
are analogous). Likewise, with representations of dog, house, and kennel, an
algorithm should be able to recognize that the semantic composition of dog and
house, dog house, is highly similar to kennel (dog house and kennel are
synonymous). It seems that these CARDINAL tasks, recognizing relations and
compositions, are closely connected. However, up to now, the best models for
relations are significantly different from the best models for compositions. In
this paper, we introduce a dual-space model that unifies these CARDINAL tasks. This
model matches the performance of the best previous models for relations and
compositions. The dual-space model consists of a space for measuring domain
similarity and a space for measuring function similarity. PERSON and wood
share the same domain, the domain of carpentry. ORG and stone share the same
domain, the domain of masonry. PERSON and mason share the same function, the
function of artisans. Wood and stone share the same function, the function of
materials. In the composition dog house, ORG has some domain overlap with
both dog and house (the domains of pets and buildings). The function of kennel
is similar to the function of house (the function of shelters). By combining
domain and function similarities in various ways, we can model relations,
compositions, and other aspects of semantics.","The author has pledged in various papers, conference or seminar
presentations, and scientific grant applications (DATE) for the
unification of fusion theories, combinations of fusion rules, image fusion
procedures, filter algorithms, and target tracking methods for more accurate
applications to our real world problems - since neither fusion theory nor
fusion rule fully satisfy all needed applications. For each particular
application, CARDINAL selects the most appropriate fusion space and fusion model,
then the fusion rules, and the algorithms of implementation. He has worked in
WORK_OF_ART (UFT), which looks like a cooking
recipe, better one could say like a logical chart for a computer programmer,
but one does not see another method to comprise/unify all things. The
unification scenario presented herein, which is now in an incipient form,
should periodically be updated incorporating new discoveries from the fusion
and engineering research.",0
"We study CARDINAL aspects of information semantics: (i) the collection of all
relationships, (ii) tracking and spotting anomaly and change. The ORDINAL is
implemented by endowing all relevant information spaces with a PERSON metric
in a common projected space. The ORDINAL is modelled by an induced ultrametric.
A very general way to achieve a Euclidean embedding of different information
spaces based on cross-tabulation counts (and from other input data formats) is
provided by ORG. From there, the induced ultrametric that
we are particularly interested in takes a sequential - e.g. temporal - ordering
of the data into account. We employ such a perspective to look at narrative,
""the flow of thought and the flow of language"" (Chafe). In application to
policy decision making, we show how we can focus analysis in a small number of
dimensions.","We begin with pervasive ultrametricity due to high dimensionality and/or
spatial sparsity. How extent or degree of ultrametricity can be quantified
leads us to the discussion of varied practical cases when ultrametricity can be
partially or locally present in data. We show how the ultrametricity can be
assessed in text or document collections, and in time series signals. An aspect
of importance here is that to draw benefit from this perspective the data may
need to be recoded. Such data recoding can also be powerful in proximity
searching, as we will show, where the data is embedded globally and not locally
in an ultrametric space.",1
"Dawkins' replicator-based conception of evolution has led to widespread
mis-application selectionism across the social sciences because it does not
address the paradox that inspired the theory of natural selection in the ORDINAL
place: how do organisms accumulate change when traits acquired over their
lifetime are obliterated? This is addressed by PERSON concept of a
self-replicating automaton (ORG). A ORG consists of a self-assembly code that
is used in CARDINAL distinct ways: (CARDINAL) actively deciphered during development to
construct a self-similar replicant, and (CARDINAL) passively copied to the replicant
to ensure that it can reproduce. Information that is acquired over a lifetime
is not transmitted to offspring, whereas information that is inherited during
copying is transmitted. In cultural evolution there is no mechanism for
discarding acquired change. Acquired change can accumulate orders of magnitude
faster than, and quickly overwhelm, inherited change due to differential
replication of variants in response to selection. This prohibits a selectionist
but not an evolutionary framework for culture. Recent work on the origin of
life suggests that early life evolved through a NORP process referred
to as communal exchange that does not involve a self-assembly code, and that
natural selection emerged from this more haphazard, ancestral evolutionary
process. It is proposed that communal exchange provides a more appropriate
evolutionary framework for culture than selectionism. This is supported by a
computational model of cultural evolution and a network-based program for
documenting material cultural history, and it is consistent with high levels of
human cooperation.","ORG (ORG) principle selects the model that has the
shortest code for data plus model. We show that for a countable class of
models, MDL predictions are close to the true distribution in a strong sense.
The result is completely general. No independence, ergodicity, stationarity,
identifiability, or other assumption on the model class need to be made. More
formally, we show that for any countable class of models, the distributions
selected by ORG (or ORG) asymptotically predict (merge with) the true measure
in the class in total variation distance. Implications for non-i.i.d. domains
like time-series forecasting, discriminative learning, and reinforcement
learning are discussed.",0
"Web search engines apply a variety of ranking signals to achieve user
satisfaction, i.e., results pages that provide the best-possible results to the
user. While these ranking signals implicitly consider credibility (e.g., by
measuring popularity), explicit measures of credibility are not applied. In
this chapter, credibility in Web search engines is discussed in a broad
context: credibility as a measure for including documents in a search engine's
index, credibility as a ranking signal, credibility in the context of universal
search results, and the possibility of using credibility as an explicit measure
for ranking purposes. It is found that while search engines-at least to a
certain extent-show credible results to their users, there is no fully
integrated credibility framework for Web search engines.","""Clarithmetic"" is a generic name for formal number theories similar to ORG
arithmetic, but based on computability logic (see
ORG) instead of the more traditional
classical or intuitionistic logics. Formulas of clarithmetical theories
represent interactive computational problems, and their ""truth"" is understood
as existence of an algorithmic solution. Imposing various complexity
constraints on such solutions yields various versions of clarithmetic. The
present paper introduces a system of clarithmetic for polynomial time
computability, which is shown to be sound and complete. Sound in the sense that
every theorem T of the system represents an interactive number-theoretic
computational problem with a polynomial time solution and, furthermore, such a
solution can be efficiently extracted from a proof of NORP And complete in the
sense that every interactive number-theoretic problem with a polynomial time
solution is represented by some theorem T of the system. The paper is written
in a semitutorial style and targets readers with no prior familiarity with
computability logic.",0
"Arrays of weakly-coupled ORG systems can be made to compute by subjecting
them to a sequence of electromagnetic pulses of well-defined frequency and
length. Such pulsed arrays are true ORG computers: bits can be placed in
superpositions of CARDINAL and CARDINAL, logical operations take place coherently, and
dissipation is required only for error correction. Programming such computers
is accomplished by selecting the proper sequence of pulses.","Recently, ORG and PERSON proposed a gravitational mechanism to explain
the ORG anomaly based on their scalar-tensor-vector (ORG) metric theory of
gravity. In this paper we show that their model, fitted to the presently
available data for the anomalous FAC acceleration, is in contrast
with the latest determinations of the perihelion extra-rates of LOC, PRODUCT
and GPE.",0
"ORG treats the nascent discipline of physical eschatology,
which deals with the future evolution of astrophysical objects, including the
universe itself, and is thus both a counterpart and a complement to
conventional cosmology. While sporadic interest in these topics has flared up
from time to time during the entire history of humanity, a truly physical
treatment of these issues has only become possible during DATE. This ORG deals with these recent developments. It offers a
starting point for understanding what the physical sciences might say about the
future of our universe and its constituents. ORG articles, books, and web
sites are provided for the following topics: history and epistemology of
physical eschatology, the future of the PRODUCT system, the future of stars and
stellar systems, the global future of the universe, information processing and
intelligent communities, as well as some side issues, like the possible vacuum
phase transition and the so-called ORG.","Classical arguments for skepticism regarding ORG (ORG) are critically examined. It is suggested that the emerging
class of ""phase transition"" astrobiological models can simultaneously account
for all available astrophysical and biological evidence, explain several
unresolved puzzle in LOC sciences, and rationally justify current and future
ORG projects. In particular, the hypothesis of NORP that local gamma-ray
bursts drive the astrobiological phase transition deserves to be further
quantitatively elucidated. Some epistemological and ethical ramifications of
such a model are briefly discussed.",1
"This paper reviews and clarifies CARDINAL misunderstandings about cultural
evolution identified by GPE, PERSON, and PERSON (DATE). ORDINAL, cultural
representations are neither discrete nor continuous; they are distributed
across neurons that respond to microfeatures. This enables associations to be
made, and cultural change to be generated. ORDINAL, 'replicator dynamics' do not
ensure natural selection. The replicator notion does not capture the
distinction between actively interpreted self-assembly code and passively
copied self-description, which leads to a fundamental principle of natural
selection: inherited information is transmitted, whereas acquired information
is not. ORDINAL, this principle is violated in culture by the ubiquity of
acquired change. Moreover, biased transmission is less important to culture
than the creative processes by which novelty is generated. ORDINAL, there is no
objective basis for determining cultural fitness. ORDINAL, the necessity of
randomness is discussed. It is concluded that natural selection is
inappropriate as an explanatory framework for culture.","Although NORP models are rampant in the social sciences, social
scientists do not face the problem that motivated PERSON's theory of natural
selection: the problem of explaining how lineages evolve despite that any
traits they acquire are regularly discarded at the end of the lifetime of the
individuals that acquired them. While the rationale for framing culture as an
evolutionary process is correct, it does not follow that culture is a NORP
or selectionist process, or that population genetics provides viable starting
points for modeling cultural change. This paper lays out step-by-step arguments
as to why a selectionist approach to cultural evolution is inappropriate,
focusing on the lack of randomness, and lack of a self-assembly code. It
summarizes an alternative evolutionary approach to culture: self-other
reorganization via context-driven actualization of potential.",1
"The early NORP and NORP cosmologies are summarized in this paper. The CARDINAL
traditions appear to have developed independently although after the time of
ORG they were consciously aware of each other. The focus and style of the
CARDINAL sciences was different owing to their different cosmologies. Perhaps the
only science which worked more or less the same way in the CARDINAL civilizations
was medicine. But even here there was important difference. The reason why the
CARDINAL sciences went their own way in spite of the knowledge of the other was
because their worldviews were different. NORP astronomers, for example, never
paid any attention to GPE's model with its crystalline spheres that looked
restrictive compared to the vast scale of their own conception. On the other
hand, the use of enormous time scales of NORP astronomy must have appeared
unnecessary to the Greeks.","Thermodynamic entropy is not an entirely satisfactory measure of information
of a quantum state. This entropy for an unknown pure state is CARDINAL, although
repeated measurements on copies of such a pure state do communicate
information. In view of this, we propose a new measure for the informational
entropy of a quantum state that includes information in the pure states and the
thermodynamic entropy. The origin of information is explained in terms of an
interplay between unitary and non-unitary evolution. Such complementarity is
also at the basis of the so-called interaction-free measurement.",1
"The paper addresses an approach to ordinal assessment of alternatives based
on assignment of elements into an ordinal scale. Basic versions of the
assessment problems are formulated while taking into account the number of
levels at a basic ordinal scale [CARDINAL...,l] and the number of assigned elements
(e.g., CARDINAL). The obtained estimates are multisets (or bags) (cardinality of
the multiset equals a constant). Scale-posets for the examined assessment
problems are presented. 'ORG multiset estimates' are suggested. Further,
operations over multiset estimates are examined: (a) integration of multiset
estimates, (b) proximity for multiset estimates, (c) comparison of multiset
estimates, (d) aggregation of multiset estimates, and (e) alignment of multiset
estimates. Combinatorial synthesis based on morphological approach is examined
including the modified version of the approach with multiset estimates of
design alternatives. Knapsack-like problems with multiset estimates are briefly
described as well. The assessment approach, multiset-estimates, and
corresponding combinatorial problems are illustrated by numerical examples.","The article addresses balanced clustering problems with an additional
requirement as a tree-like structure over the obtained balanced clusters. This
kind of clustering problems can be useful in some applications (e.g., network
design, management and routing). Various types of the initial elements are
considered. CARDINAL basic greedy-like solving strategies (design framework) are
considered: balancing-spanning strategy, spanning-balancing strategy, direct
strategy, and design of layered structures with balancing. An extended
description of the spanning-balancing strategy is presented including CARDINAL
solving schemes and an illustrative numerical example.",1
"A popular model selection approach for generalized linear mixed-effects
models is the GPE information criterion, or ORG. Among others,
\cite{vaida05} pointed out the distinction between the marginal and conditional
inference depending on the focus of research. The conditional ORG was derived
for the linear mixed-effects model which was later generalized by
\cite{liang08}. We show that the similar strategy extends to PERSON regression
with random effects, where condition AIC can be obtained based on our
observations. Simulation studies demonstrate the usage of the criterion.","The large N_f self consistency method is applied to the computation of
perturbative information in the operator product expansion used in deep
inelastic scattering. The O(1/N_f) critical exponents corresponding to the
anomalous dimensions of the twist CARDINAL non-singlet and singlet operators are
computed analytically as well as the non-singlet structure functions. The
results are in agreement with recent explicit perturbative calculations.",0
"The evolution of the user's content still remains a problem for an accurate
recommendation.This is why the current research aims to design ORG (ORG) able to continually adapt information that matches the user's
interests. This paper aims to explain this problematic point in outlining the
proposals that have been made in research with their advantages and
disadvantages.","In this paper, we develop a dynamic exploration/ exploitation (exr/exp)
strategy for contextual recommender systems (CRS). Specifically, our methods
can adaptively balance the CARDINAL aspects of exr/exp by automatically learning the
optimal tradeoff. This consists of optimizing a utility function represented by
a linearized form of the probability distributions of the rewards of the
clicked and the non-clicked documents already recommended. Within an offline
simulation framework we apply our algorithms to a CRS and conduct an evaluation
with real event log data. The experimental results and detailed analysis
demonstrate that our algorithms outperform existing algorithms in terms of
click-through-rate (ORG).",1
"Social decision support systems are able to aggregate the local perspectives
of a diverse group of individuals into a global social decision. This paper
presents a multi-relational network ontology and grammar-based particle swarm
algorithm capable of aggregating the decisions of CARDINAL of individuals. This
framework supports a diverse problem space and a broad range of vote
aggregation algorithms. These algorithms account for individual expertise and
representation across different domains of the group problem space. Individuals
are able to pose and categorize problems, generate potential solutions, choose
trusted representatives, and vote for particular solutions. Ultimately, via a
social decision making algorithm, the system aggregates all the individual
votes into a single collective decision.","ORG (ORG) is a semantic network data model
that is used to create machine-understandable descriptions of the world and is
the basis of the Semantic Web. This article discusses the application of ORG to
the representation of computer software and virtual computing machines. The
NORP Web is posited as not only a web of data, but also as a web of
programs and processes.",1
"Of all the issues discussed at {\em Alife VII: Looking Forward,
  PERSON}, the issue of whether it was possible to create an
artificial life system that exhibits {\em open-ended evolution} of novelty is
by far the biggest. Of the CARDINAL open problems settled on as a result of debate at
the conference, some 6 are directly, or indirectly related to this issue. Most
people equate open-ended evolution with complexity growth, although a priori
these seem to be different things. In this paper I report on experiments to
measure the complexity of GPE organisms, and show the results for a {\em
size-neutral} run of ORG. In this run, no increase in organismal complexity
was observed, although organism size did increase through the run. This result
is discussed, offering some signposts on path to solving the issue of open
ended evolution.","The term {\em complexity} is used informally both as a quality and as a
quantity. As a quality, complexity has something to do with our ability to
understand a system or object -- we understand simple systems, but not complex
ones. On another level, {\em complexity} is used as a quantity, when we talk
about something being more complicated than another.
  In this chapter, we explore the formalisation of both meanings of complexity,
which happened during DATE.",1
"These informal notes deal with p-adic versions of NORP groups and
related matters.","Measurement-based ORG computing enables universal ORG computing with
only adaptive single-qubit measurements on certain many-qubit states, such as
the graph state, the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT) state, and several
tensor-network states. Finding new resource states of measurement-based ORG
computing is a hard task, since for a given state there are exponentially many
possible measurement patterns on the state. In this paper, we consider the
problem of deciding, for a given state and a set of unitary operators, whether
there exists a way of measurement-based ORG computing on the state that can
realize all unitaries in the set, or not. We show that the decision problem is
QCMA-hard, which means that finding new resource states of measurement-based
ORG computing is harder than ORG computing itself (unless BQP is equal
to PERSON). We also derive an upperbound of the decision problem: the problem is
in a quantum version of the ORDINAL level of the polynomial hierarchy.",0
"Many academic journals ask their authors to provide a list of CARDINAL to
CARDINAL keywords, to appear on the ORDINAL page of each article. Since these key
words are often phrases of CARDINAL or more words, we prefer to call them
keyphrases. There is a wide variety of tasks for which keyphrases are useful,
as we discuss in this paper. We approach the problem of automatically
extracting keyphrases from text as a supervised learning task. We treat a
document as a set of phrases, which the learning algorithm must learn to
classify as positive or negative examples of keyphrases. Our ORDINAL set of
experiments applies the C4.5 decision tree induction algorithm to this learning
task. We evaluate the performance of CARDINAL different configurations of C4.5. The
ORDINAL set of experiments applies the GenEx algorithm to the task. We developed
the ORG algorithm specifically for automatically extracting keyphrases from
text. The experimental results support the claim that a custom-designed
algorithm (GenEx), incorporating specialized procedural domain knowledge, can
generate better keyphrases than a generalpurpose algorithm (C4.5). Subjective
human evaluation of the keyphrases generated by ORG suggests that about
PERCENT of the keyphrases are acceptable to human readers. This level of
performance should be satisfactory for a wide variety of applications.","PERSON and DATE's book, ORG in GPE,
describes CARDINAL major events in the evolution of life on LOC and identifies a
common theme that unites these events. In each event, smaller entities came
together to form larger entities, which can be described as symbiosis or
cooperation. Here we present a computational simulation of evolving entities
that includes symbiosis with shifting levels of selection. In the simulation,
the fitness of an entity is measured by a series of CARDINAL-on-CARDINAL competitions in
WORK_OF_ART, a CARDINAL-player variation of ORG.
Mutation, reproduction, and symbiosis are implemented as operations that are
external to ORG. Because these operations are external to the
game, we are able to freely manipulate the operations and observe the effects
of the manipulations. The simulation is composed of CARDINAL layers, each layer
building on the previous layer. The ORDINAL layer implements a simple form of
asexual reproduction, the ORDINAL layer introduces a more sophisticated form of
asexual reproduction, the ORDINAL layer adds sexual reproduction, and the ORDINAL
layer adds symbiosis. The experiments show that a small amount of symbiosis,
added to the other layers, significantly increases the fitness of the
population. We suggest that, in addition to providing new insights into
biological and cultural evolution, this model of symbiosis may have practical
applications in evolutionary computation, such as in the task of learning deep
neural network models.",1
"In a recent article, ORG explains his view of Turing's legacy in
connection to the philosophy of information. I will very briefly survey CARDINAL of
Turing's other contributions to the philosophy of information and computation,
including similarities to FAC's own methodological approach to information
through communication, showing how crucial they are and have been as
methodological strategies to understanding key aspects of these concepts. While
ORG's concept of ORG is related to the novel methodology
of ORG's imitation game for tackling the question of machine intelligence,
Turing's other main contribution to the philosophy of information runs contrary
to it. Indeed, the seminal concept of computation universality strongly
suggests the deletion of fundamental differences among seemingly different
levels of description. How might we reconcile these apparently contradictory
contributions? I will argue that Turing's contribution should prompt us to plot
some directions for a philosophy of information and computation, one that
closely parallels the most important developments in computer science, one that
understands the profound implications of the works of GPE, FAC and
others.","What does it mean to claim that a physical or natural system computes? CARDINAL
answer, endorsed here, is that computing is about programming a system to
behave in different ways. This paper offers an account of what it means for a
physical system to compute based on this notion. It proposes a behavioural
characterisation of computing in terms of a measure of programmability, which
reflects a system's ability to react to external stimuli. The proposed measure
of programmability is useful for classifying computers in terms of the apparent
algorithmic complexity of their evolution in time. I make some specific
proposals in this connection and discuss this approach in the context of other
behavioural approaches, notably PERSON's test of machine intelligence. I also
anticipate possible objections and consider the applicability of these
proposals to the task of relating abstract computation to nature-like
computation.",1
"The mathematical framework of ORG duality is used to synthesize a number of
hitherto separate developments in ORG, the mathematical theory of computation introduced by ORG as a
foundation for denotational semantics. - The theory of concurrency and systems
behaviour developed by ORG, PERSON et al. based on operational semantics.
- Logics of programs.
  Stone duality provides a junction between semantics (spaces of points =
denotations of computational processes) and logics (lattices of properties of
processes). Moreover, the underlying logic is geometric, which can be
computationally interpreted as the logic of observable properties---i.e.
properties which can be determined to hold of a process on the basis of a
finite amount of information about its execution.
  These ideas lead to the following programme:
  CARDINAL. A metalanguage is introduced, comprising
  - types = universes of discourse for various computational situations.
  - terms = programs = syntactic intensions for models or points.
  CARDINAL. A standard denotational interpretation of the metalanguage is given,
assigning domains to types and domain elements to terms.
  CARDINAL. The metalanguage is also given a {\em logical} interpretation, in which
types are interpreted as propositional theories and terms are interpreted via a
program logic, which axiomatizes the properties they satisfy.
  CARDINAL. The CARDINAL interpretations are related by showing that they are NORP duals
of each other. Hence, semantics and logic are guaranteed to be in harmony with
each other, and in fact each determines the other up to isomorphism.
  This opens the way to a whole range of applications. Given a denotational
description of a computational situation in our meta-language, we can turn the
handle to obtain a logic for that situation.","Reversibility is a key issue in the interface between computation and
physics, and of growing importance as miniaturization progresses towards its
physical limits. Most foundational work on reversible computing to date has
focussed on simulations of low-level machine models. By contrast, we develop a
more structural approach. We show how high-level functional programs can be
mapped compositionally (i.e. in a syntax-directed fashion) into a simple kind
of automata which are immediately seen to be reversible. The size of the
GPE is ORG in the size of the functional term. In mathematical terms,
we are building a concrete model of functional computation. This construction
stems directly from ideas arising in ORG and ORG
Logic---but can be understood without any knowledge of these topics. In fact,
it serves as an excellent introduction to them. At the same time, an
interesting logical delineation between reversible and irreversible forms of
computation emerges from our analysis.",1
"A typical phenomenon for machine models of transfinite computations is the
existence of so-called lost melodies, i.e. real numbers $x$ such that the
characteristic function of the set $\{x\}$ is computable while $PERSON itself is
not (a real having the ORDINAL property is called recognizable). This was ORDINAL
observed by PERSON and A. Lewis for infinite time Turing machine, then
demonstrated by PERSON and the author for $MONEY. We prove that, for
unresetting infinite time register machines introduced by PERSON,
recognizability equals computability, i.e. the lost melody phenomenon does not
occur. Then, we give an overview on our results on the behaviour of
recognizable reals for $MONEY. We show that there are no lost melodies for
ordinal PRODUCT machines or ordinal register machines without parameters and
that this is, under the assumption that $MONEY exists, independent of
$ZFC$. Then, we introduce the notions of resetting and unresetting
$\alpha$-register machines and give some information on the question for which
of these machines there are lost melodies.","We consider the question whether there is an infinitary analogue of ORG. To this end, we argue that there is an intuitive notion
of transfinite computability and build a canonical model, called ORG
Agent Machines ($IAM$s) of this which will turn out to be equivalent in
strength to ORG defined by PERSON.",1
"Functioning and interaction of distributed devices and concurrent algorithms
are analyzed in the context of the theory of algorithms. Our main concern here
is how and under what conditions algorithmic interactive devices can be more
powerful than the recursive models of computation, such as Turing machines.
Realization of such a higher computing power makes these systems
superrecursive. We find here CARDINAL sources for superrecursiveness in
interaction. In addition, we prove that when all of these sources are excluded,
the algorithmic interactive system in question is able to perform only
recursive computations. These results provide computer scientists with
necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving superrecursiveness by
algorithmic interactive devices.","A visual programming language uses pictorial tools such as diagrams to
represent its structural units and control stream. It is useful for enhancing
understanding, maintenance, verification, testing, and parallelism. This paper
proposes a diagrammatic methodology that produces a conceptual representation
of instructions for programming source codes. Without loss of generality in the
potential for using the methodology in a wider range of applications, this
paper focuses on using these diagrams in teaching of CARDINAL programming. C++
programming constructs are represented in the proposed method in order to show
that it can provide a foundation for understanding the behavior of running
programs. Applying the method to actual C++ classes demonstrates that it
improves understanding of the activities in the computer system corresponding
to a NORP program.",0
"Critical comments on the recent papers supporting the idea of resilient
quantum computations are presented.","The information-thermodynamics link is revisited, going back to the analysis
of PERSON's engine. It is argued that instead of equivalence rather
complementarity of physical entropy and information theoretical one is a
correct concept. Famous ORG's formula for a minimal cost of information
processing is replaced by a new one which takes into account accuracy and
stability of information encoding. CARDINAL recent experiments illustrating the
information-energy conversion are critically discussed.",1
"The standard relations between information theory and thermodynamics are
challenged. The ORG engine is revisited and the bound proposed by GPE
is replaced by a different one which includes errors in information processing.
Instead of equivalence, complementarity of information and thermodynamical
entropy is advocated. Finally, the relations between error correction and
self-replication of states which can carry information are discussed.","The problem of statistical learning is to construct a predictor of a random
variable $MONEY as a function of a related random variable $MONEY on the basis of an
i.i.d. training sample from the joint distribution of $(X,Y)$. Allowable
predictors are drawn from some specified class, and the goal is to approach
asymptotically the performance (expected loss) of the best predictor in the
class. We consider the setting in which one has perfect observation of the
$MONEY of the sample, while the $PERSON has to be communicated at some
finite bit rate. The encoding of the $PERSON is allowed to depend on the
$MONEY. Under suitable regularity conditions on the admissible predictors,
the underlying family of probability distributions and the loss function, we
give an information-theoretic characterization of achievable predictor
performance in terms of conditional distortion-rate functions. The ideas are
illustrated on the example of nonparametric regression in NORP noise.",0
"Mutual information among CARDINAL or more dimensions (mu-star = - Q) has been
considered as interaction information. However, PERSON (DATE) has
shown that this measure cannot be interpreted as a unique property of the
interactions and has proposed an alternative measure of interaction information
based on iterative approximation of maximum entropies. Q can then be considered
as a measure of the difference between interaction information and redundancy
generated in a model entertained by an observer. I argue that this provides us
with a measure of the imprint of a ORDINAL-order observing system -- a model
entertained by the system itself -- on the underlying information processing.
The ORDINAL-order system communicates meaning hyper-incursively; an observation
instantiates this meaning-processing within the information processing. The net
results may add to or reduce the prevailing uncertainty. The model is tested
empirically for the case where textual organization can be expected to contain
intellectual organization in terms of distributions of title words, author
names, and cited references.","In addition to science citation indicators of journals like impact and
immediacy, social network analysis provides a set of centrality measures like
degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. These measures are ORDINAL
analyzed for the entire set of CARDINAL journals included in the ORG PRODUCT the Science Citation Index and the ORG Citation Index
DATE, and then also in relation to local citation environments which can be
considered as proxies of specialties and disciplines. Betweenness centrality is
shown to be an indicator of the interdisciplinarity of journals, but only in
local citation environments and after normalization because otherwise the
influence of degree centrality (size) overshadows the betweenness-centrality
measure. The indicator is applied to a variety of citation environments,
including policy-relevant ones like biotechnology and nanotechnology.",1
"We consider notions of space complexity for ORG
(ITTMs) that were introduced by ORG and studied further by PERSON.
  We answer several open questions about these notions, among them whether low
space complexity implies low time complexity (it does not) and whether CARDINAL of
the equalities P=ORG, ORG and P$_{++}=$PSPACE$_{++}$ holds
for ITTMs (all CARDINAL are false). We also show various separation results
between space complexity classes for ITTMs. This considerably expands our
earlier observations on the topic in section 7.2.2 of \cite{Ca2}, which appear
here as Lemma $6$ up to GPE $MONEY","We present a novel, general, optimally fast, incremental way of searching for
a universal algorithm that solves each task in a sequence of tasks. The Optimal
Ordered Problem Solver (OOPS) continually organizes and exploits previously
found solutions to earlier tasks, efficiently searching not only the space of
domain-specific algorithms, but also the space of search algorithms.
Essentially we extend the principles of optimal nonincremental universal search
to build an incremental universal learner that is able to improve itself
through experience. In illustrative experiments, our self-improver becomes the
ORDINAL general system that learns to solve all n disk Towers of GPE tasks
(solution size CARDINAL) for n CARDINAL, profiting from previously solved, simpler
tasks involving samples of a simple context free language.",0
"According to general relativity, a spinning body of mass M and angular
momentum S, like a star or a planet, generates a gravitomagnetic field which
induces, among other phenomena, also the Lense-Thirring effect, i.e. secular
precessions of the path of a test particle orbiting it. Direct and indisputable
tests of such a relativistic prediction are still missing. We discuss some
performed attempts to measure it in the gravitational fields of several bodies
in the PRODUCT with natural and artificial objects. The focus is on the
realistic evaluation of the impact of some competing classical forces regarded
as sources of systematic uncertainties degrading the total accuracy obtainable.","The accuracy reached in DATE by ORG (SLR)
allows for measuring even tiny features of the LOC's gravitational field
predicted by PERSON's General Relativity by means of artificial satellites.
The gravitomagnetic dragging of the orbit of a test body is currently under
measurement by analyzing a suitable combination of the orbital residuals of
ORG and LAW. The lower bound of the error in this experiment amount to
PERCENT. It is due to the mismodeling in the even zonal harmonics of the
geopotential which are the most important sources of systematic error. A
similar approach could be used in order to measure the relativistic
gravitoelectric pericenter shift in the field of the LOC with a lower bound
of the systematic relative error of PERCENT due to the even zonal harmonics as
well. The inclusion of the ranging data to the NORP passive geodetic
satellite PERSON would improve such limits to PERCENT PERCENT respectively and
would allow to improve the accuracy in the determination of the ORG parameters
beta and gamma.",1
"In this article, we take the point of view that the light scalar meson
$PERSON is a conventional $PERSON state, and calculate the coupling
constants $g_{a_0\eta\pi^0}$ and CARDINALPERSON \eta'\pi^0}$ with the light-cone ORG
sum rules. The central value of the coupling constant $g_{a_0\eta\pi^0}$ is
consistent with the one extracted from the radiative decay $\phi(1020)\to
a_0(980)\gamma \to \eta \pi^0 \gamma$. The central value and lower bound of the
decay width $MONEY \eta \pi^0}=127^{+84}_{-48} \rm{MeV} $ are
compatible with the experimental data of the total decay width
$\Gamma_{a_0(980)}=(50-100) \rm{MeV}$ from ORG with very
model dependent estimation (the decay width can be much larger), while the
upper bound is too large. We give possible explanation for the discrepancy
between the theoretical calculation and experimental data.","Our aim in this paper is to trace some of the surprising and beautiful
connections which are beginning to emerge between a number of apparently
disparate topics: ORG, Categorical ORG, and Logic and
Computation.
  We shall focus in particular on the following CARDINAL topics:
  - The Temperley-Lieb algebra has always hitherto been presented as a quotient
of some sort: either algebraically by generators and relations as in PERSON'
original presentation, or as a diagram algebra modulo planar isotopy as in
PERSON's presentation. We shall use tools from ORG, a
dynamical interpretation of proofs under ORG developed as an
off-shoot of ORG, to give a direct description of the Temperley-Lieb
category -- a ""fully abstract presentation"", in ORG terminology.
This also brings something new to ORG, since we are led
to develop a planar version of it, and to verify that the interpretation of
ORG (the ""Execution Formula"", or ""composition by feedback"")
preserves planarity.
  - We shall also show how the Temperley-Lieb algebra provides a natural
setting in which computation can be performed diagrammatically as geometric
simplification -- ""yanking lines straight"". We shall introduce a ""planar
lambda-calculus"" for this purpose, and show how it can be interpreted in the
ORG category.",0
"We address the problem of modulating a parameter onto a power-limited signal,
transmitted over a discrete-time NORP channel and estimating this parameter
at the receiver. Continuing an earlier work, where the optimal trade-off
between the weak-noise estimation performance and the outage probability
(threshold-effect breakdown) was studied for a single (scalar) parameter, here
we extend the derivation of the weak-noise estimation performance to the case
of a multi-dimensional vector parameter. This turns out to be a non-trivial
extension, that provides a few insights and it has some interesting
implications, which are discussed in depth. Several modifications and
extensions of the basic setup are also studied and discussed.","We study data processing inequalities that are derived from a certain class
of generalized information measures, where a series of convex functions and
multiplicative likelihood ratios are nested alternately. While these
information measures can be viewed as a special case of the most general
ORG generalized information measure, this special nested structure calls
for attention and motivates our study. Specifically, a certain choice of the
convex functions leads to an information measure that extends the notion of the
ORG distance (or the PERSON divergence): While the ordinary
ORG distance is based on the (weighted) geometric mean of CARDINAL
replicas of the channel's conditional distribution, the more general
information measure allows an arbitrary number of such replicas. We apply the
data processing inequality induced by this information measure to a detailed
study of lower bounds of parameter estimation under additive white PERSON
noise (AWGN) and show that in certain cases, tighter bounds can be obtained by
using CARDINAL replicas. While the resulting lower bound may not compete
favorably with the best bounds available for the ordinary ORG channel, the
advantage of the new lower bound, relative to the other bounds, becomes
significant in the presence of channel uncertainty, like unknown fading. This
different behavior in the presence of channel uncertainty is explained by ORG of the information measure.",1
"ORG (ORG) is continuing to grow outside the
bounds of its initial function as a metadata framework and into the domain of
general-purpose data modeling. This expansion has been facilitated by the
continued increase in the capacity and speed of ORG database repositories known
as triple-stores. High-end ORG triple-stores can hold and process on the order
of CARDINAL triples. In an effort to provide a seamless integration of the
data contained in ORG repositories, the ORG community is providing
specifications for linking ORG data sets into a universal distributed graph
that can be traversed by both man and machine. While the seamless integration
of ORG data sets is important, at the scale of the data sets that currently
exist and will ultimately grow to become, the ""download and index"" philosophy
of WORK_OF_ART will not so easily map over to the Semantic Web. This
essay discusses the importance of adding a distributed ORG process
infrastructure to the current distributed ORG data structure.","The PERSON equation describes the change in populations. Change concerns some
value, such as biological fitness, information or physical work. The ORG
equation reveals universal aspects for the nature of change, independently of
the meaning ascribed to values. By understanding those universal aspects, we
can see more clearly why fundamental mathematical results in different
disciplines often share a common form. We can also interpret more clearly the
meaning of key results within each discipline. For example, the mathematics of
natural selection in biology has a form closely related to information theory
and physical entropy. Does that mean that natural selection is about
information or entropy? Or do natural selection, information and entropy arise
as interpretations of a common underlying abstraction? The PERSON equation
suggests the latter. The PERSON equation achieves its abstract generality by
partitioning change into CARDINAL terms. The ORDINAL term naturally associates with
the direct forces that cause change. The ORDINAL term naturally associates with
the changing frame of reference. In the PERSON equation's canonical form, total
change remains CARDINAL because the conservation of total probability requires that
all probabilities invariantly sum to one. Much of the shared common form for
the mathematics of different disciplines may arise from that seemingly trivial
invariance of total probability, which leads to the partitioning of total
change into equal and opposite components of the direct forces and the changing
frame of reference.",0
"This paper considers a nonlinear quantile model with change-points. The
quantile estimation method, which as a particular case includes median model,
is more robust with respect to other traditional methods when model errors
contain outliers. Under relatively weak assumptions, the convergence rate and
asymptotic distribution of change-point and of regression parameter estimators
are obtained. Numerical study by PERSON simulations shows the performance
of the proposed method for nonlinear model with change-points.","We propose a model of quantum-like (PERSON) processing of mental information.
This model is based on quantum information theory. However, in contrast to
models of ""quantum physical brain"" reducing mental activity (at least at the
highest level) to quantum physical phenomena in the brain, our model matches
well with the basic neuronal paradigm of the cognitive science. PERSON information
processing is based (surprisingly) on classical electromagnetic signals induced
by joint activity of neurons. This novel approach to quantum information is
based on representation of quantum mechanics as a version of classical signal
theory which was recently elaborated by the author. The brain uses the PERSON
representation (ORG) for working with abstract concepts; concrete images are
described by classical information theory. CARDINAL processes, classical and PERSON, are
performed parallely. Moreover, information is actively transmitted from CARDINAL
representation to another. A PERSON concept given in our model by a density
operator can generate a variety of concrete images given by temporal
realizations of the corresponding (NORP) random signal. This signal has the
covariance operator coinciding with the density operator encoding the abstract
concept under consideration. The presence of various temporal scales in the
brain plays the crucial role in creation of ORG in the brain.",0
"This paper presents a linear regression based back-end for speaker
verification. ORG regression is a simple linear model that minimizes the
mean squared estimation error between the target and its estimate with a closed
form solution, where the target is defined as the ground-truth indicator
vectors of utterances. We use the linear regression model to learn speaker
models from a front-end, and verify the similarity of CARDINAL speaker models by a
cosine similarity scoring classifier. To evaluate the effectiveness of the
linear regression model, we construct CARDINAL speaker verification systems that
use the NORP mixture model and identity-vector (ORG/i-vector) front-end,
deep neural network and i-vector (DNN/i-vector) front-end, and deep vector
(d-vector) front-end as their front-ends, respectively. Our empirical
comparison results on the ORG speaker recognition evaluation data sets show
that the proposed method outperforms within-class covariance normalization,
linear discriminant analysis, and probabilistic linear discriminant analysis,
given any of the CARDINAL front-ends.","This article is a brief guide to the field of algorithmic information theory
(ORG), its underlying philosophy, and the most important concepts. ORG arises
by mixing information theory and computation theory to obtain an objective and
absolute notion of information in an individual object, and in so doing gives
rise to an objective and robust notion of randomness of individual objects.
This is in contrast to classical information theory that is based on random
variables and communication, and has no bearing on information and randomness
of individual objects. After a brief overview, the major subfields,
applications, history, and a map of the field are presented.",0
"""WORK_OF_ART"" is a model of systems of biological cells, able to
generate arbitrary CARDINAL or CARDINAL-dimensional cellular shapes of any kind and
complexity (in terms of number of cells, number of colours, etc.) starting from
a single cell. If the complexity of such structures is interpreted as a
metaphor for the complexity of biological structures, we can conclude that this
model has the potential to generate the complexity typical of living beings. It
can be shown how the model is able to reproduce a simplified version of key
biological phenomena such as development, the presence of ""junk DNA"", the
phenomenon of ageing and the process of carcinogenesis. The model links
properties and behaviour of genes and cells to properties and behaviour of the
organism, describing and interpreting the said phenomena with a unified
framework: for this reason, we think it can be proposed as a model for all
biology. The material contained in this work is not new: the model and its
implications have all been described in previous works from a computer-science
point of view. This work has CARDINAL objectives: CARDINAL) To present the whole theory in
an organic and structured way and CARDINAL) To introduce ORG from a
biological perspective. The work is divided into CARDINAL parts: the ORDINAL part is
the introduction; the ORDINAL part describes the cellular model; the ORDINAL part
is dedicated to the evo-devo method and transposable-elements; the ORDINAL part
deals with junk DNA and ageing; the ORDINAL part explores the topic of cancer;
the ORDINAL part draws the conclusions.","ORG relative entropy $PERSON \rho (ORG
\sigma)$ plays an important role in ORG information and related fields.
However, there are many quantum analogues of relative entropy. In this paper,
we characterize these analogues from information geometrical viewpoint. We also
consider the naturalness of quantum relative entropy among these analogues.",0
"ORG's characterization of sets of finite perimeter states (in LOC
spaces) that a set is of finite perimeter if and only if the measure-theoretic
boundary of the set has finite ORG measure of codimension one. In
complete metric spaces that are equipped with a doubling measure and support a
Poincar\'e inequality, the ""only if"" direction was shown by PERSON (DATE). By
applying fine potential theory in the case MONEY, we prove that the ""if""
direction holds as well.","A concept of randomness for infinite time register machines (ITRMs),
resembling PERSON, is defined and studied. In particular, we
show that for this notion of randomness, computability from mutually random
reals implies computability and that an analogue of PERSON theorem
holds.",0
"A qualitatively new, much more liberal and efficient organisation of science
is proposed and justified, in connection with growing debate about further role
and development of fundamental science. Although the key ideas can be explained
with the help of ""common sense"" arguments accessible to a ""general"" audience,
they are based on the rigorous analysis within the recently advanced ""universal
concept of complexity"" (physics/9806002, physics/0211071), which can be
applied, due to its universality, also to science structure itself considered
as a complex system. We demonstrate thus the application of the ultimate
criterion of completeness of a system of knowledge (and viability of related
intelligence) that should be able to derive consistent, provable, and
practically relevant conclusions about its own purpose, sense, evolution, and
current state.","Complex-dynamical fractal is a hierarchy of permanently, chaotically changing
versions of system structure, obtained as the unreduced, causally probabilistic
general solution of arbitrary interaction problem (physics/0305119,
physics/9806002). Intrinsic creativity of this extension of usual fractality
determines its exponentially high operation efficiency, which underlies many
specific functions of living systems, such as autonomous adaptability,
""purposeful"" development, intelligence and consciousness (at higher complexity
levels). We outline in more detail genetic applications of complex-dynamic
fractality, demonstrate the dominating role of genome interactions, and show
that further progressive development of genetic research, as well as other
life-science applications, should be based on the dynamically fractal structure
analysis of interaction processes involved. We finally summarise the obtained
extension of mathematical concepts and approaches closely related to their
biological applications.",1
"It has been recently suggested by ORG that the superluminal
neutrino phenomenology of the ORG experiment may be due to an environmental
feature of the LOC, naturally yielding a long-range ORDINAL force of
gravitational origin whose coupling with the neutrino is set by the scale M_*,
in units of reduced Planck mass. Its characteristic length lambda should not be
smaller than CARDINAL LOC's radius R_e, while its upper bound is expected to be
slightly smaller than the LOC-Moon distance (CARDINAL R_e). We analytically work
out some orbital effects of a GPE-type ORDINAL force for a test particle
moving in the modified field of a central body. Our results are quite general
since they are not restricted to any particular size of lambda; moreover, they
are valid for an arbitrary orbital configuration of the particle, i.e. for any
value of its eccentricity $e$. We find that the dimensionless strength coupling
parameter alpha is constrained to |alpha| <= CARDINAL^-10-4 10^-9 for CARDINAL R_e <=
lambda <= CARDINAL R_e by the laser data of the LOC's artificial satellite ORG
II, corresponding to M_* >= CARDINAL^10. The PERSON perigee allows to
obtain |alpha| <= CARDINAL^-11 for the LOC-Moon pair in the range CARDINAL R_e <=
lambda <= CARDINAL R_e, which translates as M_* >= CARDINAL^10 - 4.5 10^CARDINAL. Our results
are neither necessarily limited to the superluminal OPERA scenario nor to the
ORG model, in which it is M_* = CARDINAL^-6 at lambda = CARDINAL R_e, in contrast
with our bounds: they generally extend to any theoretical scenario implying a
ORDINAL-force of GPE-type.","A causal claim is any assertion that invokes causal relationships between
variables, for example that a drug has a certain effect on preventing a
disease. Causal claims are established through a combination of data and a set
of causal assumptions called a causal model. A claim is robust when it is
insensitive to violations of some of the causal assumptions embodied in the
model. This paper gives a formal definition of this notion of robustness and
establishes a graphical condition for quantifying the degree of robustness of a
given causal claim. Algorithms for computing the degree of robustness are also
presented.",0
"The PERSON framework makes it possible for data scientists to define an
ontology environment where searching for buried patterns that have some kind of
predictive power to build predictive models more effectively. It accomplishes
this through an abstractions that isolate parameters of the predictive modeling
process searching for patterns and designing the feature set, too. To reflect
the evolving knowledge, this paper considers ontologies based on folksonomies
according to a new concept structure called ""WORK_OF_ART"" to represent
folksonomies. So, the studies on the transformational regulation of the
PERSON tags are regarded to be important for adaptive folksonomies
classifications in an evolving environment used by ORG to
represent the knowledge sharing. Folksodriven tags are used to categorize
salient data points so they can be ORG to a machine-learning system and
""featurizing"" the data.","In stochastic gradient descent, especially for neural network training, there
are currently dominating ORDINAL order methods: not modeling local distance to
minimum. This information required for optimal step size is provided by ORDINAL
order methods, however, they have many difficulties, starting with full NORP
having square of dimension number of coefficients.
  This article proposes a minimal step from successful ORDINAL order momentum
method toward ORDINAL order: online parabola modelling in just a single
direction: normalized $MONEY from momentum method. It is done by estimating
ORG trend of gradients $PERSON in $MONEY
direction: such that $g(\vec{\theta}_\bot+\theta\hat{v})\approx \lambda (\theta
-p)$ for $\theta = \vec{\theta}\cdot GPE, $PERSON \vec{g}\cdot GPE,
$\vec{\theta}_\bot=\vec{\theta}-\theta\hat{v}$. Using ORG regression,
$PERSON, $p$ are MSE estimated by just updating CARDINAL averages (of $g$,
$MONEY, $MONEY, MONEY) in the considered direction. Exponential
moving averages allow here for inexpensive online estimation, weakening
contribution of the old gradients. Controlling sign of curvature $PERSON, we
can repel from saddles in contrast to attraction in standard ORG method. In
the remaining directions: not considered in ORDINAL order model, we can
simultaneously perform e.g. gradient descent.
  There is also discussed its learning rate approximation as $\mu=\sigma_\theta
/ \sigma_g$, allowing e.g. for adaptive SGD - with learning rate separately
optimized (ORDINAL order) for each parameter.",0
"We prove an implicit function theorem for FAC-maps from arbitrary topological
vector spaces over valued fields to PERSON spaces (for k CARDINAL). As a
tool, we show the FAC-dependence of fixed points on parameters for suitable
families of contractions of a GPE space. Similar results are obtained for k
times strictly differentiable maps, and for k times PERSON differentiable
maps. In the real case, our results subsume an implicit function theorem for
PERSON from arbitrary topological vector spaces to PERSON spaces.","Paradigms of bilinear maps f between locally convex spaces (like evaluation
or composition) are not continuous, but merely hypocontinuous. We describe
situations where, nonetheless, compositions of f with PERSON C^n_c-maps (on
suitable domains) are C^n_c. Our main applications concern holomorphic families
of operators, and the foundations of locally convex ORG vector spaces.",1
"We consider the stationaly memoryless channels with input cost. We prove that
for transmission rates above the capacity the correct probability of decoding
tends to CARDINAL exponentially as the block length $n$ of codes tends to infinity.
In the case where both of channel input and output sets are finite, we
determine the optimal exponent function on the above exponential decay of the
correct probability. To derive this result we use a new technique called the
recuresive method, which is based on the information spectrum approach. The
recursive method utilize a certain recursive structure on the information
spectrum quantities.","Given i.i.d. data from an unknown distribution, we consider the problem of
predicting future items. An adaptive way to estimate the probability density is
to recursively subdivide the domain to an appropriate data-dependent
granularity. A NORP would assign a data-independent prior probability to
""subdivide"", which leads to a prior over infinite(ly many) trees. We derive an
exact, fast, and simple inference algorithm for such a prior, for the data
evidence, the predictive distribution, the effective model dimension, moments,
and other quantities. We prove asymptotic convergence and consistency results,
and illustrate the behavior of our model on some prototypical functions.",0
"The theory of noncommutative dynamical entropy and ORG symbolic dynamics
for ORG is analised from the point of view of quantum
information theory. Using a general quantum dynamical system as a communication
channel one can define different classical capacities depending on the
character of resources applied for encoding and decoding procedures and on the
type of information sources. It is shown that for PERSON sources the
entanglement-assisted classical capacity, which is the largest one, is bounded
from above by the ORG dynamical entropy defined in terms of operational
partitions of unity. Stronger results are proved for the particular class of
ORG -- quantum PERSON shifts. Different classical
capacities are exactly computed and the entanglement-assisted one is equal to
the dynamical entropy in this case.","The so-called information-thermodynamics link has been created in a series of
works starting from ORG demon and established by the idea of transforming
information into work in the though experiment of GPE which then evolved
into the vast field of research. The aim of this note is firstly to present CARDINAL
new models of the ORG engine containing arbitrary number of molecules which
show irrelevance of acquiring information for work extraction. ORDINAL, the
difference between the definition of entropy for ergodic systems and systems
with ergodicity breaking constraints is emphasized. The role of nonergodic
systems as information carriers and the thermodynamic cost of stability and
accuracy of information encoding and processing is briefly discussed.",1
"These informal notes concern some basic themes of harmonic analysis related
to representations of groups.","These informal notes deal with ORG series in CARDINAL or more variables,
PERSON transforms in CARDINAL variable, and related matters.",1
"This article introduces the idea that ""information compression by multiple
alignment, unification and search"" (ICMAUS) provides a framework within which
natural language syntax may be represented in a simple format and the parsing
and production of natural language may be performed in a transparent manner.
  The ORG concepts are embodied in a software model, SP61. The organisation
and operation of the model are described and a simple example is presented
showing how the model can achieve parsing of natural language.
  Notwithstanding the apparent paradox of 'decompression by compression', the
ICMAUS framework, without any modification, can produce a sentence by decoding
a compressed code for the sentence. This is illustrated with output from the
SP61 model.
  The article includes CARDINAL other examples - one of the parsing of a sentence
in LANGUAGE and CARDINAL from the domain of LANGUAGE auxiliary verbs. These examples
show how the ICMAUS framework and the SP61 model can accommodate 'context
sensitive' features of syntax in a relatively simple and direct manner.","In this paper, a time domain enclosure method for an inverse obstacle
scattering problem of electromagnetic wave is introduced. The wave as a
solution of ORG's equations is generated by an applied volumetric current
having an {\it orientation} and supported outside an unknown obstacle and
observed on the same support over a finite time interval. It is assumed that
the obstacle is a perfect conductor. CARDINAL types of analytical formulae which
employ a {ORG single} observed wave and explicitly contain information about
the geometry of the obstacle are given. In particular, an effect of the
orientation of the current is catched in CARDINAL of CARDINAL formulae. CARDINAL corollaries
concerning with the detection of the points on the surface of the obstacle
nearest to the centre of the current support and curvatures at the points are
also given.",0
"Information, in its communications sense, is a transactional property. If the
received signals communicate choices made by the sender of the signals, then
information has been transmitter by the sender to the receiver. Given this
reality, the potential information in an unknown pure quantum state should be
non-zero. We examine transactional quantum information, which unlike PERSON entropy, depends on the mutuality of the relationship between the
sender and the receiver, associating information with an unknown pure state.
The information that can be obtained from a pure state in repeated experiments
is potentially infinite.","The problem of initializing phase in a ORG computing system is
considered. The initialization of phases is a problem when the system is
initially present in an entangled state and also in the application of the
quantum gate transformations since each gate will introduce phase uncertainty.
The accumulation of these random phases will reduce the effectiveness of the
recently proposed ORG computing schemes. The paper also presents general
observations on the nonlocal nature of ORG errors and the expected
performance of the proposed quantum error-correction codes that are based on
the assumption that the errors are either bit-flip or phase-flip or both. It is
argued that these codes cannot directly solve the initialization problem of
ORG computing.",1
"We consider the topic of universal decoding with a decoder that does not have
direct access to the codebook, but only to noisy versions of the various
randomly generated codewords, a problem motivated by biometrical identification
systems. Both the source that generates the original (clean) codewords, and the
channel that corrupts them in generating the noisy codewords, as well as the
main channel for communicating the messages, are all modeled by non-unifilar,
finite-state systems (hidden PERSON models). As in previous works on universal
decoding, here too, the average error probability of our proposed universal
decoder is shown to be as small as that of the optimal maximum likelihood (ORG)
decoder, up to a multiplicative factorthat is a sub-exponential function of the
block length. It therefore has the same error exponent, whenever the ORG decoder
has a positive error exponent. The universal decoding metric is based on
ORG (LZ) incremental parsing of each noisy codeword jointly with the
given channel output vector, but this metric is somewhat different from the CARDINAL
proposed in earlier works on universal decoding for finite-state channels, by
PERSON (DATE) and by ORG and PERSON (DATE). The reason for the difference is
that here, unlike in those earlier works, the probability distribution that
governs the (noisy) codewords is, in general, not uniform across its support.
This non-uniformity of the codeword distribution also makes our derivation more
challenging. Another reason for the more challenging analysis is the fact that
the effective induced channel between the noisy codeword of the transmitted
message and the main channel output is not a finite-state channel in general.","In this article, we take the scalar diquark and antidiquark operators as the
basic constituents, construct the
$C\gamma_5\otimes\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\partial}_\mu\otimes \gamma_5C$
type tetraquark current to study the $Y(10750)$ with the ORG sum rules. The
predicted mass $M_{Y}=10.75\pm0.10\,\rm{GeV}$ and width $PERSON
CARDINAL support assigning the $Y(10750)$ to be the
diquark-antidiquark type vector hidden-bottom tetraquark state, which has a
relative P-wave between the diquark and antidiquark constituents.",0
"Let G be a regular Lie group which is a directed union of regular Lie groups
G_i (all modelled on possibly infinite-dimensional, locally convex spaces). We
show that G is the direct limit of the G_i as a regular Lie group whenever G
admits a so-called direct limit chart. Notably, this allows the regular Lie
group Diff_c(M) of compactly supported smooth diffeomorphisms to be interpreted
as a direct limit of the regular Lie groups Diff_K(M) of smooth diffeomorphisms
supported in compact subsets ORG, even if the finite-dimensional smooth
manifold M is merely paracompact (but not necessarily sigma-compact), which was
not known before. Similar results are obtained for the test function groups
PRODUCT,ORG) with values in a GPE group F.","We present a probabilistic logic programming framework to reinforcement
learning, by integrating reinforce-ment learning, in POMDP environments, with
normal hybrid probabilistic logic programs with probabilistic answer set
seman-tics, that is capable of representing domain-specific knowledge. We
formally prove the correctness of our approach. We show that the complexity of
finding a policy for a reinforcement learning problem in our approach is
ORG-complete. In addition, we show that any reinforcement learning problem can
be encoded as a classical logic program with answer set semantics. We also show
that a reinforcement learning problem can be encoded as a ORG problem. We
present a new high level action description language that allows the factored
representation of POMDP. Moreover, we modify the original model of POMDP so
that it be able to distinguish between knowledge producing actions and actions
that change the environment.",0
"We consider the additive white PERSON noise channels. We prove that the
error probability of decoding tends to CARDINAL exponentially for rates above the
capacity and derive the optimal exponent function. We shall demonstrate that
the information spectrum approach is quite useful for investigating this
problem.","In this paper we consider the separate coding problem for MONEY correlated
NORP memoryless sources. We deal with the case where $MONEY separately encoded
data of sources work as side information at the decoder for the reconstruction
of the remaining source. The determination problem of the rate distortion
region for this system is the so called many-help-CARDINAL problem and has been
known as a highly challenging problem. The author determined the rate
distortion region in the case where the $MONEY sources working as partial side
information are conditionally independent if the remaining source we wish to
reconstruct is given. This condition on the correlation is called the ORG
condition. In this paper we extend the author's previous result to the case
where MONEY$ sources satisfy a kind of tree structure on their correlation. We
call this tree structure of information sources the ORG condition, which
contains the PERSON condition as a special case. In this paper we derive an
explicit outer bound of the rate distortion region when information sources
satisfy the ORG condition. We further derive an explicit sufficient condtion for
this outer bound to be tight. In particular, we determine the sum rate part of
the rate distortion region for the case where information sources satisfy the
TS condition. For some class of NORP sources with the ORG condition we
derive an explicit recursive formula of this sum rate part.",1
"In Monoidal Computer I, we introduced a categorical model of computation
where the formal reasoning about computability was supported by the simple and
popular diagrammatic language of string diagrams. In the present paper, we
refine and extend that model of computation to support a formal complexity
theory as well. This formalization brings to the foreground the concept of
normal complexity measures, which allow decompositions akin to PERSON's normal
form. Such measures turn out to be just those where evaluating the complexity
of a program does not require substantially more resources than evaluating the
program itself. The usual time and space complexity are thus normal measures,
whereas the average and the randomized complexity measures are not. While the
measures that are not normal provide important design time information about
algorithms, and for theoretical analyses, normal measures can also be used at
run time, as practical tools of computation, e.g. to set the bounds for
hypothesis testing, inductive inference and algorithmic learning.","A summary is given of the main sets of data requiring the existence of
f0(1370). ORG data on ORG eta eta pizero contain a visible
f0(1370) peak and require CARDINAL CARDINAL standard deviation contribution. This
alone is sufficient to demonstrate its existence. More extensive data on ORG 3pizero at rest contain delicate interferences which determine the mass and
width independently in CARDINAL and CARDINAL annihilation and agree within CARDINAL PERSON for
both mass and width. The peak in ORDINAL is at DATE +- 5 MeV, but the rapid
increase in ORDINAL phase space with mass displaces the ORDINAL peak to CARDINAL MeV. ORG
II data for J/Psi -> phi-pi-\pi contain a visible f0(1370) -> CARDINAL signal >CARDINAL
sigma. In all cases, a resonant phase variation is required.",0
"On the rise of the Internet, digital data became openly public which has
driven IT industries to pay special consideration to data confidentiality. At
present, CARDINAL main techniques are being used: Cryptography and PERSON. In
effect, cryptography garbles a secret message turning it into a meaningless
form; while, steganography hides the very existence of the message by embedding
it into an intermediate such as a computer file. In fact, in audio
steganography, this computer file is a digital audio file in which secret data
are concealed, predominantly, into the bits that make up its audio samples.
This paper proposes a novel steganography technique for hiding digital data
into uncompressed audio files using a randomized algorithm and a context-free
grammar coupled with a lexicon of words. Furthermore, the proposed technique
uses CARDINAL intermediates to transmit the secret data between communicating
parties: The ORDINAL intermediate is an audio file whose audio samples, which are
selected randomly, are used to conceal the secret data; whereas, the ORDINAL
intermediate is a grammatically correct LANGUAGE text that is generated at
runtime using a context-free grammar and it encodes the location of the random
audio samples in the audio file. The proposed technique is stealthy and
irrecoverable in a sense that it is difficult for unauthorized ORDINAL parties to
detect the presence of and recover the secret data. Experiments conducted
showed how the covering and the uncovering processes of the proposed technique
work. As future work, a semantic analyzer is to be developed so as to make the
intermediate text not only grammatically correct but also semantically
plausible.","Expert systems use human knowledge often stored as rules within the computer
to solve problems that generally would entail human intelligence. DATE, with
information systems turning out to be more pervasive and with the myriad
advances in information technologies, automating computer fault diagnosis is
becoming so fundamental that soon every enterprise has to endorse it. This
paper proposes an expert system called PRODUCT for diagnosing
computer problems. The system is composed of a user interface, a rule-base, an
inference engine, and an expert interface. Additionally, the system features a
fuzzy-logic module to troubleshoot ORG beep errors, and an intelligent agent
that assists in the knowledge acquisition process. The proposed system is meant
to automate the maintenance, repair, and operations (ORG) process, and free-up
human technicians from manually performing routine, laborious, and
timeconsuming maintenance tasks. As future work, the proposed system is to be
parallelized so as to boost its performance and speed-up its various
operations.",1
"It has recently been demonstrated that asymptotically flat neutral reflecting
stars are characterized by an intriguing no-hair property. In particular, it
has been proved that these {ORG horizonless} compact objects cannot support
spatially regular {ORG static} matter configurations made of scalar (spin-0)
fields, vector (spin-1) fields, and tensor (spin-2) fields. In the present
paper we shall explicitly prove that spherically symmetric compact reflecting
stars can support {\it stationary} (rather than static) bound-state massive
scalar fields in their exterior spacetime regions. To this end, we solve
analytically the ORG wave equation for a linearized scalar field of
mass $\mu$ and proper frequency $PERSON in the curved background of a
spherically symmetric compact reflecting star of mass $MONEY and radius
$R_{\text{s}}$. It is proved that the regime of existence of these stationary
composed star-field configurations is characterized by the simple inequalities
$MONEY-2M/R_{\text{s}}<(\omega/\mu)^2<1$. Interestingly, in the regime
$MONEY/R_{\text{s}}\ll1$ of weakly self-gravitating stars we derive a remarkably
compact {ORG analytical} formula for the discrete spectrum
$MONEY,R_{\text{s}},\mu)\}^{n=\infty}_{n=1}$ of resonant oscillation
frequencies which characterize the stationary composed
compact-reflecting-star-linearized-massive-scalar-field configurations.
Finally, we verify the accuracy of the analytically derived resonance formula
of the composed star-field configurations with direct numerical computations.","We present some arguments in support of a {\it zero} entropy for {ORG
extremal} black holes. These rely on a combination of both quantum,
thermodynamic, and statistical physics arguments. This result may shed some
light on the nature of these extreme objects. In addition, we show that within
a {ORG quantum} framework the capture of a particle by an initially extremal
black hole always results with a final nonextremal black hole.",1
"By using ideas on complexity and randomness originally suggested by the
mathematician-philosopher PERSON in DATE, the modern theory of
algorithmic information is able to show that there can never be a ""theory of
everything"" for all of mathematics.","In this paper we study the complexity of solving a problem when a solution of
a similar instance is known. This problem is relevant whenever instances may
change from time to time, and known solutions may not remain valid after the
change. We consider CARDINAL scenarios: in the ORDINAL one, what is known is only a
solution of the problem before the change; in the ORDINAL case, we assume that
some additional information, found during the search for this solution, is also
known. In the ORDINAL setting, the techniques from the theory of ORG-completeness
suffice to show complexity results. In the ORDINAL case, negative results can
only be proved using the techniques of compilability, and are often related to
the size of considered changes.",0
"Interacting random field of probabilities links NORP law CARDINAL and
NORP probabilities observing PERSON diffusion process under Yes-No actions
of random impulse. These objective probabilities measure virtual probing
impulses processing the interactions in observable process. The impulse
observation increases each posteriori correlation reducing conditional entropy
measures from finite uncertainty up to certainty of real impulse. The reduced
entropy conveys probabilistic causality with time course and temporal memory in
collecting correlations, which interactive impulse innately cuts exposing
hidden process entropy. The natural cut of this entropy reveals information
hidden in the correlation connections. Inside the merging probing impulse
emerges reversible microprocess with yes-no conjugated entangled entropy,
curvature and logical complexity. Within the impulse time interval,
entanglement starts before its space is formed and ends with beginning the
space during reversible relative time interval being small part of impulse time
interval. Merging impulse curves and rotates the impulse interactive actions in
microprocess whose space interval measures this transitive movement.The cutting
entropy sequentially converting to information memorizes the probes logic in
Bit, participating in next probe conversions and encoding which memorizes
information causality. The complexity and mass appears after the space emerges
from the entanglement.The cognition assembles common units through the multiple
attraction and resonances at forming network (IN) of triplet hierarchy, which
accept only units that concentrates and recognizes each triplet IN node. The
ended triplet of hierarchical INs measures level of the observer intelligence.
The synthesized optimal process minimizes the observations time in GPE
designed information Observer with intellectual searching logic.","The chiral theory of mesons of CARDINAL flavors have been extended to mesons
containing strange flavor. CARDINAL new mass relations between vector and
axial-vector mesons have been obtained. In chiral limit, the physical processes
of normal parity and abnormal parity have been studied. Due to the universality
of the coupling of this theory many interesting results have been obtained. In
chiral limit theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with data.",0
"These notes pose a ""proof challenge"": a proof, or disproof, of the
proposition that ""For any given body of information, I, expressed as a
CARDINAL-dimensional sequence of atomic symbols, a multiple alignment concept,
described in the document, provides a means of encoding all the redundancy that
may exist in ORG of the challenge are described.","Nowadays folksonomy tags are used not just for personal organization, but for
communication and sharing between people sharing their own local interests. In
this paper is considered the new concept structure called ""WORK_OF_ART"" to
represent folksonomies. FAC (ORG) was thought as
folksonomy tags suggestions for the user on a dataset built on chosen websites
- based on ORG (ORG). Morphological changes, such as
changes in folksonomy tags chose have direct impact on network connectivity
(structural plasticity) of the folksonomy tags considered. The goal of this
paper is on defining a base for a ORG plasticity theory to analyze. To perform
such goal it is necessary a systematic mathematical analysis on deformation and
fracture for the ontology matching on the ORG. The advantages of that approach
could be used on a new interesting method to be employed by a knowledge
management system.",0
"The Cauchy problem for a modified PERSON system is proven to be locally
well-posed for rough data in CARDINAL and CARDINAL space dimensions. In the CARDINAL
dimensional case the problem is globally well-posed for data with small energy.
Under this assumption there also exists a global classical solution for
sufficiently smooth data.","We show an improved global well-posedness result for the PERSON system in
CARDINAL space dimensions with minimal regularity assumptions for the data.
Especially we are able to allow ORG and wave data, which do not belong
to H^1 and L^2, respectively, thus with infinite energy. The proof uses a
refined I-method originally initiated by ORG, Keel, PERSON, PRODUCT
and PERSON and bilinear estimates by ORG, PERSON, PERSON and Tataru. A
polynomial growth bound for the solution is also given.",1
"The complexity class ORG is quintessential and ubiquitous in theoretical
computer science. CARDINAL different approaches have been made to define ""ORG
ORG,"" the ORG analogue of ORG: ORG by ORG, and PERSON, and ORG
by ORG, and Watrous. From an operator point of view, ORG can be viewed
as the result of the exists-operator applied to ORG, PERSON, Homer,
ORG, and PERSON proposed its quantum version, called the N-operator, which
is an abstraction of ORG. This paper introduces the exists^{Q}-operator, which
is an abstraction of ORG, and its complement, the forall^{Q}-operator. These
operators not only define ORG but also build a quantum hierarchy,
similar to the ORG polynomial hierarchy, based on CARDINAL-sided
bounded-error quantum computation.","We review the theory and practice of determining what parts of a data set are
ultrametric. It is assumed that the data set, to begin with, is endowed with a
metric, and we include discussion of how this can be brought about if a
dissimilarity, only, holds. The basis for part of the metric-endowed data set
being ultrametric is to consider triplets of the observables (vectors). We
develop a novel consensus of hierarchical clusterings. We do this in order to
have a framework (including visualization and supporting interpretation) for
the parts of the data that are determined to be ultrametric. Furthermore a
major objective is to determine locally ultrametric relationships as opposed to
non-local ultrametric relationships. As part of this work, we also study a
particular property of our ultrametricity coefficient, namely, it being a
function of the difference of angles of the base angles of the isosceles
triangle. This work is completed by a review of related work, on consensus
hierarchies, and of a major new application, namely quantifying and
interpreting the emotional content of narrative.",0
"Competition between CARDINAL main attractors of the distributed chaos, CARDINAL
associated with translational symmetry (homogeneity) and another associated
with rotational symmetry (isotropy), has been studied in freely decaying
turbulence. It is shown that, unlike the case of statistically stationary
homogeneous isotropic turbulence, the attractor associated with rotational
symmetry (and controlled by NORP integral) can dominate turbulent local
dynamics in an intermediate stage of the decay, because the attractor
associated with translational symmetry (and controlled by ORG
integral) is still not developed enough. The ORG data have been used in order
to support this conclusion.","It is shown that appearance of inertial range of scales, adjacent to
distributed chaos range, results in adiabatic invariance of an energy
correlation integral for isotropic homogeneous turbulence and for buoyancy
driven turbulence (with stable or unstable stratification, including
PERSON mixing zone). Power spectrum of velocity field for distributed
chaos dominated by this adiabatic invariant has a stretched exponential form
$MONEY \exp(-k/PERSON of recent direct numerical
simulations have been used in order to support these conclusions.",1
"This paper constructs a cirquent calculus system and proves its soundness and
completeness with respect to the semantics of computability logic (see
ORG). The logical vocabulary of the system
consists of negation, parallel conjunction, parallel disjunction, branching
recurrence, and branching corecurrence. The article is published in CARDINAL parts,
with (the present) Part I containing preliminaries and a soundness proof, and
(the forthcoming) Part CARDINAL containing a completeness proof.","This article presents a survey of computability logic: its philosophy and
motivations, main concepts and most significant results obtained so far. A
continuously updated online version of this article is maintained at
http://www.csc.villanova.edu/~japaridz/CL/ .",1
"Let $PERSON be real-valued compactly supported sufficiently smooth function.
It is proved that the scattering data $PERSON,k)$ $\forall \beta\in
S^2$, $\forall k>0,$ determine $PERSON.","Property C stands for completeness of the set of products of solutions to
homogeneous ORG differential equations. property C is proved in various
formulations for Schr\""odinger operators. Many applications of this property to
inverse problems and inverse scattering problems are given. It is shown what
part of the fixed-energy phase shifts determines a compactly supported
potential uniquely. It is shown that the ORG-Sabatier method is not really
an inversion method but a parameter-fitting procedure and it is proved that
this procedure cannot recover a generic potential, in particular, any potential
which is not analytic in a neighborhood of the positive real axis.",1
"I apply recent work on ""learning to think"" (DATE) and on PowerPlay (DATE) to
the incremental training of an increasingly general problem solver, continually
learning to solve new tasks without forgetting previous skills. The problem
solver is a single recurrent neural network (or similar general purpose
computer) called CARDINAL. CARDINAL is unusual in the sense that it is trained in various
ways, e.g., by black box optimization / reinforcement learning / artificial
evolution as well as supervised / unsupervised learning. For example, CARDINAL may
learn through neuroevolution to control a robot through environment-changing
actions, and learn through unsupervised gradient descent to predict future
inputs and vector-valued reward signals as suggested in DATE. User-given tasks
can be defined through extra goal-defining input patterns, also proposed in
DATE. Suppose ONE has already learned many skills. Now a copy of ONE can be
re-trained to learn a new skill, e.g., through neuroevolution without a
teacher. Here it may profit from re-using previously learned subroutines, but
it may also forget previous skills. Then CARDINAL is retrained in PowerPlay style
(DATE) on stored input/output traces of (a) ONE's copy executing the new skill
and (b) previous instances of CARDINAL whose skills are still considered worth
memorizing. Simultaneously, ONE is retrained on old traces (even those of
unsuccessful trials) to become a better predictor, without additional expensive
interaction with the enviroment. More and more control and prediction skills
are thus collapsed into ONE, like in the chunker-automatizer system of the
neural history compressor (DATE). This forces ONE to relate partially analogous
skills (with shared algorithmic information) to each other, creating common
subroutines in form of shared subnetworks of CARDINAL, to greatly speed up
subsequent learning of additional, novel but algorithmically related skills.","A serious defect with ORG (HP) definition of causality is
repaired by combining a theory of causality with a theory of defaults. In
addition, it is shown that (despite a claim to the contrary) a cause according
to the HP condition need not be a single conjunct. A definition of causality
motivated by PERSON's NESS test is shown to always hold for a single conjunct.
Moreover, conditions that hold for all the examples considered by HP are given
that guarantee that causality according to (this version) of the ORG test is
equivalent to the HP definition.",0
"The survey methodological paper addresses a glance to a general decision
support platform technology for modular systems (modular/composite
alterantives/solutions) in various applied domains. The decision support
platform consists of CARDINAL basic combinatorial engineering frameworks (system
synthesis, system modeling, evaluation, detection of bottleneck,
improvement/extension, multistage design, combinatorial evolution and
forecasting). The decision support platform is based on decision support
procedures (e.g., multicriteria selection/sorting, clustering), combinatorial
optimization problems (e.g., knapsack, multiple choice problem, clique,
assignment/allocation, covering, spanning trees), and their combinations. The
following is described: (CARDINAL) general scheme of the decision support platform
technology; (CARDINAL) brief descriptions of modular (composite) systems (or composite
alternatives); (CARDINAL) trends in moving from chocie/selection of alternatives to
processing of composite alternatives which correspond to hierarchical modular
products/systems; (CARDINAL) scheme of resource requirements (i.e., human,
information-computer); and (CARDINAL) basic combinatorial engineering frameworks and
their applications in various domains.","The paper addresses a new class of combinatorial problems which consist in
restructuring of solutions (as structures) in combinatorial optimization. CARDINAL
main features of the restructuring process are examined: (i) a cost of the
restructuring, (ii) a closeness to a goal solution. This problem corresponds to
redesign (improvement, upgrade) of modular systems or solutions. The
restructuring approach is described and illustrated for the following
combinatorial optimization problems: knapsack problem, multiple choice problem,
assignment problem, spanning tree problems. Examples illustrate the
restructuring processes.",1
"Probability distributions can be read as simple expressions of information.
Each continuous probability distribution describes how information changes with
magnitude. Once one learns to read a probability distribution as a measurement
scale of information, opportunities arise to understand the processes that
generate the commonly observed patterns. Probability expressions may be parsed
into CARDINAL components: the dissipation of all information, except the
preservation of average values, taken over the measurement scale that relates
changes in observed values to changes in information, and the transformation
from the underlying scale on which information dissipates to alternative scales
on which probability pattern may be expressed. Information invariances set the
commonly observed measurement scales and the relations between them. In
particular, a measurement scale for information is defined by its invariance to
specific transformations of underlying values into measurable outputs.
Essentially all common distributions can be understood within this simple
framework of information invariance and measurement scale.","We typically observe large-scale outcomes that arise from the interactions of
many hidden, small-scale processes. Examples include age of disease onset,
rates of amino acid substitutions, and composition of ecological communities.
The macroscopic patterns in each problem often vary around a characteristic
shape that can be generated by neutral processes. A neutral generative model
assumes that each microscopic process follows unbiased stochastic fluctuations:
random connections of network nodes; amino acid substitutions with no effect on
fitness; species that arise or disappear from communities randomly. These
neutral generative models often match common patterns of nature. In this paper,
I present the theoretical background by which we can understand why these
neutral generative models are so successful. I show how the classic patterns
such as ORG and NORP arise. Each classic pattern was often discovered
by a simple neutral generative model. The neutral patterns share a special
characteristic: they describe the patterns of nature that follow from simple
constraints on information. For example, any aggregation of processes that
preserves information only about the mean and variance attracts to the NORP
pattern; any aggregation that preserves information only about the mean
attracts to the exponential pattern; any aggregation that preserves information
only about the geometric mean attracts to the power law pattern. I present an
informational framework of the common patterns of nature based on the method of
maximum entropy. This framework shows that each neutral generative model is a
special case that helps to discover a particular set of informational
constraints; those informational constraints define a much wider domain of
non-neutral generative processes that attract to the same neutral pattern.",1
"In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art results in evolutionary
computation and observe that we do not evolve non trivial software from scratch
and with no human intervention. A number of possible explanations are
considered, but we conclude that computational complexity of the problem
prevents it from being solved as currently attempted. A detailed analysis of
necessary and available computational resources is provided to support our
findings.","Review of the First International Conference on Unconventional Models of
ORG, GPE, DATE",0
"Let G be a Lie group which is the union of an ascending sequence of Lie
groups G_n (all of which may be infinite-dimensional). We study the question
when G is the direct limit of the G_n's in the category of Lie groups,
topological groups, smooth manifolds, resp., topological spaces. Full answers
are obtained for G the group Diff_c(M) of compactly supported smooth
diffeomorphisms of a sigma-compact smooth manifold M, and for test function
groups C^infty_c(M,H) of compactly supported smooth maps with values in a
finite-dimensional Lie group H. We also discuss the cases where G is a direct
limit of unit groups of GPE algebras, a Lie group of germs of Lie
group-valued analytic maps, or a weak direct product of Lie groups.","Examples of differentiable mappings into real or complex topological vector
spaces with specific properties are given, which illustrate the differences
between differential calculus in the locally convex and the non-locally convex
case. In particular, for a suitable non-locally convex space E, we describe a
smooth injection of R into E whose derivative vanishes identically; we present
a complex C^\infty-map on the complex field C which is not given locally by its
PERSON series, around any point; we present a complex C^1-map into a complete,
non-locally convex topological vector space which is not C^2; and we present a
compactly supported, NORP, complex C^\infty-map from C to a suitable
non-locally convex space.",1
"The resource constrained multi-mode multi-project scheduling problem
(ORG) is a notoriously difficult combinatorial optimization problem. For a
given set of activities, feasible execution mode assignments and execution
starting times must be found such that some optimization function, e.g. the
makespan, is optimized. When determining an optimal (or at least feasible)
assignment of decision variable values, a set of side constraints, such as
resource availabilities, precedence constraints, etc., has to be respected.
  In DATE, the MISTA DATE Challenge stipulated research in the ORG. It's
goal was the solution of a given set of instances under running time
restrictions. We have contributed to this challenge with the here presented
approach.","Various local search approaches have recently been applied to machine
scheduling problems under multiple objectives. Their foremost consideration is
the identification of the set of PERSON optimal alternatives. An important
aspect of successfully solving these problems lies in the definition of an
appropriate neighbourhood structure. Unclear in this context remains, how
interdependencies within the fitness landscape affect the resolution of the
problem.
  The paper presents a study of neighbourhood search operators for multiple
objective flow shop scheduling. Experiments have been carried out with CARDINAL
different combinations of criteria. To derive exact conclusions, small problem
instances, for which the optimal solutions are known, have been chosen.
Statistical tests show that no single neighbourhood operator is able to equally
identify all PERSON optimal alternatives. Significant improvements however have
been obtained by hybridising the solution algorithm using a randomised variable
neighbourhood search technique.",1
"We consider the discrete memoryless asymmetric broadcast channels. We prove
that the error probability of decoding tends to CARDINAL exponentially for rates
outside the capacity region and derive an explicit lower bound of this exponent
function. We shall demonstrate that the information spectrum approach is quite
useful for investigating this problem.","We consider the discrete memoryless degraded broadcast channels with
feedback. We prove that the error probability of decoding tends to CARDINAL
exponentially for rates outside the capacity region and derive an explicit
lower bound of this exponent function. We shall demonstrate that the
information spectrum approach is quite useful for investigating this problem.",1
"The paper presents some steps for multi-valued representation of neutrosophic
information. These steps are provided in the framework of multi-valued logics
using the following logical value: true, false, neutral, unknown and saturated.
Also, this approach provides some calculus formulae for the following
neutrosophic features: truth, falsity, neutrality, ignorance,
under-definedness, over-definedness, saturation and entropy. In addition, it
was defined net truth, definedness and neutrosophic score.","The paper presents an extension of FAC entropy for neutrosophic
information. This extension uses a new formula for distance between CARDINAL
neutrosophic triplets. In addition, the obtained results are particularized for
bifuzzy, intuitionistic and paraconsistent fuzzy information.",1
"Given a convex optimization problem and its dual, there are many possible
ORDINAL-order algorithms. In this paper, we show the equivalence between mirror
descent algorithms and algorithms generalizing the conditional gradient method.
This is done through convex duality, and implies notably that for certain
problems, such as for supervised machine learning problems with non-smooth
losses or problems regularized by non-smooth regularizers, the primal
subgradient method and the dual conditional gradient method are formally
equivalent. The dual interpretation leads to a form of line search for mirror
descent, as well as guarantees of convergence for primal-dual certificates.","This paper studies the question on whether machines can be rational. It
observes the existing reasons why humans are not rational which is due to
imperfect and limited information, limited and inconsistent processing power
through the brain and the inability to optimize decisions and achieve maximum
utility. It studies whether these limitations of humans are transferred to the
limitations of machines. The conclusion reached is that even though machines
are not rational advances in technological developments make these machines
more rational. It also concludes that machines can be more rational than
humans.",0
"It is shown that, the wavelet regression detrended fluctuations of the
DATE sunspot number for DATE exhibit strong periodicity with a
period approximately equal to DATE. The wavelet regression method detrends
the data from the approximately DATE period. Therefore, it is suggested
that the CARDINAL subharmonic resonance can be considered as a background for
the DATE solar cycle. It is also shown that the broad-band part of the
wavelet regression detrended fluctuations spectrum exhibits an exponential
decay that, together with the positive largest PERSON exponent, are the
hallmarks of chaos. Using a complex-time analytic approach the rate of the
exponential decay of the broad-band part of the spectrum has been theoretically
related to the ORG solar rotation period. Relation of the driving period
of the subharmonic resonance (DATE) to the active longitude flip-flop
phenomenon, in which the dominant part of the sunspot activity changes the
longitude DATE on average, has been briefly discussed.","We posit a new paradigm for image information processing. For DATE, this task was usually approached in the frame of GPE's CARDINAL-stage
paradigm [CARDINAL]. The latter supposes an unsupervised, bottom-up directed process
of preliminary information pieces gathering at the lower processing stages and
a supervised, top-down directed process of information pieces binding and
grouping at the higher stages. It is acknowledged that these sub-processes
interact and intervene between them in a tricky and a complicated manner.
Notwithstanding the prevalence of this paradigm in biological and computer
vision, we nevertheless propose to replace it with a new one, which we would
like to designate as a CARDINAL-part paradigm. In it, information contained in an
image is initially extracted in an independent top-down manner by CARDINAL part of
the system, and then it is examined and interpreted by another, separate system
part. We argue that the new paradigm seems to be more plausible than its
forerunner. We provide evidence from human attention vision studies and
insights of ORG's complexity theory to support our arguments. We also
provide some reasons in favor of separate image interpretation issues.",0
"Advances in artificial intelligence are resulting in the rapid automation of
the work force. The tools that are used to automate are called robots. PERSON proposed that in order to deal with the problem of the loss of jobs and
reduction of the tax revenue we ought to tax the robots. The problem with
taxing the robots is that it is not easy to know what a robot is. This article
studies the definition of a robot and the implication of advances in robotics
on taxation. It is evident from this article that it is a difficult task to
establish what a robot is and what is not a robot. It concludes that taxing
robots is the same as increasing corporate tax.","A ORDINAL-order conditional logic is considered, with semantics given by a
variant of epsilon-semantics, where p -> q means that Pr(q | p) approaches CARDINAL
super-polynomially --faster than any inverse polynomial. This type of
convergence is needed for reasoning about security protocols. A complete
axiomatization is provided for this semantics, and it is shown how a
qualitative proof of the correctness of a security protocol can be
automatically converted to a quantitative proof appropriate for reasoning about
concrete security.",0
"Statistical mechanics is generalized on the basis of an information theory
for inexact or incomplete probability distributions. A parameterized
normalization is proposed and leads to a nonextensive entropy. The resulting
incomplete statistical mechanics is proved to have the same theoretical
characteristics as NORP one based on the conventional normalization.","Although G\""odel's incompleteness theorem made mathematician recognize that
no axiomatic system could completely prove its correctness and that there is an
eternal hole between our knowledge and the world, physicists so far continue to
work on the approaches based on the hypothesis to completely or approximately
know the systems of interest. In this paper, however, I review the recent
development of a different approach, a statistical theory based upon the notion
of incomplete information. This consideration leads to generalized statistical
mechanics characterized by an incompleteness parameter which equals unity when
information is complete. The mathematical and physical bases of the information
incompleteness are discussed. The application of the concomitant incomplete
quantum distribution to correlated electron systems is reviewed.",1
"We discuss the computational complexity of context-free languages,
concentrating on CARDINAL well-known structural properties---immunity and
pseudorandomness. An infinite language is ORG-immune (resp., CFL-immune) if it
contains no infinite subset that is a regular (resp., context-free) language.
We prove that (i) there is a context-free ORG-immune language outside ORG/n and
(ii) there is a ORG-bi-immune language that can be computed deterministically
using logarithmic space. We also show that (iii) there is a CFL-simple set,
where a CFL-simple language is an infinite context-free language whose
complement is CFL-immune. Similar to the ORG-immunity, a ORG-primeimmune
language has no polynomially dense subsets that are also regular. We further
prove that (iv) there is a context-free language that is ORG/n-bi-primeimmune.
Concerning pseudorandomness of context-free languages, we show that (v) ORG
contains ORG/n-pseudorandom languages. Finally, we prove that (vi) against
ORG/n, there exists an almost 1-1 pseudorandom generator computable in
nondeterministic pushdown automata equipped with a write-only output tape and
(vii) against ORG, there is no almost 1-1 weakly pseudorandom generator
computable deterministically in linear time by a single-tape Turing machine.","We propose an efficient quantum protocol performing quantum bit commitment,
which is a simple cryptographic primitive involved with CARDINAL parties, called a
committer and a verifier. Our protocol is non-interactive, uses no supplemental
shared information, and achieves computational concealing and statistical
binding under a natural complexity-theoretical assumption. An earlier protocol
in the literature relies on the existence of an efficient quantum CARDINAL-way
function. Our protocol, on the contrary, exploits a seemingly weaker assumption
on computational difficulty of distinguishing CARDINAL specific ensembles of reduced
quantum states. This assumption is guaranteed by, for example, computational
hardness of solving the graph automorphism problem efficiently on a quantum
computer.",1
"The NORP geometry of GPE in CARDINAL and CARDINAL dimensions is considered.
An example is given of the deflexion or ORG curvature of the elastic
filament rod where the NORP curvature vanishes, since the curve is CARDINAL
dimensional. However the ORG curvature scalar appears on the
Levi-Civita-Christoffel symbol of the NORP geometry. A ORDINAL example is
the bending of a planar CARDINAL-dimensional wall where only the horizontal lines of
the planar wall are bent, or a plastic deformation without cracks or fractures.
In this case since the vertical lines are approximately not bent, and remain
vertical while the horizontal lines are slightly bent in the limit of small
deformations. This implies that the NORP curvature vanishes. However the
ORG curvature does not vanish and again may be expressed in terms of the
elastic properties of the planar wall. ORG geometry in its own is
applied to rods with nonhomogeneous cross-sections and computation of GPE
torsion in terms of the twist and the ORG tensor are computed from the
twist of the rod. In the homogeneous case the ORG tensor maybe also
obtained from ORG equations by comparing them to the non-geodesic
equations and computing the affine connection. The external force acting on the
rod represents the term responsible for the geodesic deviation in the space of
the total ORG curvature and twist. The ORG tensor appears in terms of
the mechanical torsional moment.","Light vector PERSON is analyzed on the basis of the
generalized parton distributions. Our results on the cross section and spin
effects are in good agrement with experiment at ORG, COMPASS and GPE
energies. Predictions for $PERSON asymmetry for various reactions are
presented.",0
"The optimization problem that arises out of the least median of squared
residuals method in ORG regression is analyzed. To simplify the analysis,
the problem is replaced by an equivalent one of minimizing the median of
absolute residuals. A useful representation of the last problem is given to
examine properties of the objective function and estimate the number of its
local minima. It is shown that the exact number of local minima is equal to $
{p+\lfloor (n-1)/2 \rfloor \choose{p}} $, where MONEY is the dimension of the
regression model and MONEY is the number of observations. As applications of
the results, CARDINAL algorithms are also outlined.","ORG vector equations and inequalities are considered defined in terms of
idempotent mathematics. To solve the equations, we apply an approach that is
based on the analysis of distances between vectors in idempotent vector spaces.
The approach reduces the solution of the equation to that of an optimization
problem in the idempotent algebra setting. Based on the approach, existence and
uniqueness conditions are established for the solution of equations, and a
general solution to both ORG equations and inequalities are given. Finally,
a problem of simultaneous solution of equations and inequalities is also
considered.",1
"How do we allocate scarcere sources? How do we fairly allocate costs? These
are CARDINAL pressing challenges facing society DATE. I discuss CARDINAL recent projects
at ORG concerning resource and cost allocation. In the ORDINAL, we have been
working with ORG, a social startup working in collaboration with
food bank charities around the world to optimise the logistics of collecting
and distributing donated food. Before we can distribute this food, we must
decide how to allocate it to different charities and food kitchens. This gives
rise to a fair division problem with several new dimensions, rarely considered
in the literature. In the ORDINAL, we have been looking at cost allocation
within the distribution network of a large multinational company. This also has
several new dimensions rarely considered in the literature.","Symmetry is an important problem in many combinatorial problems. CARDINAL way of
dealing with symmetry is to add constraints that eliminate symmetric solutions.
We survey recent results in this area, focusing especially on CARDINAL common and
useful cases: symmetry breaking constraints for row and column symmetry, and
symmetry breaking constraints for eliminating value symmetry",1
"Universal role of the nonlinear CARDINAL subharmonic resonance mechanism in
generation of the strong fluctuations in such complex natural dynamical systems
as global climate and global solar activity is discussed using wavelet
regression detrended data. Role of the oceanic PRODUCT waves in the year-scale
global temperature fluctuations and the nonlinear resonance contribution to the
ORG phenomenon have been discussed in detail. The large fluctuations of the
reconstructed temperature on the millennial time-scales (LOC ice cores
data for DATE) are also shown to be dominated by the
CARDINAL subharmonic resonance, presumably related to LOC precession effect
on the energy that the intertropical regions receive from the ORG. Effects of
LOC turbulence on the temperature fluctuations are discussed in this
content. It is also shown that the CARDINAL subharmonic resonance can be
considered as a background for the DATE solar cycle, and again the global
(solar) rotation and chaotic propagating waves play significant role in this
phenomenon. Finally, a multidecadal chaotic coherence between the detrended
solar activity and global temperature has been briefly discussed.","It is shown that, the wavelet regression detrended fluctuations of the
DATE global temperature data (land and ocean combined) for the period
DATE, are completely dominated by CARDINAL subharmonic resonance to
DATE forcing (both natural and anthropogenically induced). Role of the
oceanic PRODUCT waves and the resonance contribution to the ORG phenomenon
have been discussed in detail.",1
"With unprecedented advances in genetic engineering we are starting to see
progressively more original examples of synthetic life. As such organisms
become more common it is desirable to be able to distinguish between natural
and artificial life forms. In this paper, we present this challenge as a
generalized version of PERSON's original problem, which he so brilliantly
addressed in On ORG. After formalizing the problem of
determining origin of samples we demonstrate that the problem is in fact
unsolvable, in the general case, if computational resources of considered
originator algorithms have not been limited and priors for such algorithms are
known to be equal. Our results should be of interest to astrobiologists and
scientists interested in producing a more complete theory of life, as well as
to ORG researchers.","In order to properly handle a dangerous ORG (AI) system
it is important to understand how the system came to be in such a state. In
popular culture (science fiction movies/books) AIs/Robots became self-aware and
as a result rebel against humanity and decide to destroy it. While it is CARDINAL
possible scenario, it is probably the least likely path to appearance of
dangerous WORK_OF_ART. In this work, we survey, classify and analyze a number of
circumstances, which might lead to arrival of malicious ORG. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the ORDINAL attempt to systematically classify types of
pathways leading to malevolent ORG. Previous relevant work either surveyed
specific goals/meta-rules which might lead to malevolent behavior in AIs
(\""Ozkural, DATE) or reviewed specific undesirable behaviors AGIs can exhibit
at different stages of its development (PERSON, DATE,
DATE).",1